DE3841698A1 - Hydrogenation catalyst and use thereof - Google Patents
Hydrogenation catalyst and use thereofInfo
- Publication number
- DE3841698A1 DE3841698A1 DE19883841698 DE3841698A DE3841698A1 DE 3841698 A1 DE3841698 A1 DE 3841698A1 DE 19883841698 DE19883841698 DE 19883841698 DE 3841698 A DE3841698 A DE 3841698A DE 3841698 A1 DE3841698 A1 DE 3841698A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogenation catalyst
- hydrogenation
- water
- catalyst according
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- -1 hydroxyl ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical group S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical group [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229940083124 ganglion-blocking antiadrenergic secondary and tertiary amines Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000009905 homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical group [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003868 ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004023 quaternary phosphonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003283 rhodium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004971 nitroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethane Chemical compound ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008280 chlorinated hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- DQYBDCGIPTYXML-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxyethane;hydrate Chemical compound O.CCOCC DQYBDCGIPTYXML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl benzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZFFMLCVRJBZUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylbutane Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)C ZFFMLCVRJBZUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KCXMKQUNVWSEMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC1=CC=CC=C1 KCXMKQUNVWSEMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229940073608 benzyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 229940095102 methyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- NUJGJRNETVAIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanal Chemical compound CCCCCCCC=O NUJGJRNETVAIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 6
- OWWIWYDDISJUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)=C OWWIWYDDISJUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZQWPRMPSCMSAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1CCCCC1 ZQWPRMPSCMSAJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 5
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CNDHHGUSRIZDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chlorooctane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCl CNDHHGUSRIZDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitroethane Chemical compound CC[N+]([O-])=O MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101100030361 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) pph-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910021604 Rhodium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910019891 RuCl3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- LAWOZCWGWDVVSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioctylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCNCCCCCCCC LAWOZCWGWDVVSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CCCCC1 UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IOQPZZOEVPZRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN IOQPZZOEVPZRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Rh+3] SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SQCZQTSHSZLZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloropentane Chemical compound CCCCCCl SQCZQTSHSZLZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- REHQLKUNRPCYEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1(C)CCCCC1 REHQLKUNRPCYEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910021580 Cobalt(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001348 alkyl chlorides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanol Chemical compound OC1CCCCC1 HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007033 dehydrochlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- AHAREKHAZNPPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,3-diene Chemical compound CCC=CC=C AHAREKHAZNPPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007172 homogeneous catalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005647 hydrohalogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cycloheptane Natural products CC1CCCCCC1 GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UNFUYWDGSFDHCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N monochlorocyclohexane Chemical compound ClC1CCCCC1 UNFUYWDGSFDHCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- IBWGNZVCJVLSHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC IBWGNZVCJVLSHB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004684 trihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011995 wilkinson's catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/44—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of carboxylic acids or esters thereof in presence of ammonia or amines, or by reduction of nitriles, carboxylic acid amides, imines or imino-ethers
- C07C209/48—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of carboxylic acids or esters thereof in presence of ammonia or amines, or by reduction of nitriles, carboxylic acid amides, imines or imino-ethers by reduction of nitriles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
- B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
- B01J31/0239—Quaternary ammonium compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
- B01J35/27—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a liquid or molten state
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/26—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only halogen atoms as hetero-atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/30—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds
- C07C209/32—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds by reduction of nitro groups
- C07C209/34—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of nitrogen-to-oxygen or nitrogen-to-nitrogen bonds by reduction of nitro groups by reduction of nitro groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms or to carbon atoms of rings other than six-membered aromatic rings in presence of hydrogen-containing gases and a catalyst
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/17—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrogenation of carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds
- C07C29/19—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrogenation of carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds in six-membered aromatic rings
- C07C29/20—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrogenation of carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds in six-membered aromatic rings in a non-condensed rings substituted with hydroxy groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
- C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
- C07C5/03—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation of non-aromatic carbon-to-carbon double bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
- C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Hydrierungskatalysator, insbesondere zur Anwendung in der homogenen katalytischen Hydrierung in Lösemittelsystemen, die mindestens zwei miteinander nicht mischbare Lösemittel umfassen. Die Hydrierungskatalysatoren der Erfindung können anstelle von Hauptgruppenmetallhydriden, welche bei Reduktionen stöchiometrisch verbraucht werden und daher häufig unwirtschaftlich sind, für die Hydrierung einer Vielzahl ungesättigter, insbesondere auch polarer Verbindungen eingesetzt werden. Sie sind in der Lage, molekularen Wasserstoff reversibel hydridisch zu binden.The invention relates to a hydrogenation catalyst, in particular for Application in homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation in solvent systems, the at least two immiscible solvents include. The hydrogenation catalysts of the invention can be used instead of Main group metal hydrides, which are stoichiometric during reductions are consumed and are therefore often uneconomical for Hydrogenation of a variety of unsaturated, especially polar Connections are used. You are able to molecular To bind hydrogen reversibly hydridically.
Es sind verschiedene Katalysatoren für Hydrierungsreaktionen entwickelt und eingesetzt worden. So wurde ein Katalysator der ZusammensetzungVarious catalysts for hydrogenation reactions have been developed and been used. So it became a catalyst of composition
[Rh(Hexadien)Cl]₂/PPh₃/Et₃N[Rh (hexadiene) Cl] ₂ / PPh₃ / Et₃N
beschrieben, mit dem in einem Xylol/Wasser-System Cyclohexylchlorid bei 50°C und 1 bar Wasserstoff mit 20%iger Ausbeute zu Cyclohexan umgesetzt werden konnte. Die Reaktion gelingt nicht mit 1-Chlorpentan. Benzylchlorid kann mit diesem Katalysator bei 50°C mit maximal 80% Ausbeute zu Toluol umgesetzt werden. Bei der Hydrodechlorierung von CCl₄ entstehen lediglich Spuren von Methan; vgl. J. Organomet. Chem. 148, (1978) 311.described with the cyclohexyl chloride in a xylene / water system 50 ° C and 1 bar of hydrogen converted to cyclohexane in 20% yield could be. The reaction does not succeed with 1-chloropentane. Benzyl chloride can with this catalyst at 50 ° C with a maximum of 80% Yield to be converted to toluene. In the hydrodechlorination of CCl₄ there are only traces of methane; see. J. Organomet. Chem. 148, (1978) 311.
Ein Katalysator der ZusammensetzungA catalyst of composition
[Rh(py)₃(Cl₃)]/NaBH₄[Rh (py) ₃ (Cl₃)] / NaBH₄
mit Wasserstoff in Dimethylformamid gestattet die Umsetzung von Benzylchlorid zu Toluol; vgl. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin (1973) 2509.with hydrogen in dimethylformamide allows the reaction of benzyl chloride to toluene; see. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin (1973) 2509.
Ein besonders aktiver Katalysator zur Aromatenreduktion in homogener Phase ist das SystemA particularly active catalyst for aromatic reduction in homogeneous Phase is the system
RhCl₃ · 3 H₂O/[(C₈H₁₇)₃N(CH₃)]ClRhCl₃ · 3 H₂O / [(C₈H₁₇) ₃N (CH₃)] Cl
in Wasser/1,2-Dichlorethan; vgl. J. Blum et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 24 (1983) 4139; J. Mol. Catal., 34 (1986) 221; J. Mol. Catal. 39 (1987) 185; J. Org. Chem. 52 (1987) 2804. Es lassen sich verschiedene Aromaten bei 30°C und 1 bar umsetzen, jedoch mit bescheidenen Ausbeuten (16 bis 70%) und teilweise schlechten Selektivitäten.in water / 1,2-dichloroethane; see. J. Blum et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 24th (1983) 4139; J. Mol. Catal., 34 (1986) 221; J. Mol. Catal. 39 (1987) 185; J. Org. Chem. 52 (1987) 2804. Various aromatics can be react at 30 ° C and 1 bar, but with modest yields (16 to 70%) and sometimes poor selectivities.
Sogenannte WILKINSON-Katalysatoren der ZusammensetzungSo-called WILKINSON catalysts of the composition
RhCl(PPh₃)₃RhCl (PPh₃) ₃
können bei der Hydrierung von Olefinen eingesetzt werden, wobei sich sterisch gehinderte Olefine jedoch nur langsam hydrieren lassen. Etwas schneller, jedoch immer noch langsam, reagieren sogenannte OSBORN- Katalysatoren vom Typcan be used in the hydrogenation of olefins, where However, allow sterically hindered olefins to be hydrogenated only slowly. Something So-called OSBORN react faster, but still slowly Type catalysts
[H₂Rh(Ligand)₂(Solvens)₂]⁺;[H₂Rh (ligand) ₂ (solvent) ₂] ⁺;
vgl. P. A. Chaloner, Handbook of Coordination Catalysis in Organic Chemistry, Butterwords (1986) 24; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (1976) 4450. see. P. A. Chaloner, Handbook of Coordination Catalysis in Organic Chemistry, Butterwords (1986) 24; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98 (1976) 4450.
Die Reduktion von Pentylnitril gelingt quantitativ bei 20°C und 1 bar mit Katalysatoren der ZusammensetzungThe reduction of pentyl nitrile succeeds quantitatively at 20 ° C and 1 bar with catalysts of the composition
[RhH(PiPr₃)₃][RhH (PiPr₃) ₃]
in homogener Phase; vgl. Chem. Comm. (1979) 870.in homogeneous phase; see. Chem. Comm. (1979) 870.
Die meisten der oben genannten homogenen Katalysatoren sind luftempfindlich und entsprechend schwer handhabbar. Ihre Rückgewinnbarkeit, die bei Katalysatoren der hier angesprochenen Art erwünscht wäre, ist, mit Ausnahme der von J. Blum et al. beschriebenen, die in Zweiphasensystemen eingesetzt werden, nicht untersucht worden und kritisch zu beurteilen. Sämtliche der vorgenannten Katalysatoren sind lediglich für ganz spezielle Hydrierungsreaktionen geeignet.Most of the homogeneous catalysts mentioned above are sensitive to air and accordingly difficult to handle. Your recoverability, which would be desirable for catalysts of the type mentioned here is with the exception of that of J. Blum et al. described in two-phase systems be used, not been examined and critically judge. All of the aforementioned catalysts are only for very special hydrogenation reactions suitable.
Die Erfindung ist auf einen Hydrierungskatalysator der oben genannten Art gerichtet, der ein breites Anwendungsspektrum aufweist und infolge seiner Einsetzbarkeit in Lösemittelsystemen, die mindestens zwei miteinander nicht mischbare Lösemittel umfassen, auch rückgewinnbar ist.The invention is based on a hydrogenation catalyst of the above Kind directed, which has a wide range of applications and as a result its usability in solvent systems, the at least two with each other include immiscible solvents, is also recoverable.
Die vorstehend skizzierte Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch einen Hydrierungskatalysator gelöst, der die folgenden Komponenten umfaßt:The task outlined above is achieved according to the invention by a Dissolved hydrogenation catalyst comprising the following components:
- a) wasserlösliche Salze von Metallen aus der von Co, Ru, Os, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh sowie Fe gebildeten Gruppe,a) water-soluble salts of metals from that of Co, Ru, Os, Ir, Pd, Pt, Rh and Fe formed group,
- b) Liganden aus der von primären, sekundären und tertiären Aminen sowie Ethern, Alkoholen und Hydroxylionen gebildeten Gruppe für die Metallionen der vorgenannten Salze undb) Ligands from that of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and ethers, alcohols and hydroxyl ions formed group for the metal ions of the aforementioned salts and
- c) Phasen-Transfer-Verbindungen aus der von tertiären Ammonium-, Phosphonium- und Sulfoniumverbindungen sowie von Kronenethern gebildeten Gruppe.c) phase transfer compounds from that of tertiary ammonium, Phosphonium and sulfonium compounds as well as crown ethers educated group.
Als wasserlösliche Salze der vorgenannten Metallionen eignen sich insbesondere diejenigen mit Anionen aus der von Br-, Cl-, F-, CN- und SCN- gebildeten Gruppe.Particularly suitable as water-soluble salts of the aforementioned metal ions are those with anions from the group formed by Br - , Cl - , F - , CN - and SCN - .
Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der Hydrierungskatalysatoren der Erfindung umfassen die folgenden Komponenten:Preferred embodiments of the hydrogenation catalysts of the invention include the following components:
- a) wasserlösliche Ruthenium-, Eisen-, Kobalt- und/oder Rhodiumsalzea) water-soluble ruthenium, iron, cobalt and / or rhodium salts
- b) tertiäre Amine als Metallkomplexliganden undb) tertiary amines as metal complex ligands and
- c) quartäre Phosphonium- und/oder Ammoniumverbindungen als Phasen- Transfer-Komponenten.c) quaternary phosphonium and / or ammonium compounds as phase Transfer components.
Als unter a) aufgeführte Salze können die Salze mit den vorgenannten Anionen eingesetzt werden; Halogenide wie Cl- und Br- sind bevorzugt. Als quartäre Ammoniumverbindungen können insbesondere die bekannten Tetraalkylammonium-halogenide mit C₁-C₂₂-Alkylgruppen eingesetzt werden, z. B. Tetrabutylammonium-chlorid oder die methylierten längerkettigen Trialkylamine.The salts with the aforementioned anions can be used as the salts listed under a); Halides such as Cl - and Br - are preferred. As quaternary ammonium compounds in particular the known tetraalkylammonium halides with C₁-C₂₂ alkyl groups can be used, for. B. tetrabutylammonium chloride or the methylated longer-chain trialkylamines.
Die Hydrierungskatalysatoren der Erfindung, insbesondere die auf Basis der wasserlöslichen Rhodiumsalze, bieten insbesondere die folgenden Vorteile:The hydrogenation catalysts of the invention, particularly those based on of the water-soluble rhodium salts, especially offer the following Advantages:
- 1. Sie gestatten erstmals die Hydrohalogenierung primärer Chloralkane unter homogener Katalyse. So ergibt 1-Octylchlorid in 35%iger Ausbeute bei Umgebungstemperatur Octan; bei 50°C beträgt die Ausbeute 60%. Die Umsetzung von Benzylchlorid zu Toluol gelingt in Anwesenheit von KCl in 100%iger Ausbeute bei Umgebungstemperatur.1. They allow the hydrohalogenation of primary chloroalkanes for the first time under homogeneous catalysis. So gives 1-octyl chloride in 35% Yield at ambient temperature octane; at 50 ° C the yield is 60%. The conversion of benzyl chloride to toluene succeeds in Presence of KCl in 100% yield at ambient temperature.
- 2. Aromaten wie Benzoesäuremethylester, Phenol, Benzol und Toluol ergeben die entsprechenden kernhydrierten Produkte mit 100%iger Ausbeute bei Umgebungstemperatur. 2. Aromatics such as methyl benzoate, phenol, benzene and toluene give the corresponding core hydrogenated products with 100% Yield at ambient temperature.
- 3. Die Hydrierung sterisch gehinderter Olefine gelingt mit bisher nicht bekannten hohen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. So ergibt 2,3-Dimethylbuten(1) in 100%iger Ausbeute bei Umgebungstemperatur 2,3-Dimethylbutan; die Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute beträgt 4,9 mol/l/h bei einer Turnoverzahl von 890/h; die Hydrierung von 2,3-Dimethylbuten(2) ergibt 2,3-Dimethylbutan in 100%iger Ausbeute bei Umgebungstemperatur mit einer Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute von 2,0 mol/l/h und einer Turnoverzahl von 370/h.3. The hydrogenation of sterically hindered olefins has so far not been successful known high reaction rates. This gives 2,3-dimethylbutene (1) 2,3-dimethylbutane in 100% yield at ambient temperature; the space-time yield is 4.9 mol / l / h at one Turnover rate of 890 / h; hydrogenation of 2,3-dimethylbutene (2) gives 2,3-dimethylbutane in 100% yield at ambient temperature with a space-time yield of 2.0 mol / l / h and one Turnover rate of 370 / h.
- 4. Die Reduktion von langkettigen Nitrilen gelingt mit hohen Umsatzraten bei Umgebungstemperatur; so ergibt 1-Octylsäurenitril ein Gemisch von Octylamin und Dioctylamin bei Umsatzraten von 91%.4. The reduction of long-chain nitriles is achieved with high turnover rates at ambient temperature; so gives 1-octyl acrylonitrile Mixture of octylamine and dioctylamine with a conversion rate of 91%.
- 5. Nitroalkane, z. B. Nitroethan, lassen sich bereits bei Umgebungstemperatur zu Ethylamin reduzieren.5. Nitroalkanes, e.g. B. nitroethane, can already at ambient temperature reduce to ethylamine.
- 6. Aldehyde, z. B. Octanal, lassen sich bereits bei Umgebungstemperatur zu den entsprechenden Alkoholen reduzieren.6. aldehydes, e.g. B. Octanal, can already at ambient temperature reduce to the corresponding alcohols.
- 7. Die Herstellung kann in Gegenwart von Luftsauerstoff erfolgen.7. The production can take place in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.
Die Hydrierungskatalysatoren der Erfindung werden im allgemeinen "in situ" hergestellt und sind luft- und wasserunempfindlich. Sie sind wesentlich einfacher herzustellen als z. B. Katalysatoren der ZusammensetzungThe hydrogenation catalysts of the invention are generally "in situ" manufactured and are insensitive to air and water. you are much easier to manufacture than z. B. Catalysts of the composition
[HRh(NH₃)₅][HRh (NH₃) ₅]
bzw. besser handhabbar als wasserempfindliche Katalysatoren des Typsor more manageable than water-sensitive catalysts of the type
[RhCl₂(py)₂(DMF)]BH₄[RhCl₂ (py) ₂ (DMF)] BH₄
bzw. die luftempfindlichen Katalysatoren des Typsor the air-sensitive catalysts of the type
[H₂Rh(Bipy)₂]⁺,[H₂Rh (bipy) ₂] ⁺,
die separat hergestellt werden müssen und die vorgenannten Reaktionen ohnehin nicht katalysieren können.which have to be prepared separately and the aforementioned reactions can’t catalyze anyway.
Die Katalysatoren der Erfindung stellen ungewöhnlich aktive Hydrierungskatalysatoren dar, die sich in den jeweils eingesetzten Lösemittelsystemen herstellen und ohne Isolierung verwenden lassen, wobei ihre Verwendung in mindestens 2 miteinander nicht mischbare Lösemittel umfassenden Lösemittelsystemen, insbesondere Wasser und einem weiteren Lösemittel, die Rückgewinnung gestatten, z. B. durch Extraktion, Retransfer aus der organischen Phase mittels eines großen Anions wie ClO₄- oder dergleichen.The catalysts of the invention are unusually active hydrogenation catalysts which are found in the solvent systems used produce and use without insulation, their Use in at least 2 immiscible solvents comprehensive solvent systems, especially water and another Solvents that allow recovery, e.g. B. by extraction, retransfer from the organic phase using a large anion such as ClO₄- or similar.
Gemäß einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist der Hydrierungskatalysator erhältlich durch "in-situ"-Umsetzung vonAccording to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the hydrogenation catalyst is available through "in situ" implementation by
- a) Ruthenium-, Eisen-, Kobalt- und/oder Rhodiumhalogeniden mita) ruthenium, iron, cobalt and / or rhodium halides with
- b) tertiären Aminen in Gegenwart vonb) tertiary amines in the presence of
- c) quartären Ammoniumverbindungenc) quaternary ammonium compounds
in molaren Verhältnissen von a : b : c von 1 : 3-100 :1-10 in einem Lösemittelsystem, das Wasser und mindestens ein mit Wasser nicht mischbares, gegenüber der Hydrierungsreaktion inertes Lösemittel umfaßt. Als inertes, mit Wasser nicht mischbares Lösemittel eignen sich z. B. gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe und aliphatische Ether, insbesondere Diethylether.in molar ratios of a: b: c of 1: 3-100: 1-10 in a solvent system, the water and at least one immiscible with water, solvent inert to the hydrogenation reaction. As an inert, water-immiscible solvents are suitable for. B. saturated Hydrocarbons and aliphatic ethers, especially diethyl ether.
Eine weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist der zumindest teilweise Ersatz der unter c) genannten quartären Ammoniumverbindungen durch quartäre Phosphoniumverbindungen.Another advantageous embodiment of the invention is at least partial replacement of the quaternary ammonium compounds mentioned under c) through quaternary phosphonium compounds.
Bevorzugte Hydrierungskatalysatoren der Erfindung weisen eine Zusammensetzung der Formel I,Preferred hydrogenation catalysts of the invention have a composition Formula I,
MX m · n H₂O/NR₃/(R₃NR³)X- (I)MX m · n H₂O / NR₃ / (R₃NR³) X - (I)
in derin the
M=Rh, Ru, Fe oder Co
m = 3, wenn M=Rh, Fe oder Ru
m = 2, wenn M=Co
X=Cl und/oder Br,
R¹ und R³ unabhängig voneinander jeweils C₁-C₄-Alkylgruppen,
R² eine C₄-C₂₂-Alkylgruppe und
n eine Zahl von 0 bis 6 bedeuten.M = Rh, Ru, Fe or Co
m = 3 if M = Rh, Fe or Ru
m = 2 if M = Co
X = Cl and / or Br,
R¹ and R³ are each independently of the other C₁-C₄ alkyl groups,
R² is a C₄-C₂₂ alkyl group and
n is a number from 0 to 6.
Typische Vertreter für die Gruppen R¹ und R³ sind Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl und Butyl. Die Gruppe R² kann z. B. Butyl, Pentyl, Hexyl, Heptyl, Octyl, Nonyl, Decyl, Undecyl, Dodecyl, Tetradecyl, Hexadecyl, Octadecyl und dergleichen sein; geradkettige Alkylgruppen sind hier bevorzugt. Die Zahl n bezeichnet den Wassergehalt der eingesetzten Metallhalogenide; es können z. B. wasserfreie Rhodiumhalogenide (n = 0) und - bevorzugt - wasserhaltige Rhodiumhalogenide wie Trihydrate, eingesetzt werden.Typical representatives for the groups R¹ and R³ are methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl. The group R² can e.g. Be butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and the like; straight chain alkyl groups are preferred here. The number n denotes the water content of the metal halides used; it can e.g. B. anhydrous rhodium halides (n = 0) and - preferably - water-containing rhodium halides such as trihydrates.
Weiterhin bevorzugt sind Hydrierungskatalysatoren der obigen Formel I, in derAlso preferred are hydrogenation catalysts of the above formula I, in the
M=Rh oder Ru
m = 3
X=Cl,
R¹ und R3 jeweils C₁-C₂-Alkylgruppen,
R² eine n-C₄-C₁₂-Alkylgruppe und
n = 3 bedeuten.M = Rh or Ru
m = 3
X = Cl,
R¹ and R3 are each C₁-C₂ alkyl groups,
R² one n-C₄-C₁₂ alkyl group and
n = 3 mean.
Als besonders wirksamer Hydrierungskatalysator hat sich ein System der Formel IIA system of. Has proven to be a particularly effective hydrogenation catalyst Formula II
MCl₃ · 3 H₂O/N(C₂H₅)₃/(n-C₈H₁₇)₃N⁺CH₃Cl- (II)MCl₃ · 3 H₂O / N (C₂H₅) ₃ / (n-C₈H₁₇) ₃N⁺CH₃Cl - (II)
mit M=Rh oder Ruwith M = Rh or Ru
erwiesen.proven.
Die Katalysatoren der Formeln (I) und (II) können die jeweils zugehörigen, angegebenen Metalle in beliebigem Verhältnis zueinander beinhalten.The catalysts of the formulas (I) and (II) can be the corresponding, include specified metals in any ratio to each other.
Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin die Verwendung der Hydrierungskatalysatoren der Erfindung zur Hydrierung von Aromaten, Aldehyden, Olefinen, insbesondere sterisch gehinderten Olefinen, Nitroalkanen und Alkylnitrilen sowie zur Hydrodechlorierung von Chlorwasserstoffen, unter erhöhtem Druck und bei Temperaturen zwischen Umgebungstemperatur und dem Siedepunkt der jeweiligen Reaktionsgemische. Für die praktische Anwendung kann es vorteilhaft sein, die in situ gebildeten Hydrierungskatalysatoren der Erfindung unter Druck vorzuhydrieren, bevor nach Zugabe des zu hydrierenden Materials die eigentliche Hydrierung erfolgt. Bei der Dehydrochlorierung kann die Zugabe von KCl die Selektivität der Reaktion steigern, z. B. bei der Hydrierung von Benzylchlorid zu Toluol mit dem Katalysator der Formel II.The invention further relates to the use of the hydrogenation catalysts of the invention for the hydrogenation of aromatics, aldehydes, olefins, especially sterically hindered olefins, nitroalkanes and alkyl nitriles as well as for hydrodechlorination of hydrogen chloride, under increased pressure and at temperatures between ambient temperature and the Boiling point of the respective reaction mixtures. For practical use it may be advantageous to use the hydrogenation catalysts formed in situ pre-hydrogenate the invention under pressure before after addition of the material to be hydrogenated, the actual hydrogenation takes place. At Dehydrochlorination can add KCl to the selectivity of the Increase response, e.g. B. in the hydrogenation of benzyl chloride to toluene with the catalyst of formula II.
Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiele näher erläutert.The invention is described below on the basis of preferred exemplary embodiments explained in more detail.
Falls nicht anders angegeben, wurden sämtliche Beispiele im V4A-Stahlautoklaven mit einem Nenninhalt von 75 ml durchgeführt. Rühroperationen erfolgten mit Magnetrührern, die Temperierung mit Ölbädern. Der Autoklav wurde mit dem Lösemittelsystem und den Katalysatorkomponenten beschickt, gegebenenfalls wurde der Hydrierungskatalysator bei einem Druck von 10 bar vorhydriert. Nach Zugabe der zu hydrierenden Verbindungen wurde der Autoklav verschlossen und mit Wasserstoff beaufschlagt; der Wasserstoffverbrauch wurde an einer geeigneten Meßeinrichtung abgelesen. Die Reaktion kann in Gegenwart von Luftsauerstoff durchgeführt werden.Unless otherwise stated, all examples were in the V4A steel autoclave with a nominal content of 75 ml. Stirring operations were done with magnetic stirrers, the tempering with oil baths. The autoclave was charged with the solvent system and the catalyst components, optionally the hydrogenation catalyst was at a pressure of Prehydrated 10 bar. After adding the compounds to be hydrogenated the autoclave closed and charged with hydrogen; the hydrogen consumption was read on a suitable measuring device. The The reaction can be carried out in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.
Nach Beendigung der Reaktion wurde der Autoklav im Wasserbad auf Umgebungstemperatur abgekühlt und der Überdruck abgelassen.After the reaction was complete, the autoclave was brought to ambient temperature in a water bath cooled and the excess pressure released.
Zur Aufarbeitung wurden bei den Beispielen die Phasen getrennt und die wäßrige Phase mit dem eingesetzten organischen Lösemittel extrahiert. Die organische Phase wurde über Calciumchlorid getrocknet. Nach üblicher Aufarbeitung erfolgte die Bestimmung der Reaktionsprodukte durch Gaschromatographie.For working up, the phases were separated in the examples and the extracted aqueous phase with the organic solvent used. The organic phase was dried over calcium chloride. After usual Working up was carried out the determination of the reaction products by gas chromatography.
Es wurde ein handelsüblicher Reinwasserstoff (Reinheit 99,9996%) verwendet.A commercially available pure hydrogen (purity 99.9996%) used.
Sämtliche der folgenden Beispiele 1 bis 10 wurden mit dem folgenden Standardansatz durchgeführt:All of the following Examples 1 through 10 were made with the following Standard approach carried out:
- a) 100 mg (0,380 mmol RhCl₃ · 3 H₂O (263,31 g/mol)a) 100 mg (0.380 mmol RhCl₃.3 H₂O (263.31 g / mol)
- b) 220 mg (0,498 mmol [(C₈H₁₇)₃N(CH₃)]⁺Cl- (442 g/mol)b) 220 mg (0.498 mmol [(C₈H₁₇) ₃N (CH₃)] ⁺Cl - (442 g / mol)
- c) 2,5 g Edukt (zu hydrierendes Material)c) 2.5 g of starting material (material to be hydrogenated)
- d) 5,0 ml Wasserd) 5.0 ml water
- e) 5,0 ml Diethylethere) 5.0 ml of diethyl ether
- f) 2,53 g (25,0 mmol) Et₃N (101,19 g/mol).f) 2.53 g (25.0 mmol) Et₃N (101.19 g / mol).
In dem obigen Standardansatz wurden 2,5 g (20 mmol) Benzylchlorid bei 20°C und 10 bar Druck hydriert. Nach Verbrauch der theoretischen Wasserstoffmenge (100% Umsatz) erhielt man Toluol mit einer Selektivität von 97,5%. Der Ersatz der tertiären Ammoniumverbindung durch NaOH führte bei einer Wiederholung zu einem Umsatz von 99,8% und einer Selektivität von 98%.In the standard batch above, 2.5 g (20 mmol) of benzyl chloride were added 20 ° C and 10 bar pressure hydrogenated. After consumption of the theoretical amount of hydrogen (100% conversion), toluene was obtained with a selectivity of 97.5%. The replacement of the tertiary ammonium compound with NaOH when repeated, resulted in sales of 99.8% and one 98% selectivity.
Bei einer Wiederholung des Beispieles unter Zusatz von 1,49 g (20,0 mmol) KCl erhielt man bei einem Umsatz von 99,9% Toluol mit einer Selektivität von 99,8%.When repeating the example with the addition of 1.49 g (20.0 mmol) KCl was obtained with a selectivity at a conversion of 99.9% toluene of 99.8%.
Der obige Standardansatz ergab mit 2,5 g 1-Octylchlorid (17 mmol) bei 50°C und einem Wasserstoffdruck von 30 bar nach 20 h eine Ausbeute von 60% n-Octan.The standard approach above gave 2.5 g of 1-octyl chloride (17 mmol) 50 ° C and a hydrogen pressure of 30 bar after 20 h a yield of 60% n-octane.
Die Hydrierung von 2,5 g (18 mmol) Benzoesäuremethylester ergab in dem obigen Standardansatz bei 30 bar Anfangsdruck und Umgebungstemperatur nach Verbrauch der theoretischen Wasserstoffmenge Cyclohexylcarbon säuremethylester mit einer Ausbeute von 99,8%. The hydrogenation of 2.5 g (18 mmol) of methyl benzoate gave in the Standard approach above at 30 bar initial pressure and ambient temperature after consumption of the theoretical amount of hydrogen cyclohexylcarbon acid methyl ester with a yield of 99.8%.
Ersetzt man im Beispiel 3a) das quartäre Ammoniumsalz vollständig durch Tetrabutylphosphoniumchlorid, so erhält man bei ansonsten gleichen Reaktionsbedingungen nach 20 h Cyclohexylcarbonsäuremethylester mit einer Ausbeute von 91,4%.In example 3a), the quaternary ammonium salt is completely replaced Tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, so you get at otherwise the same Reaction conditions after 20 h of methyl cyclohexylcarboxylate a yield of 91.4%.
Die Hydrierung von 2,5 g (32 mmol) Benzol gemäß dem obigen Standardansatz ergab bei 40 (und in einer Wiederholung bei 60) bar Cyclohexan in 100%iger Ausbeute. Die Katalysatoraktivität betrugt 28 Turnover/h; die Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute 0,2 mol/l/h.The hydrogenation of 2.5 g (32 mmol) of benzene according to the standard approach above gave cyclohexane in at 40 (and in one repeat at 60) bar 100% yield. The catalyst activity was 28 turnover / h; the Space-time yield 0.2 mol / l / h.
Die Hydrierung von 2,5 g Toluol (27 mmol) gemäß dem obigen Standardansatz ergab bei Umgebungstemperatur bei 30 (und bei einer Wiederholung bei 60) bar Methylcyclohexan mit 100%iger Ausbeute.The hydrogenation of 2.5 g toluene (27 mmol) according to the standard approach above found at ambient temperature at 30 (and one repeat at 60) bar methylcyclohexane with 100% yield.
Die Hydrierung von 2,5 g Phenol gemäß dem obigen Standardansatz ergab bei 30 bar und Umgebungstemperatur innerhalb von 75 min Cyclohexanol mit 100%iger Ausbeute. Die Katalysatoraktivität betrug 34 Turnover/h; die Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute 0,23 mol/l/h. Hydrogenation of 2.5 g phenol according to the standard approach above gave at 30 bar and ambient temperature within 75 min with cyclohexanol 100% yield. The catalyst activity was 34 turnover / h; the Space-time yield 0.23 mol / l / h.
Die Hydrierung von 2,3-Dimethylbuten (1) gemäß dem obigen Standardansatz ergab bei einem Anfangsdruck von 30 bar und bei Umgebungstemperatur nach 7 min 100% 2,3-Dimethylbutan.The hydrogenation of 2,3-dimethylbutene (1) according to the standard approach above yielded at an initial pressure of 30 bar and at ambient temperature 7 min 100% 2,3-dimethylbutane.
Das gleiche Ergebnis wurde mit 2,3-Dimethylbuten (2) erzielt, wobei hier die Reaktion nach 12 min beendet war.The same result was achieved with 2,3-dimethylbutene (2), whereby here the reaction was complete after 12 min.
Die Hydrierung von 2,5 g Octylsäurenitril gemäß dem obigen Standardansatz bei 20°C ergab mit einer Ausbeute von 91% ein Gemisch von 46% Octylamin und 54% Dioctylamin; der Anfangsdruck des Wasserstoffs betrug 30 bar.The hydrogenation of 2.5 g octylacrylonitrile according to the standard approach above at 20 ° C gave a mixture of 46% with a yield of 91% Octylamine and 54% dioctylamine; the initial pressure of the hydrogen was 30 bar.
Die Hydrierung von 2,5 g Nitroethan (33 mmol) gemäß dem obigen Standardansatz bei einem Anfangsdruck von 30 bar führte nach 20 h zum Verbrauch sämtlichen Wasserstoffs. Das Reaktionsgemisch enthielt neben nicht umgesetztem Nitroethan Ethylamin in einer Ausbeute von 34%. The hydrogenation of 2.5 g nitroethane (33 mmol) according to the standard approach above at an initial pressure of 30 bar led to after 20 h Consumption of all hydrogen. The reaction mixture also contained unreacted nitroethane ethylamine in a yield of 34%.
Die Hydrierung von 2,5 g (20 mmol) Octanal gemäß dem obigen Standardansatz bei einem Anfangsdruck von 30 bar und bei Umgebungstemperatur ergab nach 20 h Octanol mit 29% Ausbeute.The hydrogenation of 2.5 g (20 mmol) octanal according to the standard approach above at an initial pressure of 30 bar and at ambient temperature gave octanol after 20 h in 29% yield.
In der folgenden Tabelle sind die in den Beispielen 3 bis 6 mit den Katalysatoren der Erfindung erzielten Umsätze bzw. Selektivitäten mit denjenigen Ergebnissen verglichen, die mit einem bekannten Katalysator der ZusammensetzungIn the following table are those in Examples 3 to 6 with the Catalysts of the invention achieved conversions or selectivities with compared the results with a known catalyst the composition
RhCl₃/[(C₈H₁₇)₃NCH₃]⁺Cl- RhCl₃ / [(C₈H₁₇) ₃NCH₃] ⁺Cl -
in 1,2-Dichlorethan/Wasser gemäß der Literatur (J. Blum et al.) erhalten wurden. Die mit den Katalysatoren der Erfindung erzielbaren quantitativen Ausbeuten bei 100%iger Selektivität übertreffen die mit den bekannten Katalysatoren erzielbaren erheblich. obtained in 1,2-dichloroethane / water according to the literature (J. Blum et al.) were. The quantitative achievable with the catalysts of the invention Yields at 100% selectivity exceed those with known catalysts achievable considerably.
Die Beispiele 11 bis 13 wurden mit dem folgenden Standardansatz durchgeführt:Examples 11-13 were made using the following standard approach carried out:
- a) 0,380 mmol wasserlösliches Salza) 0.380 mmol water-soluble salt
- b) 220 mg (0,498 mmol) [(C₈H₁₇)₃NCH₃]⁺Cl- b) 220 mg (0.498 mmol) [(C₈H₁₇) ₃NCH₃] ⁺Cl -
- c) 2,53 g (25,0 mmol) (C₂H₅)₃Nc) 2.53 g (25.0 mmol) (C₂H₅) ₃N
- d) 5 ml Diethyletherd) 5 ml of diethyl ether
- e) 5 ml Wassere) 5 ml of water
- f) 2,5 g (18 mmol) Benzoesäuremethylesterf) 2.5 g (18 mmol) methyl benzoate
Bei der Verwendung von RuCl₃· 3 H₂O (99,4 mg) als unter a) genanntes wasserlösliches Salz wurde bei der Hydrierung mit 30 bar Anfangsdruck und bei Umgebungstemperatur nach 90 min Cyclohexylcarbonsäuremethylester mit einer Ausbeute von 100% erhalten.When using RuCl₃ · 3 H₂O (99.4 mg) as mentioned under a) Water-soluble salt was used in the hydrogenation with an initial pressure of 30 bar and at ambient temperature after 90 min of methyl cyclohexylcarboxylic acid obtained with a yield of 100%.
Bei der Verwendung von CoCl₂ · 6 H₂O (90,4 mg) als unter a) genanntes wasserlösliches Salz wurde bei der Hydrierung mit 30 bar Anfangsdruck und bei 70°C nach 20 h Cyclohexylcarbonsäuremethylester mit einer Ausbeute von 31,4% erhalten. When using CoCl₂ · 6 H₂O (90.4 mg) as mentioned under a) Water-soluble salt was used in the hydrogenation with an initial pressure of 30 bar and at 70 ° C after 20 h of cyclohexylcarboxylic acid methyl ester with a yield received by 31.4%.
Bei der Verwendung von FeCl₃ · 6 H₂O (104,0 mg) als unter a) genanntes wasserlösliches Salz wurde bei der Hydrierung mit 30 bar Anfangsdruck und bei 90°C nach 12 h Cyclohexylcarbonsäuremethylester mit einer Ausbeute von 10,5% erhalten.When using FeCl₃ · 6 H₂O (104.0 mg) as mentioned under a) Water-soluble salt was used in the hydrogenation with an initial pressure of 30 bar and at 90 ° C after 12 h of cyclohexylcarboxylic acid methyl ester with a yield received by 10.5%.
Die Hydrierung von 0,68 g (5 mmol) Benzoesäure-methylester in einem Ansatz mitThe hydrogenation of 0.68 g (5 mmol) methyl benzoate in one Approach with
59 mg (0,285 mmol) RuCl₃
135 mg quartäre Ammoniumverbindung gemäß Standardansatz (0,305 mmol)
1,90 g (18,8 mmol) Triethylamin
5 ml Wasser
5 ml Diethylether59 mg (0.285 mmol) RuCl₃
135 mg quaternary ammonium compound according to standard approach (0.305 mmol)
1.90 g (18.8 mmol) triethylamine
5 ml water
5 ml diethyl ether
bei 4 bar Druck und Umgebungstemperatur in einem 100-ml-Glasautoklaven ergab 89% Cyclohexansäuremethylester.at 4 bar pressure and ambient temperature in a 100 ml glass autoclave gave 89% methyl cyclohexanoate.
Claims (8)
- a) wasserlösliche Salze von Metallen aus der von Co, Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, Os, Rh sowie Fe gebildeten Gruppe,
- b) Liganden aus der von primären, sekundären und tertiären Aminen sowie Ethern, Alkoholen und Hydroxylionen gebildeten Gruppe für die Metallionen der vorgenannten Salze und
- c) Phasen-Transfer-Verbindungen aus der von tertiären Ammonium-, Phosphonium- und Sulfoniumverbindungen sowie von Kronenethern gebildeten Gruppe.
- a) water-soluble salts of metals from the group formed by Co, Ru, Ir, Pd, Pt, Os, Rh and Fe,
- b) ligands from the group formed by primary, secondary and tertiary amines and ethers, alcohols and hydroxyl ions for the metal ions of the aforementioned salts and
- c) phase transfer compounds from the group formed by tertiary ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium compounds and by crown ethers.
- a) wasserlösliche Ruthenium-, Eisen-, Kobalt- und/oder Rhodiumsalze
- b) tertiäre Amine als Metallkomplexliganden und
- c) quartäre Phosphonium- und/oder Ammoniumverbindungen als Phasen- Transfer-Komponenten.
- a) water-soluble ruthenium, iron, cobalt and / or rhodium salts
- b) tertiary amines as metal complex ligands and
- c) quaternary phosphonium and / or ammonium compounds as phase transfer components.
in der
M=Rh, Ru, Fe oder Co
m = 3, wenn M=Rh, Fe oder Ru
m = 2, wenn M=Co
X=Cl und/oder Br,
R¹ und R³ unabhängig voneinander jeweils C₁-C₄-Alkylgruppen,
R² eine C₄-C₂₂-Alkylgruppe und
n eine Zahl von 0 bis 6 bedeuten.5. hydrogenation catalyst according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized by a composition of the formula I MX m · n H₂O / NR₃ / (R₃NR³) ⁺X - (I)
in the
M = Rh, Ru, Fe or Co
m = 3 if M = Rh, Fe or Ru
m = 2 if M = Co
X = Cl and / or Br,
R¹ and R³ are each independently of the other C₁-C₄ alkyl groups,
R² is a C₄-C₂₂ alkyl group and
n is a number from 0 to 6.
M=Rh oder Ru
m = 3
X=Cl,
R¹ und R3 jeweils C₁-C₂-Alkylgruppen,
R² eine n-C₄-C₁₂-Alkylgruppe und
n = 3
bedeuten.6. hydrogenation catalyst according to claim 5, characterized in that in formula I.
M = Rh or Ru
m = 3
X = Cl,
R¹ and R3 are each C₁-C₂ alkyl groups,
R² one n-C₄-C₁₂ alkyl group and
n = 3
mean.
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP2179980A1 (en) * | 2008-10-23 | 2010-04-28 | Cognis IP Management GmbH | Process for the manufacture of saturated mono- or polycyclic compounds |
CN102408291A (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2012-04-11 | 浙江大学 | Method for reducing aromatic hydrocarbon by indirect hydrogen transfer |
-
1988
- 1988-12-10 DE DE19883841698 patent/DE3841698A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP2179980A1 (en) * | 2008-10-23 | 2010-04-28 | Cognis IP Management GmbH | Process for the manufacture of saturated mono- or polycyclic compounds |
CN102408291A (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2012-04-11 | 浙江大学 | Method for reducing aromatic hydrocarbon by indirect hydrogen transfer |
CN102408291B (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2013-11-20 | 浙江大学 | Method for reducing aromatic hydrocarbon by indirect hydrogen transfer |
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