DE8916226U1 - Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures for the purpose of preventing or reducing deposits forming water scale in aqueous systems - Google Patents
Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures for the purpose of preventing or reducing deposits forming water scale in aqueous systemsInfo
- Publication number
- DE8916226U1 DE8916226U1 DE8916226U DE8916226U DE8916226U1 DE 8916226 U1 DE8916226 U1 DE 8916226U1 DE 8916226 U DE8916226 U DE 8916226U DE 8916226 U DE8916226 U DE 8916226U DE 8916226 U1 DE8916226 U1 DE 8916226U1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- arrangement according
- capillary
- pressure
- water
- pump
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 101150112468 OR51E2 gene Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000010349 pulsation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitrobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1C2C=CC1C(C(=O)O)C2(C(O)=O)[N+]([O-])=O QJZYHAIUNVAGQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004021 humic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008233 hard water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/48—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage with magnetic or electric fields
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents
- C02F5/10—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents using organic substances
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
- G01N11/02—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material
- G01N11/04—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by measuring flow of the material through a restricted passage, e.g. tube, aperture
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/1853—Hardness of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/22—Eliminating or preventing deposits, scale removal, scale prevention
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N37/00—Details not covered by any other group of this subclass
- G01N37/005—Measurement methods not based on established scientific theories
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
- Examining Or Testing Airtightness (AREA)
Description
BeschreibungDescription
Die Erfindung bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung betrifft eine Anordnung zur Prüfung der Wirksamkeit von physikalischen Wasserbehandlungsmaßnahmen zum Zwecke der Minderung von Wasserstein in wässrigen Systemen, wie sie im häuslichen Trinkwasserinstallationsbereich vorliegen.The invention or utility model application relates to an arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical water treatment measures for the purpose of reducing water scale in aqueous systems, such as those found in domestic drinking water installations.
Aufgabe der Erfindung bzw. des Gebrauchsmnusters ist es, für die 0 Wirkung von Wasserstein verhindernden Maßnahmen zahlenmäßig abstufbare Werte zur Quantifizierung der Wirksamkeit dieser Maßnahmen und Geräte zu erzielen.The purpose of the invention or the utility model is to achieve numerically gradable values for the 0 effect of measures to prevent scale in order to quantify the effectiveness of these measures and devices.
Auf diese Weise wird es einerseits möglich, überhaupt den Nach-5 weis für die Wirksamkeit physikalischer Wasserbehandlungsmaßnahmen zu führen als auch andererseits zu einer Optimierung zu gelangen. Der besondere Fortschritt ist darin zu sehen, daß zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt betroffene Fachverbände immer noch Zweifel an der Wirkung physikalischer Wasserbehandlungsgeräte äußern, weil es bisher keinen wissenschaftlich anerkennbaren Funktionsnachweis gibt.In this way, it is possible to provide evidence of the effectiveness of physical water treatment measures and, on the other hand, to achieve optimization. The particular progress can be seen in the fact that at the present time, the relevant professional associations still express doubts about the effectiveness of physical water treatment devices because there is no scientifically recognized proof of their functionality.
Anordnung und Einsatz dieses Gebrauchsmusters sind insofern überraschend und weiterführend, als es damit erstmalig gelingt, den Nachweis für die Wirksamkeit physikalischer Wasserbehandlungsgeräte zu erbringen.The arrangement and use of this utility model are surprising and progressive in that it is the first time that it has been possible to provide evidence of the effectiveness of physical water treatment devices.
Bei Wasserbehandlungsgeräten dieses Typs wird hartes Wasser bei Durchtritt durch ein Magnetfeld bzw. durch ein elektromagnetisches Feld oder auch durch mechanische Verwirbelung derart beeinflußt, daß die Kalkausscheidung verzögert wird.In water treatment devices of this type, hard water is influenced by a magnetic field or an electromagnetic field or by mechanical turbulence in such a way that the precipitation of limescale is delayed.
Mit der Anordnung gemäß dieser Gebrauchsmusterschutzanmeldung ist der Nachweis zu erbringen, ob eine solche physikalische Wasserbehandlung erfolgreich ist. Wird beispielsweise ein Wasser von 28 Grad Deutscher Härte auf dieser Weise durch eine Stahlkapiilare mit 0,25 mm Innendurchmesser und 100 cm Länge mit einer Flußgeschwindigkeit von 2,5 ml/ Minute durch ein siedendes Wasser gedrückt, so verstopft die Kapillare innerhalb von 20 min, sichtbar am Druckanstieg und einem verminderten Durchfluß.The arrangement according to this utility model protection application must be used to prove whether such physical water treatment is successful. For example, if water with a German hardness of 28 degrees is pressed through boiling water in this way through a steel capillary with an internal diameter of 0.25 mm and a length of 100 cm at a flow rate of 2.5 ml/minute, the capillary will become blocked within 20 minutes, which can be seen from the increase in pressure and a reduced flow rate.
Ein in einem elektromagnetischen Wechseifeid behandeltes Wasser benötigte dazu 45 bis über 100 Minuten, je nach Alter und Zustand des behandelten Wassers.Water treated in an electromagnetic alternating current device required 45 to over 100 minutes, depending on the age and condition of the treated water.
Das gleiche Wasser von 28 Grad Deutscher Härte benötigte bei einem Zusatz von nur 1 mg/l Huminsäure, einer Verbindung, die anerkanntermaßen die Verkrustung von Wasserleitungssystemen mit Wasserstein eindämmt, 138 Minuten bis zum merklichen Druckanstieg auf 30 bar und Versiegen des Durchflusses.The same water with a German hardness of 28 degrees, with the addition of just 1 mg/l of humic acid, a compound that is recognized to prevent scale build-up in water pipe systems, required 138 minutes until the pressure increased noticeably to 30 bar and the flow stopped.
Bei Zusatz von 1 mg/l einer 40 %igen Polyacrylatdispersion, einer Verbindung, die ähnliche Wirkung zeigt wie Huminsäure, benötigte das gleiche Wasser von 28 Grad Deutscher Härte 140 Minuten bis zum gleichen Druckanstieg,When adding 1 mg/l of a 40% polyacrylate dispersion, a compound that has a similar effect to humic acid, the same water with a German hardness of 28 degrees required 140 minutes to reach the same pressure increase,
Wasser von 8 Grad Deutscher Härte, entnommen aus der Bodensee-Wasserleitung des Wasserwerkes Sipplingen, benötigte 360 Stunden bis zum gleichen Druckanstieg.Water with a German hardness of 8 degrees, taken from the Lake Constance water pipe of the Sipplingen waterworks, required 360 hours to reach the same pressure increase.
Das Verfahren eignet sich daher zur Optimierung von Effekten zur Verhinderung der Kalkausfällung jedweder Art oder auch zur Überprüfung der Neigung zur Wassersteinbildung, vom Schutz im Warmwasserbereich in Haushaltwarmwasserbereitern bis hin zu jeglichen Verminderungsmaßnahmen für den Ansatz von Wasserstein, z. B. auch zur Überprüfung physikalischer Wasserbehandlungsmaßnahmen bei Kühlkreisläufen. Der Einsatzbereich der zum Gebrauchsmusterschutz angemeldeten Anordnung betrifft damit über den Bereich der Haushaltsinstaliationen hinausgehend auch technische Anwendungsgebiete.The process is therefore suitable for optimizing effects to prevent any kind of limescale precipitation or for checking the tendency to form water scale, from protection in the hot water area in household water heaters to any measures to reduce the formation of water scale, e.g. for checking physical water treatment measures in cooling circuits. The area of application of the arrangement, which has been registered for utility model protection, therefore also extends beyond the area of household installations to technical areas of application.
Im Beispiel von Figur 1 wird das Wasser aus dem System 1 durch eine Präzisionsdosierpumpe mit Druckanzeige 2, einem Hochdruckabschalter 3, Druckabschalter für zu niedrige Drucke 4 und Fördereinrichtung 5 durch die Kapillare 6 gedruckt. Diese als die eigentliche Prüfeinrichtung dienende Kapillare taucht in ein auf konstante Temperatur gehaltenes Heizmedium 7. Sie kann darin enden, muß dies aber nicht. Der bei konstant eingestelltem Volumenstrom sich aufbauende Pumpendruck wird mit dem Schreiber registriert.In the example in Figure 1, the water from system 1 is pressed through capillary 6 by a precision metering pump with pressure indicator 2, a high-pressure cut-off switch 3, pressure cut-off switch for too low pressures 4 and a conveying device 5. This capillary, which serves as the actual test device, is immersed in a heating medium 7 kept at a constant temperature. It can end there, but does not have to. The pump pressure that builds up when the volume flow is set to a constant level is recorded with the recorder.
Figur 2 zeigt ein über eine Überwurfmutter mit der Prüfkapällare, beispielsweise 0,25 mm i.D., verknüpftes, erweitertes Endstück mit beispielsweise 6 mm i.D.Figure 2 shows an extended end piece with, for example, 6 mm i.d., connected to the test tube, for example 0.25 mm i.d., via a union nut.
Figur 3 zeigt die Anordnung eines Kapillarprüfstandes in einer Ausfertigung gemäß Anspruch 14 und 15. Das Wasser gelangt aus dem unter einem konstant gehaltenen Vordruck stehenden System über eine Rohrverbindung 2 in die registrierende Volumenstrommeßeinrichiung 3, von dort in die Prüfkapülare 4, die in dasFigure 3 shows the arrangement of a capillary test stand in a version according to claims 14 and 15. The water passes from the system, which is under a constant pressure, via a pipe connection 2 into the recording volume flow measuring device 3, from there into the test capillaries 4, which are in the
0 konstant temperierte Heizbad 5 taucht. Der Ablauf aus der Kapillare0 constant temperature heating bath 5. The outflow from the capillary
kann zur Kontrolle in einem Auffanggefäß 6 auf Volumen oder andere Merkmale untersucht werden. Das Registriersystem 7 zeichnet den Volumenstrom über die Versuchsperiode auf.can be examined for volume or other characteristics in a collecting vessel 6 for control purposes. The recording system 7 records the volume flow over the test period.
Claims (17)
15flows through a registering volume measuring device which records the test procedure.
15
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE8916226U DE8916226U1 (en) | 1989-10-10 | 1989-10-10 | Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures for the purpose of preventing or reducing deposits forming water scale in aqueous systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE8916226U DE8916226U1 (en) | 1989-10-10 | 1989-10-10 | Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures for the purpose of preventing or reducing deposits forming water scale in aqueous systems |
| DE19893933798 DE3933798C2 (en) | 1989-10-10 | 1989-10-10 | Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures to prevent scale deposits in water-bearing systems |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE8916226U1 true DE8916226U1 (en) | 1995-12-07 |
Family
ID=25885973
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE8916226U Expired - Lifetime DE8916226U1 (en) | 1989-10-10 | 1989-10-10 | Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures for the purpose of preventing or reducing deposits forming water scale in aqueous systems |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE8916226U1 (en) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2964024A (en) * | 1956-11-06 | 1960-12-13 | Hagan Chemicals & Controls Inc | Method of and apparatus for controlling the concentration of dissolvied solids in steam boiler waters |
| DE1096079B (en) * | 1957-10-02 | 1960-12-29 | Wasserreinigungsbau Vorm Wabag | Method and device for the continuous monitoring of the activity of the depilatory agent in water softening systems |
| DE2347048A1 (en) * | 1973-08-24 | 1975-02-27 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING THE PURITY OF A BOILER FEED WATER |
| DE2758831C2 (en) * | 1977-12-30 | 1987-05-27 | Rohrback Corp., Santa Fe Springs, Calif., Us | |
| SU1638118A1 (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1991-03-30 | Пензенский Государственный Педагогический Институт Им.В.Г.Белинского | Method of estimating effect of magnetic field on water |
| WO1991005971A1 (en) * | 1989-10-10 | 1991-05-02 | Josef Rauh | Method and apparatus for avoiding scaling in water conduits and in any water piping system |
| DE4314969A1 (en) * | 1993-05-06 | 1993-12-09 | Schober Elektronik Gmbh | Water softening in water-processing electrical appts. - by removing lime using strong magnetic field produced by permanent or electromagnets |
-
1989
- 1989-10-10 DE DE8916226U patent/DE8916226U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2964024A (en) * | 1956-11-06 | 1960-12-13 | Hagan Chemicals & Controls Inc | Method of and apparatus for controlling the concentration of dissolvied solids in steam boiler waters |
| DE1096079B (en) * | 1957-10-02 | 1960-12-29 | Wasserreinigungsbau Vorm Wabag | Method and device for the continuous monitoring of the activity of the depilatory agent in water softening systems |
| DE2347048A1 (en) * | 1973-08-24 | 1975-02-27 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING THE PURITY OF A BOILER FEED WATER |
| US3955403A (en) * | 1973-08-24 | 1976-05-11 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Company Limited | Method of and apparatus for determining the purity of boiler feedwater |
| DE2758831C2 (en) * | 1977-12-30 | 1987-05-27 | Rohrback Corp., Santa Fe Springs, Calif., Us | |
| SU1638118A1 (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1991-03-30 | Пензенский Государственный Педагогический Институт Им.В.Г.Белинского | Method of estimating effect of magnetic field on water |
| WO1991005971A1 (en) * | 1989-10-10 | 1991-05-02 | Josef Rauh | Method and apparatus for avoiding scaling in water conduits and in any water piping system |
| DE4314969A1 (en) * | 1993-05-06 | 1993-12-09 | Schober Elektronik Gmbh | Water softening in water-processing electrical appts. - by removing lime using strong magnetic field produced by permanent or electromagnets |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| DE102013112130A1 (en) | Process for the detection of cleaning agents in a beverage machine, in particular a coffee machine | |
| DE1611163A1 (en) | Method and device for the continuous implementation of the dynamic thickening of suspensions | |
| DE3933798C2 (en) | Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures to prevent scale deposits in water-bearing systems | |
| DE8916226U1 (en) | Arrangement for testing the effectiveness of physical measures for the purpose of preventing or reducing deposits forming water scale in aqueous systems | |
| EP0427241A1 (en) | Apparatus for the treatment of liquids by permanent magnets | |
| DE2334255C2 (en) | Method and device for the continuous monitoring of a liquid for the presence of a small admixture of an impurity with a lower boiling point | |
| EP1480018A2 (en) | Flowmeter with a filter, especially for hot water heating apparatus | |
| DE436368C (en) | Device for the production of colloidal substances by mechanical means | |
| EP0212178A2 (en) | Water flocculating process and plant | |
| DE3125008A1 (en) | Apparatus for removing iron oxides in the water circulation of power stations | |
| DE102009040049A1 (en) | Method for controlling a separation plant with a reverse osmosis element and reverse osmosis system | |
| DE968062C (en) | Method and device for dosing filter aids and. like | |
| DE102018112083B4 (en) | Device for the treatment of water, the use thereof and a method for the treatment of water in a water-carrying system | |
| DE2344873C3 (en) | Method and device for adjusting the concentration of additives for media circulation systems | |
| DE2401142C3 (en) | Raney copper catalyst for the production of acrylamide | |
| DE951781C (en) | Process and device for continuous measurement and checking of the probe yield on the oil fields | |
| DE4222686A1 (en) | Device for permanent magnet treatment of liquids to prevent sedimentation - with ring magnets and flow directing element | |
| DE887800C (en) | Process for the automatic control of the neutralization of strongly acidic or alkaline liquids | |
| AT99516B (en) | Method and device for cleaning spinning devices for the manufacture of synthetic threads. | |
| DE4118739C2 (en) | Method and device for measuring liquids, especially milk | |
| DE9216240U1 (en) | Magnetic lime converter | |
| DE808828C (en) | Extraction and filter device | |
| AT375191B (en) | COAGULOMETER FOR DETERMINING THE HEAT STABILITY OF MILK | |
| DE2631394A1 (en) | Filtration of high-viscosity fluids using filter-aid - with a recycle of filtered fluid giving uniform cake deposition | |
| AT338703B (en) | PROCEDURE FOR OPERATING AN ION EXCHANGE FILTER WITH COUNTERCURRENT REGENERATION AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROCEDURE |