DE3511268A1 - Optical rearview system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an optical rearview system, which corresponds to the principle of the Kepler telescope with an image reversal system and has two exit pupils (6a, 6b) for binocular viewing which are situated comparatively very far behind the system and are comparatively large, a magnification of the object-side angular field of vision being achieved. The beam path is deflected onto two collecting lenses (2a, 2b) via a relatively small rearview mirror (1) (e.g. external mirrors on motor vehicles); the two component beam paths for the two eyes of the observer can be influenced differently in their directions downstream of these lenses in order to increase the horizontal extension of the field of vision, and subsequently the beam paths are guided via a mirror reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) and, possibly, a field lens (12), which can be omitted given a favourable distribution of refractive power, onto an optical active group (5a, 5b) which has collecting a relatively large area and directs the light of the imaging beam paths directly onto the two eyes (6a, 6b) of the observer (Fig. 1). This occurs in such a way that the observer can view the image without interferring accommodation, that is to say, in a relaxed fashion. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to an optical rearview system

with an observation field lying behind an observer directional (object-side) rearview mirror and one between the rearview mirror and Kepler-style optical imaging system lying in front of the observer's eyes Telescope, consisting of a rear-view mirror in relation to the direction of light, positive optical effect group on the object side, a positive one on the eye side optical action group and one between the rearview mirror and the eye-side image inversion system arranged in a positive optical group, whereby the exit pupil of the optical imaging system at the point of the observer's eyes far behind the positive optical effect group on the eye side, according to patent ... (patent application P 33 35 981.4-51).

An optical rearview system of this type is already from DE-PS 863 717 known. In terms of its basic structure, it corresponds to a terrestrial one Telescope with a lens erecting system in which the eyepiece is through a front and side next to the observer, collecting mirror is replaced and in which the remaining part of the telescope outside the front field of view laterally is arranged behind the observer. This known rearview optical system has the disadvantage that due to the spatial arrangement of the individual parts of the optical system in relation to the observer results in an exit pupil, which is much too small for the intended application. An observer is therefore forced to his eye pupil is very precisely aligned with the exit pupil of the telescope to bring in order to be able to capture the imaging beam path. With a driving one However, this is very difficult for the vehicle because of the spring movements of the vehicle. The known rearview system therefore requires optical or mechanical alignment marks, so that the observer can find the correct position of his eye to the telescope quickly enough can. Another disadvantage of the known rearview system is that it is only for one one-eyed observation is appropriate and that large areas of the side of the observer lying visual field cannot be detected.

In contrast, the optical rear view system according to the main patent enables a two-eyed vision, in that in the two eyes of the observer horizontally different Far-reaching but sufficiently overlapping partial images are shown, that of the observer as a coherent Perceived image will. According to the main patent, this is achieved by the fact that behind the object-side positive optical effect group for the two observer eyes spatially separated Partial beam paths are formed and that the two partial beam paths containing The exit pupil of the imaging system has a horizontal diameter that is slightly is greater than the distance between the eyes of the observer. In the coverage area of the two With this rearview system, however, partial images can double images at the location of the observer's eyes occur which affect the image quality.

The invention is based on the object of an optical rearview system of the type mentioned to create, in addition to the advantages of the rearview system characterized by a particularly good image quality according to the main patent, according to the invention this is achieved by the fact that the object-side, positive optical effect group from two individual, juxtaposed, positive optical impact groups exists and that the diameter and the horizontal distance of corresponding to the two positive optical groups at the point of the observer's eyes lying two exit pupils about the size of the interpupillary distance of an observer correspond.

The invention provides an optical rearview system that at the edge of the field of vision of an observer looking forward, a pictorial one Perception made possible in a way that is normal for looking into a vehicle Corresponds to rearview mirror, but has some advantages over this. Under Use of a relatively small rearview mirror on the object side becomes a desirably large field of view angle in the rearview system according to the invention corresponding area of the observation field behind the observer in the field of view of the observer looking forward is mapped at one point, which, without disturbing the view ahead, have little or no head movement of the observer when changing gaze from the observation field in front of him in the review system and vice versa makes it necessary.

With this new system of looking back, the observer can be with two eyes Seeing recorded, particularly interesting horizontal, object-side (i.e. on the Significantly increase the angle of the field of view directed behind him. In relation to a common rearview mirror, e.g. in cars, it can be the same Assume large to twice that value, or it can be the reverse of this fact the necessary area of the rearview mirror compared to that of a conventional rearview mirror can be reduced significantly (be about half).

The increase in the manageable, horizontal field of vision is essentially by the following properties of the rearview system according to the invention achieved.

The advantages of binocular vision are used by using the Both eyes of the observer have different horizontal ranges, but are sufficient overlapping partial images are mapped, which the observer as a coherent Image can be perceived.

The binocular vision is used in the rearview system according to the invention reached by two unusually large exit pupils that result from that the positive optical effect group on the eye side with a suitable choice of the distances between the optical assemblies and the observer the free cross-section of the positive optical effect groups on the object side (objective 2a and objective 2b) Images enlarged about 1.5 times in the plane of the observer's eyes.

Furthermore, by choosing a suitable telescope magnification of the rearview system according to the invention, for example of approximately V = -2 / 3, an optimal one Compromise between increasing the field of view and reducing the observer's retinal image enables. The definition of the size of the retinal image corresponds to the relevant one Compromise for curved vehicle side mirrors with a spherical surface radius of at least 1200 mm.

The use of a Keplerian-style imaging system Telescope has the advantage that those coming from infinity are from the rearview mirror reflected Light rays as afocal or approximately afocal bundles in the positive on the object side optical action groups (lens 2a and lens 2b) occur, which in the Create real images between image levels. The rays of light come from the real one Intermediate image level to the positive optical impact group on the eye side and leave these again as afocal bundles. Everything that is in the intermediate image plane appears sharp to the observer's eyes and lies at infinity, so that at The observer's gaze changes from the observation field in front of him to the one according to the invention optical rearview system a change of accommodation of the eyes is not necessary; the observer can look at the picture in a relaxed manner.

The positive optical effect group on the eye side can be advantageous be made noticeably larger by an arrangement in the interior of a vehicle than a conventional side mirror. This is particularly in cooperation With both eyesight, an increase in the horizontal angle of the field of view is achieved.

The horizontal enlargement of the last, in front of the observer's eyes lying, optically effective cross-section increases on the one hand the covering of the partial images perceived by both observer eyes and leaves on the other hand, a horizontal field of view increase in both partial images on the each non-overlapped side arise.

The relatively favorable overlap of the two partial images in the intermediate image plane between the two lenses and the positive optical effect group on the eye side allows the partial images to be moved further apart with the aid of optical means to.

The two partial beam paths for the two observer eyes are each according to embodiment in a sufficiently large area in front of or behind the two Lenses separated and can therefore be there by optical aids such as prisms or mirrors in their direction independent of one another in the sense of an extension the horizontal field of view can be influenced. Although the sizes of the two The partial field of view angle of the partial beam paths remain unchanged for themselves expediently the two partial field of view angles through this possibility of influencing the partial beam paths moved apart so that overall a greater horizontal age Field of view area is detected. A minimum coverage of the two However, partial images must be retained.

The image inversion system of the optical imaging system can at least have two reflective surfaces to produce an upright image. There a Kepler telescope without an inverted image system is known to be an upside down, reversed image designs is the rotation of the image around 1800 by two reflective Areas in between the rearview mirror on the object side and the positive one on the eye side Image reversal system located in the optical group is advantageous.

When using the rearview optical system of the present invention With vehicles, the upright, reversed image that is obtained in this way becomes in a conventional rearview mirror, are preferred because the driver is at Watching an overtaking vehicle avoiding the right side.

However, possible applications are also conceivable where not only an upright but also a laterally correct image is desired. In one in such a case, the rearview system including rearview mirrors may be an even number reflective surfaces larger than two is to generate have an upright, laterally correct image.

The image reversal system can be a mirror reversal system or from a Combination of reflection prisms and mirrors exist, or it can be a pure one Be prism erecting system.

The in the direction of light on the object-side positive optical effect groups (Lens 2a and lens 2b) the following reflective surface of the image reversal system is preferably divided, and the two partial surfaces can be inclined to one another in such a way that that the partial beam paths that are spatially separated in the area of these two partial areas for the two observer eyes independently of one another in the sense of an extension of the horizontal field of view while maintaining a minimum image coverage of the partial images from about a quarter of the angle of the field of view horizontally captured by both eyes are alignable.

In all embodiments of the rearview system according to the invention, for those behind the positive ones on the property side optical impact groups (Lens 2a and lens 2b) as part of the image reversal system, preferably a horizontal one Mirror effecting changes in the direction of the beam is arranged (i.e. in mirror reversing systems and combined reversing systems) this mirror is expediently divided into two partial mirrors, which can be tilted against each other, for the separate change of direction of the partial beam paths divided up.

This independent alignment of the partial beam paths enables the Expansion of the horizontal field of view until a minimum image coverage of the Partial images for the two observer eyes is reached. The free cross-sections of the two objectives (2a and 2b) are optically positive with the help of the eye side Effect group enlarged about 1.5 times in those lying in the plane of the observer's eyes Exit pupils imaged with a horizontal distance that is the observer's interpupillary distance is equivalent to.

The two unusually large exit pupils allow comparisons large head movements of the observer in horizontal and vertical directions using the Retrospective system without the observer Loses sight of the observation field.

In one embodiment of the invention, there is the image reversal system from one of the positive optical effect groups on the object side (objective 2a and Lens 2b) downstream reflection mirror, which is then preferably as a split Mirror can be executed, another horizontally deflecting mirror as well two mirrors deflecting vertically to straighten the image. Of the a partial mirror (7a) of the horizontally deflecting split mirror is expediently designed as a reflection prism to stretch the beam path in this area. This results in a more favorable relative position assignment of the objectives 2a and 2b 2 B.

The second horizontally deflecting mirror of the image reversal system is arranged in the area of the intermediate image plane of the optical imaging system.

Preferably, the mounts of the object-side positive optical Action groups (objective 2a and objective 2b) act as aperture diaphragms.

If necessary, however, it can also be in front of or behind the positive ones on the property side optical action groups (objective 2a and objective 2b) an aperture stop is provided be.

The aperture diaphragms of the optical imaging system are preferably located in the vicinity or in the object-side positive optical effect groups (lens 2a and lens 2b).

This magnification of the imaging optical system can be in the area 0.4 C V <1.3.

Through the appropriate choice of the magnification of the optical imaging system can expand the horizontal and vertical angle of the field of view on the object side can be determined decisively, or an adaptation to the area size of the Rearview mirror and possibly to its curvature.

The horizontal diameter of the eye-side positive optical Impact group is preferably at least as large as that of the rearview mirror on the object side. By doing an eye-side positive optical impact group with a large horizontal dimension is provided, the detectable horizontal, The object-side field of view angle can also be widened or it can be more advantageous Way to increase the horizontal, object-side angle of view proportionally on the magnifying effect of the imaging optical system that described above Partial mirror effect behind the lens and the horizontal dimension of the eye-side positive optical impact group are distributed.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the beam path is of the imaging system through the positive optical effect groups on the object side (Lens 2a and lens 2b) downstream image inverting system horizontally around one Angles up to 1800 and also folded vertically at an angle up to 1800 and preferably parallel to the incident rays on the lens group (5b) second part of the positive optical effect group on the eye side. the double folding of the beam path according to the invention is advantageously shortened the overall length of the rearview system.

The refractive power of the positive optical group on the eye side is preferably distributed over a mirror surface and a lens group. Through the large radius of the mirror and the small cross section all through the eye pupils If the beam is limited, the astigmatism caused by the mirror inclination remains within limits and can be further reduced by aspherical mirror design.

In embodiments of the invention principally or exclusively aim to expand the horizontal field of vision is positive on the eye side Optical group of effects, seen from the observer, preferably above the image inversion system and the object-side positive optical effect groups.

The rearview mirror on the object side is seen from the observer by housing parts of the rearview system located inside the observer's cabin covered.

The positive optical effect group on the eye side can be advantageous consist of a long focal length concave mirror and a two-lens achromatic lens, which is arranged between the concave mirror and the observer. One such The design of the positive optical effect group on the eye side has, among other things the advantage that sunlight falling from behind does not create focal spots leads through the long focal length concave mirror.

The concave mirror of the positive optical effect group on the eye side can be a spherical or an aspherical concave mirror. As an aspherical shape of the concave mirror, an off-axis partial surface of a paraboloid is advantageous.

Preferably contains at least one of the optical action groups an aspherical surface.

The rearview mirror on the object side can be a surface or rear surface mirror be trained. It is preferably a plane mirror, the plane mirror being the one Executed rearview mirror in the outer edge area seen from the observer as a curved cylinder mirror with a curvature increasing towards the edge in a horizontal section can be formed.

In one embodiment with a plane mirror as the object-side The rearview mirror is used to expand the horizontal field of view of the outside Lying edge area of the plane mirror as a curved cylinder mirror with in the horizontal section formed towards the edge with increasing curvature. This points in the vertical direction So basically do not reflect any curvature.

The transition from the plane surface area to the cylindrical area is formed with a constant tangent in the horizontal section.

Compared to a construction with angled edge area joins this shape does not address the problem of insufficient coverage of the partial images both observer eyes open.

When using a plane mirror designed as described above with cylinder mirror edge area increases the horizontal size of the image perception in the edge area it decreases strongly, i.e. the image becomes slimmer, but on the other hand it can an additional object-side field of view angle of up to 900 can be obtained.

The rearview mirror on the object side can also be used as a curved mirror be designed with a virtual intermediate image, then the downstream, in his Basic position of the afocal imaging system through close-range focusing on the virtual one Intermediate image of the curved mirror is sharply adjustable. It is then like with to find a compromise between the facts, that the object-side field of view angle becomes larger, the greater the curvature of the curved mirror, but the retinal image becomes smaller and thus the Objects appearing in the field of view appear more distant than they are located are.

It is a decisive advantage of the rearview system according to the invention, that with a moderate reduction in the size of the retinal image, as in the case of the curved mirror To increase the field of view on the object side, it is common to increase the field of vision on the eye side is possible by generously dimensioning the last optically effective surface of the system, i.e. the positive optical surface on the eye side Impact group.

The rearview mirror on the object side can be spherical or aspherical Curved mirrors be formed, the curvature of the aspherical curved mirror slightly increases at the edge in the horizontal cut. This allows an additional Achieve widening of the horizontal object-side field of view angle.

In one embodiment of the formed as an aspherical curved mirror The rearview mirror on the object side follows its curvature in its horizontal section Main area of a spherical surface and in the outer area as seen from the observer Edge area e.g. of a hyperbola. The transition from the spherical surface area to the hyperbolic (Aspherical) edge area advantageously runs steadily horizontally Tangent. In contrast to a construction with angled edge area, this occurs Mirror shaping does not solve the problem of insufficient coverage of the partial images both observer eyes open.

When using an aspherical one designed as described above Curved mirror as the object-side rearview mirror takes the horizontal size of the Image perception in the edge area decreases strongly, i.e. the image becomes slimmer; it can but on the other hand an additional object-side Field of view angle of up to 900 can be won.

By using a curved mirror instead of a plane mirror as an object-side rearview mirror is due to the necessary refocusing the distance between the positive optical effect groups on the object side (objective 2a and lens 2b) and the positive optical effect group on the eye side is larger. This can be advantageous for the structural design of the system. By choice the distance between the curved mirror and the two lenses becomes the combination focal length of curved mirror and each of the lenses smaller, equal to or larger than the respective one Lens focal length, which has an influence on the overall magnification.

Similar to the compromise between magnification described above the angle of the field of view and a reduction in the size of the retinal image can also be achieved if the rearview mirror on the object side is a (collecting) concave mirror with a real one Intermediate image is formed and the subordinate, afocal in its basic position Imaging system has a magnification (V Z 1) with a reducing effect and by focusing on the as virtual object serving, in itself real intermediate image of the concave mirror is so sharply adjustable that an accommodation-free Observation is possible. The rearview mirror, which is designed as a concave mirror, can be used in the outer edge area seen from the observer in the horizontal section with a curvature decreasing towards the edge, which goes beyond the value zero into a curved mirror curvature can turn over, be formed.

In one embodiment with an aspherical concave mirror as the object-side The rearview mirror becomes the external one to expand the horizontal field of vision Edge area of the concave mirror in horizontal section with decreasing towards the edge Curvature which can turn into a curved mirror curvature above the value zero. The curvature of this mirror remains constant in the vertical direction.

The transition from the concave mirror area to the aspherical area is formed with a constant tangent in the horizontal section. Compared to a construction with an angled edge area, the problem does not arise less with this shape Coverage of the partial images with regard to both observer eyes.

When using a concave mirror designed as described above with aspherical edge area, the horizontal size of the image perception increases The edge area decreases significantly, i.e. the image becomes thinner, but on the other hand it can an additional object-side field of view angle of up to 90 ° can be obtained.

By using a concave mirror instead of a plane mirror as an object-side rearview mirror is due to the necessary refocusing the distance between the lenses and the positive optical group on the eye side smaller. According to previous experience, this has a disadvantageous effect. By choosing the distance between the concave mirror and the lenses is the combination focal length of Concave mirror and one of the lenses larger, equal to or smaller than the respective one Lens focal length, which has an influence on the overall magnification.

The adjustment of the imaging system to an object in finite Distance is done by increasing the distance between the object-side and the positive optical effect group on the eye side.

Near the intermediate image plane of the imaging system, in front of or behind it, there can be a collecting or dispersing refractive power (field lens or also Mirror as "field lens") be arranged, especially when the sum the focal lengths of the object-side and the eye-side positive optical effect group not so much smaller than the distance between the eye-side positive optical Action group and the exit pupil, such as by enlarging the imaging system given.

The field lens, which is known to have only a negligible effect on image size and image position allows effective influence on the diaphragm-pupil imaging beam path. In the application of the field lens described here, a suitable refractive power of the field lens is the narrowest overall beam cross-section in the area of the objective imaged in the area of the observer's eyes.

The field lens is a divergent one, if the sum of the focal lengths the object-side and the eye-side positive optical effect group smaller is called the product of the distance between the eye-side positive optical Action group and the exit pupil (the plane of the observer's eyes) and the Enlargement of the imaging system.

The field lens is then a collecting one, if the sum of the focal lengths the object-side and the eye-side positive optical effect group larger is called the product of the distance between the eye-side positive optical Action group and the exit pupil (the plane of the observer's eyes) and the Enlargement of the imaging system.

The positive optical effect groups on the object side (lens 2a and lens 2b) of the imaging system are preferably color-corrected, collecting Impact groups; in a preferred embodiment, they can be used as a triplet the correction options for the angle of view occurring here.

The system of reflective surfaces to create the desired Image orientation (of the image reversal system) is preferably together with that on the object side Rearview mirror adjustable so that an upright image is created for the observer.

In a particular embodiment of the invention is a mechanical or electromotive coupling of the adjustment movements of at least two mirror surfaces provided of the kind that when changing the direction of the optical axis behind the Rearview system automatically results in an upright image.

In one embodiment of the invention, the entire image is inverted between the object-side and the second part of the eye-side positive optical Impact group arranged.

The rearview mirror on the object side can then be advantageous following part of the system designed as an assembly and with the help of a ball joint be adjustable. It is therefore rotatable about axes of rotation, so that a directional adjustment is possible for different observation positions.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the object-side Rearview mirror and the following, designed as an assembly part of the system mechanically or electro-motively adjustable to each other in such a way that for different observer positions each one upright Image is created.

The horizontal field of view angle of the rearview system of the invention is greater than the vertical field angle in the embodiments described so far.

The image overlap of the partial images seen by both observer eyes is preferably greater than a quarter of both in all embodiments Eyes horizontally captured angle of the field of view.

The rearview system according to the invention can be arranged so that the Direction of observation is directed laterally backwards.

When using one of the embodiments of the invention Rearview system with exclusively horizontal field of view expansion, in which, as described, all parts of the system following the rearview mirror as an assembly can be summarized, in a vehicle is the object-side rearview mirror preferably a rearview mirror (exterior mirror) attached to the outside of the vehicle; the The following part of the system can advantageously be found in the Corner formed between the windscreen and the side window above the body panel or parts of the dashboard in the field of vision of the observer on the driver and / or Be arranged on the passenger side; in the beam path between the object-side rear view (outside) Mirror and the positive optical effect groups (lenses) on the object side the plane-parallel side window.

The positive optical effect groups (lenses) on the object side are Protected against dirt by the plane-parallel side window. Because of the cheap Arrangement of the part of the system downstream of the rearview mirror on the object side, especially the positive optical effect group on the eye side in the between The corner formed by the front and side windows in the interior of the vehicle moves what is to be observed Image further into the field of view of the observer, so that he / she can change the gaze from the observation field lying in front of him in the rearview system according to the invention must make less head movement. Together with the significantly increased horizontal Field of view angle of the rearview system according to the invention this is suitable for reducing the frequency of accidents when overtaking.

The rearview system according to the invention can be used without significant modifications can also be installed in existing vehicles because of the almost afocal beam path between the rear view or exterior mirror on the property side and the property side positive optical effect groups (lenses) without the formation of disruptive optical effects Aberrations due to a usually plane-parallel side window of a vehicle cabin can be performed.

A brightness problem arises with the type of beam path according to the invention this is in contrast to the application of the anti-reflective coating used today on optical surfaces to a ground glass system does not occur.

Since the beam path, which is folded several times according to the invention, is a short one and allows compact size of the rearview system according to the invention, arises generally no space problem either.

The object-side rearview mirror arranged on the side of the vehicle can have a mirror surface reduced to 1/2 of the mirror surface of conventional exterior mirrors show what the efforts of the vehicle manufacturer to reduce the wind resistance very accommodating.

The rearview mirror attached outside the vehicle cabin and the following, designed as an assembly part of the system are preferably from Inside the vehicle cabin can be adjusted to one another mechanically or by motor in such a way that that an upright image is created for different observer positions.

The rear vision system can be arranged on the vehicle so that the direction of observation is directed laterally backwards over the roof of the vehicle cabin.

Behind the object-side positive optical effect groups (lens 2a and lens 2b), a neutral or polarization filter can be folded in. This allows the system to be dimmed to protect against strong headlights following vehicles can be reached.

An embodiment of the rearview system according to the invention with the positive optical effect groups on the object side above the positive ones on the eye side optical effect group can also replace the inside mirror; the rearview mirror is then arranged outside and above or inside the vehicle cabin; Everyone other parts are located inside the vehicle cabin.

The rearview system according to the invention can therefore be used as a replacement for side and interior mirrors for standard vehicles such as cars, trucks, locomotives, construction vehicles and also applied to aircraft and spacecraft.

However, use in stationary systems is also conceivable which an observer, in addition to the observation field in front of him, also the one behind has to control lying to him.

Further features, advantages and details of the invention result from the claims and from the following description based on the attached drawings.

Fig. 1 shows a folded beam path of a whole according to the invention Rearview system including an image reversal system in a vertical section, which lies in the line of sight of the observer, on a scale of 1: 5 to a concrete one Embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows the folded beam path according to FIG. 1 in horizontal section.

Fig. 3 shows schematically the arrangement of the parts of the invention Rearview system according to FIGS. 2 and 3 in a motor vehicle.

Fig. 4 shows an exemplary arrangement of an inventive Rear view system between the side window and the steering wheel of a vehicle.

Fig. 5 shows the horizontal section through a curved mirror according to the invention with aspherical edge area, as it is for the rearview system according to the invention for Application can come.

Fig. 6 shows a comparative representation of the different Sizes of the object-side field of view angle of conventional plane mirrors, known Curved mirror, the optical rearview system according to the invention (with plane mirror), the aspherical curved mirror according to the invention without the following parts of the rearview system and the optical rearview system according to the invention with the aspherical one according to the invention Curved mirror.

Fig. 7 shows a developed beam path of a whole according to the invention Rearview system in a vertical section with indicated image reversal system in scale 1: 5.

Fig. 8 shows a developed beam path of a whole according to the invention Rearview system in horizontal section with indicated image reversal system as well on a scale of 1: 5 for a specific embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 9 shows a developed beam path according to FIG. 7 with the actual dimensions of a specific embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 10 shows the image of the lens rim in a schematic diagram in the plane of the observer's eyes when a field lens is arranged in the intermediate image plane (or in the vicinity thereof) of the imaging system used in the rearview system according to the invention.

Fig. 11 shows a basic representation of the beam path on one (diffusing) curved mirror.

Fig. 12 shows a basic representation of the beam path of a Keplerian Telescope in basic position.

13 shows the beam path of a combination in a basic illustration of curved mirror and optical imaging system in the manner of a Kepler telescope according to the invention with refocusing of the telescope for accommodation-free viewing.

FIG. 14 shows a basic illustration according to FIG. 12, but without refocusing of the telescope for accommodation-free viewing.

Fig. 15 shows a basic representation of the mapping of a (real) Intermediate image as an object by a positive impact group into a virtual intermediate image.

16 to 19 each show a developed beam path of a entire rearview system according to the invention with variations in the arrangement of the Aperture diaphragm and with the arrangement of a field lens in the imaging system. Simplifying is in these representations instead of the two lenses according to the invention only drawn one lens.

FIG. 20 shows a longitudinal section through a triplet Lens assembly of an objective of the rearview system according to the invention on a scale 1: 1.

21 shows a longitudinal section through the two-lens achromat trained lens assembly of the eye-side, positive optical action group of the rearview system according to the invention on a scale of 1: 1.

The effect of the rearview system according to the invention is based on the Principle of the Kepler telescope, which is known from an object-side positive, i.e.

collecting effect group (lenses, mirrors), the lens, and one positive (collecting) effect group on the eye side, with the rear focal point one impact group with the front focus of the other impact group coincides. The afocal bundles of rays coming from a distant object enter the objective, i.e. into the positive effect group on the object side, and are united in the plane of the rear focal point.

Because the positive effect group on the eye side is on the same level has front focal point leave the bundles of rays coming from points in this plane the positive effect group on the eye side again as an afocal bundle, in order to achieve the Eyes of the observer to arrive.

The observer continues to see the object through the telescope at infinity, but at a different angle than without a telescope; this angle depends on the magnification V of the telescope, which is equal to the ratio of the focal length of the object-side effect group (of the lens) to the focal length of the eye-side Impact group is.

From the lens, the frame of which is the aperture boundary of the system is determined, i.e. at the distance of its rear focal point, in the so-called intermediate image plane, designed a real intermediate image, which continues through the eye-side impact group is mapped.

The edge of the aperture of a telescope, given by the lens mount, becomes more or less wide through the field lens and the eye-side action group shown behind the positive effect group on the eye side as the exit pupil. The exit pupil is the cross section of the narrowest constriction of the exiting Bundle of rays; all rays emerging from the telescope go through it Exit pupil through; the observer should bring his eye to this place, to make the best possible use of the telescope's effect.

That with the Kepler telescope, which consists of two positive (collecting) Impact groups exists, in the intermediate image level a real image arises, has a great advantage: Everything that is on this level appears to the eye sharp and lying in infinity.

However, the result is an upside-down and reversed image; therefore there is a difference between the positive effect group on the object side and the eye-side positive effect group arranged an image reversal system.

Fig. 1 now shows the beam path of an arrangement based on the principle of the Kepler telescope for the rearview system e.g. in a vehicle power.

1 with the exterior mirror attached to the side of a vehicle is referred to. Behind the side window indicated at 10 (Fig. 2), through this against dirt protected, the object-side positive (collecting) Action groups, the lens 2a and the lens 2b, arranged. With the digits 3a and 3b, reference is made to the importance of the lens mounts as aperture diaphragms, those through all subsequent, optically effective surfaces into the exit pupils 6a and 6b are mapped. Outside mirror 1 and objective 2a with aperture border 3a and objective 2b with aperture border 3b are arranged in relation to one another in such a way that that impinging on the outside mirror 1 from behind and reflected by it Rays, after having passed the side window 10, enter the lenses 2a and 2b. The objective 2a and aas objective 2b each design one in the intermediate image plane 4 Intermediate image. Because these intermediate images designed by the lenses 2a and 2b rotated by 180 ° in relation to the required image orientation is in the range the intermediate image plane 4 an image reversal system 7, 8, 9 arranged together with mirror 5a, which reverses the intermediate image when using mirrors, i.e. again, so to speak erects and swaps sides. The image reversal system 7, 8, 9 together with Mirror 5a leaving rays are on the second part of the eye-side positive (collecting) impact group 5b directed.

The place of the narrowest constrictions of the positive effect group on the eye side 5a and 5b leaving rays and thus the exit pupils 6a and 6b of the system are located at a relatively large distance behind the positive on the eye side Impact groups 5a and 5b; these places are also the right place for the observer's eyes.

For dimming the system to protect against strong headlights following vehicles can be behind the lenses 2a and 2b, respectively a neutral or polarization filter, not shown in the drawing, swiveled in will.

In the vicinity of the intermediate image plane 4, i.e. in front of or behind it, can in addition, as will be explained further below, a field lens or a corresponding one acting mirror be arranged.

The optical axes of the rearview system between the exterior mirror 1 and the exit pupils 6a and 6b or the observer eyes are in the arrangement 1 essentially, i.e. apart from its course between the mirrors of the image reversal system, laterally and vertically offset parallel; they are going through the lines of the central rays indicated.

According to the illustration in Fig. 1, the image reversal system 7a, 7b, 8, 9 together with mirror 5a a mirror inverting system. It consists of a first divided Mirror 7a, 7b, the first part 7a of which is designed as a reflection prism according to FIG. 1 can be, and the further mirrors 8, 9 and the mirror 5a with a finite radius. The mirror surfaces 7a and 7b, as well as 8 and 9 and 5a are almost in the right Angles to each other. The incident in the reversing system 7, 8, 9 together with mirror 5a Rays are deflected four times, causing a rotation of the intermediate image around 1800 results.

Since the reflective surfaces of the mirrors 7a, 7b and 8, 9 and 5a, such as already mentioned, are almost at right angles to each other, are also the Beam paths bent horizontally by almost 1800 and also vertically by almost 180 ° distracted and offset in parallel. Incoming and outgoing rays of the erecting system 7a, 7b, 8, 9 and 5a thus run parallel to one another, namely lie according to the invention, the exiting beam paths over the entering beam paths.

Because of this guidance of the ray paths, the eye-side can and must positive action group 5a and 5b seen from the observer above the parts of the image reversing system 7a, 7b, 8, 9 and laterally above the lenses 2a and 2b, i.e. near the side window 10 or the front window (depending on Type of vehicle) approximately in the one formed between the windscreen and the side window Corner over the body panel or parts of the dashboard are like this FIGS. 3 and 4 again become particularly clear.

The positive effect group 5a and 5b on the eye side preferably exists from a concave mirror 5a and a lens group 5b. The concave mirror 5a can be a be spherical or aspherical concave mirror. The concave mirror 5a directs the from the parts of the image reversing system 7a, 7b, 8, 9 coming rays through the lens group 5b to the exit pupils 6a and 6b of the invention located at the observation site optical rear view system. By deflecting or folding the beam path as described This not only results in the desired erection and suitable side orientation of the image, but it also advantageously shortens the required Overall length of the rear view system.

Another advantage of this folding of the beam path is to be see that the eye-side collecting group of effects from a long-focal length Concave mirror 5a and a long focal length lens group 5b can be formed. Due to the very large radius of the concave mirror 5a, the aberrations also remain the inclination of the mirror and the very small aperture ratios here Bundle for mapping individual object points small.

The positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side can consist of mirrors and Lenses are made with an air gap between them, with the positive refractive power this collecting group of effects can be distributed over mirrors and lenses. Of course the mirror 5a lies behind the lenses 5b as seen from the observer.

Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the image reversal system is a mirror reversal system 7a, 7b, 8, 9 together with 5a with four reflective surfaces, with 7a for stretching of the beam path in question is designed as a reflection prism. This creates the upright position that the driver is used to from looking in the usual rearview mirror, reversed image, so that when using the rearview system according to the invention Such a reversing system with four reflective surfaces certainly is in vehicles will be preferred.

But there are also other possible uses of the invention Rearview system conceivable in which an upright and laterally correct image is desirable can be. In such a case, one of the side swapping must be reflective Area is omitted or another can be added so that one laterally correct Image is generated. The lenses 2a and 2b design with the diagonally on the rearview mirror 1 impinging from a great distance and from this in the direction of the lenses 2a and 2b reflected rays inverted, reversed, real intermediate images behind the reflection mirrors 7a and 7b.

The reflection mirrors 7a and 7b as well as 8 convert these per se real ones Intermediate images as virtual objects in images with the desired page orientation, but still wrong height orientation in the intermediate image plane 4 um. The from the mirrors 7a and 7b and 8 reflected rays then hit the downstream Mirror 9. By reflecting twice on mirrors 9 and Sa, as above already described, the images are erected, and the ray paths are both folded horizontally and vertically by about 1800 each and shifted parallel on the second part 5b of the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side, e.g. steered an achromatic lens, from which it is directed towards the observer's eyes Place of the exit pupils 6a and 6b are broken.

In this embodiment of the invention thus results from the image inversion system combined from reflection prism 7a and mirrors 7b, 8, 9 and 5a for the observer an upright image with the desired side orientation.

From Fig. 3 is the arrangement of the most important parts of a rearview system 1 and 2 in the corner formed between the side and front windows of a Can be seen on the driver's side of the motor vehicle. The one attached to the outside of the vehicle Rearview mirror 1 is relatively long, but not very high, so that he offers only a small resistance area. Inside the vehicle in the between Side and front window formed corner are in the beam path behind the Side window first the objectives 2a and 2b with the aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b and the reflection prism 7a and the mirror behind it, following the beam paths 7b of the image reversal system 7a, 7b, 8, 9 and 5a. From the side as seen from the observer above the objectives 2a and 2b and the reflection prism 7a and the mirrors 7b, 8, 9 is the eye-side positive effect group consisting of one long focal length concave mirror 5a and a long focal length lens group 5b.

From Fig. 3 it can also be seen particularly well that the beam paths according to this embodiment not in only one horizontal or vertical plane get lost.

The other beam paths of the diagonally incident on the exterior mirror 1 Light beams run between the rearview mirror 1 and the mirror surface 9 of the reversing system in an almost horizontal plane and between the mirror 9 and the eye-side positive action group 5a and 5b and the observer's eyes in a vertical plane.

The fact that in this embodiment of the invention in the image reversal system preferably mirrors have been chosen as reflective surfaces, has the advantage lower cost and weight.

The cut surface placed in the beam path in front of the exterior mirror 1 in FIG. 3 13 shows how a comparatively large horizontal field of view is realized can be.

7 and 8 show a vertical and horizontal section of an inventive Rearview system, the positions of the individual mirrors in a mirror reversing system. As the end Fig. 8 can be seen are in a sufficiently large area the partial beam paths behind the lenses 2a and 2b of the rearview system according to the invention spatially separated for the two observer eyes 6a and 6b. This is according to the invention in a very advantageous way to a considerable increase in the horizontal field of view used by the partial beam paths for the two observer eyes 6a and 6b with optical means independently of one another in the sense of an extension of the horizontal Field of view are aligned. As from the schematic diagram of a horizontal section of the beam path can be seen in FIG. 8, the one behind the lenses is used for this purpose 2a and 2b of a rearview system according to the invention as part of the reversing system and Arranged mirrors preferably causing horizontal changes in the direction of the rays divided into two partial mirrors 7a and 7b. In Fig. 7 are those of the image erection serving reflective surfaces 8 and 9 shown according to position and size in the beam path.

In the area of the part mirrors 7a and 7b are, as already mentioned, the Partial beam paths for the two observer eyes 6a and 6b are spatially separated, i.e. each of the two Partial beam paths can through the different Alignment of the two partial mirrors 7a and 7b separately from the other beam path be aligned. This independent alignment of the partial beam paths is made possible the expansion of the horizontal field of view until a minimum image coverage the partial images for the two observer eyes is reached.

According to FIG. 8, for example, the two partial mirrors 7a and 7b each by around 30 to 40 compared to a rectified (overall planar) starting position has been rotated, whereby 30% image coverage of the two partial images remain. the The size of this image overlap enables the observer to make an effortless assignment the partial images for both observer eyes and can be reduced to at least 25% will.

As a result of the different alignment of the two partial beam paths get the exit pupils at 6a and 6b-the-shape-more than neighboring circular areas, which each have approximately the same diameter as the distance between the eyes of the observer.

This very favorable configuration of the exit pupils enables comparatively large head movements of the observer when using the rearview system, without losing sight of the field of observation.

4 shows the favorable arrangement option in a particularly clear manner an optical rearview system according to the invention within a vehicle cabin. Seen from the observer or vehicle driver, the positive one is on the eye side Action group 5a and 5b in the vicinity of the side window 10 or the front window 11 (depending on the type of vehicle) roughly between the windshield i1 and the side window 10 formed corner over the body panel or parts of the dashboard, so further within the field of view of the observer or vehicle driver than a Previously common outside mirror. It is clear from Fig. 4 that the observer in the rearview system according to the invention smaller head movements than in one usual outside mirror must perform to the side object field area important for him capture. This lower head movement and that which is significantly increased by the invention horizontal angles of view are suitable, the risk of accidents when overtaking to lower.

As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the parts of the image reversal system are located 7a, 7b, 8, 9 and 5a seen from the observer next to and below the eye-side positive impact group 5a and 5b.

The part 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 7a, 7b, 8, 9 and 5a and 5b of the rearview system according to the invention is preferably as an assembly E.g. adjustable with a ball joint around axes of rotation. In a particularly cheap Embodiment of the invention, the outside mirror 1 and the following assembly 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a, 5b of the rearview system from inside the vehicle be adjusted mechanically or preferably by a motor in relation to each other, that upright images are created for different observer positions. One Tracking of the optical axes on the eye side to the position of the observer's eyes is done in the vertical direction by tilting the eye-side containing a mirror positive impact group 5a and 5b around a horizontal axis or by tilting all of them summarized into a structural unit, on the rearview mirror 1 following parts by one horizontal axis.

The rearview system according to the invention can be used in the vehicle cabin be attached to the driver and / or passenger side; it can also be arranged that way be that the direction of observation laterally across the roof of the vehicle cabin is directed backwards.

The exterior mirror 1 can be a plane mirror, a curved mirror or a Be concave mirror. The choice of the mirror curvature depends, as can be seen from the explanations in the introduction to the description depends on the compromise between the size of the field of view and the size of the retinal image compared to normal perception will. In other words, the more the curvature of the curved mirror is chosen, the greater the field of view angle that can be detected on the object side, which is true has the disadvantage that the details of the retinal image are smaller so that the objects appearing in the field of view appear more distant, than they are actually located. This state of affairs must therefore in the case of the invention Rearview systems are also taken into account as with those already common on vehicles General arching mirrors.

The (object-side) exterior mirror 1 facing the observation field can preferably be designed as an aspherical curved mirror in such a way that e.g.

According to FIG. 5, the curvature in the horizontal section increases somewhat at the edge; this can bring about an additional widening of the horizontal field of view.

While when using a plane mirror as an exterior mirror 1 the from these reflected rays enter the lenses as almost afocal bundles and the intermediate image designed by the latter in the intermediate image plane for the observer appears sharp and located at infinity, becomes when using a spherical one or aspherical curved mirror as an external mirror 1 of this a virtual intermediate image designed with finite image spacing. With the downstream set to infinity The telescope would thus provide accommodation for the observer's eye when looking into the rearview system forced. This disadvantage can for the sake of the enlarged field of view through Close-range focusing of the telescope, i.e. by focusing on the virtual one Intermediate image of the curved mirror must be eliminated.

A decisive advantage of the rearview system according to the invention consists in the fact that with a moderate reduction of the retinal image, as in the Curved mirror to increase the object-side field of view is usual, an increase the eye-side field of vision is possible through the generous dimensioning of the inside a vehicle cabin arranged last optically effective surface of the system.

In Fig. 5 is the horizontal section through a curved mirror with aspherical Edge area shown as it is used according to the invention as an exterior mirror 1 can come to increase the object-side field of view angle.

The area denoted by K is defined by a spherical surface (in the example shown with the radius R = 1200 mm), and the edge area denoted by H is exemplified by a hyperbola with the following constants in relation to the x, y coordinate system drawn in the lower area of FIG. 5. Different radii of curvature from R = 1139 mm to R = 10 mm are shown.

The radii of curvature in all vertical sections are constant, in the example shown this is 1200 mm.

In the spherical surface area K, objects with about 2/3 their size in Compared to direct observation.

In the edge area labeled H remains in the vertical direction the size of the image perception unchanged up to the edge; in the horizontal direction the image size decreases drastically towards the edge. This is done in this edge area H an additional object-side field of view angle of up to 900 gained. In 5 shows the horizontal field of view angle increasing in the edge region H. incident and reflected rays at points with different radius of curvature R also clarified in comparison to the spherical surface K. As can be clearly seen take angles of incidence and reflection with decreasing radius of curvature R considerably to.

When overtaking, the image of the overtaking vehicle appears first in the mirror area K and is at Wandering through the edge area H correspondingly larger in the vertical direction of the approach and in the horizontal direction In the direction of the mirror edge accelerates more slender.

The outermost edge of the aspherical area H is only used for perception a movement. The undoubtedly occurring astigmatic aberrations in this one Areas are therefore of subordinate importance.

The transition from the spherical surface area K to the aspherical area H is due to the continuity of the tangent direction and the continuity of the curvature not as sharp border recognizable.

Compared to a construction with angled edge area joins this mirror shape does not solve the problem of insufficient coverage of the partial images with regard to both observer eyes.

In Fig. 6, the different sizes of the object-side are comparative The angle of the field of view is shown when looking into a plane mirror and a curved mirror as a known rearview mirror of a motor vehicle and at the look in an optical rearview system according to the invention installed in a motor vehicle with a plane mirror as an outside mirror and in an optical rearview system according to the invention can be achieved with an aspherical curved mirror according to the invention as an external mirror can. The angles given represent the representative order of magnitude represent.

The development step from a simple plane mirror to a curved mirror as a rearview mirror already brought a significant improvement. The increase the object-side field of view angle by the optical rearview system according to the invention in comparison to the arched mirror is still much stronger and gains all the more in importance than sufficient coverage of the partial images for the two observer eyes is given, which is necessary for an undisturbed assignment of the partial images.

The very large object-side field of view angle of the optical rearview system with an aspherical curved mirror must not directly interfere with that of the optical rearview system can be compared with plane mirrors because at aspherical curved mirror in the edge area as explained above, towards the edge the image size in the horizontal direction accelerated decreases.

Fig. 8 shows that for the rearview optical system of the present invention Selected imaging principle of the Kepler telescope as a developed beam path of the entire rear view system in horizontal section with the indicated mirror (reflection) surfaces of the image reversal system. Fig. 7 shows the same developed beam path in vertical section. The dash-dotted center line in Figs. 7 and 8 represents the optical axis of the positive optical action group 5a, 5b on the eye side. The bundles of the imaging beam path for the edge points of the object field are essentially drawn by the Ray lines are shown which are only narrowed in the intermediate image plane 4 must imagine.

In FIGS. 7 and 8, too, the exterior mirror is denoted by 1; he is initially assumed to be a plane mirror.

Subordinate to it and aligned with it are the objectives 2a and 2b with the aperture edges 3a and 3b as the first positive (collecting) Action groups 2a and 2b of the Kepler imaging system. At the distance of the focal length f1 of the objectives 2a and 2b is the intermediate image plane 4 behind them, in which the lenses 2a and 2b each have a real intermediate image of the exterior mirror 1 of the recorded field of view. The focal point of the eye-side second positive (collecting) action groups 5a and 5b also lie in the intermediate image level 4; their distance from the intermediate image plane 4 is therefore essentially the same as their focal length f3, their distance to the lenses 2a and 2b equal to the sum of the focal lengths f1 + f3. The field lens that may be present and the long focal length lens on the eye side Positive action groups 5a and 5b form the lens mounts as aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b at a distance e as exit pupils 6a and 6b with a relatively large Diameter for binocular vision, i.e. those located at the location of the observer's eyes Exit pupils 6a and 6b have a diameter that is approximately the distance between the eyes of a Observer corresponds.

With the different deflection of the partial beam paths for the two observer eyes through the two partial mirrors 7a and 7b of an image reversal system according to FIG. 2 and FIG. 8 show the exit pupils very much favorable shape of two neighboring circular areas. The one behind the observer Light rays coming from lying object field hit the exterior mirror 1 reflected by this and as an afocal bundle through the usually plane-parallel Side window 10 of a vehicle cabin on lenses 2a and 2b with aperture edges 3a and 3b, which design real intermediate images in the intermediate image plane 4. The light rays pass through the image reversal system which is only indicated in FIGS. 7 and 8 and then run diverging on the positive effect group 5a and on the eye side 5b, to leave this again as an afocal bundle and directly into the exit pupils 6a and 6b and thus to get into the observer's eyes. The observer gets so the impression of a sharp, infinite image of the object.

By correct choice of the magnification V of the Kepler principle Telescope acting optical system and the focal lengths f1 and 3 of both this optical system forming positive effect groups 2a and 2b and 5a with 5b man on the one hand, the desired large image width a3 ', which is equal to the Distance e between the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side and the exit pupils 6a and 6b, and on the other hand one opposite the eye-side field of view angle w 'enlarged object-side field of view angle w, so that with a predetermined the field of view angle w 'on the eye side is a larger object being via the optical system tiger field angle w can be detected. At the same time in the diaphragm imaging beam path of the optical system by means of the positive effect group on the eye side 5a and 5b the eye relief of the observer or the exit pupils 6a and 6b in one Area near the objectives 2a and 2b shown reduced as entrance pupils. As a result of this constriction of the entire beam, the mirror surface of the exterior mirror 1 of the rearview system according to the invention at about 1/2 of the The mirror surface of a conventional exterior mirror can be reduced. This brings the The advantage that the exterior mirror 1 of the rearview system according to the invention causes less wind resistance than conventional exterior mirrors and otherwise is less annoying, for example an unintentional in cramped parking conditions Adjustment becomes less likely.

In Fig. 8 is also the very generous coverage of the partial images recognizable in the intermediate image plane 4 for the observer's eyes.

A comparison between FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 clearly shows the difference between the large horizontal and the comparatively lesser vertical Field of view angle.

A numerical example for the selection is given below with reference to FIG and correct dimensioning of the most important sizes when using a plane mirror given as exterior mirror 1.

The required distance e of the exit pupils 6a and 6b (observer eyes) for the positive effects group 5a and 5b on the eye side, let e = 500 mm; the diameter d2 of the exit pupils 6a and 6b should be approximately equal to the distance between the eyes of the observer be, namely d2 = 60 mm; the eye-side angle of the field of view w 'let w' = 230; the magnification V of the telescope is chosen to be V = 3.

-3 The object-side field of view angle w can be calculated from the eye-side field of view angle w 'by multiplying this by the reciprocal value of the telescope magnification, which, according to an optical law, is equal to the image scale / 3' of the assembly: This calculation applies to the use of a plane mirror as an exterior mirror 1. When a curved mirror is used, its effect, as already explained above, increases the field of view angle on the object side again. In addition, the independent directional influencing of the partial beam paths for the two observer eyes by the partial mirrors 7a and 7b of the image reversal system according to FIG. 2 and FIG. 8 arranged behind the objective has been taken into account.

The diameter d1 of the entrance pupil, i.e. the effective diameter of the objectives 2a and 2b, can be calculated from the diameter d2 of the exit pupils 6a and 6b by multiplying this by the telescope magnification V: This results in a noticeably small objective diameter d1, as can also be seen in FIG. 2.

In this example, the lens edges are inserted directly into the exit pupils 6a and 6b lying on the observer's eyes; d2 shown. And the allows comparatively small beam cross-section in front of the objectives 2a and 2b the already mentioned, small rectangular in relation to conventional side mirrors Exterior mirrors.

The object distance of the assembly 5a, 5b is with a3, the image distance with a3 ', the image scale is the focal length of the object side positive effect groups (lenses) 2a and 2b are 1, the focal length the positive effect group 5a and 5b on the eye side is f3.

According to the optical laws for telescopes, the following applies: a3 = - (f1 + f3) a3, = e The objectives 2a and 2b are preferably color-corrected collecting effect groups, for example triplets. In the three-lens embodiment, objectives 2a and 2b can be corrected with regard to aperture and image field; The size of the exit pupils 6a and 6b, which are the image of the aperture diaphragms, can be determined by the size of the aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b, given by the free opening of the objectives 2a and 2b.

The above calculation of the effective opening (the diameter d1) of the Objectives 2a and 2b were used for the simplest case of a Kepler telescope employed, in which the intermediate image plane 4 is in the usual way in the image side Focal point of the lens 2 (the object-side positive effect groups 2a and 2b) and at the same time in the object-side focus of the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b is carried out without considering an image reversal system. at a practical embodiment of the invention, in which an image reversal system 7a, 7b, 8, 9 and 5a in the form of a mirror reversing system is used, the effective openings of the objectives 2a and 2b and the vignetting border of the Mirror reversing systems 7a, 7b, 8, 9 and 5a be matched to one another.

If the sum of the focal lengths f1 + f3 of the two positive action groups 2a or 2b, 5a and 5b is not so much smaller than the distance e between the positive action group 5a and 5b on the eye side and the exit pupils 6a and 6b, as given by the telescope magnification V. According to the invention, a collecting or dispersing field lens can be arranged in the vicinity of the intermediate image plane 4 (in front of or behind it) in order to optimally design the diaphragm image. A divergent (negative) field lens is expediently used when the sum of the focal lengths f1 + f3 is smaller than the product of the magnification V and the distance e; a converging (positive) field lens is necessary if the sum of the focal lengths 9 + f3 is greater than the product of the magnification V and the distance e. For the case without a field lens, the following applies: By suitably defining the refractive power of the field lens, it is achieved that the images of the exit pupils 6a and 6b are relocated by imaging forwards in the vicinity of the objectives 2a and 2b, or, conversely, that the aperture diaphragms given by the objective edges or effective openings of the Objectives 2a and 2b are imaged in the exit pupils 6a and 6b at the location of the observer's eyes.

In the following, with reference to FIG. 10, in a basic illustration the imaging of the lens edge in the plane of the observer's eyes in the arrangement a field lens 12 in the intermediate image plane 4 (or in the vicinity thereof) of the imaging system or telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b reproduces the calculation of the focal length f2 of the field lens 12 given.

In Fig. 10 the objectives are again with 2a and 2b and the eye-side positive action group designated with Sa, 5b. In the intermediate image level 4 this A field lens 12 is arranged in the imaging system in the manner of a Kepler telescope. The focal lengths of the objectives 2a and 2b are also in this illustration f1, the the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side is f3. The distance of the eye-side positive effect group 5a, 5b at the level of the observer's eyes is e and should be the same the image distance a'3 of the positive effect group 5a on the eye side, Be 5b. For the imaging of the lens boundary through the field lens 12 is at their arrangement in the intermediate image plane 4 is the object distance -a2 of the field lens 12 equal to the focal length of the lens f1.

The field lens 12 creates a virtual one of the lens boundary in A Intermediate image, the image distance of the field lens is -a'2, and this intermediate image A becomes from the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, Sb in A 'in the plane of the observer's eyes 6a and 6b shown. The object width of the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b is -a3 and equal to the sum of their focal length f3 and the image distance -a'2 the field lens 12.

According to the above, -a2 = f1 (a) -a 2 + 3 = e = e (c) For the refractive power of the field lens 12 it follows: A special case exists when .1 = 0, Qr no field lens 12 is required.

rorwelchungen lead to This condition in words. In other words, a field lens can then be dispensed with if the sum of the objective focal length f1 and the focal length f3 of the positive effect group 5 £, 5b on the eye side results in the distance e between the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side and the plane of the Be @ Observer eyes 6a and 6b behave like the lens focal length f1 to the focal length 3 of the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side. This is the special case already mentioned above, namely that the sum of the focal lengths f1 + f3 of the two positive effect groups 2a or 2b, 5a, 5b is just that much smaller than the distance e between the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side and the plane of the observer eyes 6a and 6b as given by the telescope magnification V, namely f1 + f3 = / VFernchr /. e.

The definition of the field of view depends on the focal length of the exterior mirror 1 and the telescope enlargement V of the nacngeoränezen optical Systets 2a or 2b to 5a, 5b of the invention between the rear view system and represents, as stated, a compromise between e maximum achievable Field of view angle and the rather disadvantageous reduction of the retinal image in the Comparison to direct observation.

Such a compromise can be achieved through the field of view expanding, dispersing curved mirror than the exterior mirror 1 and one that is all the stronger Telescope enlargement, but also by means of a collecting that reduces the field of view Concave mirror as outside mirror 1 and a telescope magnification that is all the smaller (V <1). The telescope 2a, 2b to 5a, 5b used according to the invention is in its green setting an afocal system. The light rays enter the lenses as afocal bundles 2a and 2b and leave the eye-side action group 5a, Sb again as afocal bundles; it is focused on an object at infinity.

A dispersing exterior mirror 1 (arching mirror) is disentangled from one another Infinitely distant O> iekb a legal, scaled-down, virtual image in the image-side recognition point of the curved mirror; a collecting exterior mirror (concave mirror) creates an upside-down, scaled-down, real object of an object that is not very far away Image in the focal point of the plane mirror on the image side. when applying a collecting Outside mirror 1 (concave mirror) for the rearview system according to the invention is its Focal length or the distance between the lenses 2a and 2b this concave mirror chosen so that the objectives 2a and 2b with the edges as aperture diaphragms are within the focal length of the concave mirror and therefore the upside down, Reduced, real image of the exterior mirror 1 (concave mirror) as a virtual object maps into the intermediate image plane 4. The coming from such an exterior mirror 1 Light rays do not reach objectives 2a and 2b as afocal bundles. By Increase the distance between the objectives 2a and 2b and the eye-side Action group 5a, 5b is set to an object at a finite distance, that is refocused.

The calculation of the telescope magnification Vges of Combination of a curved mirror 1 with the telescope 2a, 2b to Sa, 5b as an imaging system given; reference is made to FIGS. 11 and 13.

11 shows the beam path on one in a schematic diagram (scattering) arching mirror 1 t with the negative focal length fO, which is in finite Distance behind the mirror surface creates a virtual image that appears to be lying. The arching mirror 1 'is through the symbol of a thin diverging lens shown.

Fig. 12 shows in a basic representation the beam path of a after of the invention used optical imaging system in the manner of a Keplerian Telescope in its basic position with objectives 2a and 2b and the positive one on the eye side Action group Sa, 5b, which as in previous figures by the symbol a Collecting lens are shown; the focal lengths of the lenses 2a and 2b is f1, the the positive effect group on the eye side Sa, 5b is f3.

According to FIG. 12, the telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, Sb is still in its Basic position in which the distance between the two positive impact groups 2a or 2b and 5a with 5b equal to the sum of their focal lengths f1 + f5 is the image-side Focal point F11 of each of the objectives 2a and 2b with the focal point on the object side F3 of the positive effect group Sa, 5b on the eye side coincides and that as afocal Bundles (coming from a plane mirror) entering the objectives 2a and 2b Light rays in the intermediate image plane 4 in the common focal point F1 '= F3 of the positive effect groups 2a, 2b and 5a, 5b a sharp, real intermediate image design and leave the positive effects group 5a, 5b on the eye side again as afocal bundles.

If the combination of curved mirror 1 and telescope (optical imaging system) 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b should be afocal again, the distance between the lenses must 2a or 2b with the focal length f1 and the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b are enlarged with the focal length f3 so that they are axially parallel when they strike Rays (coming from infinity) onto the curved mirror 1 'in the image-side Focal point of the curved mirror 1 'resulting virtual intermediate images through the Lenses 2a and 2b with the focal length f1 in the object-side focal point F3 of the positive effect groups 5a, 5b on the eye side are mapped. Then leave the rays form the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side, reversing the law of imaging, that axially parallel incident rays meet at the focal point, again as afocal bundles. This is shown in FIG. 13, which is a schematic diagram the beam path of a combination of curved mirror 1 'as an exterior mirror and an optical one Imaging system in the manner of a KeplerGchen telescope as a rearview system according to the invention represents, being by near distance focusing of the telescope entire system is made afocal again. As can be seen from Fig. 13, is now the distance between the objectives 2a and 2b and the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b equal to the sum of the image distance a'1 of the objectives 2a and 2b and the object-side Focal length 3 of the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 54 so a'1 + f30 Die The image-side focal points of the objectives 2a and 2b Find are not shown in FIG. 13; they lie between the lenses 2a and 2b and the intermediate image plane 4, which, like In other words, through the object-side focus of the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b goes.

In the case of the virtual intermediate image of the WölbspiegeAs 1 'in its Focal point set at the distance of the focal length -fO behind the curved mirror 1 ' Telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b is therefore the distance between the two positive impact groups 2a or 2b and Sa with 5b with a'1 + f3 larger than in the basic position of the telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b; because the image distance a'1 of the objectives 2a and 2b is greater than theirs focal length f1 on the image side.

The following terms are used to calculate the total magnification Vge of the combination of curved mirror (or concave mirror) and telescope: fo focal length of the curved mirror 1 '£ 1 focal length of objective 2a or 2b fo 1 combined focal length of curved mirror 1' and objective 2a or 2b f3 focal length the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b e0.1 distance between the curved mirror 1 'and the objective 2a or 2b a1 object distance of the virtual intermediate image of the curved mirror 1' in front of the objective 2a or 2b a'1 image distance behind the objective 2a or 2b v 1 magnification of the objective 2a or 2b The following relationships are required for the calculation: The combined focal length fO 1 of the curved mirror 1 'and lens 2a or 2b is equal to the product of the focal length fO of the curved mirror 1' and the image scale ß'1 of the lens 2a or 2b, i.e. fo , l = f0. ß'1 (1) The image scale / '1 of the objective 2a or 2b is equal to the ratio of the image distance a'1 and the object distance a1 of the objective 2a or 2b, that is The object distance a1 of the virtual intermediate image of the curved mirror 1 'in front of the objective 2a or 2b is equal to the sum of the focal length f0 of the curved mirror 1' and the distance between the curved mirror 1 'and the objective 2z or 2b, since the object distance a1 in front of the objective 2a or 2b and the focal length f0 are behind the curved mirror 1 ', both receive a negative sign, i.e. -a1 = -fo + e or a1 = f ° 1 eO, 1 (3) The reciprocal of the image distance a'1 of the lens 2a or 2b is equal to the sum of the reciprocal values of the object distance a1 and the focal length f1 of the objective 2a or 2b, that is It follows: The overall magnification is The necessary change in the distance between the lens 2a or 2b and the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side for near-distance focusing on the intermediate image generated by the curved mirror 1 'or a concave mirror is equal to the difference between the image distance a'1 and the focal length f1 of the lens 2a or 2b (cf. Figs. 12 and 13), so: = a'1 ~ t1 (7).

This is followed by a table showing the dependency of the combination focal length f0.1 of the mirror and one of the two lenses with the total magnification Vges as well as the necessary change in distance # between lens 2a or 2b and positive on the eye side Action group 5a, 5b from the distance eo, 1 between the mirror 1 'and the objective 2a or 2b using the example of a curved mirror and a concave mirror 1 '.

1st example: Curved mirror (negative focal length) The focal lengths of the objective 2a or 2b and the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side are assumed to be f1 = 160 mm, f3 240 mm, the focal length of the curved mirror is assumed to be fo = -1200 mm. Distance combination contract of the distance e 1 (mm) focal length including change in magnification f0.1 (mm) tion / Vges / A (mm) 80 171.4 0.714 22 ° 160 160 0.667 21.3 240 150 0.625 20.0 The following conclusions can be drawn from these results: - If the distance e between the curved mirror 1 'and the objective 2a or 2b is smaller than the objective focal length f1, the combination focal length should be greater than in the case without a curved mirror (with a plane mirror), and also the total magnification Vges becomes greater.

- At a distance eO, 1 of the curved mirror 1 'from objective 2a or 2b, which is equal to the lens focal length f1, remains the combination focal length f0.1 exactly as large as the focal length of the lens f1, and that leaves the overall magnification as well Vges exactly as big as in the case without a curved mirror.

- At a distance e of the curved mirror 1 'from the objective 2a or 2b, which is greater than the lens focal length f1 becomes the combination focal length f0, l smaller than the focal length of the lens f1, and thus the overall magnification smaller than in the case without a curved mirror.

2nd example: Concave mirror (positive focal length) Again, the focal lengths of the objective 2a or 2b and the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side are assumed to be f1 = 160 mm, f3 = 240 mm, the focal length of the concave mirror is assumed to be fo = + 1200 mm. Distance Combination Amount of Ge Distance e0.1 (mm) focal length including change in size fo, l 1 f0.1 f0.1 (mm) tion / Vges / # (mm) 80 150 0.625 -20.0 160 160 0.667 240 171.4 0.714 -22C As a comparison of the two tables reveals, the situation with a (collecting) concave mirror is exactly the opposite of that with a (dispersing) curved mirror of the same focal length.

Both in the case of the diffusing curved mirror and the collecting mirror Concave mirror in front of objective 2a or 2b, the curved mirror has no effect to the total magnification Vges if it is in the front (i.e. object-side) focal point of the objective 2a or 2b is arranged and the telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b for accommodation-free vision is refocused by ts.

In addition, it should be noted that a close in front of the lens 2a or 2b (e 2a or 2b (e0,1 = 80 mm) attached diffusing curved mirror the same The effect on the total magnification V is like being further away from the lens 2a or ges 2b (e0.1 = 243 mm) attached collecting Uohlspiegel.

These combinations of a dissipative or a huddling, curved mirror with the rest of the system, which is afocal in the basic position (Imaging system in the manner of the Kepler telescope) of the rearview system according to the invention offer many design options, possibly for. Adaptation to external conditions of the application.

The calculation of the equivalent telescope configuration follows.

Väges magnification of the combination of curved mirror 1 'or concave mirror and telescope 2a, 2b, Sa, Sb without refocusing the telescope for accommodation-free See referring to Figure 14 and using the same designations and Reference number.

The virtual intermediate image designed in A by the curved mirror 1 ' is from the downstream telescope 2a, -2b, 5a, 5b with the image scale BFernrohr = VFernrohr shown in the virtual intermediate image at Ät. This virtual Intermediate image can be of this with moderate accommodation of the observer's eyes be seen sharply.

For the telescope magnification of this combination of curved mirror 1 'and the telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b connected downstream, the overall telescope magnification is shown above for the case that an afocal system is created again by refocusing has been derived.

If there is no refocusing, the telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b accordingly Fig. 14 is left in its basic position, in which the distance between the respective Objectively and the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side equal to the sum their focal lengths f1 + f3 and the respective image-side focal point F11 with the object-side focal point F3 of the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side coincides F1, = F3, the objective 2a or 2b forms the virtual intermediate image A of the curved mirror 1 'not in the focal point F3 of the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side but at the distance A in front of the focal point F3 as a real intermediate image, so that the system is no longer afocal, but rather the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b, as already stated above, designs a virtual intermediate image at A ', where the image distance of the positive effect group on the eye side is -a 3. In many cases this virtual intermediate image at A 'can be made sharp by moderate accommodation Image to be seen. In such a case, the equivalent telescope magnification is Väges = Vges Fv calculated.

The formula for calculating the factor Fv is referenced below derived on Fig. 15, which shows the illustration of a real intermediate image L as an object by the positive effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b in the virtual intermediate image L '. At 6a and 6b at a distance e to positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side is the observer's eye, F3 is the object-side, F3 the image-side focus of the positive effect group 5a, 5b, their focal length is f3. At a distance # to the object-side focal point F3 within the focal length f3 is the real one designed by the objective 2a or 2b Intermediate image L; the distance # is thus equal to that on the focal point on the object side F3 related object width Z3, i.e. zi = Z3.

The object distance related to the positive impact group 5a, 5b is -a3; -Z3 and -a) are correspondingly those on the image-side focal point F '3 or Image distance related to the positive impact group 5a, 5b, w is the object-side and w 'is the image-side field of view angle.

Calculation of the magnification factor Fv: According to Newton's mapping formula, 3 3 3 (12) follows from this: For e = f3, ie an observer's eye in the image-side focal point F3 'of the positive action group 5a, 5b, Fv = 1, ie a telecentric beam path results.

For e> f, as shown in Fig. 15, Fv <1, i.e. the field of view becomes enlarged.

A specific example of the equivalent telescope magnification follows Väges: The following quantities are assumed: Focal length of the curved mirror 1 'fo = -1200 with a distance between the curved mirror 1 'and lens 2a or 2b e0.1 ~ 160 mm focal length Lens 2a or 2b fl = 160 m focal length of the positive effect group on the eye side Sa, 5b f3 = 240 init :.

According to the formula (5) derived above, this results in a combination focal length f0.1 of the curved mirror lt and objective 2a or 2b of f0.1 = 160 mm. as in the system with a plane mirror 1 in front of the objective 2a and 2b. The refocusing distance (ie

the required change in distance between the objective 2a and 2b and the positive effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side to make the system afocal again to make) can be calculated from the above formulas (3) and (7) to # = 21.3 mm.

If there is no refocusing, the result is an equivalent telescope magnification Väges = Vges. Fv with väges = Vges. 0.883 tot tot 0.883 ä Väges = -0.59 If a curved mirror (or concave mirror) 1 'is used as an external mirror 1 in combination with a Kepler telescope according to the invention, refocusing of telescope 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b by ti is omitted , the detected object-side field of view angle w is increased by the factor F with a corresponding reduction in the retinal image.

There is a particular advantage of the rearview system according to the invention in the fact that it can also be installed in existing vehicles without any major structural components can because of the almost afocal beam path between the object-side exterior mirror 1 of the system and the objectives 2a and 2b without the formation of disruptive optical aberrations guided through a customarily plane-parallel side window of a vehicle cabin can be.

It is suitable as a replacement for side and interior mirrors commercial vehicles, such as cars, iW, locomotives, construction vehicles, it can be Airplanes and spacecraft are applied. However, there are also possible applications on stationary systems with an observer next to the observation field in front of him also has to monitor what lies behind him.

An Eelligkeitproblem arises with the type of beam path according to the invention when using the anti-reflective coatings customary today on optical surfaces, in contrast to a ground glass system does not occur.

An essential point of the invention lies in the combination of two Beam paths for two-eye vision, in the optimizing coordination of the refractive powers on each other, the choice of the distances between the individual optical impact groups, the choice of the reflective prisms and mirrors necessary for correct image orientation and an optimal folding of the beam path in such a way that that in a vehicle cabin there is sufficient space available for this purpose, and that the breaking and reflective optical surfaces are used so that an optimal image quality is possible from the system.

The F 16 to 19 each show the horizontal section of a developed Beam path of an entire rearview system according to the invention with variations in the arrangement of the aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b, the objectives 2a and 2b and in the arrangement of a field lens 12 in or in the vicinity of the intermediate image plane 4 different focal lengths f1 of the lens 2a and 2b As beneficial a beam path with the smallest possible cross-sections between the outer or rearview mirror 1 and the intermediate image plane 4 with regard to the dimensions of the Assemblies viewed.

According to FIG. 16, the entrance pupils through the relatively large entrance pupils of the objectives 2a and 2b entering through a beam behind the objectives 2a and 2b located aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b limited. In the plane of the observer's eyes 6a and 6b, the opening of the aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b is then shown enlarged.

According to Fig. 16, the sum of the focal lengths f1 + f3 of the two collecting Impact groups 2a, 2b, 5a, Sb of the imaging system can be just that much smaller as Qer distance e between the eye-side collecting action group 5a, 5b and the plane of the observer's eyes 6a and 6b as given by the telescope magnification V, so that a field lens in the intermediate image plane 4 is not required.

According to FIG. 17, the mounts of the lenses have the same function the aperture edges 3a and 3b and entrance pupils.

The imaging system brings you into the plane of the observer's eyes 6a and 6b with the size of the exit pupils determined approximately by the interpupillary distance pictured. These beam paths are because of the small cross-sections between the Outer or rear mirror 1 and the intermediate image plane 4 are viewed as favorable.

In addition, according to FIG. 17, the sum of the focal lengths should be 9 + of the two collecting effect groups 2a, 2b, 5a, Sb be smaller than that caused by the product the telescope magnification V and the distance e between the eye-side collecting Impact group 5a, 5b and the level of the observer's eyes 6a and 6b (exit pupil) given; therefore, a diffusing field lens 12 is arranged in the intermediate image plane 4.

According to FIG. 18, the aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b are in front of the objectives 2a and 2b arranged. They limit the beam entering the objective already in front of the lenses 2a and 2b.

The sum of the focal lengths 1 + f3 of the two collecting impact groups Here, too, 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b should be smaller than the product of the telescope magnification V and the distance e between the eye-side collecting action group 5a, 5b and the plane of the observer eyes 6a and 6b (exit pupils), which is why, as shown in Fig. 17 a diverging field lens 12 is arranged in the intermediate image plane 4.

According to FIG. 19, as in FIG. 17, the entrance pupils of the objectives fall 2a and 2b and the aperture diaphragms 3a and 3b according to position and size on each side together, i.e. a limitation of the bundles of rays incident through the objectives 2a and 2b takes place through the mounts of the lenses.

The sum of the focal lengths f1 + f3 of the two collecting impact groups In this case, however, 2a, 2b, 5a, Sb should be larger than the product of the telescope magnification V and distance e between the eye-side collecting action group Sa, 5b and the plane of the observer's eyes 6a and 6b (exit pupils), which is indicated by a collecting Field lens 12 is compensated in the intermediate image plane.

Carried out on the basis of the laws described above Calculations have to do with the specific embodiments shown in FIGS for the two objectives 2a and 2b and for the positive optical effect group on the eye side 5a, 5b out, their optical data in the tables at the end of the description are agitated.

Your objective lenses 2a and 2b is the one shown in FIG. provided as a triplet lens assembly. This lens assembly consists from an object-side collecting lens L1 with the areas F1, F2, a middle one divergent lens L2 with surfaces F3, F4 and one applied to the image inversion system, collecting lens L3 with the areas FS, F. The total focal length f1 of this from the Lenses Ll, L2, 23 formed lens assembly is 160 mm, the f-number k = 3.5. The other optical data of the lens assembly are given in Table 1.

The positive optical effect group 5a, 5b on the eye side sits down composed of a concave mirror 5a and a two-lens achromatic lens 5b. The concave mirror 5a has a mirror radius r = 620 mm and a mirror focal length f = 310 mm. The two-lens achromatic 5b is shown in Fig. 21, its optical Data are given in Table 2. The achromatic 5b consists of a collecting Lens L4, which faces the concave mirror 5a, and an eye-side, diffusing one Lens L5. The faces of the lens L4 are labeled F7 and F8 and the faces of the lens L5 are labeled F9 and F10. The total focal length of the achromatic lens 5b is 720 mm and its f-number k = 4.0. The distance between the concave mirror 5a and the achromatic lens 5b is set to 100 mm.

The eye-side optical components designed in the specified manner Action group 5a, 5b has a total focal length of f3 = 240 mm.

1. Table of the optical data for assembly 2a or 2b surface radii Thicknesses and glasses (mm) Distances ne Ve (mm) F1 66.880 9.26 1.64129 55.15 F2 -900.243 15.96 air F3 -78.213 3.51 1.63004 35.45 F4 65.635 18.20 air F5 336.921 8.62 1.62286 60.03 F6 -64.580 f-number k = 3.5, total focal length f = 160 mm 2. Table of optical data for assembly 5b (achromatic) surfaces, radii, thicknesses and Glasses (mm) Distances ne v (mm) F7 432.0 28 "O 1.51872 63.96 F8 -283.0 0.7 air F9 -283.0 12.0 1.62058 36.37 F10 -1113.0 f-number k 4.O, total focal length f = 720 mm distance between assembly 5a and 5b - 100mm total focal length of assembly 5a with 5b f3 = 240 mm

Claims (49)

Optical rearview system - addendum to patent ... (patent application P 33 35 981.4-51) -patent claims 1. Optical rear view system with a Rearview mirror directed (object-side) behind an observer and an optical located between the rearview mirror and the observer's eyes Imaging system in the manner of a Kepler telescope, consisting of a rear-view mirror In relation to the direction of the light, the object-side positive optical is subordinate Impact group, an eye-side positive optical impact group and a between the rearview mirror and the positive optical impact group on the eye side arranged image inversion system, wherein the exit pupil of the optical imaging system at the point of the observer's eyes far behind the eye-side positive optical Effect group is, according to patent ... (patent application P 33 35 981.4-51) through this characterized in that the object-side, positive optical effect group consists of two individual, adjacent, positive optical impact groups (lens 2a and lens 2b) and that the diameter and the horizontal distance corresponding to the two positive optical groups (lens 2a and Objective 2b) both exit pupils located at the point of the observer's eyes (6a and Eb) correspond approximately to the size of the interpupillary distance of a B observer. 2. Rearview system according to claim 1, characterized in that the behind the positive optical effect groups on the object side (objective 2a and objective 2b) for the two observer eyes (6a and 6b) spatially separated partial beam paths with optical means independently of one another in the sense of an extension of the horizontal Field of view can be aligned. 3. Rearview system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that that the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) has at least two reflective surfaces has to produce an upright image. 4. rearview system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that that the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) is an odd number greater than two has reflective surfaces to produce an upright, laterally correct Image. 5. rearview system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that that the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) has at least four reflective surfaces has to generate an upright, reversed image. 6. rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) is a mirror reversal system is. 7. rearview system according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that that the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) as a combination of reflection prisms and mirroring is formed. 8. rearview system according to one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that that in the direction of light on the object-side positive optical effect groups (Lens 2a and lens 2b) the following reflective surface of the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9) and the two partial surfaces (partial mirrors 7a, 7b) can be inclined relative to one another in such a way that the areas in the area of these two partial surfaces (Partial mirror 7a, 7b) spatially separated partial beam paths for the two observer eyes (6a and 6b) independently of one another in the sense of an expansion of the horizontal field of view while maintaining a minimum image coverage of the partial images of about a quarter of the field of view angle detected horizontally by both eyes can be aligned. 9. rearview system according to claim 8, characterized in that a Partial surface (7a) in the direction of light on the object-side, positive optical Effect groups (objectives 2a and 2b) following, reflecting surface of the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) is formed by a reflection prism. 10. rearview system according to any preceding claim, characterized in that that the image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) consists of one in the direction of light. object-side, positive optical action groups (lenses 2a and 2b) subordinate, preferably shared, horizontally deflecting reflection mirror (7a, 7b), a another horizontally deflecting mirror (8) and two to straighten the image in the vertical direction deflecting mirrors (9, 5a). 11. rearview system according to claim 10, characterized in that the second horizontally deflecting mirror (8) of the image reversal system as seen in the direction of light (7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a) in the area of the intermediate image plane of the optical imaging system is arranged. 12. Rearview system according to one of claims 7 to 10, characterized in that that in the direction of light on the object-side, positive optical effect groups (Objective 2a and objective 2b) the following reflective surface (7a, 7b) of the image reversal system arranged in front of the intermediate image plane (4) of the optical imaging system (2a, 2b, 5a, 5b) is. 13. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the versions of the object-side, positive optical effect groups (Lens 2a and objective 2b) act as aperture diaphragms (3a and 3b). 14. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the magnification (V) of the optical imaging system (2a, 2b, 5a, 5b) is in the range 0.4 z V # 1.3. 15. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the horizontal diameter of the eye-side, positive optical Impact group (Sb) is at least as large as that of the object-side rearview mirror (1). 16. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the refractive power of the positive optical active group on the eye side (Sa, 5b) on a first, by a mirror surface (formed part and a second part formed by a lens group (5b) is distributed. 17. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, through this characterized in that the beam path of the imaging system (2a, 2b, 5a, Sb) through that of the object-side, positive optical effect groups (lens 2a and lens 2b) downstream image reversal system (7a, 7b, 8, 9) horizontally by an angle up to 1800 and folded vertically at an angle up to 1800 and preferably parallel to the incident rays on the second part designed as a lens group (5b) the eye-side, positive optical action group (5a, 5b) is directed. 18. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized that the eye-side, positive optical action group (5a, 5b) Seen from the observer above the parts of the image inversion system (7a, 7b, 8, 9) and the object-side, positive optical effect groups (lens 2a and lens 2b) is arranged. 19. Rearview system according to one of claims 15 to 18, characterized in that that the eye-side, positive optical action group (5a, 5b) from a long focal length Concave mirror (5a) and a two-lens achromatic lens (5b). 20. Rearview system according to claim 19, characterized in that the positive refractive power of the eye-side, positive optical action group (5a, 5b) is distributed over the (concave) mirror (5a) and the lens (s) (5b). 21. Rearview system according to one of claims 15 or 16, characterized in that that the concave mirror (5a) of the positive optical effect group on the eye side (5a, 5b) is a spherical concave mirror. 22. Rearview system according to one of claims 19 or 20, characterized in that that the concave mirror (5a) of the eye-side, positive optical effect group (5a, Sb) an aspherical concave mirror (e.g. an off-axis partial surface of a paraboloid) is. 23. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that at least one of the optical action groups (1; 2a, 2b, 5a, 5b) contains an aspherical surface. 24. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized that the object-side Rearview mirror (1) as Surface or rear surface mirror is formed. 25. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the object-side rearview mirror (1) is a plane mirror. 26. Rearview system according to claim 25, characterized in that the rearview mirror (1) in the outer edge area as seen by the observer as a curved cylinder mirror with a curvature increasing towards the edge in a horizontal section is trained. 27. Rearview system according to one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that that the rearview mirror (1) on the object side is a curved mirror with a virtual intermediate image and that the subordinate imaging system, which is afocal in its basic position (2a, 2b, 5a, 5b) by focusing on the virtual intermediate image of the Curved mirror is sharply adjustable. 28. rearview system according to claim 27, characterized in that the object-side rearview mirror (1) a spherical curved mirror is. 29. rearview system according to claim 27, characterized in that the object-side rearview mirror (1) is an aspherical curved mirror whose Curvature in the horizontal section increases somewhat at the edge. 30. Rearview system according to claim 29, characterized in that in the horizontal section the curvature of the object-side rearview mirror (1) in its Main area (K) of a spherical surface and in the outer area as seen from the observer Edge area (H) of a hyperbola follows. 31. rearview system according to claim 30, characterized in that the transition from the spherical surface area (K) to the hyperbolic (aspherical) edge area (H) is continuous. 32. rearview system according to one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that that the rearview mirror (1) on the object side is a (collecting) concave mirror with a real one The intermediate image is and that the subordinate imaging system, which is afocal in its basic position (2a, 2b, 5a, 5b) an enlargement (V <1) with a reducing effect and by focusing on that which serves as a virtual object in itself real intermediate image of the concave mirror (1) is adjustable so that an accommodation-free Observation is possible. 33. rearview system according to claim 32, characterized in that the rearview mirror (1) in the outer edge area as seen by the observer in the horizontal section with a curvature decreasing towards the edge, which exceeds the value zero can also turn into a curved mirror curvature, is formed. 34. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that in the vicinity of the intermediate image plane (4) of the imaging system (2a, 2b, 5a, 5b), in front of or behind her, a collecting or dispersing field lens (12) is arranged when the sum of the focal lengths (f1 + f3) of the object-side (2a or 2b) and the eye-side (5a, Sb) positive optical effect group not so much smaller than the distance (e) between the eye-side, positive optical Action group (5a, 5b) and the exit pupils (6a and 6b), as indicated by the magnification of the imaging system is given. 35. rearview system according to claim 34, characterized in that the field lens (12) is a diffusing one if the sum of the focal lengths (f1 + f3) one of the object-side (2a, 2b) and the eye-side positive optical effect group (5a, 5b) is smaller than the product (e r V) of the distance (e) between the eye-side positive optical action group (5a, 5b) and the exit pupils (6a and 6b) (the plane of the observer's eyes (6a, 6b)) and the magnification (V) of the imaging system. 36. rearview system according to claim 34, characterized in that the field lens (12) is a collecting one if the sum of the focal lengths (kl + f3) the object-side (2a or 2b) and the eye-side, positive optical effect group (5a, 5b) is greater than the product (e. V) of the distance (e) between the eye-side, positive optical action group (5a, 5b) and the exit pupils (6a and 6b) (the plane of the observer's eyes (6a, 6b)) and the magnification (V) of the imaging system. 37. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized that the object-side, positive optical impact groups (Objective 2a and objective 2b) are color-corrected collecting effect groups. 38. rearview system according to claim 34, characterized in that the object-side, positive optical effect groups (lens 2a and lens 2b) are designed as a triplet. 39. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the system of reflective surfaces to produce the desired Image orientation (of the image reversal system 7a, 7b; 8, 9, 5a) and together with the object-side Rearview mirror (1) is adjustable so that an upright image for the observer arises. 40. rearview system according to claim 39, characterized in that At least one mechanical or electric motor coupling of the adjustment movement two mirror surfaces is provided that when changing the direction of the optical axis behind the Rearview system automatically an upright Image results. 41. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the part following the object-side rearview mirror (1) of the system as an assembly (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a, 5b) and is adjustable with the help of a ball joint. 42. rearview system according to claim 41, characterized in that the object-side rearview mirror (1) and the following as an assembly (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 7a, 7b, 8, 9, 5a, 5b) formed part of the system mechanically or by electric motor are adjustable to one another in such a way that for different observer positions an upright image emerges. 43. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the horizontal field of view angle is greater than the vertical one Field of view angle. 44. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the image overlap seen by both observer eyes Partial images larger than a quarter of the horizontal angle of the field of view captured by both eyes is. 45. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the rear vision system is arranged so that the viewing direction is directed laterally backwards. 46. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that when the system is used in a vehicle, the object-side Rearview mirror (1) a rearview mirror attached to the outside of the vehicle (Outside mirror 1) is the following part of the system in the between the windshield (11) and side window (10) formed corner above the body panel or parts of the dashboard in the field of vision of the observer on the driver and / or passenger side is arranged and located in the beam path between the object-side rear view (outside) Mirror (1) and the object-side, positive optical effect groups (Lens 2a and lens 2b) the plane-parallel side window (10) is located. 47. Rearview system according to one of claims 41 to 46, characterized in that that the rearview mirror attached outside the vehicle cabin (1) and the following part (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 7a, 7b, 8, 9; 5a, 5b) of the system designed as an assembly from the inside of the vehicle cabin from mechanically or motorized so adjustable to each other are that an upright image is created for different observer positions. 48. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the rear vision system is arranged so that the viewing direction is directed laterally backwards over the roof of the vehicle cabin. 49. Rearview system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized that in front of or behind the object-side, positive optical effect groups (Objective 2a and objective 2b) neutral or polarization filters can be swiveled in.