DE3902854A1 - Production apparatus with change pallets - Google Patents

Abstract

Workpieces are to be mounted on change pallets in an orientation station and are to be orientated with regard to certain dimensional features relative to the change pallets in such a way that the workpieces, after the transfer of the change pallets to a machining station, assume an extremely accurate, predetermined position there. Ultra-precise positioning of the workpiece can be achieved by applying a new positioning technique, working free of play and in an extremely accurate manner, for the pallet positioning as well as by applying a method according to which the systematic errors of all members affecting the accuracy (e.g. concentricity errors of the bearing arrangement of rotary tables) are determined and are compensated for during the orientation of the workpiece in the orientation station. Used during workpiece exchange by means of pallets with especially high demands on the orientation accuracy, e.g. during the exchange of gears to be accurately machined on gear-cutting machines.

Description

The invention relates to a manufacturing device with one or more processing stations and little At least one straightening station, with the stations as a work Interchangeable pallets designed as piece carriers are chained. The interchangeable pallets can be positioned in the Processing stations and possibly also in the direction station positioned on existing receiving bodies so that a ref reference coordinate system II (e.g. embodied by a Center hole in the clamping surface of the change pallet) in a predetermined relative position can be brought, namely at the processing station in a predeterminable relative lay to a receiving body II or to a defi on another organ (e.g. tool) nable reference coordinate system IV or I and on the Straightening station to a receiving body present there I or to another organ there (e.g. Meßge council stand) definable reference coordinate system III or V. If the workpiece in the straightening station with reference to its dimensional standards in a particular Dimensional reference to the reference coordinate system II of the change pallet brought (e.g. central alignment of a cylindrical workpiece to the center hole of the exchangeable pallet) even after positioning the changeable pallet in the Processing station a predeterminable relative position of the Workpiece based on the de defined reference coordinate systems.

Such manufacturing systems are versatile. It is also state of the art, e.g. one on one editing center workpiece to be machined, with a machine inner touch probe on a designated feature and depending on the measurement result, a correction movement on one Execute NC axis. However, this technique cannot all manufacturing tasks are practiced and it is e.g.  excluded in principle if that on a rotierba work table of a round Processing must be subjected to, the newly created concentrically a job created in a previous work process must be arranged (e.g. grinding of Gear teeth concentric with one already at the workpiece Clamping existing ground center hole).

In such cases there is a central clamping of the workpiece in the middle of the central axis of the positioning system, whereby the center axis of the positioning system in machining station together with the axis of rotation of the work table must fall.

Although a work in applying the present invention Piece machining on rotating work tables does not mean that eventual use case is supposed to because of the increased Workpiece alignment requirements for this machining be placed in the foreground. For the last one mentioned processing mode should continue to be accepted, that (in a known manner) in the alignment of the change pallet on the workpiece rotatable receiving body is positioned with which the alignment work is made significantly easier.

It belongs to the area of application provided for the invention that to the materialized workpiece features, which are to be aligned relative to the reference coordinate system II of the change pallet, in addition to those which are to be aligned in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation ( radial deviations E _R ), also include those which are to be aligned in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation (plan deviation E _P ). In such an alignment task, the alignment results in alignment manipulations are linked to the extent that alignment movements for correcting a plan deviation E _P immediately show effects with respect to radial deviations E _R (in the size of the Influencing depends on the effective lever arm up to the measuring point).

The task area intended for the application of the invention includes, in particular, the production of predetermined relative positions of the material-embodying workpiece features in the processing station relative to the reference coordinate system I or IV which can be defined there in the area of ultra-precision. The need for such ultra-precise pallet changing systems exists in a number of areas of industrial manufacturing technology, for example in the precision manufacture of gear wheels on gear processing machines. It is desirable in this application, for example, manufacturing facilities according to the invention, which are capable of workpieces with a diameter of at least 500 mm and a weight of at least 400 kg in terms of their materializing features in the processing station with maximum deviations E _P = 0.003 mm and E _R = 0.002 mm at a height of 400 mm above the surface of the pallet from the intended position.

In view of the boundary conditions discussed below, with sufficient long-term accuracy when using conventional methods, experts believe that the minimum painter's value for the aforementioned task is observable: E _R = 0.012 mm.

Given the leap through the inventive solutions too Accuracy increases bring about the accuracy a new dimension and Importance, and it is worthwhile to examine these confounding factors in more detail try:

• a) With positioning systems with two or more positioning devices with corresponding positioning device features on the interchangeable pallet and on the receiving body, the ability to process tolerances in a predictable manner is of great importance. Gauge tolerances are omnipresent and come from different sources:
  • - manufacturing-related tolerances,
  • - thermally determined tolerances,
  • - centrifugal force tolerances,
    (when used on lathe spindles).
• The gauge tolerances must not lead to permanent deformations and no wear (just remember that the positioning device features on the receptacle bodies are always subjected to different gauge tolerances when combined with a large number of pallets). On the other hand, in the interest of low manufacturing costs, the dimensional tolerances should be as large as possible. In the case of the gauge dimensions, there are slight deviations of the order of magnitude of 0.02 mm, together with thermally induced dimensional changes. This is a 10 times larger value than the desired, minimum permissible value E _R = 0.002 mm.
• b) Sources of error that can contribute to the development of undesired deviations E from the planned target position (incomplete list):
  • - Errors in connection with the clamping of the interchangeable pallets at the processing and straightening station (e.g. as a result of elastic deformations due to considerable clamping forces, which can be 200 KN, for example, for the practical example described at the beginning.)
  • - Plan and concentricity errors from the storage of the axis of rotation of the receiving body in the processing and straightening station.
  • - plane parallelism error of the receiving body.
  • - Errors caused by the positioning system in the machining and straightening station (e.g. runout errors from tolerances and as a result of positioning friction forces; also planning errors and angular errors).
  • - Additional concentricity errors that occur on the workpiece when moving the change pallet from the straightening to the machining station as a result of deviations in plan E _P (leverage effect).
• c) Permanent deformations, e.g. due to the fact that the positioner features on the receptacles when combined with a variety of pallets with always other gauge tolerances subjected to large surface pressures could be.
• d) signs of wear with large surface pressures, combined with sliding friction.
• e) susceptibility to contamination.

With the use of means and methods according to the current state of the art, it is not possible to penetrate in the area of application outlined above into the accuracy range sought with the use of the invention (quantified by the previously defined value E _R = 0.002 mm); at most it is possible to approach this goal quantitatively up to approx. 20%. Many individual reasons are responsible for this, and in order to elucidate the individual reasons for each known solution, one has to examine the various possible confounding factors that impair accuracy, for example using the previously mentioned list of confounding factors (a) to (e).

The methods used according to the known prior art mainly boil down to the size of the posts different confounding factors in their amount (e.g. measurable in mm), e.g. by:

• - compliance with even smaller manufacturing tolerances,
• - Use of even more powerful materials (e.g. Carbide inserts),
• - Increasing the bearing accuracy of the rotation axes (also relevant in the straightening station),
• - Increasing the alignment effort during assembly (e.g. Alignment of the center of the positioning system to the Rota tion axis).

These measures are very costly and you come up against technical limits far ahead of your target. With regard to the individual constructive solvents which can be selected from the known state of the art, it is to be noted that the chosen positioning principles are of very great importance. A high repetition accuracy of a certain positioning principle (measured by the deviations E , determined by comparative measurements in the case of repetitive positioning processes for positioning only the same components with combinations of the same positioning device characteristics) is a necessary, but far from sufficient requirement for achieving a high Ge accuracy of the workpiece relative position in the machining station.

The general suitability of a positioning principle is a lot to measure more by the following requirements:

• f) The positioning system must be insensitive to the Joining process not adhering to the parallel guidance of the joining surfaces, e.g. when placing an interchangeable pallet using a crane.
• g) The positioning system must have various causes resulting tolerance tolerances can take without accuracy loss in positioning result, without permanent deformation and without significant permanent wear.
• h) The positioning system must ensure that the changes pallet after completing the positioning process in a lower always pointing to the joint surface in an exact direction reproducible end position is positioned (plan error). With ultra-precise positioning, this requirement is e.g. through such positioning principles no longer he fill, where with the same positioning surfaces a three dimensional positioning is to be effected, e.g. is the case with face gears.
• i) The positioning principle must ensure that the Contact zones can only ever occur elastic deformations nen (no surface pressures with close approximation or even Yield point exceeded). This requirement applies in particular also for the aspect that the contact zones in the  Shear forces provided under the operating conditions (parallel to the joining surface) must be transferred.
• j) The surfaces of Posi working together with positive locking tioning element and positioning recess must with extreme Accuracy can also be economically producible (such as ideal for the combination ball / tapered bore).
• k) There should be no joining when joining the positioning system way under the influence of friction forces have to do otherwise through elastic deformations or leads to deviations from the target position due to wear.
• l) In the case of consciously made in the interest of freedom of play Elastic deformations may cause the forces to be applied te (also clamping forces) no impermissible component deformations cause.
• m) The positioning principle must have a high positioning accuracy allow parallel to the joint plane in all directions (e.g. with round interchangeable pallets also a high angular positioning accuracy).
• n) The positioning principle must be easy to clean allow for the contact zones determining the accuracy. (The positioning device features are for exchangeable pallets often open).

For ultra-precise workpiece positioning within the scope of the The application areas described above are known positioning principles for one or more reasons suitable. Some positioning principles that you can go to the next state of the art could then count listed and assessed based on the above criteria. The well-known principle of cylinder pin / cylinder bore is not considered, since it does not even have the necessary For can meet the requirement for freedom of play.

• o) A positioning principle for centering is known a change pallet in the middle of a rotation axis with a  in the center of the mounting bolt attached as a positioning element, which with its projecting part in the as Posi serving recess, centered on the axis of rotation The cylinder bore of the interchangeable pallet protrudes. On the out projecting part, the bolt is tapered and between this outer cone of the bolt and the cylinder bore of the change selpalette is a thin-walled sleeve, which inside is provided with a tapered bore, which with the outer taper corresponds to the bolt and a cylindrical surface on the outside points, which is adapted to the cylinder bore of the interchangeable pallet is. By an axial clamping movement, the sleeve on the ke Gelig part of the bolt are pressed, the sleeve is stretched radially and the diameter of its outer cylinder enlarged. In this stretching process, a immediately after Joining process still existing between sleeve and cylinder bore Annular gap is eliminated and at the same time the interchangeable pallet with brought into a coaxial position relative to the pin axis.

Apart from the overlapping shape errors of the cylinder and cone elements and an always existing misalignment the bolt axis and apart from the fact that none large center holes in a single, centrally located Positioning device can be realized, violates the Choice of this principle also against the demands of the upcoming criteria (f), (j), (k), (m) when using a single, centrally positioned positioning device and against requirements (f), (g), (j), (k) when using several Positioning devices on a pitch circle centered on the rotational Axis.

• p) When using a positioning device according to EP-OS 01 11 092 and EP-OS 02 55 042 are the requirements not met according to criteria (f), (i) and (j).
• q) In a positioning device according to DE-PS 31 15 586 the requirements according to criteria (f), (g) and (j) not be met. Additional impairments arise here from existing axis misalignments the "centering pencils".  
• r) The well-known face teeth (Hirth teeth) with radially directed or spiral teeth also does not meet the claims, namely we if the requirements are not met according to criteria (h), (j) and (n).
• s) The Positi made known by DE-PS 25 37 146 Oniereinrichtung is able to meet the requirements set here the imperfections regarding the aforementioned requirements (g), (i) and (l) fail to comply, especially if at rela tively large balls serving as positioning elements timely after the positioning elements have been created the centering surfaces of the positioning recesses still remain de joint gap should be relatively large. The weakness of this posi tionation only lies in the fact that to overcome of the joint gap and to compensate for tolerances in the internal dimension maneuverably required when completing the positioning process material deformations mainly as a result of in the Contact zones to generate compressive stresses occur. As after Part of it grows from the fact that on the one hand, especially with large ones Positioning elements, very high clamping forces are required, and on the other hand the material flow easily at the contact zones limit is exceeded, resulting in permanent deformations leads. Large positioning elements are available here very desirable object of the invention.

On the other hand, this positioning principle is different wide, very advantageous properties, and since the here up showed deficiencies can be overcome by design measures, it is also within the scope of the present invention, these be known positioning device. A first next education of the positioning principle according to DE-PS 25 37 146 described in the patent application PCT / EP 88/00 546. At this The solution is essentially the positioning recess Slab or membrane aligned parallel to the joining surface shaped wall, such that the to overcome of the joint gap inevitable material deformation itself as a bending deformation of the membrane-shaped wall  results in essentially axial material displacement. So that can the defect is full according to criterion (l) above to be constantly eliminated and in contact training zones in such a way that the centering posi tioning surfaces of the positioning recesses on the spherical Contact zones of the positioning element, it is also possible to be able to accept tolerances to a certain extent. This is made possible by the fact that the spherical positioning element on the e.g. conical contact zone of the positioning recess in the direction of the necessary shift slides. The bottom line is that it is asymmetrical my deformation of the membrane-shaped recess wall transverse axial displacement of the positioning element also in a bending deformation with essentially axial material ver storage connected.

For processing larger gauge tolerances, especially re, if two or more involved at the same time Positioning devices an extremely precisely between the ver different tolerances of averaging effect (e.g. be with respect to a pitch circle center) expected centering and when large transverse axial transverse forces are transmitted the improvement described is still unsatisfactory, which is why the present invention also improves tion of these details.

The general object of the present invention is ever yes, a manufacturing facility according to the preamble of Pa to create claims 1 and 14, with which the exact speed of the predetermined relative position of the workpieces in the bear processing station can be extremely increased and at which at the same time, the production costs are not increased, be it because at the same time by creating additional usable functions the total operating costs can be reduced can. Means and methods for solving this task are not yet known.

The task is essentially determined by the characteristics of the invention reproduced in claims 1 and 14 thoughts solved. Further advantageous embodiments of the Er  are found in the further claims or on the basis of Figures described.

The solutions according to claims 1 and 14 represent two Partial solutions that you can use - each individually uses - the task of increasing the accuracy different results regarding the quantifiable Can solve final accuracy, which, however, combined with each other, are able to achieve an optimum.

The invention is based on the knowledge that to implement development leap in the shift of the to previous limit of the achievable accuracy a double Improvement can be made:

• 1. Even for the positioning principles currently recognized as best solutions, a very substantial improvement can still be made, in terms of their ability to compensate for dimensional tolerances. The solution to this partial task is included in the characterizing part of claim 1 and is further explained with reference to the description of FIGS. 1 to 3. Further details on this solution are shown in the earlier patent application P 38 31 736.2, which is also part of the present invention.
• 2. If one examines the multitude of possible errors, wel the achievable final accuracy of the workpiece relative position can influence, and distinguishes systematic and random errors, so you can see that the random errors focus on the positioning system used are. You can eliminate these random errors by using consciously uses such positioning systems, which accidental or non-systematic errors only in practical have negligible size. You got it that way you can only deal with systematic errors with a second possibility for improvement the influence of the systematic Error on the intended relative position of the workpieces in the  Processing station with effectiveness of your choice by turning off by all or some important systematic errors regarding their size or effect detected and compensated for them when aligning the workpieces takes into account what practically boils down to that the workpieces in the straightening station are relative to the change deliberately misaligned such that the wrong way direction after transferring the change pallet to the Bear processing station by the then occurred and effective which systematic transmission errors are compensated for.

In principle, this method can be used without any connection to other the manufacturing facility practices conditions will. It makes sense, however, at least for one play-free working of the positioning system and possibly involved the rotational axis bearings. Already under these Be conditions, the method described has the advantage that at the systematic errors of practically any application may be large, which affects the production costs of the whole Manufacturing facility has a very advantageous effect. Of course Lich becomes an optimum with regard to high accuracy and less Production costs reached when the method of error compensation with the means to improve the positioning system tems (according to claim 1) is combined.

In the practical implementation of the method you will at least in production facilities with rotational axes in the loading work and straightening station prefers only those from the Measure the superposition of individual errors resulting in individual errors technically capture and (with the opposite sign) in the off Allow the target to be received. As more detailed later is explained, is the implementation of the measured error data in measurement data to be checked during the alignment work usually only with the help of a data processing device tes (calculator) practicable.

The manufacturing facility according to the invention can be used for the various manufacturing tasks can be used.  

The exchangeable pallets can e.g. on receiving bodies of a lot number of processing stations on a transfer line will. It can be both a chip and a chip is a non-cutting processing. With rotatable Receiving bodies can be the same e.g. on the rotatable round table of a gear processing machine or a lathe to be appropriate.

In addition to the particular advantage of the invention in the form of a jump adhere to increase the accuracy of the predetermined relative position of the workpieces in the processing station still results Another advantage for the quality assurance of the increasing Processing:

A measuring device to be used anyway at the processing station for recording the incorrect actual deviations from dimensional body characteristics of the exchangeable pallets or one on top of them set measuring body from the intended target position can in Connection with the data processing system provided anyway location in which the measurement data can also be stored, also be used at everyone in the processing station open pallet by touching the dimensional bodily features that are repeated with great repeatability the relative position of the features to be achieved. This can ensure correct positioning (e.g. adverse effects due to dirt) and the clamping 100% checked will. Long-term drift phenomena (e.g. infol heat or wear), possibly through on relation to a special measurement to be placed on the pallet body, automatically determined and via data processing system are taken into account immediately in the alignment work. Control and adjustment can also be carried out using the special measuring body work on processing tools of the processing machine be taken.

The interchangeable pallets can also be used as a workpiece carrier Tool carrier be formed. For grinding machines e.g. the change pallets can alternately be a workpiece or a Transport the dressing tool to the machining station.  

The exchangeable pallets could also be used exclusively as a work serve tool carriers, e.g. with a variety of tools equipped. When using such a tool holder Lathes would then be the interchangeable range, spanned a rotatable receiving body on a movable slide replace the tool turret.

The accompanying drawings explain the basic principle of the partial solutions and provide some preferred solution variations anten in front:

Fig. 1a / 1b shows an axial and a transverse axial section of an interchangeable pallet station with a positioning system according to the invention with 3 positioning points.

Fig. 2a / 2b shows a similar arrangement as Fig. 1a / 1b, but with different features of the positioning system.

Fig. 3a / 3b shows in an axial and transverse axial section also an interchangeable pallet station with a positioning system according to the invention with 2 positioning points.

Fig. 4 shows a straightening and measuring station of a manufacturing device in a partial axial section.

Fig. 5 shows a processing station of a manufacturing device in a partially executed axial section.

In Figs. 1 to 3 is a partial solution of the invention will he explained, which shows an improvement of the interchangeable pallet positioning system for the purpose of reducing the positioning clamping forces and for the purpose of improving the ability to absorb Stichmaßtoleranzen. Gauge dimensions are understood here to mean the target dimensions of the distances between the axes of the positioning device features in the interchangeable pallets and holding bodies.

Fig. 1 shows an interchangeable pallet 101 , which is clamped by means of a collar bolt 112 against a receiving body 102 , which in turn is fastened to a support body 106 with the aid of screws 104 . The changing pallet is positioned relative to the receiving body by means of positioning devices, as are already shown in a similar form in DE-PS 25 37 146. In each of the 3 positioning devices 132 , a ball 116 serving as a positioning element is clamped between two positioning recesses 118 designed as conical bores in the interchangeable pallet or 120 in the receiving body. The first joining phase of the two joining phases with which the positioning process is carried out is shown in the right half of FIG. 1a. The interchangeable pallet lies only loosely on the balls with its positioning recesses, and there is a joining gap 124 between the joining surfaces 126 and 128 of the interchangeable pallet and the receiving body. In the left half of the picture the conditions after the completion of the second joining phase are shown. During the second joining phase, a clamping force symbolized by the arrow F is used to clamp the interchangeable pallet and the receiving body while simultaneously eliminating the joining gap 124 until the joining surfaces are completely in contact. Analogous to the reduction of the joint gap, adequate deformation must take place at the intended deformation points. In the technical teaching according to DE-PS 25 37 146 this deformation takes place on the positioning elements and / or the contact zones of the positioning recesses, essentially under the influence of compressive stresses induced at the contact points. The resulting disadvantages have already been discussed above.

In an arrangement according to FIG. 1, the analog deformation corresponding to the size of the original joining gap takes place, however, by means of an elastic bending deformation with a substantial axial displacement of the material masses involved in the deformation. The target deformation point extends in the example of FIG. 1 along a main extension axis 134 of a clamped cantilever arm 122 , which carries the positioning recess 120 and which is subjected to bending in a direction perpendicular to the joining surface during the deformation.

Appropriate dimensioning allows the clamping force required for the bending deformation to be varied within wide limits and any diameter of balls can be used. In the present example, the cantilever arm 122 was created by creating a slot 130 on the receiving body. But it could also be designed as a special organ.

Occurring gauge tolerances are compensated for by the fact that the cantilever displacement movements as elastic bending deformations are carried out essentially perpendicularly to their main extension axis 134 and parallel to the joining surface. The material displacements associated with the bending deformation are directed essentially parallel to the joining surface. The cantilever arm has after the completion of the joining process to compensate for the tolerances occurring perpendicular and parallel to the joining surface (and in the case of the tolerances occurring perpendicular to the joining surface also additionally to compensate for the nominal size of the joining gap) accordingly directed, superimposed bending movements. Since the cantilever arms are dimensioned symmetrically, they also develop bending forces of the same size with the same displacement at the positioning points defined by the axes 136 of the spherical positioning elements which are perpendicular to the joining surface. The positioning points are symmetrically distributed on a pitch circle around the central axis 110 of the interchangeable pallet or the receiving body. In the case of three positioning points, the axes of the positioning recesses in the interchangeable pallet and in the receiving body always define the corner points of two triangles, however - due to tolerances - different leg lengths. Since the tolerances in the amount are always very small compared to the length of the legs, they are practically always equal-sided triangles. It is now easy to see that the bending forces directed essentially towards the central axis 110 are in equilibrium of forces, which places the same (essentially radially directed) bending displacements at all 3 positioning positions.

So the vectorial sum of the displacement components is equals zero. As a consequence, there is an eccentric effect for pointing in the most varied of directions tolerances.

There is a significant accuracy-increasing effect from the fact that by appropriate constructive measures can always achieve that after completion of the first joining phase Situation has occurred in which

• a) all positioning elements in all directions sit in the corresponding positioning recesses,
• b) the balance of forces in the direction parallel to the joint already deformed cantilever arms and
• c) at the same time there is still a joining gap 124 .

In this situation, the interchangeable pallet rests on three balls and - thanks to the conical design of the positioning recesses - is ideally centered practically without the action of frictional forces acting parallel to the joint and hindering the centering effect, so that they move in the same way with a small clamping movement Centering position on the receiving body can be stretched. With such an arrangement, you get practically freed from random positioning errors repeatability in the 0.0001 mm range.

Comparable conditions as described above are also obtained - if not with the effect of the ideal case with 3 positions tioning points - in case you only need 2 positioning points len or more than 3 positioning points used.

Another advantage results from the previously described technique of compensating for gauge tolerances: When forming a positioning point according to the technical teaching of DE-PS 25 37 146, the compensation of a gauge tolerance can only be achieved by asymmetrical deformation (predominantly) of the walls of the positioning recesses will. In order not to let the associated clamping forces get too large, a combination of ball and tapered bore is used in practice. The combination of ball and bore with spherical cap is not used, since this system would have too high a stiffness with regard to the positioning forces. Even with a positioning device according to the patent application PCT / EP 88/00 546, a combination of ball and tapered bore is preferred in order to allow the ball to slide better on the tapered wall in the case of larger tolerances. Such considerations need no longer be taken with the compensation technology practiced according to FIG. 1. Rather, you can provide the positioning recess with a large Kugelka lotte. This results in a high level of system rigidity (of course, only in the direction of the main extension axis provided for power transmission). At the same time, there is good protection against plastic deformation in the event of an overload (crash) that is not intended for operational purposes. Together with the also newly acquired property that large joining gaps 124 can be permitted, with which the spherical contact zone can be moved further to the spherical equator, it is then possible to bring about a self-locking effect such that plane forces do not act in the joint Sliding up or rolling up of the ball on the bore wall can do more.

In FIG. 1, the component 108 could be a rotary table rotatable about the axis of rotation 114 . In this case, the positioning system would be centered on the axis of rotation 114 and the central axis 110 of the change pallet would coaxially coincide with the axis of rotation 114 .

In FIG. 2 the receiving body 202 and the support body with the interchangeable pallet 201, 206, a similar arrangement as shown in Figure 1, with only the following differences.:

Pressed bolts 208 with conical contact zones 210 are used as positioning elements in the interchangeable pallet, and the contact zones 212 of the positioning recesses gene 214 are rounded in a toroidal shape. The admissibility of this combination is due to the new ability of the positioning system to compensate for gauge tolerances.

From the deformable cantilever 122 in FIG. 1, which is deformable in the direction perpendicular and parallel to the joining surface, a support 216 which is clamped on both sides is created here as an alternative, which in this case was produced by working out the recesses 218 from a flange 220 of the receiving body 202 . In FIG. 3, the interchangeable pallet 301 spanned on the receiving body 302 forms a positioning system with only two positioning points. The interchangeable pallet has two positioning recesses 310 formed as conical bores, each of which cooperates with a ball 308 serving as a positioning element. In the right-hand positioning point, a pressed pot-shaped positioning insert 314 is used in a bore 312 , as is described in more detail in patent application PCT / EP 88/00 546. In the circular membrane 316 , a conical bore 318 is introduced as a positioning recess, via which the ball 308 'is centered in the center of the axis 320 . The axially directed elasticity of the circular membrane 316 fulfills the same function here as the axial elasticity of the cantilever 122 in FIG. 1.

At the left positioning point, the ball 308 cooperates with a positioning recess 322 , which is accommodated in the thickened part 324 of a support clamped on both sides, which was formed by the introduction of a slot 328 .

Like the carrier 216 in FIG. 2, the carrier 326 is provided for a bending deformation to be carried out perpendicularly and parallel to the joining surface 330 .

Since the circular membrane 316 has a parallel to the joining surface equally high in all directions rigidity, the carrier 326 is provided solely by a bending deformation in the direction of the double arrow 334 Stichmaßtoleranzen the nominal receive interference between the two axes 332 and 320th Since there is no transverse-axial displacement in the right-hand positioning point, a reference coordinate system to be connected to the exchangeable pallet 301 is best anchored to the axis 320 .

With the collar bolt 336 , a clamping force symbolized by the arrow F for the positioning and clamping process is directed onto the interchangeable pallet. The screws 338 connect the receiving body 302 to the support body 304 , which can be a machine table, for example.

In the support body 304 , a hydraulic piston 306 is introduced in a bore 340 , which initiates its downforce via a kugelför shaped tip 342 from below into the carrier 326 . Via a feed line 344 , a pressure fluid can be supplied to the bore 340 , with the controllable pressure of which the output force can be controlled at will. The deformation force to be exerted for an axial bending deformation of the carrier 324 or its rigidity can be influenced by means of the output force. This allows, for example, the joining gap to be enlarged or to be kept constant during the first joining phase with different pallet weights. It goes without saying that such an arrangement can also be provided on other positioning systems, for example on all 3 positioning points of the arrangement according to FIG. 1.

In Fig. 4 a straightening and measuring station with features according to the invention is presented, in which the receiving body I is rotatably arranged for the pallet.

On a base plate 400 , a rotary table base 402 is fastened (which is symbolized by the center lines 416 ), which is firmly connected in its upper part to the inner ring of an angular ball bearing 404 which is also suitable for axial and radial loading. The outer ring of the angular contact ball bearing 404 is firmly joined to the receiving body I 406 (AKI). On its underside, a component 418 is screwed (symbolized by tellelines 420 ), on the lower end of which a flange gear 422 with teeth 424 is fastened by means of screws (symbolized by center lines 426 ). The teeth 424 are in engagement with the teeth of a pinion 428 , which is mounted radially in a bearing 430 and can be driven by a motor, not shown, in order to finally be able to finally set the receiving body I in rotation about the axis 440 .

In order to operate the angular contact ball bearing without play and to be able to absorb tilting moments acting on the receiving body I, the angular contact ball bearing is preloaded axially. The predetermined prestressing force provided for this purpose is generated by the axial deformation of a circular plate 432 which acts as a plate spring and which is introduced into the rotary table base 402 via a ring 434 with a triangular cross section, via a sliding plate 436 and via an axial ball bearing 438 .

The position of the ring 434 which is concentric with the axis of rotation 440 is ensured by the fact that the ring with its downward-pointing tip is mounted in a correspondingly shaped groove in the circular plate 432 . The sliding plate 436 consists of a material with a low coefficient of friction and preferably also with the property of a stick-slip-free friction behavior. The slight transverse axial displaceability of the sliding plate 436 relative to the lower ring of the axial ball bearing 434 and the possible rebound movement of the circular plate 432 are intended to ensure that no significant constraining forces on the component 418 are formed by the bearing point formed by the axial ball bearing 434 and thus be exercised on the body I 406 . With this type of bearing, all the wobbling movements of the axis, which otherwise result from the bearing of an axis by means of two bearings, are eliminated and the axial runout and runout errors caused by the bearing are only dependent on the bearing point formed by the angular contact ball bearing 404 . The power transmission from the thrust ball bearing 438 to the receiving body I could of course be made with the same effect with other design means, for example, the force of the deformed circular plate 432 could be generated by hydraulic means. The angular contact ball bearing is preferably designed as an accuracy bearing. In order to achieve the maximum level of accuracy that can be achieved with such bearings, the surfaces of the connecting parts surrounding the bearing on its end and peripheral surfaces must also have extreme accuracy, so that the bearing is not deformed by the shape deviations of the receiving surfaces of the connecting parts and thus its accuracy loses. The position correspondingly accurate connecting parts is very expensive.

In order to avoid this cost disadvantage and to achieve an additional increase in storage accuracy, the invention provides to share the bearing connection points with the connection with a liquid, but later curing filling material. For this purpose on the rotary table - base 402 and on the receptacle I 406 opposite the cylindrical or planar connecting surfaces of the angular contact ball bearing 404 filling recesses 440 or 440 'are provided, which ring against the bearing by means of sealing rings 442 and 442 ' are sealed such that separate chambers are formed for the cylindrical or flat connecting surfaces, which can be supplied with filler via likewise separate feed channels 444 and 444 '. The individual chambers can thereby - are set under hydraulic pressure - until after completion of the curing. This can be done for the end-side filler recesses 440 ', for example, in that the receiving body I 406 is loaded with a certain weight after closing the feed channels. The method of hydraulic pressure has the advantage that the raceway grooves of the inner ring and outer ring are ideally aligned with each other by the balls clamped between them under the action of the uniformly acting hydraulic force, thus achieving an ideal level of accuracy.

The interchangeable pallet 408 placed on the receiving body I 406 is centered relative to the receiving body I via positioning devices 409 . The positioning system is preferably formed by 3 such positioning devices (one having to imagine one of the positioning devices rotated into the plane of the drawing). The illustrated positioning device 409 consists of the positioning insert 410 , the positioning ball 414 and the positioning insert with axially deformable membrane 412 and thus resembles the positioning device shown in FIG. 3a, right. Of course, other types of positioning devices can also be used, preferably those as shown in FIG. 1.

The generation of the positioning clamping forces, as well as the additional clamping forces, from which transverse axial frictional forces can be derived during workpiece machining, is done hydraulically, namely by means of a double-acting piston 446 . Depending on the choice of pressurization of the cylinder chambers 448 and 450 , the piston moves up or down. On the upper piston rod 452 , a bayonet coupling part 454 with bayonet teeth 456 is fastened by means of a thread, which is inserted into a pallet 458 is introduced, which is firmly connected to the interchangeable pallet by means of screws symbolized by center lines 480 and which is also provided on its lower side with bayonet teeth 460 . The transmission of the clamping forces takes place via the superimposed bayonet teeth when the cylinder chamber 450 is pressurized. The bayonet coupling can be released when the piston 446 is raised by rotating it by half a tooth pitch. In this release position, the exchangeable pallet 408 can be fed in or removed (for example with the aid of a crane). The rotation of the piston symbolized by arrow 462 can be carried out via the lower piston rod 464 with actuating means (not shown). A gear 466 with tooth gaps 468 is shown as an example of a workpiece to be machined. The gear can be aligned via wedges 470 , 472 and is clamped against the change pallet 408 with the aid of a draw bolt 474 , the latter of which transmits its clamping force to the gear via a clamping nut 476 and a clamping plate 478 .

A measuring device stand 482 is provided, consisting of the following components:

A vertical guide column 483 ; a cross guide piece 484 , which is moved relative to the guide column 483 in the direction of arrow 485 , but can not be rotated; a horizontal guide column 486 , which can be moved relative to the cross guide piece in the direction of arrow 487 , but cannot be rotated, and a longitudinally displaceable and rotatable mounting ring 489 for a measuring device 488 on the guide column 486 , welchletz teres advantageously the measurement data to one or more Da can pass on processing devices (not shown).

In the position shown, the measuring device 488 could measure the gear wheel with a rotation about the axis of rotation 440 continuously or at predetermined angular positions of the angle of rotation ϕ , symbolized by the arrow 490 , plan deviations E _P on the upper end face of the gear. Need for performing the method according to the invention also have radial Ab can be measured deviations E _R E and optionally deviations _φ from a specific angular position. In this case the measurements Kgs NEN - depending on the specific task - so well on the workpiece (index W), as well as be fitted to the receiving body I (Index A) also to the pallet (index P). To illustrate this, the symbol of the measuring device 488 is shown repeatedly at corresponding points. A wide variety of features can be used as a measuring standard for measuring an angular deviation E _ϕ . For example, there may be a tooth gap 468 on the workpiece, on the interchangeable pallet 408 or on the receiving body I 406 , holes 405 or 407 can be provided in the body for this purpose. A de to determine angular deviation E _φ may be related to a particular reference material measure φ for the angle. For example, it may make sense to relate the angular deviation E _{ϕ w of} the tooth gap 468 to be measured to the dimensional standards of the holes 405 or 407 , the absolute angular position of which, for example, using an angle encoder (not shown) that measures the angle of rotation ϕ 490 ( Encoder) can be known.

In order to be able to advantageously carry out measurements in the sense of a quality control at the straightening and measuring station shown in FIG. 4, corresponding measuring systems could also be provided for the detection of the displacement paths of the guide column 486 and the cross guide piece 484 .

The means marked with numbers II, III and V dot symbols are intended to illustrate that the correspond to the places, for example, the reference Ko defined earlier ordinate systems II, III and V could have their zero point.

Surfaces are often created on workpieces by grinding processes edited, which in a later different processing tion can be used as measuring standards. At Zahnrä these are usually inner cylinders (center holes) Outer cylinder or end faces, which expediently a rotating rotary table. At suchi Measurements must, of course, also be carried out before men.

Especially for single and small batch production it in the sense of shortening the production lead times and the simplification of workpiece handling may be advantageous, these grinding operations also on the straightening and measuring station tion, especially since there is practically the most functional elements of a grinding machine with a rotary table are present like

• - Precision-bearing rotary table with rotary drive,  
• - pallet operation and
• - measuring devices.

In addition, the meter stand could be relocated Bare organs are also trained in such a way that he at the same time also for holding grinding spindles (and their drives) would be suitable.

Such an arrangement is shown on the left half of FIG. 4:

A cross guide piece 493 is arranged on a guide column 492 so as to be longitudinally displaceable in the direction of arrow 494 and also pivotable about axis 495 . The fixation in the height position can be effected by an adjusting ring 496 . A carriage 498, which is longitudinally displaceable in the direction of arrow 497 on the guide column 492, carries a spindle unit 491 , which can be moved in an oscillating manner in the direction of arrow 499 (by other means not shown), the grinding wheel 411 of which can be rotated about an axis 413 .

A processing station is presented in FIG . The machining process is the gear shaping of gear wheels.

The rotary table shown in the center of the picture with the rotation axis 540 for carrying out the rotation angle ϕ 590 is constructed analogously to the rotary table according to FIG. 4, with the only difference that the rotary table base (in FIG. 4 part 402 ) is attached to the machine base plate 500 is formed and that the angular contact ball bearing 504 (for reasons of simplification of the drawing) is not shown as embedded in a hydraulically pressed casting compound. A bearing embedding, as shown in FIG. 4, would also be recommended for the rotary table according to FIG. 5 for reasons of accuracy and cost.

Part 506 is the receiving body II of the processing station.

For the change pallet 508 with the gear 566 clamped on, it is assumed that it is the same change pallet that was previously clamped on a straightening and measuring station according to FIG. 4, the gear being aligned in such a way that the deviations E _P , E _R and E _ϕ take the value zero from the target position provided in the processing station.

On the left side of the picture is 593 a machine slide guided in a slideway 591 , which can move in the direction of arrow 592 in the radial direction to the axis of rotation 540 . A push carriage 596 can be moved up and down in a slideway 595 in the direction of arrow 594 , both in order to be able to carry out oscillating movements with a specific stroke and to be able to adjust the entire push carriage 596 in its working height. The tool spindle 597 can be rotated about an axis 573 and carries a tool 598 with teeth 599 designed as a shock gear in a conical receiving bore. To generate a synchronous rolling of the teeth 599 of the tool with the teeth 568 of the workpiece gear, the axes 573 and 540 are synchronized (in a manner not shown).

Measuring devices 563 and 588 are provided for detecting the actual position of the measuring-embodying features of the workpieces, interchangeable pallets and the receiving body II, which can be removed, for example, as exchangeable measuring devices of the straightening and measuring station according to FIG. 4. Two examples of a possible measuring device holder are shown. The measuring device 588 is attached to a measuring device stand 582 , which is constructed analogously to the measuring device stand 482 from FIG. 4. The measuring device 563 is temporarily attached to the tool 598 with a special holder 565 , for example a magnetic holder. In this way, the measuring device 563 can be positioned by appropriate controlled movements of the machine slide 593 and the push slide 596 in any pre-programmable positions, in order to probe corresponding measuring elements there, for example via probe tips present on the measuring device.

If the holes 505 and 507 represent dimensional features for the angular position of the exchangeable pallet 508 and the receiving body 506 , and if the rotary table provided with a rotary encoder can be positioned by the machine control in any predetermined angular positions, it is possible, for example, in a preprogrammable manner with the help of the measuring device 563 to automatically determine the relative angular position between two under different, the angular position measuring features. In this way, when defining a measure-embodying characteristic as a reference characteristic (a reference coordinate system), the erroneous deviation E _ϕ from the target position of another characteristic to be checked can be measured mechanically by comparing the angular positions.

For example, bore 507 or bore 505 can be the reference feature for determining the deviation E _ϕ from the desired position of the angular position of the tooth 568 . But it can also be used to determine the systematic error which should be taken into account in the alignment work in the straightening and measuring station, bore 507 , with the aid of which the deviation E _ϕ from the desired position of the angular position of the bore 505 Exchange pallet is to be measured. In the aforementioned measuring operations, the measuring device 563 can also have a switching probe, as is customary in measuring machines. Of course, the same measuring methods could also be practiced on an arrangement according to FIG. 4.

Similar to FIG. 4, the symbol of the measuring device 588 is shown in several other places in FIG. 5 in order to illustrate that deviations E _R and E _{P can} also be measured at other places on the workpiece and the changing pallet.

The determination of the deviations E _R , E _P and E _ϕ can be carried out in the processing station shown in FIG. 5 both for checking the actual position of the workpieces intended for processing and for recording the systematic errors which can be measured on the change pallet and are independent of the workpiece, which have to be compensated for the workpiece alignment (as will be explained in more detail later).

The center symbols I, II and IV indicate where the zero points of the reference coordinate systems I, II and IV could be arranged. The stationary reference coordinate system I can be defined in the machine base plate 500 (I _c ), but also - linked to I _c by a predeterminable dimensional reference - in the axis of rotation 573 of the tool 598 (I _b ) or on a tool cutting edge (I _a ).

As maßverkörpernde features are provided for the workpiece as the gear designating a polished end face 521 and a ge schliffene, by the tooth heads embodied cylindrical surface 523 (421 and 423 in Fig. 4).

An experiment is described below to illustrate the general idea of the solution according to the invention in accordance with independent claim 14 and as an example of how the devices according to FIGS. 4 and 5 could be operated in conjunction:

The gear wheel clamped on the interchangeable pallet is used as a measuring body with ideal measuring surfaces of the measuring standards for carrying out measuring processes without deviations from the ideal shape on the end face 521 , 421 (measurement of plan deviations E _P ), on the outer cylinder 523 , 423 (measurement of radial deviations E _R ) and on the flanks of teeth 568 , 468 (measurement of angular deviations E _ϕ ) considered. The metrological detection of the deviations E may be done with the aid of the measuring device 588 , 488 and angular deviations E _ϕ the position of the tooth flanks are measured with reference to dimensional standards in the receiving bodies II and I (holes 507 , 407 ). During the measurements on the processing station (index 1) and the straightening and measuring station (index 2), the clamping conditions 1 and 2 to be standardized for each station are produced. The clamping conditions, e.g. clamping forces, may vary from station to station, but must be taken individually at each station and kept constant. Random (unsystematic) misalignments of the involved organs of the facilities should not be allowed to occur, i.e., the tolerance T = zero is assumed for the repeatability of the positioning systems involved (which can be achieved in practice by using positioning systems with features of claim 1 ). Systematic misalignments of the organizations involved in the facilities, for example in accordance with point (b) above (systematic deviations E from a target position) may occur (within the permissible size) as desired. The deviations E _P and E _R may be measured at 3 positions of the angle of rotation ( ϕ = 0 °, 120 °, 240 °). The size of the measured deviation E is denoted by X.

Step 1

In compliance with the clamping conditions 1, the measuring body is clamped on the exchangeable pallet 508 and the same in turn on the receiving body II 506 in the processing station ( FIG. 5). According to the previous ideal alignment, the measuring device measures:

E 1 _P ( ϕ = 0 °) = X 1 _P ( ϕ = 0 °) = 0
E 1 _P ( ϕ = 120 °) = X 1 _P ( ϕ = 120 °) = 0
E 1 _P ( ϕ = 240 °) = X 1 _P ( ϕ = 240 °) = 0

E 1 _R ( ϕ = 0 °) = X 1 _R ( d = 0 °) = 0
E 1 _R ( ϕ = 120 °) = X 1 _R ( ϕ = 120 °) = 0
E 1 _R ( ϕ = 240 °) = X 1 _R ( ϕ = 240 °) = 0

E 1 _ϕ ( ϕ = 0 °) = X 1 _ϕ ( ϕ = 0 °) = 0

step 2

The interchangeable pallet is transferred with the measuring body clamped to the straightening and measuring station, where it is clamped to the receiving body I 406 while observing the clamping conditions 2. The deviations E are measured with the measuring device 488 :

E 2 _P ( ϕ = 0 °) = X 2 _P ( ϕ = 0 °)
E 2 _P ( ϕ = 120 °) = X 2 _P ( ϕ = 120 °)
E 2 _P ( ϕ = 240 °) = X 2 _P ( ϕ = 240 °)

E 2 _R ( ϕ = 0 °) = X 2 _R ( ϕ = 0 °)
E 2 _R ( ϕ = 120 °) = X 2 _R ( ϕ = 120 °)
E 2 _R ( ϕ = 240 °) = X 2 _R ( ϕ = 240 °)

E 2 _ϕ ( ϕ = 0 °) = X 2 _ϕ ( ϕ = 0 °)

The measured values X 2 apparently represent the sum of all the values of overlapping effects (superposition) of deviations E caused by displacements compared to a target position due to the change of the change pallet from the processing station to the straightening and measuring station. For example, all possible sources of error (eg according to item (b) above) may have been involved in the occurrence of the deviation E 2 _R ( ϕ = 0).

step 3

The values for X 2 are logged. This is best done with the aid of a data processing device, in which the measurement data are stored as soon as they are acquired. The measuring body is then clamped from the interchangeable pallet and the interchangeable pallet is also clamped from the holder by I 406 .

Step 4

After renewed clamping of the exchangeable pallet 408 on the receiving body I 406 in the straightening and measuring station, the measuring body is also placed again on the exchangeable pallet 408 . For the subsequent alignment, the measuring characteristics of the measuring body are touched with the measuring device 488 and the alignment of the measuring body is done in such a way that for the individual deviations E 2 after complete alignment and carried out fixed tension with the tensioning conditions 2, the measurements measured in step 2 (and per logged) values X 2 are set.

The execution of this alignment work is not very easy for the operator. On the one hand, the setting values for different rotation angles ϕ must be taken into account. On the other hand, it can be assumed that the measuring data of the measuring device show measuring data deviating from X 2 when the measuring body is not yet aligned. This is especially true if the absolute position of the measuring device has been changed relative to the measuring standards (a fact that is always present when real workpieces are aligned).

To deal with these difficulties, data processing processing device perform well. By appropriate ver processing of the currently measured and the saved measurement The data processing device can operate data person (rotation angle-related) easily processable data give, e.g. such that for each alignment phase only the Alignment path to be covered is provided, so that after Execution of the correct alignment movement of the default value becomes zero. In this case, through a data processing system other services are advised, e.g. the Consideration of correction data of different changes sel pallets.

Step 5

After the interchangeable pallet has been clamped from the receiving body 406 and the transfer to the processing station, the interchangeable pallet is re-clamped there - together with the measuring body which has remained firmly clamped - on the receiving body 506 in compliance with the clamping condition 1.

A measurement with regard to the deviations E 1 results in X 1 = zero. Ie, by the superposition of all individual deviations involved in a corresponding (known) sum deviation ES , the "misalignment" of the measuring element in the processing and measuring station in the processing station became "zero alignment".

To obtain the for the compensation of the systematic Deviations required correction data would have been previously wrote experiment also with step 1 on the straightening and Measuring station can start and instead of a special measuring the body can also use the dimensions to obtain the correction data embodying features of the interchangeable pallet itself will.

In the case of one and the same measuring body, the measurement deviations E _P determined by measuring technology depend on the measuring radius (distance of the measuring probe tip from the axis of rotation of the changing pallet) and in most cases also on the angle of rotation (deviation of the measuring surface from the flatness). The detected radial deviations E _R depend on the measuring height and on the rotation angle ϕ (deviation of the measuring surface from the cylindrical shape). If one recognizes now that for the workpieces to be aligned with different sizes and shapes, the alignment specification data for the respectively applicable measuring radii and measuring heights have to be converted, whereby there may still be deviations of the workpiece measuring surfaces from the ideal shape of the plane and Zy linders are to be taken into account in the middle, it is clear that the alignment specification data for the workpiece alignment are expediently calculated by the data processing device mentioned above.

The values for the measuring heights or measuring radii selected on the workpieces can be determined automatically using the appropriate position measuring systems from the displacement positions of the column guide 486 and the cross guide piece 484 ( FIG. 4) and can be used in the calculation of the alignment default data.

Knowledge of the radial deviations E _R and angular deviations E _ϕ from the ideal alignment position on the change pallet does not have to be converted into corresponding alignment movements, or not completely, in the alignment and measuring station. With suitable conditions on the NC processing machine, the known deviations E _R and E _{ϕ can} also be compensated by corrective movements of the corresponding NC axes, for which purpose the data for the deviations E _R and E _ϕ must be transferred to the NC control .

In Fig. 5 would come into question for such correction movements: The NC axis for the angle of rotation ϕ of the rotation axis 540 , the NC axis for the displacement of the machine slide 593 in the direction of arrow 592 and possibly also an NC axis for the Rotation of the axis of rotation 573 of the tool 598 . Corrective movements on these NC axes could of course also be carried out as a function of deviations E _R and E _ϕ determined at the processing station, for example with measuring devices 563 or 588, from the intended position of the work pieces.

The alignment of the workpieces on the exchangeable pallets could also with the help of between the workpieces and the change special alignment pallets arranged hen, these alignment pallets with special means would be provided to perform the alignment movements. Since the targeting data are known, the Alignment movements also from a controllable servo motor be directed. When performing the alignment movement conditions in the processing station could be the alignment movements against the adjustment movements of the above mentioned NC axes of the processing machine can be derived.

In addition to the embedding of a roller bearing 404 in a filler mass described in FIG. 4, it should also be noted that for the purpose of ideally adapting the conversion parts surrounding the bearing rings to the geometry of the hydraulically centered bearing rings, it is also not possible directly, the filler mass and the elastic sealing rings to rest on the bearing rings, but on an elastically deformable, the rolling bearing ring (inside or outside) or a ring plate on the end face of the rolling bearing ring. As a result, the hollow cylinder or the circle 00545 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285910043400040 0002003902854 00004 00426 ring plate due to elastic deformation under the influence of the hydraulic pressure seamlessly adhere to the geometry of the bearing rings and form ideally adapted conversion parts of the bearing as well as the expansion, with which also the expansion, with which Camp is more feasible. Such a bearing installation technology would of course also be applicable for other types of machine tools or workpiece measuring machines.

Claims (51)

1. Production facility with at least one processing station and at least one straightening station and with one or more interchangeable pallets with the features:

• a) the interchangeable pallets ( 101 ), ( 408 ), ( 508 ) have positioning device features ( 116/118/120 ), ( 410/412/414 ) two or more positioning devices ( 132 ), ( 409 ) and can be used with their joining surfaces can be clamped together with the joining surface of a receiving body ( 506 ) of a processing station, optionally also additionally with the joining surface of a receiving body ( 406 ) of a straightening station, wherein they are joined at least in the processing station with corresponding positioning device features present on the receiving bodies and thereby form a positioning system with which they can be positioned relative to the receiving bodies in a predetermined relative position,
• b) workpieces fastened to the exchangeable pallets are aligned in the straightening station relative to a reference coordinate system II assigned to the exchangeable pallet,
• c) the receiving body in the processing station is assigned a reference coordinate system IV, to which the reference coordinate system II can be brought into an exact, predeterminable relative position via the positioning system,
• d) after the transfer of an interchangeable pallet to the machining station and after the positioning and clamping process has been completed, the workpiece has been precisely assigned to the reference coordinate system IV,
• e) one of the components (interchangeable pallet / receiving body) has a projecting positioning element ( 116 ) which is symmetrical at least with respect to an axis ( 136 ) and tapers outwards in the region of contact zones,
• f) the other component has a positioning recess ( 118 ) which is symmetrical at least with respect to an axis ( 136 ) and tapers inwards in the region of contact zones and is in motion with the positioning element during the joining movement which is essentially perpendicular to the joining surfaces until at the latest to bring the joining movement together in such a way that the contact zones of the positioning recess and the positioning element provided for centering the positioning device touch each other,

characterized in that each positioning device before the completion of the joining process has a play-free positive fit at this point and that all manufacturing or thermal conditions in 3 mutually perpendicular spatial tolerances between the positioning device features ( 118/120 ) of the two Components ( 101/102 ) are compensated for by exclusively elastic deformations, namely by essentially bending deformations. 2. Manufacturing device according to claim 1, characterized in that at three or more positioning points occurring simultaneously parallel to the joining surface deformation-related Materialverlagerun conditions with displacement components in the direction of the predetermined for a zero-displacement center ( 110 ) of the change palette the vectorial sum of the Center ( 110 ) directed displacement components strives for the value zero. 3. Manufacturing device according to claim 2, characterized in that the positioning devices ( 132 ) are arranged on a pitch circle around the predetermined center for a zero displacement ( 110 ). 4. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the parallel to the joining surface deformation-related material Ver storage essentially in the direction perpendicular to the main extension axis ( 134 ) of a cantilever arm ( 122 ) takes place, at the free end of the Positioniereinrich device ( 132 ) is arranged. 5. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the deformation parallel Materialverla directed parallel to the joining surface takes place substantially in the direction perpendicular to the main extension axis of a bilaterally clamped bending beam ( 216 ), in the middle of which the positioning device is arranged. 6. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the center point ( 110 ) on the axis of rotation ( 114 ) of a rotatable receiving body ( 102/406/506 ). 7. Manufacturing device according to claim 6, combined with one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the receiving body ( 406/506 ) of the processing station and the straightening station are rotatable and that an axis of the reference coordinate systems II and IV with the rotation -Axis ( 440/540 ) of the respective receiving body coincides. 8. Manufacturing device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the positioning element ( 116 ) is spherical at least on one component in the region of the contact zones symmetrically to an axis perpendicular to the joining surface ( 136 ). 9. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the positioning element is a ball ( 116 ). 10. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the posi tioning element ( 208 ) on a component ( 201 ) in the region of the contact zones is formed conically to an axis perpendicular to the joining surface. 11. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that elasti cal bending deformations from such tolerances that are perpendicular Dimensional dimensions to be measured are to be assigned to the joining surface, with dimensions essentially perpendicular to the joining surface material displacements are connected and that elastic bending deformations from such tolerances that are parallel to the joint area dimensions to be measured are to be assigned with material occurring essentially parallel to the joining surface relocations are connected and that the latter material ver storage occurs at least at one positioning point. 12. Manufacturing device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the tolerances to be measured perpendicular to the joining surface of the positioning device features ( 118/120 ) of the three-way positioning devices ( 132 ) are designed such that in the absence of the perpendicular to the joining surface positioning clamping force, a joining gap ( 124 ) of a definable size occurs between the joining surfaces ( 126/128 ) of the two components. 13. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that an additional member ( 306 ) with controllable force development is provided for at least one positioning point to influence the force to be applied for the material transfer to be carried out perpendicular to the joining surface. 14. Production facility with at least one processing station and at least one straightening and measuring station with one or more interchangeable pallets with the features:

• a) The interchangeable pallets ( 101 ), ( 408 ), ( 508 ) have positioning device features ( 116/118/120 ), ( 410/412/414 ) of two or more positioning devices ( 132 ), ( 409 ) and can be used with their Joining surfaces can optionally be clamped together with the joining surface of a receiving body I ( 406 ) of a straightening and measuring station or with the joining surface of a receiving body II ( 506 ) of a machining station, whereby they are joined with corresponding positioning features on the receiving bodies and thereby a positioning form a system with which they can be positioned in a precise predeterminable relative position relative to the receiving bodies,
• b) workpieces ( 466 ) fastened on the exchangeable pallets ( 408 ) are aligned in the straightening and measuring station with respect to certain dimension-embodying workpiece features ( 421 , 423 ) relative to a reference coordinate system II assigned to the exchangeable pallet ( 408 ),
• c) the reference body II ( 506 ) in the processing station is assigned a reference coordinate system IV, to which the reference coordinate system II can be brought into an exact, predetermined relative position via the positioning system,
• d) the processing station is assigned a reference coordinate system I, to which the workpieces ( 566 ), based on certain material-embodying workpiece characteristics ( 521 , 523 ), are to be brought into an exact, predeterminable dimensional reference,
• e) after the transfer of an interchangeable pallet ( 508 ) to the receiving body II ( 506 ) of a processing station and after the positioning and clamping process has been completed, there is an exact position assignment of the reference coordinate system II to the reference coordinate system IV and an exact predeterminable position assignment of the measuring standards Workpiece characteristics ( 521 , 523 ) completed for reference coordinate system I,

characterized in that

• f) by means of the positioning system both on the Bear processing station and on the straightening and measuring station, a play-free and precisely reproducible positioning can be produced by positive locking that
• g) for one or more interchangeable pallets ( 566 ), a deviation E of the actual relative position, based on at least one systematic error, from the target relative position of the reference coordinate system II to the reference coordinate system I and / or the reference coordinate system II to the reference coordinates system IV is known from measurements taken and that
• h) in order to achieve a precise, predeterminable measure of the reference material workpiece features ( 521 , 523 ) relative to the reference coordinate system I and / or relative to the reference coordinate system IV in the alignment of the workpiece ( 566 ) based on the material workpiece characteristics ( 521 , 523 ) relative to the reference coordinate system II, the deviation E for compensating at least one known systematic error has also been taken into account.

15. Manufacturing device according to claim 14, characterized in that the reference coordinate system I is associated with an organ ( 598 ) of the manufacturing device outside the receiving body II ( 506 ), such that a relative movement between the two reference coordinate systems can take place. 16. Manufacturing device according to claim 15, characterized in that the relative movement a translatory or a rotary or is a combination of both types of movement. 17. Manufacturing device according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the relative movements can be changed in a predeterminable manner. 18. Manufacturing device according to claim 17, characterized characterized in that the relative movements in predefinable way and by arbitrarily predeterminable path variables  a CNC control can be carried out. 19. Manufacturing device according to claim 15, in conjunction with one of claims 16 to 18, characterized in that the reference coordinate system I of the central axis ( 573 ) of a rotatable tool ( 598 ) or the material measure determining the geometric manufacturing result of a cutting edge ( 599 ) assigned. 20. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 19 or according to any combination of claims 14 to 19, characterized in that the receiving body ( 406 , 506 ) for the exchangeable pallets ( 408 , 508 ) in the processing station and / or in the direction - And measuring station about a rotation axis ( 440 , 540 ) are rotatable. 21. Manufacturing device according to claim 20, in conjunction with one of claims 14 to 19, characterized in that a definable position assignment between the axis of rotation ( 540 ) of the receiving body II ( 506 ) of the processing station and the reference coordinate system I and / or the reference Coordinate system IV is provided. 22. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 21, characterized in that a definable position assignment between the axis of rotation ( 440 ) of the straightening and measuring station and a stationary reference coordinate system V, and between the axis of rotation ( 440 ) of the direction - And measuring station and the reference coordinate system III of the receiving body I ( 406 ) is provided. 23. Manufacturing device according to claim 20 to 22, characterized in that the rotational Axes are free of play or virtually free of play. 24. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 23, characterized in that for the bet positioning system and / or for implementation  the workpiece fixture clamping devices, and in conjunction with the clamping devices at least for the position nier system standardized clamping conditions, especially standardized Clamping forces are provided. 25. Manufacturing device according to claim 24, characterized in that the systematic deformation and / or displacement movements E _c caused by the clamping devices can be measured. 26. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 25, characterized in that the systematic deviations E from the target position (systematic error) in the direction perpendicular to the joining surface ( E _P ), in the direction parallel to the joining surface ( E _R ) or in the direction of an angle of rotation ϕ about the axis of rotation ( E _ϕ ) as a result of systematic errors in the bearings of the axes of rotation, the positioning systems and the clamping devices, measured on the dimensional standards of the workpieces, the exchangeable pallets, the receiving bodies or special measuring bodies, both on the processing station as well as at the straightening and measuring station with measuring devices as single deviations or as total deviations resulting from superimposition of individual deviations ES or ES _P or ES _R or ES _{ϕ can be} detected. 27. Manufacturing device according to claim 26, characterized in that the systematic deviations E or ES (the systematic errors) are detectable as a function of the angle of rotation ϕ of the axes of rotation ( E = f ( ϕ ) or ES = f ( ϕ ) ). 28. Manufacturing device according to claim 26 and 27 in conjunction with one of claims 14 to 25, characterized in that any, detectable systematic deviations E or ES are taken into account in the alignment of the workpiece to compensate for systematic errors. 29. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 28, characterized in that to compensate for systematic errors sum deviations ES at least for ES _P (measured perpendicular to the joining surface) and ES _R (measured parallel to the joining surface) are determined and taken into account when aligning the workpieces , and where ES is determined under the following conditions:

• a) ES _P = ES 1 _P + ES 2 _P
  ES _R = ES 1 _R + ES 2 _R ,
• b) ES 1 _P and ES 1 _R are sum deviations measured at the processing station by measuring measuring-related features ( 521 , 523 ) connected to the reference coordinate system II relative to the reference coordinate system I and resulting from the superposition of individual deviations.
• c) ES 2 _P and ES 2 _R are measured at the straightening and measuring station by measuring the same material-embodying features ( 421 , 423 ) relative to the reference coordinate system V, resulting from the superposition of individual deviations.

30. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 29, characterized in that for the determination of deviations based on systematic errors E or ES, a special measuring body is placed on the interchangeable pallets, the dimensional standards of which are probable by the measuring devices. 31. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 30, characterized in that the measuring devices for forwarding the measurement data to a data processing device are trained. 32. Manufacturing device according to claim 31, characterized in that only a Maßge advises for the processing station and / or the straightening and measuring sta tion is provided, the data to be performed in each case assignment to the data processing device is signaled.   33. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 32, characterized in that the alignment of the workpieces to compensate for systematic errors Partly at the straightening and measuring station and partly ren part at the processing station by means of a correction movement of an NC axis is carried out. 34. Manufacturing device according to claim 33, characterized in that the alignment Movement at the processing station by one or more NC axes working in translation. 35. Manufacturing device according to claim 33, characterized in that the alignment Movement at the processing station by one or more rotary NC axes is carried out. 36. Manufacturing device according to claims 34 and 35, characterized by a combination of rotary and translatory NC axes. 37. Manufacturing device according to claims 35 and 36, characterized in that a rotato the NC axis of rotation of a tool or a tool spindle. 38. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 37, characterized in that for the measurement data of the detected systematic deviations E data processing is provided for easier execution and control of the deviations E co-processing alignment work on the workpieces. 39. Manufacturing device according to claim 38, characterized in that as a result of the data processing for the operator when probing with respect to their geometrical position (eg height, diameter) selectable material measures ( 421 , 423 ) for any angle of rotation ϕ with an optical display of remaining errors to be overcome are displayed up to the ideal alignment. 40. Manufacturing device according to claim 38 or 39, characterized in that control signals are spent on mechanization of the alignment work. 41. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 40, characterized in that the positioning systems with one or more characteristics of the characteristic Parts of claims 1 to 13 are equipped. 42. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 41, characterized in that a special, the reference coordinate system II more precisely assigned to a Exchangeable pallet of measuring bodies for the production of a Predeterminable reference to a machining tool is seen. 43. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 42, characterized in that the manufacturing device is part of a gear processing machine. 44. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 1 to 42, characterized in that the interchangeable pallets instead of Workpieces are equipped with tools. 45. Manufacturing device according to claim 44, characterized in that the machining machine is a lathe and the changeable pallets are placed on tool turret devices. 46. Manufacturing device according to claim 44, characterized in that the machining tion machine is a die sinking EDM machine. 47. Manufacturing device according to one of claims 14 to 42, characterized in that the Be working machine a machine for performing turning  and / or milling operations. 48. Machine tool or workpiece measuring machine with one rotatable rotary table or a rotatable work spindle for the workpiece holder, with a precision roller bearing by means of two or more roller bearings, thereby ge indicates that at least for a rolling bearing ring of at least one roller bearing, the embedding of the ring in the connection part comprising the ring in a hardenable Filler material is provided, the sealing of the Filler mass against the rolling bearing ring by means of elastic Sealing rings is effected and the filler mass according to their Filling is under hydraulic pressure, by wel Chen hydraulic pressure even alignment both rolling elements raceways to each other through the alignment effect of the sum of the simultaneously on both rolling elements Raceways adjacent rolling elements is effected. 49. Machine tool or workpiece measuring machine according to An Proverb 48, characterized in that the filler mass and the elastic sealing rings are not directly on the rolling bearing ring attached, but on an elastically deformable, the Hollow cylinder bearing ring or on an end on the side of the rolling bearing ring and where when under the influence of hydraulic pressure hollow cylinder or circular ring plate due to elastic deformation without Joining gap to the specified contour of the rolling bearing ring nestle.