DE60320675D1 - Verfahren zur güllebehandlung - Google Patents
Verfahren zur güllebehandlungInfo
- Publication number
- DE60320675D1 DE60320675D1 DE60320675T DE60320675T DE60320675D1 DE 60320675 D1 DE60320675 D1 DE 60320675D1 DE 60320675 T DE60320675 T DE 60320675T DE 60320675 T DE60320675 T DE 60320675T DE 60320675 D1 DE60320675 D1 DE 60320675D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- treatment
- subjected
- manure
- fraction
- gasification
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 239000012223 aqueous fraction Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/10—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by pyrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/72—Other features
- C10J3/86—Other features combined with waste-heat boilers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
- C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
- C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
- C10K1/101—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids with water only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
- C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
- C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
- C10K1/102—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids containing free acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
- C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
- C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
- C10K1/12—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
- C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
- C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
- C10K1/12—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors
- C10K1/122—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors containing only carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides or oxides of alkali-metals (including Mg)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/06—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by oxidation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
- C02F11/121—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by mechanical de-watering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
- C02F11/13—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
- C10J2200/15—Details of feeding means
- C10J2200/158—Screws
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0903—Feed preparation
- C10J2300/0906—Physical processes, e.g. shredding, comminuting, chopping, sorting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0903—Feed preparation
- C10J2300/0909—Drying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
- C10J2300/1215—Heating the gasifier using synthesis gas as fuel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
- C10J2300/1625—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with solids treatment
- C10J2300/1628—Ash post-treatment
- C10J2300/1631—Ash recycling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
- C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
- C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
- C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/40—Valorisation of by-products of wastewater, sewage or sludge processing
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DK200201775 | 2002-11-18 | ||
DKPA200201775 | 2002-11-18 | ||
PCT/DK2003/000787 WO2004046279A1 (en) | 2002-11-18 | 2003-11-18 | Method of manure slurry treatment |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE60320675D1 true DE60320675D1 (de) | 2008-06-12 |
DE60320675T2 DE60320675T2 (de) | 2009-07-02 |
Family
ID=32319490
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE2003620675 Expired - Lifetime DE60320675T2 (de) | 2002-11-18 | 2003-11-18 | Verfahren zur güllebehandlung |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1572841B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE393806T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003281968A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE60320675T2 (de) |
DK (1) | DK1572841T3 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2305528T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004046279A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB0323497D0 (en) * | 2003-10-08 | 2003-11-12 | Banham Poultry Ltd | A method of treating waste |
US7105088B2 (en) | 2004-03-29 | 2006-09-12 | Innoventor Engineering, Inc. | Methods and systems for converting waste into energy |
US7985345B2 (en) | 2004-03-29 | 2011-07-26 | Innoventor, Inc. | Methods and systems for converting waste into complex hydrocarbons |
EP1688475A1 (de) * | 2005-02-03 | 2006-08-09 | Samson Bimatech I/S | Verfahren zur Güllebehandlung, das mit dieser Behandlung hergestelte Faserprodukt und dessen Verwendung |
DE102006021826A1 (de) * | 2006-05-10 | 2007-11-15 | Hans Werner | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Brennstoffen aus Biomasse |
EP2178803B1 (de) | 2007-08-16 | 2016-10-26 | King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology | Abwasserbehandlungssystem und abwasserbehandlungsverfahren |
FR2925915B1 (fr) * | 2007-12-26 | 2010-10-08 | Total France | Procede et chaine de traitement pour la conversion thermochimique par gazeification d'une charge humide de materiau biologique, notamment de la biomasse ou du charbon. |
FI127645B (en) * | 2017-09-12 | 2018-11-15 | Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus Vtt Oy | Recycling of nutrients and energy from sewage sludge and animal manure |
CN110564455A (zh) * | 2019-09-18 | 2019-12-13 | 华陆工程科技有限责任公司 | 一种煤制气装置细渣干燥方法 |
CA3183582A1 (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2021-12-30 | Jesper AHRENFELDT | Method and slurry treatment plant for reducing methane emission from slurry produced in a livestock farm |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE885575Q (fr) * | 1977-01-07 | 1981-02-02 | Shattock Geoffrey F | Traitement des boues par degradation biologique |
JPS5651292A (en) * | 1979-10-02 | 1981-05-08 | Hitachi Plant Eng & Constr Co Ltd | Treatment of urban garbage |
JPH01242185A (ja) * | 1988-03-24 | 1989-09-27 | Kemikaruman:Kk | 複合廃液の処理方法 |
US5211724A (en) * | 1991-04-15 | 1993-05-18 | Texaco, Inc. | Partial oxidation of sewage sludge |
JP2002511832A (ja) * | 1998-02-20 | 2002-04-16 | バイオスキャン・アクティーゼルスカブ | 液状有機廃棄物を処理するための方法およびプラント |
NL1016019C2 (nl) * | 2000-08-25 | 2002-02-26 | B T G B V | Werkwijze en inrichting voor het verwerken van dierlijke mest. |
-
2003
- 2003-11-18 DK DK03773574T patent/DK1572841T3/da active
- 2003-11-18 ES ES03773574T patent/ES2305528T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-18 EP EP20030773574 patent/EP1572841B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-18 DE DE2003620675 patent/DE60320675T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-11-18 AT AT03773574T patent/ATE393806T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-11-18 AU AU2003281968A patent/AU2003281968A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-18 WO PCT/DK2003/000787 patent/WO2004046279A1/en active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2004046279A1 (en) | 2004-06-03 |
AU2003281968A1 (en) | 2004-06-15 |
DE60320675T2 (de) | 2009-07-02 |
ATE393806T1 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
DK1572841T3 (da) | 2008-09-01 |
EP1572841B1 (de) | 2008-04-30 |
ES2305528T3 (es) | 2008-11-01 |
EP1572841A1 (de) | 2005-09-14 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
ATE417229T1 (de) | Abfallbehandlungsverfahren und -vorrichtung | |
DK1330414T3 (da) | Fremgangsmåde til behandling af vand og spildevand | |
DE60320675D1 (de) | Verfahren zur güllebehandlung | |
NO331266B1 (no) | Avfallsbehandlingsprosess og apparatur | |
DE502005002469D1 (de) | Umweltschonendes Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Bioerdgas | |
DE69920520D1 (de) | Verfahren zur behandlung eines abwasserstromes mittels photosynthetischer mikroorganismen | |
DE50302847D1 (de) | Verfahren zur nachbehandlung von abgasen und anordnung hierzu | |
NO20031569A (no) | Fremgangsmåte og apparat for behandling av vann til en injeksjonsbrønn | |
ATE532574T1 (de) | Verfahren und anlage zur reinigung von biogas zur gewinnung von methan | |
DE60207735D1 (de) | Verfahren und anlage zur vergasung von biomassen | |
ATE284855T1 (de) | Verfahren zur trennung von 1,3-propandiol oder glycerin oder eine mischung davon aus einer biologischen mischung | |
DE60314504D1 (de) | Verfahren zur behandlung von abfallströmen | |
DK2134820T3 (da) | Fremgangsmåde til tørring og rensning af en partikelformet blanding af cellulose/plastaffald | |
DE69619360D1 (de) | System und methode zur behandlung von abgas | |
DK1561730T3 (da) | Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af methangas | |
DE502005010130D1 (de) | Verfahren zur verringerung des dioxingehaltes einer bleicherde | |
DE502005004235D1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Durchzügen in Sammelrohren und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens | |
DE60131545D1 (de) | Verfahren zur behandlung von reaktiver arthritis oder schleimbeutelentzündung | |
DE10393350D2 (de) | Verfahren zur Vergasung von Biomasse und Anlage hierzu | |
DE69825599D1 (de) | Methode zur Behandlung organischer Abwässer | |
DE60321355D1 (de) | Verfahren zur reproduzierung von pleuromutilinen | |
DK1968756T3 (da) | Fremgangsmåde til opnåelse af et biologisk stabiliseret skovområdesubstrat ud fra den integrerede cyklus/genanvendelse i behandlingen af fast affald fra byer | |
DK1192109T3 (da) | Metode til behandling og ydnyttelse af slam | |
NO20076686L (no) | Fremgangsmate og anordning for rensing av vann | |
ATE499429T1 (de) | Verfahren zur umwandlung von synthesegas in kohlenwasserstoffe in gegenwart von beta-sic und austragsstrom des verfahrens |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
R082 | Change of representative |
Ref document number: 1572841 Country of ref document: EP Representative=s name: LEDERER & KELLER, DE |
|
R081 | Change of applicant/patentee |
Ref document number: 1572841 Country of ref document: EP Owner name: SAMSON AGRO A/S, DK Free format text: FORMER OWNER: SAMSON BIMATECH I/S, BJERRINGBRO, DK Effective date: 20120911 |
|
R082 | Change of representative |
Ref document number: 1572841 Country of ref document: EP Representative=s name: LEDERER & KELLER, DE Effective date: 20120911 |