DE7323619U - Reaction container for a reversible energy storage device - Google Patents

Description

Usage material report G 73 23 619.8 from 26.o6.73, Applicant John Edward Randell, Wirral / Cheshire (Engl.)

^ Reaction container for a reversible energy storage device N ^

The present invention relates to a device for the reversible storage of energy. It is well known that most chemical reactions are reversible under certain conditions, with heat being given off when the process is in one direction and heat being absorbed when the process is in the opposite direction. Similarly, many physical changes in compounds or elements are reversible. Therefore, in the arrangement according to the present invention, an endothermic reaction sequence is brought about by the arrangement V ^.; poor or work is fed. In the opposite direction, the exothermic reaction is used to release heat energy during the process. This thermal energy can then be converted into work, which - if desired - for

Drive a motor vehicle can be used.

Sound of the numerous known energy sources are steam, gasoline and battery-stored electrical energy the three most used for motor vehicles. However, these three energy sources all have their «disadvantage · · a · steam masohin · has to Example no storage capacity. Here the operating material can only be converted into energy at the point in time when it is needed. Consequently, the input and the Output energy in a steam engine is essentially on the same side.

In the case of a combustion engine, undesirable and poisonous exhaust gases are produced when the fuel is burned must be removed from the system · Normally this is done by discharging this exhaust gas · into the environment. this Naturally pollutes the air and is a serious health hazard in large cities

The main problem with one powered by electric batteries Vehicles have the extremely low power-to-weight ratio · Because of this, most are Vehicles of this type can only be used if there is a limited radius of action and the vehicle is only intended for low travel speeds. A typical application example for such a vehicle is a delivery truck for milk,

Bread and the like, where each driving distance is maybe 100 meters.

It 1st flat case · for some time known "Dafi a physical change in a chemical compound or a chemical reaction" wipe swel connections "is sometimes accompanied τοη heat generation It is also known to use this heat energy su · So proceeds zva example, the reaction * wisehen potassium oxide and Vasser sur education τοη potassium hydroxide strongly exothermic and the heat developed in this way is used for food containers, ice cream cases or hair curlers cu helxen.

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Sun has surprisingly been found to be certain

Separate chemical compounds endothermically and exothermically

unite "and" was to such an extent that sufficient heat is generated during the exothermic winding down "to than Energy source can be used. Furthermore, it has surprisingly been found that there is a simple catfish can create a system »which the heat in Converting work performance Teroag «which is rechargeable and a Has a relatively large storage capacity.

According to the present invention, a reversible energy storage device is accordingly provided which has a reaction container in which at least one chemical chemical

The bond is located in a reversible physical or chemical process in which a volatile and a non-volatile component are covered, with thermal energy being released during the reunification of the two components. This arrangement contains a memory for the volatile components formed during the process, as well as a main heat exchanger, which is in thermal connection with the reaction vessel and thus connected in series with the memory. tet 1st "that the volatile component in the way ron the memory su the reaction vessel during the passage Durr» h the main heat exchanger in this is heated, further comprising a heat engine is at least provided for withdrawing u "r heated volatile component performance"

Furthermore, the device preferably contains a condenser in order to convert at least one rope of the gas or vapor-free component into liquid form. Yorteilbaftorweise the reaction vessel is thermally insulated. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ohcaieche compound is represented by calcium hydroxide.

Furthermore, according to the present invention, there is a method swr Qewinnung τοη work energy provided · This includes the Measures to induce an ohemian connection su la a reversible physical or ohemical process into one volatile and in a non-volatile fraction portion iu

■ split * when reunification heat energy is released · The volatile fraction is stored separately from the non-volatile fraction and the stored energy is recovered by reuniting the fraction, in that the volatile fraction is fed into the non-volatile fraction within a reaction tank " The reunification of both fractions is associated with the release of heat · The volatile fraction then flows through a heat exchanger thermally connected to the reaction vessel and is heated in the process. Thereafter the heated volatile fraction is passed through at least one heat engine and generates an output power in the form of Arbeitsεenergie.

The basic idea of the present invention is "that certain chemical compounds separate or combine reversibly" whereby heat is released. For example, xaleum oxide and water combine to form calcium hydroxide, with a considerable Amount of heat is released. In addition, this reaction is reversible under certain conditions. Since the formation of calcium hydroxide is an exothermic process »it lights up without further ado a "that the reverse separation is endothermic. In other words," work or heat is supplied from the system Recovering calcium oxide and water · In this context, the term "discharge" means the combination of calcium oxide and water to form hydroxide »where the

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System work can be gleaned · Accordingly, under the Term ^ charge "the separation of potassium hydroxide into oxide and Sand water, which is connected to old heat absorption. Even though due to calcium hydroxide the preferred chemical substance according to of the invention? have different · other compounds, such as B.B. Strontium hydroxide has the same desirable effect. In addition, the formation of the monohydrates of potassium hydroxide and copper sulfate also develops heat energy · In Uhnlloher Catfish are released a considerable amount of heat "when sodium hydroxide which is free from crystallization water dissolves in water" noted here that in each of the preceding examples the gas or vapor formed during charging is vapor

In the following the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings by means of Äuefuhrungsbeispielen. Thereby β «igt

71g «1 the schematic representation of a reversible energy

giepelcher arrangement according to the present invention. 71g, 2 represents β in ο modification of the arrangement according to Flg. 1

and shows additional means for door heating _: the volatile component on the way from the storage tank

to the reaction vessel. Pig. 3 shows a further modification of the arrangement according to FIG

Figures 1 and 2, the heat engine over I has two levels Pig 4 is a schematic further development of the arrangement

4M t t · t t * · ···

after Pig, 3 and Pig. 5 shows a longitudinal section through a first Ausungefora

of the reactor according to the invention, while yig. 6 the longitudinal sonitt through a "wide execution form of the Reaktioxisbehälters eeigt.

In TIg. 1 is a reaction container 1 shown, which to Beginning of potassium hydroxide contains «By reducing the pressure in the reaction vessel or by heating it or by a combination of these two measures, eersetat itself the Kalslumhyöroxld in a volatile traction portion in the form Sound steam and in a non-volatile traction portion in the form Clay potassium oxide. In order to achieve this decomposition by supplying heat cu, valve 2 is closed and valve 3 is opened Thereupon the steam goes through a pipe 4 into a condenser 5 and there clay into a storage 6 · The heating can alt can be done with the help of an electrical heating element, which is not shown here

around the potassium hydroxide by reducing the pressure within the To decompose reaction vessel », valve 2 is opened and valve 3 is closed. Eiae heat engine 7 is driven and acts as a vacuum pump, which removes the steam from the Reaction container is sucked. The compressed steam is condensed within a heat exchanger 8 and then flows through the valve 2 in the memory 6.! If necessary or desired,

a · Pump · 9 can be used »um dl« transferring the · Wa · - aere To support the memory · The rome condensing

The heat given off by steam is transferred to the reaction vessel. The heat engine 7 ensures that the pressure inside the reaction vessel is lower than the atmospheric pressure and that the heat exchanger 8 is at a higher pressure than the atmospheric one If the heat exchanger is under such pressure, the steam condenses at a temperature su Q water »which is above the normal cooch point of 10O ⁰ C · if desired» the heat exchanger can also be arranged inside the reaction vessel the Wtge in the store is cooled by the environment · To further reduce the pressure »can be seen between valve 2 and store 6« in DampXrerechluB.

Among other things, the system "u unload" must first be the reaction vessel 1 heating «This can be done either by means of an electrical heating element (not shown) or by Open the · Tentll 3 »to allow a small amount of water to from the reservoir 6 to flow directly into the reaction container 1. The water reacts in the last-mentioned skin the calcium oxide to calcium hydroxide »where heat is generated. Then valve 3 is closed and valve 2 is opened. the Heat released inside the reaction vessel 1 becomes too transferred to the heat exchanger 8 The feed pump 9 is

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drive set, whereupon water flows from the memory 6 into the heat exchanger 8, under a higher pressure than that atmospheric pressure. Inside the heat exchanger 8, the water reaches the boil and is due to excess pressure and temperature Converted into superheated steam. This steam is then in the Heat engine 7 passed »where it expands · This drives the heat engine and it can flow to the outside to be withdrawn for work

As a result, the steam is converted from high pressure to boiling pressure and the low pressure steam is then transferred to the reaction vessel returned where it reacts with the calcium oxide and dadureth releases more heat

From this, it is clear ersichtlioh that the temperature inside dee reaction vessel 1 as long rise is "to the thus dispensed heat exceeds that at which the system can cope · Accordingly, the back pressure twisehen ^w the reaction vessel and the thermal engine 7 increases, wherein the pressure in the reaction vessel 1 increases · As a result, can Less work will be taken from the heat engine 7 and the heat losses of the reaction vessel 1 will increase therefore the valve 3 is opened to let some steam through The steam then flows through a condenser 5, in which it is liquefied, and from there back into the store. The heat given off by the condenser 5 can e.g.

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heating can be used.

If desired, a further heat exchanger can be provided in series with the heat exchanger 8, in particular around overheating the steam. In addition, the reaction vessel can be divided into two parts, one on top of a higher one Temperature than the other. In such a case, the further heat exchanger is arranged in the part of the reaction vessel which has the higher temperature. If desired, the two parts of the reaction vessel can have different chemical properties Connections contained and held at the same pressure or at different pressures. It is here too noted that the system according to the invention can only be removed from the machine 7 work can be withdrawn after heat or work has been added to the system. In a conventional heat engine heat supply and work withdrawal take place essentially at the same time.

Fig. 2 shows an arrangement which is essentially the illustration in Fig. 1 corresponds. The same reference numerals are used for the same parts.

In Fig. 2, however, a preheating device is provided for the water. For this purpose there is a heater 11 for the feed water between the feed pump 9 and the heat exchanger 8. Used steam flows as the system is discharged

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through the jacket of the heater 11 and gives a single Värae the va * βer from which has just flowed through the pump 9 The steam is then further cooled in the condenser 5 and can, if so desired, be left on the spokes side of the puape 9 to be returned to the feedwater tributary * Such a Arrangement increases the efficiency of the system because less heat is lost

3 shows a further modification of the system shown in FIGS. The main difference between this embodiment and the prescribed one can be seen in the fact that the heat engine 7 in the forms already described has been replaced by a separate machine 12 and 13. the heat exchanger 8 is disposed within the reaction container 1 · then to the Arbeltsweise the arrangement of FIG. are written 3 sawn * · Va the sake of clarity it will be assumed here, DAJ the system let roll charged, ie, "that the Speieher 6 water and the reaction vessel contains 1 potassium oxide. When the feed pump 9 is now in operation, water is taken from the memory 6 and into the heat exchanger 8 conveyed · The reaction vessel 1 is either from the beginning

hot! Or it is heated from the outside, with the water in the

Heat exchanger 8 also heats up. The heat exchange

shear 8 leaving steam is under high pressure and is the

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High-pressure heat engine 12 is carried out. Work is taken from this machine 12 and the "steam leaving the machine" is under relatively low pressure. Then the Daapf is divided into swti leilströia. The partial flow flows through the pipe 14 directly into the reaction vessel where the steam of the potassium oxide reacts to generate more heat ^ rhitat "again will · the wiedererhltst" Daapf flows τοη the heat ■ eaustauaoher 15 by "in valve 16 in the Hiederdruck-Wärmekiraftmaschin · 13 * the valve 16 is controlled either by a thermostat in the reaction vessel, or by a pressure-sensitive element · Daxin, the steam flows through the low-pressure machine 15-, from which further work can be taken · After the steam has passed through the machine 1? y has left, it is condensed in the condenser 5 and returned to the memory B. During the discharge, the pressure la inside the reaction container is kept at a mean value of, for example, 1 kg / om. After the discharge, the system can be recharged by performing work on the heat engine 12. Heat then flows from the heat exchanger θ into the reaction vessel. On the other hand, the system can also be recharged by supplying heat to the reaction vessel. In order to ensure that the water that is sucked up during the charging process cannot flow through the heat engine 12 or 13, a “separate” charging line 17 including valve 18 is seen in it, which connects the reaction container 1

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connects directly to dan capacitor 5. Of course, valve 16 is only open when the system is open is charged by means of heat.

According to the illustration in FIG. 4, the one in Pig. 3 shown piston-cylinder arrangement with a "two-stage" turbine a high pressure stage 12a and a low pressure stage 13a used The inside of the reaction vessel is in this arrangement

r ~ \ under a low pressure · In addition, bind the same parts as in the

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Figures 1 to 3 are given the same reference numbers.As can be seen from Fig. A , a small part of the steam, after it has flowed through the high pressure stage 12a of the turbine, is diverted to the feed water at 11 gate its entry into the main heat exchanger 8 to preheat. However, the greater part of Evaporated flows directly into "the Kiederdruokstufe 13a of the turbine · Since the vast amount of steam flowing through the two stages 12a and 13a of the turbine, a high output power per ^ unit weight of Arbeiitomediums, ie steam, obtained" Wei ^w terhln is the Spelsewaeoer is heated to a relatively high temperature by a relatively small amount of steam, this amount of steam being removed from the system after passing through the oiled turbine stage 12a. A valve 19 in the branch line is required to compensate for the pressure drop Steam connection shown in particular can be used. Each turbine stage can of course also contain several individual stages

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Contains the feed water heated by the diverted steam not just water, which comes directly from the storage tank, but also. Condensate, which from the condenser 5 and the Preheater 11 is derived.

As not shown, a separate vacuum pump can be connected directly or indirectly to the memory 6. With help Such a vacuum pump can be used to remove non-condensable gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Included the outlet of the pump could simply lead to the outside. Such Vacuum pump reduces the pressure within the storage tank 6. As a result, water is sucked through the condenser 5 and the pressure drop extends to the reaction vessel 1 as well. Accordingly, the arrangement of such a vacuum pump contributes to this help to lower the charging temperature of the system and thus also to reduce charging costs.

The removal of carbon dioxide from the system is very desirable, otherwise it will poison the calcium oxide, which after the Formula CaO + COp = CaCO, is going on.

In practice, the steam emerging from the low-pressure stage 13a of the turbine will be wet, since V / ater during the expansion has formed. Now, however, steam is more effective at reacting with calcium oxide. So it is beneficial to go for it ensure that this water is either returned to the storage tank 6

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leads or is reintroduced into the cycle in such a way that it cannot get into the reaction vessel. For this purpose there is between the low-pressure stage 13a of the turbine and the reaction vessel 1 a water-steam separator 38 is provided. Because of this, essentially only dry steam gets into the Reaction vessel 1, while a mixture of steam and water enters the condenser 5 and from there back into the Cycle.

In Figures 1 to 3, the heat engine is a piston-cylinder arrangement shown, while it appears in Fig. 4 as a turbine, it should be noted, however, that the heat engine in any of these illustrated arrangements can just as well be a piston-cylinder engine or a turbine.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, which is not shown in the drawing, a heat transfer fluid can also be used to transfer heat from the reaction vessel to a heat exchanger. If necessary or desired, a pump can be provided to circulate the heat transfer fluid. This heat can also be used to heat the walls of one or both heat engines. The heat exchanger liquid can also be used to heat the reaction vessel during charging.

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In this case it is not necessary to use special heating elements to be provided inside the reaction vessel. In addition, more than one heat transfer system can be used. So For example, another system could be used to draw heat from either the condenser or the reaction vessel to supply an auxiliary heater. When applied to a motor vehicle, this could be an interior heater or a defroster be used.

It is also possible to use the storage arrangement according to the invention in connection with a conventional heat engine

h use. This can be done in the following way. It

fj has already been shown that it is normal for the working medium

V returned to the cycle if within the reaction

excess energy is released.

The returned working medium can be heated by a separate or additional heat source, the same can be arranged within the reaction vessel. This heat source could be gasoline, which in this case is used to generate heat is burned. This heats the water that is not required to react with the calcium and therefore excess water and turned into steam. If such an arrangement is used to propel a motor vehicle, it would System work like a conventional steam engine. On the other hand or in addition, the excess heat can

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from the reaction vessel as a heating source for a conventional Heat engine can be used. If desired, this machine can be either mechanically or electrically connected to the one according to the invention Storage arrangement are coupled. It is understood that such an arrangement is particularly useful in those cases where the working medium changes phase, e.g. at a steam engine. However, any conventional type of heat engine can be used. Furthermore it is not necessary that in the inventive arrangement and the same working medium is used in the conventional machine. For example, the working medium according to the present Invention be ammonia while the conventional machine is operated with water.

An auxiliary heat accumulator can also be used in the system of the present invention be provided.

Various components of the system are now described in somewhat greater detail below. So can the heat engine be of any type as used in ordinary compression machines or a compression gas engine. Also can it can be a piston engine that has one or more piston cylinders with appropriate valve control. On the other hand, it can be a turbine. There can also be several of these Machines are applied and these are used in one or more stages. If the system is charging through the

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If a compressor is used, the machine itself can be designed to work as a compressor. on the other hand a special compressor can be provided. If the heat engine works like a compressor, can they are driven by any suitable means such as an electric motor. This motor can then vice versa are driven by the heat engine during the discharge of the assembly. If the drive element is an electric motor, this motor will act as a generator during discharge and provide electrical output power. This electrical power can be used for a number of different purposes. If, however, the arrangement is by means of Charged with heat, no motor input power is required. However, the heat engine can still be used for this drive a generator during discharge.

In general, the condenser or cooler cools the liquid by circulating air. This circulation can be done naturally with the help of a fan. If the surface of the storage container is large enough for the liquid this container could also work as a condenser. Otherwise you can use a coil to the storage tank assign.

A typical reaction vessel is shown in FIG. This container is equipped with a protective housing 20, in

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Velcliea a plurality of working departments 21 are provided Lina thermal insulation 22 is used to insulate the compartments 21 from the housing 20 "between the individual compartments are electrically located" heating elements 23 · Ringeuta each Department or through the same is "in Kaupt-fciirneauetauecher 8 arranged in 7o «a of a pipe coil, which is used as an evaporator or acts as a superheater · The inlets 25 and 26 are used to "supply" the work departments 21 on the one hand Jfieder-Q pressurized steam τοη of the heat engine and on the other hand! liquid or gas under high pressure or steam from the storage to supply »In contrast, the outlets 27 are to be seen» to withdraw the heated steam under high pressure. The reactive substance or several are in the individual departments housed · Such an arrangement has the advantage »that only the container walls are in contact with the reactive: Substances need to reach

The Pig. 6 shows a somewhat modified reaction vessel · The main heat exchanger has more of 8 again an inlet and an outlet 27 · A large number of ribbed pipe «, each of which has an arc τοη 180 °» branches off from the inlet 26 and unites again to form the outlet 27 · There is at least one ribbed pipe in each compartment 21 · The lines 29 are flowed through by the volatile component. The ribs 28 consist of a material with high thermal conductivity, such as egg disgust, and serve as a carrier t \ Xv

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the walls of each compartment 21. In a special embodiment the compartments have the shape of tubes ·; the ribs giving the tubes a substantially tubular shape. However, the main role of the fins is to transfer heat, by conduction from the reactive substance inside the reaction vessel 1 on the volatile component which flows through the lines 29 of the heat exchanger 8.

A combination of reaction vessel and heat exchanger can take various forms. The outer surface of a department can be provided with grooves, for example, in order to be able to mount the main heat exchanger 8 on it or in it in the form of an evaporation coil. An additional tube for overheating or reheating can run lengthways through the center of the compartment. Such a tube can be one or more Have turns and also be ribbed »Furthermore, am Output a separator can be provided, which prevents the passage of any droplet-shaped or solid particles during charging prevented. A pipe-in-pipe arrangement can also be envisaged. Another arrangement uses a Evaporator jacket, with the reactive substance inside of the gap between the casing.

Additional chemical substances can be placed in the reaction vessel are given. The following can be achieved with the addition of such substances. On the one hand, they serve to reduce the heat transfer

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To improve the characteristics of the substances used, on the other hand, they are intended to improve the flow of a liquid or a Prevent powder, and thirdly, they should act as a catalyst, An example of this would be the addition of calcium chloride to the fold oxide-water system described here. In this Pail, the calcium chloride acts as a catalyst for its dissolution of powdered calcium oxide. The heater for the reaction vessel serves to supply heat to the same during charging. The amount of heat to be supplied depends on this the given circumstances. 3o e.g. if the system is to be used as a drive motor for a vehicle, it is advantageous to to provide at least two feed passages. The first of these grades should be a weak clang for charging over Ii eight or slow load and the second G-ang should be a more vigorous one its for fast charging or a boosted charging.

As has already been mentioned, heat can be extracted from the reaction vessel and this can be used for various purposes. This can be done with the help of a circulating liquid that carries the heat, or with the help of air that circulated through passages in or around the reaction vessel. According to a further embodiment of the invention, means are provided in order to feed the stored liquid or gas directly into the reaction vessel, on the way by the heat engine. This is useful when that System has been recharged and not immediately afterwards

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should be used · Xn «Inem solohsn Pall reduces the Temperature of the reaction vessel »· By directly feeding the stored oil or gas into the The temperature of the reaction vessel can be raised very quickly to the working temperature This means that the full Masohinen performance is available very quickly and enables a corresponding vehicle to be installed before it is put into operation to imagine his machine * If such a system in a The interior of the vehicle can also be used Vehicle heat, and swar regardless of whether the engine is running or not · The control of the fluid supply from the Storage to the reaction vessel is controlled with the help of a Thermosta th, which is arranged within the reaction vessel · In this way the temperature of the reaction vessel is kept at a constant value. On the other hand, can a pressure-sensitive device can be attached which maintains a constant pressure within the reaction vessel receives. The storage arrangement can be controlled by regulating the flow of steam or gas to the heat engine · This can be done with the help of a valve or by regulating a feed pump, if one is used Otherwise the control valve can be a simple throttle valve, which is either inserted into the liquid line to the Evaporator or in the steam / gas line upstream of the Heat engine is used If a feed pump is provided, various methods can be used

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to regulate the inflow su · So β »Β. a valve in the Steam line is provided because it regulates the flow of steam to the heat engine. In such a case, the pump works either intermittently or continuously in order to maintain a constant pressure in the evaporator Pump works continuously »the liquid can be diverted to the suction side of the pump

Q Although the eliminated during the unloading of the arrangement

Heat is to be used to heat the interior of a vehicle » this may not be desirable · Accordingly, means are provided through which the separated heat can freely · escape · The heat released during charging

I. can also be used for various purposes. Do the

In the event that it is an electrically charged vehicle drive, the heat given off at the capacitor during charging could provide the required energy. _ around the domestic facilities for hot water supply or

Central heating to provide heat. To enable such use, a plate or a stirrer can be used Heat absorption is provided, which is connected to a heat exchanger and for this purpose in a hot water he or any other another heat accumulator is arranged · The heat absorbing plate can consist of a plurality of plates or tubes » di «are inserted inside a pocket in the steam chamber as a rope dos condenser · Here are plate or tube and

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Bag constructed in such a way that there is good heat transfer between them consists. Perhaps it should be pointed out that the heat absorbing plate is placed below the attached tank is. Thus, the fluid will naturally circulate through the joints by gravity. Palis desired, however, the liquid circulation can also be effected by a pump. Another variation is that no liquid circulation needs to be provided. The system can for example run closed and the pressure be adjusted so that the liquid in the receiving plate comes to a boil and within the heat exchanger provided tanks condensed. On the other hand, there can be air on the condenser be passed along and then through a heat accumulator.

6 claims,
6 figures.

Claims (4)

Utility model application G- 73 23 619.8 of 26.o6.73, applicant John Edward Randell, Wirral / Cheshire (Engl.) Protection claims 1. Reaction container for receiving at least one chemical compound which changes in a reversible physical or chemical process into a volatile and a non-volatile component, when they reunite thermal energy is released, characterized in that the reaction container (1) flowed through by the volatile component Main heat exchanger (8) accommodates. 2. Reaction container according to claim 1, characterized in that the reaction container (1) receives a further auxiliary heat exchanger (15) which is connected between two piston engines (12 and 13) connected in series or between two turbines (12a and 13a) is inserted. 3. Reaction container according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the reaction container (1) within an insulating protective housing (20) contains a plurality of working chambers (21) which can be heated with the aid of suitable means (23) and from the main Heat exchanger (8) are each wrapped around or penetrated. - 26 - - 26 - i. 4. Reaction container according spoke 3, characterized in that each working chamber (21) ent- ; ■ holds and an inlet or outlet (25) for the volatile I component. I!?. Reaction container according to claims 3 and 4 ₅ thereby |. indicates that the main heat exchanger (8) and the κ Working chamber arrangement (21) two concentrically extending I form tubes. f. 6. Reaction container according to claims 3 and 4 or according to 5, I characterized in that the main heat exchanger (8) I consists of a pipeline provided with cooling fins (28).