DE4140583A1 - Flat pallet with shock-absorbent qualities - has distance pieces of recycled rubber waste, to connect base and top panels - Google Patents

Abstract

The flat pallet has a base panel consisting of individual elements, a top panel, and distance pieces connecting the two. The distance pieces (4) are mfd. from synthetic waste materials, or a mixt. of synthetic waste and waste tyre material. They are mainly formed as one-piece solid bodies. The mixture has a content of up to 20%, pref. approx. 10%, of waste tyre material. The base panel (2), and perhaps the top panel (3), may also consist of one of the waste materials, or a mixture of these. USE/ADVANTAGE - Stable, distance pieces are highly resistant to shocks and almost non-destroyable.

Description

The invention relates to a flat pallet with a if necessary, base plate consisting of individual elements and a cover plate and in between and with the Base plate and the cover plate connected spacers. In such pallets, there is a he for the spacers increased risk of damage, especially during recording a loaded pallet by a forklift. If this with his fork the space between neighboring Tues Punch pieces missed and a spacer hits, this can damaged or even destroyed. Because such shock encumbrances in handling practice cannot be avoided, after a comparatively short time this leads to the Pa lette becomes unusable and can be replaced or repaired got to.

Flat pallets generally have between the base plate and Cover plate spacers made of wood.

Because of the relatively high load on the spacers these consist of comparatively high quality wood. In particular in particular, this is cross-cut goods, i.e. egg a high quality wood.  

In view of the high number of pa produced annually Latvian this means a correspondingly high consumption of wood, which amounts to several hundred thousand cubic meters. About this immense wood consumption and also the repair costs with such pallets because of the high damage rate to reduce the spacers, it is also known with pallets, especially with so-called well and Brewery pallets, the comparatively high loads are to provide plastic spacers. These plastic spacers have several concentric ones Ring walls that ver with each other via radial support ribs are bound. In practice, these spacers also have not as much more durable than wood spacers provided, in particular damage caused by shock when starting off with the forks of a forklift to step. As a connection between the base plate and the spacers and the cover plate are central here through the spacers cross-connecting elements provided. Additional connection Extension elements, especially nails, can be used in this Di do not insert the punch. Is problematic after the end change these plastic spacers also their disposal supply.

Furthermore, spacers are already known, the one outer plastic jacket and in it as a filling pressboard have material. This may be in addition to a riveted joint or the like provided Nagelver bonds have become difficult to nail due to the Chip material proven to be largely ineffective and bear with a disintegration of the chip filling material, so that also thus a repair or an out after a relatively short time exchange is required.

The object of the present invention is to provide a range of to create the kind mentioned at the outset, which itself sta is bil, in particular their spacers high shock withstand loads and are practically unbreakable, have a good pressure resistance and that also with the übli Chen fasteners with the pallet base plate and the Cover plate are connectable. In addition, the manufacture and Overall, assembly should be simple and environmentally friendly. In the end there should be the possibility to change the size of the pallet easy way to vary.

To solve this problem, the invention in particular suggested that at least the spacers from one Plastic waste or a mixture of plastic waste and used tire material and that they essentially formed as a one-piece solid body are.

Experiments have shown that such, essentially as Fully-formed spacer in practice withstands occurring loads much better than that previous spacers. In particular is damage largely excluded by side impact loads. In addition, these spacers are weather resistant.

A very important advantage is that for the Her position of the spacers according to the invention on existing Material without harming natural resources can be gripped. This material is more than outstanding sufficient quantity available and results in connection with the inventive design of the spacers aspired properties.

In the case of a material that consists of a prepared mixture Plastic waste and waste tire material, the Elasticity and thus especially the impact and shock resistance speed can be influenced or improved.  

In the production of the raw material for the inventions inventive spacers can go back to known methods be gripped. In particular, the art of waste First shredded and milled material or old tire material len. The wire inserts are removed from the old tires beforehand distant. Contamination of the old material is sorted out. A process with mechani is then carried out for the regeneration replastification. The granules are removed after a agreed recipe of different plastic recycling mate rialien and possibly use of recycled rubber recycled ling primary materials (old car tires) processed. The Recycling mixture as granules is done by means of a machine Technology processed to the spacers of the invention.

One embodiment provides that the bottom plate, given also the cover plate made of plastic waste, from waste tire material or a mixture of plastic waste and used tire material. This also allows the durability of these parts of the pallet be significantly increased. It is preferably provided that the base plate and the spacers made of plastic and / or Waste tire material are made while the cover plate is as before individual wooden board elements. That combination offers, among other things, the advantage that the previous Eigen of the pallet with regard to the slip resistance of items stored on the pallet and also with regard to the Compliancy to avoid damage to it standing good, remain.

It is preferably provided that for the base plate and / or Cover plate the mixture of plastic waste and old tire ma material has a plastic content of up to 20%. By the majority of used tire material is preserved here Base plate or possibly also the cover plate a higher elasticity. Especially with the base plate  this has the advantage that these are better at uneven floors can adjust and thus stands "wobble-free".

To stabilize the base plate and / or the cover plate according to a further development of the invention, a reinforcement preferably in the form of an inserted grid or the like provided, this reinforcement made of metal and / or glass fa sermaterial and / or carbon fiber material. This allows in particular those in the base or cover plates occurring tensile stresses well absorbed respectively be transmitted.

One embodiment provides that the base plate made of art Material and / or used tire material and that the distance pieces if necessary molded in one piece on the base plate are.

In this case, the material used is expedient a mixture of plastic and used tire material in one such a composition that on the one hand the compressive strength requirements of the spacers and on the other hand he desired elasticity of the base plate are taken into account. However, the preferred embodiment provides that the Spacers are designed as separate parts. this has then the advantage that here the spe strength requirements can be taken into account, while this also applies to the base plate can. It is also advantageous that in the recycling process ren made of different materials or Mi existing parts can be used separately are, so that there are no problems with recycling to step.

The production "from a single mold" with a base plate made of plastic and / or used tire material and integrally molded Di stampings simplifies the production and in particular the Assembly, so that a reduced production is possible.  

It is expedient in one embodiment with one piece Base plate and spacers provided that the ange formed spacers on their free, the cover plate turned ends screw connection connections for a fastening have screw.

You can use this screw connection to attach the cover plate connections, for example central holes, the deck plate penetrating fastening screws, which are preferred are designed as self-tapping screws around a thread in the To save the hole in the spacers, can be screwed in. In one made of plastic and / or used tire material the base plate or cover plate can be given if breakthroughs for weight loss are also provided. There is also the possibility of the plastic used Foaming weight savings.

The mixture expediently identifies the spacers Plastic waste and scrap tire material a scrap tire mate rial share of up to 20%, preferably a share in the loading range from 10%.

Such a mixing ratio has proven to be favorable in terms of the pressure resistance on the one hand and the impact resistance proved otherwise.

An embodiment of the invention provides that as a fastener means for connecting the spacers to the floor plate and the cover plate, preferably one-sided with a Head provided the spacer in particular centrally gripping bolt is provided on both sides or on a screw connection connection, preferably a screw opening for a Has screw.

The spacers can be easily replaced reuse and reuse, for example if the from simple  chem lumber existing floor slab and / or the deck are worn out.

It is preferably provided that the fastening bolt or the like from the same material as the distance pieces, preferably from one made of plastic waste existing material.

This simplifies the overall production. The cross section the bolt can be according to the occurring tension and Shear stresses must be dimensioned.

For a so-called "EURO" pallet, its dimensions and construction parts are specified, the spacers are intended moderately essentially cuboid, wherein preferably nails, in particular nail, as fastening means screws are provided.

This allows these spacers to be used directly as a replacement for the previous spacers are used. The Ma used material is also well suited for nail connections, so that too this previous fastening technology can be adopted. Since the spacers provided for EURO pallets equally large cross sections are available these spacers outside of those intended for attachment Preferably go through nail or fastening areas the perforations or cavities to reduce weight be.

For so-called fountain or brewery pallets, the Di stampings appropriately rounded in cross-section, esp special circular design, with at least one centrally orderly, longitudinally extending through hole for a fastener is provided.

With these "standard" pallets, too, a direct exchange is possible previously used spacers against the inventive much more durable spacers possible. In these Tues stampings is usually a single connection with the  Base plate and the cover plate, for example, by a central penetrating rivet, screw or similar connection intended. Is also necessary for these spacers an additional nail connection possible.

A design for independent protection claims will provide that at least the base plate looks modular Individual elements is composed and that the individual elements a modular system for variable assembly of the floor form plate and / or the other assemblies of the pallet. This makes it possible to use the same basic elements Pa to manufacture Latvians of different sizes or existing size of pallets built according to this system to change.

This also results in considerably expanded possible uses and with regard to warehousing there is a noticeable reduced effort.

The individual elements preferably have plug connections Connect on. This facilitates assembly and results in also good stability of the individual connections. Are expedient as individual elements for the floor and / or Cover plate node elements as well as between them settable and connecting connecting elements intended. The node elements used can Form standard components that remain the same for difference large pallets can be used. With the connecting elements elements there is the possibility of the same or in their Use length-adjusted elements.

A practical embodiment provides that the knot ele elements through approximately angular corner elements, approximately T-shaped Intermediate elements as well as approximately cross-shaped central elements det. With these three standard elements in Connection with the connecting elements arranged in between  ten pallets with practically any dimensions Zen.

An advantageous development of the invention provides that the node elements have pin-shaped plug connections, the one to the clear inner cross section of the tubular Fasteners have a suitable cross-section and that these plug connections, if necessary, at least in some areas are hollow. By connecting to the node elements molded connectors come with a total of a few dividing out. In addition, this can be the between the Kno Extension elements arranged particularly one fold, in particular be designed as tubes.

In a preferred embodiment, the individual elements Plastic, especially for the connection elements a very simple production and adaptation of de length of different pallet designs, as the Pipe-trained fasteners using an extruder are practically endless and can be cut to any length that can.

The spacers are expediently in one piece with the Molded node elements. This gives good stability a simple manufacture and contributes in the desired manner to reduce the number of components on the pallet.

Additional embodiments of the invention are in the others Subclaims listed. Below is the invention with their essential details with reference to the drawings explained in more detail.

It shows:

Fig. 1 is an end view and

Fig. 2 is a plan view of a so-called fountain range,

Fig. 3 is a side view of a spacer and

Fig. 4 is an end view of the spacer shown in Fig. 3 piece, especially for a fountain pallet or the like,

Fig. 5 is a detail view of the plate with a spacer as well as associated pallet bottom plate and pallet deck,

Figure 6 is a comparative example with FIG. 5 view, but each plate. Here with another attachment means for Verbin to the bottom plate, the spacer and the cover,

FIGS. 7 to 10, a four-way flat pallet European union in different views

FIG. 11 is a plan of a planned for EURO pallets spacer,

Fig. 12 is a plan view of a spacer, which is used in the outer edge region of a EURO-Palette,

Fig. 13 is a plan of a quantitative together from individual elements translated bottom plate,

Fig. 14 is a plan view and

Fig. 15 is a side view of a corner element with molded-on spacer,

Fig. 16 is a plan view and

Fig. 17 is a side view of an intermediate element,

Fig. 18 is a plan view and

Fig. 19 is a side view of a center element,

Fig. 20 is an end view of a connecting element,

Fig. 21 is a partial sectional view in the lateral region of a pallet with attached there forklift fork,

Fig. 22 is a longitudinal end view of a complete range and

Figure 23 22 twisted. Also a side view of a pallet, but here each compared with FIG. 90 °.

A pallet 1 shown in FIGS . 1 and 2 is designed here as a so-called fountain pallet. It has a wooden board elements existing base plate 2 , a cover plate 3 and spacers 4 located between them. The spacers 4 form spacers between the bottom plate and the cover plate and are also the connection through which the two plates are held together.

The pallets 1 are exposed to comparatively high loads in normal handling practice. The spacers 4 in particular are damaged comparatively frequently by shock loads caused by starting with a forklift. In order to substantially reduce the risk of damage, the spacers 4 are essentially designed as one-piece solid bodies made of plastic.

Plastic waste can be used as a material here the one that is available in sufficient quantity. At for example, plastic waste made of polypropylene, poly ethylene and polyvinyl chloride can be used. In particular it is intended to provide a mixture of plastic waste.

In order to improve the impact resistance through increased elasticity, a mixture of plastic waste and waste tire material can also be processed accordingly as material for the spacers 4 .

In the case of the so-called well or brewery pallets 1 , cross-sections which are rounded or circular are provided which are connected to the base plate 2 and the cover plate 3 by means of a fastening means which extends centrally through the respective spacer. These pallets each use nine of these spacers, as can be clearly seen in FIG. 2.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show a single spacer 4, which is circular here in cross section and is formed with a centrally Runaway Henden hole 5 for a connecting element 6. Fig. 5 shows a detailed view of the connection area between the base plate 2 and cover plate 3 with a spacer 4 , here as a connecting element 6, a tubular rivet 7 is seen easily. This tubular rivet 7 passes through the perforation 5 of the punched piece Di 4 and is supported with its rivet heads 8 in depressions 9 of the base or cover plate.

Another embodiment of a connecting element 6 is shown in FIG. 6. This connecting element has a bolt 11 provided on one side with a head 10 , which has a threaded bore 12 for a fastening screw 13 at its end facing away from the head.

For the screw head 14 and the bolt head 10 , conditions 9 are provided so that the heads do not protrude beyond the surface of the pallet base plate or the cover plate. The screw head 14 can be provided with a point of attack, in particular a cross recess for a turning tool.

The connecting element 6 according to FIG. 6 has the advantage that, if necessary, it can be dismantled in a simple manner. For example, this can be advantageous in the case of a pallet repair, where the base plate 2 and / or the cover plate 3 , possibly also a spacer 4 , have to be replaced.

The bolt 11 can, like the fastening screw 13, be made of metal. However, it is preferably provided that the bolt 11 is made of the same material as the spacers 4 , that is, of plastic material or a mixture of plastic material and scrap tire material.

Usually, only one central, one spacer 4 of the connecting element 6 is provided in the well or brewery pallets. Since the spacers 4 are formed here as a solid body except for the central perforation 5 , nail connections can also be provided if necessary. Experiments have shown that the material used is readily suitable for nail connections and good holding forces are also available with such nail connections. The existing elasticity of the existing Mate riales avoids damage and when using a Mate riales for the spacer 4 , which consists of a prepared mixture of plastic waste and waste tire material, there are particularly high pull-out forces. It has been shown that after changing a spacer 4 even when a nail hits an already existing nail hole, sufficient holding force is still created.

Fig. 7 to 10 shows the structure of a so-called Euro-pallet 1 a, which differs on the one hand in terms of size, but on the other hand also in its structure from the fountain pallet described above.

FIG. 7 shows a longitudinal side view, FIG. 8 a top view, FIG. 9 a bottom side view and FIG. 10 a transverse view of the euro pallet 1 a.

The spacers 4 are here, as can be seen from FIGS. 7 and 10 as well as FIGS. 11 and 12, cuboidal ausgebil det. As connecting elements or Befestigungsmit tel nails 16 or nail screws are provided here, which are in predetermined areas 15 (see FIGS . 11 and 12) are struck.

Also with this Euro pallet 1 a nine spacers 4 are seen before. The nails or the respective nail areas are marked with full dots in FIGS. 8 and 9. In Figs. 11 and 12, the nail portions 15 are bounded by dashed lines.

In the central longitudinal region of the pallet 1 a, larger spacers 4 are used in cross section, as shown in FIG. 11. The six edge spacers have a somewhat smaller cross-section, as can be clearly seen in FIGS. 12 and 10.

The spacers 4 used in the Euro pallet 1 a consist of recycled waste plastic material, which may be mixed with used tire material. Since this Mate rial has a much higher load capacity than the previously used spacers made of wood, but on the other hand the size of the block-shaped spacers 4 is predetermined, 15 holes or cavities can be made within the outline of the spacers and outside the intended nail areas, preferably through holes for weight reduction be provided.

In the manufacture of the spacers 4 , the plastic waste material or the waste tire material is ground, the particle size obtained being between 0.01 and 3 mm. These granules are then processed further, in particular using a mechanical replastification process. The spacers 4 are then sprayed in the desired shape by means of mechanical spraying technology. It is also advantageous when using this material that, in the event of any damage that may occur, the punched pieces can be easily recycled and again formed into new spacers 4 . Briefly summarized, the spacers 4 according to the invention have the essential advantages that they are practically indestructible, have a high load-bearing capacity and good dimensional stability even under the greatest loads. They are also resistant to moisture and can be used in a wide temperature range, for example between ± 40 ° C. Because of their high stability, the spacers can be reused in the production of pallets and also for repairs. This multiple reusability results in enormous cost savings.

Fig. 13 shows a plan view of a base plate 2 a, which is composed of standardized individual elements. The individual elements used for this purpose, as even in the single nen in FIGS. Clearer to 19 14, junction members 22 constituted by substantially angular shaped corner elements 17, approximately T-shaped intermediate elements 18, approximately cross-shaped central elements 19 and located between them and the above-mentioned node elements interconnecting connecting elements 20 . The connection of the node elements with the connecting elements is carried out by means of plug-in connections, the node elements 17 , 18 , 19 having plug-shaped projections 21 as plug-in connections, onto which the preferably tubular connecting elements 20 are inserted. For a stable, resilient connection, the cross section of the projections 21 is matched to the clear inner cross section of the connecting elements 20 so that a tight connection results when plugged in.

With the basic elements described above, pallets of different sizes can be easily manufactured. There is the possibility of varying the number of individual basic fields or the lengths of the connecting elements 20 .

In Fig. 13, a base plate 2 a is shown for a pallet, which is composed of four identical fields. Should this base plate 2 a be enlarged, then the node elements 22 on the connection side (s) where additional elements are to be added are to be replaced by correspondingly suitable node elements.

In the exemplary embodiment shown, the spacers 4 are molded directly onto the node elements 22 . This contributes to a high stability of the assembled pallet.

In Figs. 14 and 15, a corner element 17 is shown, wherein 21 connecting elements 20 each partly in section, are mounted in Fig. 14 in two, and in Fig. 15 shaped with a pin male terminal projection. In the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 14 to 19, the connecting elements 20 have a rectangular cross section and are designed as square tubes. The plug connection before jumps 21 have a cross-section matched to the clear internal cross section of these square tubes, so that when stuck together there is a stable connection. If necessary, the plug-in projections 21 to the spacer 4 can expand somewhat conically, so that there is a correspondingly increasing press fit with the connecting element 20 pushed up. In most cases, such a connector can withstand the requirements and loads that occur in practice. If necessary, additional snap-in connection means, for example tongues engaging in snap-in openings or the like, can also be provided in the plug-in connection connections for securing the plug-in connections. The connectors are on the other hand also ausgebil det that they can be solved if necessary, for example to replace individual elements.

The node elements 22 are preferably formed in one piece from plastic together with the spacers 4 . To reduce weight, the plug-in projections 21 may have inner cavities, as is indicated in FIG. 14 by a dashed line 21 . The spacers 4 may NEN optionally be provided with longitudinal bores or the like to reduce the total weight. Experiments have shown that the spacers made of solid material in the z. B. in Fig. 13 to 19 shape withstand an approximately four times higher load than it occurs in practice. It is therefore readily possible to provide the above-mentioned weight relief holes or the like.

FIGS. 16 and 17 show an intermediate element 18 which is approximately T-shaped end with its male terminal protrusions 21 to An is formed of three connecting elements 20. Here, too, the spacer 4 is integrally formed.

FIGS. 18 and 19 show a central member 19 with four cross-shaped male terminal projections 21 put on the four connecting elements 20. The spacers 4 have a central pilot hole 23 in which, for example, fastening screws or the like Ver connecting elements 6 can engage. These then connect the cover plate 3 (see FIGS. 22 and 23) with the spacers 4 . In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, the cover plate 3 is formed in a conventional manner from wooden boards which are arranged in a cross shape to one another and are connected by connecting elements 6 to the spacers 4 . It is also easily possible to assemble the cover plate 3 as well as the base plate 2 a from assembled individual elements.

Depending on the use of the respective pallet, a mixed structure, as shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, or with a cover plate 3 composed of plastic individual elements and a conventional base plate 2 , or altogether a structure formed from pluggable individual elements can be provided.

As already shown in FIGS . 11 and 12 and shown in dashed lines in FIG. 13 at the bottom left of the spacer 4 , the spacers 4 can also be polygonal or with beveled edges instead of cuboid with a square or rectangular cross section. In addition to a Ge weight reduction, this has the main advantage that when picking up the pallet by a forklift and thereby un favorably positioned fork, this is rejected by the bevels 24 since Lich. This also contributes to the fact that damage to the spacers 4 is avoided even in “hard use”.

The tubular connecting elements 20 , as shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, can also have a cross-sectional profile with bevels 25 on the top. In Fig. 21 a pallet partially under the fork fork 26 is drawn. If this were to be set a little too deep, the bevels 25 would form corresponding deflecting surfaces, which would raise the fork 26 somewhat when it was retracted. As a result, who avoided the damage to the connecting elements 20 . In Fig. 21 is dashed lines at the spacer 4 is still indicated that this, preferably with the bevels 25 aligned corner bevels 24 may have there to reduce the possibility of a not correctly positioned stacker fork 26 and thus overall avoid damage as much as possible.

It should also be mentioned that the spacers 4, as indicated for example in FIGS. 3 and 4, can also have a round cross-section and that the connecting elements 20 can also have a cross-sectional profile that is rounded on the top. The design of the connecting elements 20 according to FIGS. 20 and 21 with bevels 25 symmetrical on the top has the part before that these connecting elements can be used universally and also be twisted. One gets by this cross-sectional design with a single embodiment of connecting elements 20 and also with the node elements, this allows universal use, since certain ge assignments do not have to be taken into account during assembly.

In Fig. 23 in the left spacer 4 is indicated by dashed lines that the spacers may have a cross-sectional constriction in the course of their longitudinal extent. As shown in Fig. 23, they can be designed, for example, as a rotational hyperboloid, which on the one hand results in large-area support end faces, but on the other hand also results in a weight reduction in a desired manner. The cross section constriction provided is matched to the pressure load of the spacers 4 that occurs.

All in the description, the claims and the drawing features shown can be both individually and in be any combination with each other be essential to the invention.

Claims (26)

1. Flat pallet with a possibly consisting of individual elements bottom plate and a cover plate and intermediate and connected to the base plate and the cover plate spacers, characterized in that at least the spacers ( 4 ) waste from a plastic waste or a mixture of plastic and recycled tire material are available and that they are essentially formed as a one-piece full body. 2. Pallet according to claim 1, characterized in that for the spacers the mixture of plastic waste and Tire material a proportion of up to 20%, preferably a share in the range of 10% points. 3. Pallet according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the base plate ( 2 ), optionally also the cover plate ( 3 ) consist of a material made of plastic waste, Altrei fenmaterial or a mixture of plastic waste and tire material. 4. Pallet according to claim 3, characterized in that for the base plate ( 2 ) and / or the cover plate ( 3 ) the Ge mixture of plastic waste and waste tire material has a plastic content of up to 20%. 5. Pallet according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the base plate ( 2 ) and / or the cover plate ( 3 ) have a reinforcement, preferably in the form of an inserted grid or the like, and that this reinforcement made of metal and / or glass fiber material and / or carbon fiber material. 6. Pallet according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the base plate ( 2 ) consists of plastic and / or waste material and that the spacers ( 4 ) are optionally integrally formed on the base plate ( 2 ). 7. Pallet according to claim 6, characterized in that the molded spacers ( 4 ) at their free, the cover plate ( 3 ) facing ends have screw connections for a fastening screw. 8. Pallet according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the spacers ( 4 ) have at least one before preferably continuous perforation ( 5 ) for a fastening medium and / or for weight reduction. 9. Pallet according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that as a fastening means for the optionally releasable connection of the spacers ( 4 ) with the bottom plate ( 2 ) and the cover plate ( 3 ) each have a punching piece, in particular centrally penetrating hollow or tubular rivets ( 7 ) optionally a screw or the like is provided. 10. Pallet according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that as a fastening means for connecting the di punch pieces ( 4 ) with the base plate ( 2 ) and the cover plate ( 3 ), preferably one-sided with a head ( 10 ) verse hener, the spacer ( 4 ) is provided in particular centrally by gripping bolts ( 11 ) which has a screw connection connection on both sides or at its end facing away from the head ( 10 ), preferably a threaded bore ( 12 ) or similar screw-in opening for a fastening screw ( 13 ). 11. Pallet according to claim 10, characterized in that the bolt ( 11 ) or the like made of the same material as the spacers ( 4 ), preferably consists of a material prepared from plastic waste. 12. Pallet, in particular European four-way flat pallet according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the spacers ( 4 ) are substantially cuboid and that as a fastener preference, nails, in particular nail screws are provided. 13. Pallet according to claim 12, characterized in that the spacers ( 4 ) outside of their attachment points, which preferably have through holes for weight reduction tion. 14. Pallet, in particular well or brewery pallet according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the spacers ( 4 ) are rounded in cross-section, in particular are circular and at least one centrally arranged, longitudinally extending through hole ( 5 ) for a Have fasteners ( 6 ). 15. Pallet, in particular according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that at least the base plate ( 2 , 2 a) is composed of individual elements in a modular manner and that the individual elements are a modular system for variable assembly of the base plate ( 2 a) and / or form the other modules ( 3 , 4 ) of the pallet. 16. Pallet according to claim 15, characterized in that the Individual elements have plug connections for connecting. 17. Pallet according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that node elements ( 22 ) and insertable between them and connecting them connecting elements ( 20 ) are seen as individual elements for the base and / or cover plate. 18. Pallet according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the node elements ( 22 ) by approximately win-shaped corner elements ( 17 ), approximately T-shaped Zwischenele elements ( 18 ) and approximately cross-shaped central elements ( 19 ) are ge. 19. Pallet according to one of claims 15 to 18, characterized in that the connecting elements ( 20 ) are formed by tubes, preferably by square tubes, de ren lengths are matched to the intended overall size of the pallet. 20. Pallet according to one of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the node elements ( 22 ) have peg-shaped projections ( 21 ) as plug connections, which have a cross-section to the clear internal cross section of the tubular connec tion elements ( 20 ) and that these plug connections if necessary, at least partially hollow. 21. Pallet according to one of claims 15 to 20, characterized ge indicates that the individual elements of the pallet Plastic.   22. Pallet according to one of claims 15 to 21, characterized in that the spacers ( 4 ) are integrally formed on the node elements ( 22 ). 23. Pallet according to one of claims 15 to 22, characterized in that at least the outwardly facing Kan th of the individual elements have a chamfer or bevel ( 24 , 25 ). 24. Pallet according to one of claims 15 to 23, characterized ge indicates that the individual elements in the connector tion connections have locking connection means. 25. Pallet according to one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that the spacers ( 4 ) have a polygonal, for example quadrangular to octagonal or a rounded or round cross section. 26. Pallet according to one of claims 1 to 25, characterized records that the spacers in the course of their length stretch have a cross-sectional constriction to Example in longitudinal section as a rotational hyperboloid are trained.