DE2921115A1 - WINDING PROCESS FOR AN ELECTRIC GENERATOR AND THREE-PHASE GENERATOR PRODUCED AFTER THIS - Google Patents

Description

Dipl. Ing.Peter Otte - 7033 Herrenberg (Kuppingen) Patent attorney ^ Eifelstrasse 7

Telephone (O 70 32) 319 99

1421 / ot / wi
April 18, 1979

ROBERT BOSCH GMBH, 7000 STUTTGART 1

Winding process for an electric generator and a three-phase generator manufactured according to this

State of the art

The invention is based on a winding method for an electrical generator and a three-phase generator produced according to this winding method according to the preamble of the main claim relating to the method or the first device claim relating to the generator.

Electrical generators and methods of arranging the windings in these, with reference to the present invention the arrangements of the stator windings are in multiple forms

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known.

So it is, for example, with three-phase generators, which are used as alternators in motor vehicles or other mobile. Chen units are used, usually, a stationary stand with the, the respective multi-phase system forming To wind windings and to provide a rotating armature, which has an excitation winding and a corresponding Number of magnetic pole-forming arrangements has, so that a corresponding polyphase voltage in the stator winding can be induced. The excitation winding can be stationary or rotating with the armature, in this latter case it receives the excitation current via slip rings.

In relation to the usual sizes of three-phase generators in motor vehicles, for example, these have practical considerations Usually via 36 slots, in which three windings, each offset by 120 electrical degrees, are inserted are, so that, depending on the connection of the windings, a three-phase system in delta or star connection results.

Since an accumulator is usually provided in motor vehicles to stabilize the electrical system and to store energy is, on-board networks are continuous direct current networks, so that the three-phase supplied by the alternator AC voltage must be rectified, which is usually done with the help of a bridge rectifier circuit, the via at least three plus main diodes and - via three minus main diodes disposes. In addition, there are three exciter electrodes, the field or exciter winding of the so formed

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Three-phase generator supply the excitation current, which is usually regulated by a controller as a function of the load.

It is also known to connect two diodes in parallel for larger alternators with * high power output, so that each phase voltage then has two plus diodes and two minus diodes and a total of twelve diodes are provided. Regardless of whether six or more Current load twelve diodes are used, always results as the rectified total output voltage at the combined cathodes of all plus diodes (vehicle terminal B +) - the anodes and minus diodes are also connected together and form the minus connection (vehicle terminal B-) or Ground - a voltage and a corresponding current with a significant ripple, because one, based on an oscillation For example, a phase voltage (2T), as can be readily seen, receives a total of six voltage pulses, so a total of a six-pulse output voltage is achieved. The voltage ripple can be at usual 12 V direct current on-board networks amount to U__ = 4 V.

This strong brightness in standard electrical systems is for one good battery charge and voltage-sensitive consumers detrimental; in addition, the efficiency of the generator is due the occurring iron losses are not optimal.

On the other hand, however, the number of grooves arranged in the annular stator is predetermined dimensions for practical reasons, for example for reasons of strength and the like not to be increased, with the 6-pulse output voltage per Period is given in principle.

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There is a need for a winding method and one thereafter Manufactured electrical three-phase generator, in particular for the automotive sector, its rectified Output voltage with significantly lower voltage ripple has a higher arithmetic mean.

Advantages of the invention

The winding method according to the invention and the three-phase generator according to the invention, each with the characterizing Features of the first method claim or the first device claim have the advantage that both the voltage and the current ripple with only comparatively very little additional effort can be drastically reduced, so that / a considerably quieter and im arithmetic mean value results in greater DC voltage, with the use of the present invention greater effort at rectifying diodes is not a problem, as apart from the diodes which are already present, which are otherwise connected in parallel of three additional exciter diodes, there is no real need for more diodes.

It is of particular advantage that with one only very

A * ~ «, λ * ^ * entanglement

wrestle, less than 10% additional effort / for an inventive Three-phase generator can reduce the ripple of current and voltage by approx. 80%, which results in This very small, remaining ripple results in a considerably better battery charge, since it is much larger Periods per period the arithmetic mean value of the DC voltage supplied by the three-phase generator after rectification is above the nominal battery voltage, so that a

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Charge is possible if necessary.

In addition, voltage-sensitive consumers are much less at risk.

In the three-phase generator according to the invention, no diodes connected in parallel are required, so that a * results in lower static static of the controller; in addition, the lower noise emission is due to the more sinusoidal current load curve advantageous.

Finally, this results in the three-phase generator according to the invention better efficiency due to lower iron losses.

Through the measures listed in the subclaims are advantageous developments and improvements of the invention are possible. It is particularly advantageous that if the 36 grooves in the stator package and a mere copper expenditure of 111%, based on the copper consumption of 100% for one usual three-phase generator, now a 12-pulse output DC voltage is generated by wrapping 2 three-phase voltage systems in the stator slots.

drawing

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing and are explained in more detail in the following description. Figures 1a and 1b show the course of the rectified output voltage of a three-phase generator in the current design (Fig. 1a) and in the three-phase generator designed according to the invention (Fig. 1b) , Embodiment of the present invention existing. 2 three phase systems that

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FIGS. 3a and 3b each have vector diagrams of three-phase voltage systems in one embodiment, when switched to a 12-pulse rectified output voltage and FIG. 4 shows the circuit diagram of a three-phase generator according to the invention, also with a 12-pulse output voltage.

Description of the exemplary embodiments

The basic idea of the present invention consists in a three-phase generator, which is used in particular in Motor vehicles and the like suitable for on-board power supply is the number of pulses per period of the output voltage, as it results for example after rectification, thereby to increase that at least two, possibly more fundamentally independent winding systems than Stator winding are formed, the individual phase voltages of these winding or voltage systems to one another are offset in such a way that the residual voltage ripple per period is symmetrical. Applied on a three-phase alternator with 6-pulse output voltage and correspondingly high voltage and Current ripple, the invention leads to an increase in the pulsation by at least twice, that is to say to a 12-pulse Output voltage in the rectified system and thus a reduction in the ripple of current and Tension by approx. 80%.

The following explanation expressly relates to the application of the inventive concept to a three-phase alternator to achieve a 12-pulse output

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output voltage while maintaining the number of slots in the stator, which is to be regarded as given, for example when given 36 stand slots. It goes without saying, however, that the invention can also be applied to any other three-phase systems and generators can be applied and there, too, the corresponding advantages can be achieved with analogous execution. Therefore the following explanations, which are given on the basis of the illustration in FIGS. 1 to 4, are not intended as a limitation, but to be regarded as descriptive of an embodiment of the invention.

The illustrated embodiment relates to a 2-winding system, that is to say to an overall winding scheme for the Stator winding, which is formed from two three-phase voltage systems, which are initially to be regarded as independent of one another is. In FIGS. 3a and 3b, these two voltage systems are denoted by 1 and 2, and immediately thereafter it should be noted that winding parts, which are designated with the index 1 or the index 2, then each refer to the Winding or voltage system 1 or refer to voltage system 2. The voltage systems 1 and 2 are in the Figures 3a and 3b designed as in the usual star connection shown; it goes without saying, however, that the inventive concept also applies to delta connections in a corresponding manner Way can be applied. It is also immediately pointed out that the presence of two three-phase voltage systems 1 and 2 do not have twice the winding and / or copper expenditure means, because with the same amount of electricity delivered by a given three-phase alternator, this is reduced the copper cross-section of each. Three-phase winding system with two existing winding systems approximately on the Half. Overall, there is only a copper expenditure of

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111%, based on the copper consumption of 100%, that of a conventional three-phase alternator with 6-pulse Output voltage must be driven per period.

The representation of Fig. 1a shows the curve of a three-phase voltage rectified in a bridge circuit, as it is generated by conventional three-phase generators, and thus also the ripple. You can see that through the folding up of the respective negative voltage half-wave when using a bridge circuit that rectifies both half-waves a total of six pulses occur per period, which reduce the voltage ripple of the rectified three-phase generator output voltage turn off.

In relation to the star connection, from that in the present exemplary embodiment The only thing we are talking about is the output voltage of a conventional three-phase generator an arithmetic mean value of the DC voltage

^ü * - ^{2 '34} * ^ü _P hase

This arithmetic mean is assumed to be Ug = 100%. There is a voltage ripple of about

^ü ss * ^{4 v}
The copper expenditure is set at 100%.

The illustration in FIG. 1b shows the curve of the output voltage rectified by means of a bridge circuit in the inventive training of a three-phase generator, consisting of a new winding scheme, new training of the

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Winding systems and use of two voltage systems to achieve a 12-pulse arrangement. You can see immediately that the ripple is greatly reduced / this results in an arithmetic mean value of the output DC voltage. tion to

^ü * * ^{2 '42} * ^U _P hase with

üg = 103.5%

In this exemplary embodiment, the voltage ripple is only still

ü _ss - 1 v

It has already been pointed out that here there is a copper expenditure of 111% with a resulting additional expenditure of about 7.5% results.

Such a DC output voltage, here for example 12-pulse, is obtained in that one has three phases in each of the two voltage systems provided here each phase divided into a basic phase winding and an auxiliary phase winding, which is also provided, and a resulting phase voltage is obtained from these two windings, which is achieved with the appropriate formation of the basic phase winding to phase auxiliary winding according to amount and phase shift to the respective corresponding phase end voltages of the other three-phase voltage system has a phase shift which is 60 ° here, so that one can a symmetrical 12-pulse output DC voltage.

For a better understanding of the present invention, first

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only one of the three-phase voltage systems is explained in more detail, namely the voltage system 1 of FIG. 3a.

In the following explanation, the start and end points are, respectively, those in the grooves of a given 36-groove upright called wrapped windings; the winding itself is then identified by its starting and ending designations specified.

Each resulting phase end voltage, as it results in the two voltage systems 1 and 2 of Figures 3a and 3b, is formed by the interaction of two winding parts, namely, as already mentioned, a respective phase basic winding, which is offset by 120 ° in three phases and an additional auxiliary phase winding, which in turn are different from the basic phase winding in terms of amount and phase. It goes without saying that in the vector representations of FIGS. 3a and 3b these still revolve with co t, which, however, can be disregarded here because the fixed phase relationships of the vectors to one another do not change as a result. The phase voltage U in the voltage system of FIG. 3a is thus formed by the basic phase winding part X1U1 and the auxiliary phase winding part UI ¹ XI ¹ . Depending on the amount of the voltage induced in the auxiliary phase winding part Ü1'X1 ', ie depending on the number of conductors per slot and depending on the angular relationship of the winding part UI ¹ XI ¹ to the basic phase winding part X1U1, the angle ot that the resulting phase end voltage U _u to the vertical, in this case to the basic phase winding X1U1 or to the voltage induced in this winding.

Since in the present embodiment an offset of the

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f5

Phase end voltages arising from the two existing three-phase voltage systems 1 and 2 with an alternative sequence of 60 ° is sought / the auxiliary phase winding U1'X1 'of FIG. 3a is to be arranged so that the angle of 30 ° results. This then results in a total phase shift, for example of the final phase voltage U of the voltage system 1 to the related final phase voltage U _{2 of} the voltage system 2 of a total of 60 °, namely if the final phase voltage U- in this voltage system 2 of FIG ° to the phase basic winding or the voltage induced in this is considered leading.

It can be seen that this phase shift is also repeated for the respective other phase end voltages U to U ₂ and U to U », namely when the respective phase voltages U ₁ , U«, U-. are offset from one another by 120 °. The relative rotation of the resulting phase end voltages of the voltage system 2 to the phase end voltages of the voltage system 1 results, as can be seen, from the phase shift and amount of the respective phase auxiliary windings in the two voltage systems or the voltages induced in them.

2 shows a possible winding scheme for generating a single phase end voltage, here the phase end voltage U of the voltage system of FIG. 3a for a stator with 36 slots. It is understood that in the illustrated The winding diagram shows only a single turn of the wire rods forming the winding for a better understanding is. Is used, for example, when building the basic phase winding X1U1 started to move into the slot V of the stand

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insert the first winding web, then the winding sits in the illustrated, preferred wave winding in the Grooves 4, 7, 10, etc., continue as indicated, so each in grooves in which at the same time from the rotating armature Tensions of the phase assumed here of 0 ° are induced. Accordingly, as is also known, in the grooves 2, 5, 8, 9 AC voltages induced with a phase shift of 120 ° with respect to the first-mentioned voltage, while in the grooves 3, 6, 9, 12 voltages with a phase shift of 120 ° to the second or 240 ° to the third Voltage are induced, so that the well-known star-shaped vector image of a three-phase alternator results.

Applied to the present exemplary embodiment of the invention, however, the first phase basic winding X1U1, after it exits the slot 34 with its end U1, is immediately followed by the start U1 'of the additional auxiliary phase winding U1 ¹ XI', which begins with the slot 36 with reverse winding direction and, as is always the case with three-phase systems, two subsequent slots are wrapped in the stator slots by jumping over them, so that the winding end X1 'emerges at slot 3. Such a winding of the stator slots 1 to 36 each leaving the slots 2, 5, 8, 11, etc., as can be seen from the illustration in FIG or which includes an angle oC in this induced voltage. So that oC = 30 °, which is required in the illustrated embodiment, the auxiliary phase winding U1 ¹ XI 'is, as mentioned, wrapped in reverse and offset by 240 ° in the stator slots and maintained

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a turns ratio to obtain the required absolute voltage for the basic phase winding X1U1 of 1: 3, which means that, for example, in an exemplary embodiment, the basic phase winding has 6 conductors per slot, while the phase auxiliary winding only has 2 conductors per slot. As a result, the amount and phase are now the End point X1 ', which is also the angle of 30 ° resulting phase end voltage U to phase base voltage certainly.

To obtain the further phase end voltages U and U first of the three-phase voltage system of FIG. 3a can then The same procedure is used for the usual winding schemes for three-phase generators, i.e. with a normal wave winding structure the phase base winding Z1W1 formed by winding in the groove 3 in the forward direction; the third wave coil for the basic phase winding of the last voltage phase then begins in slot 5. Of course, any number can be used here Winding schemes are possible, especially if one takes into account that the construction of the second voltage system 2 According to FIG. 3b, the respective phase basic windings are parallel to one another and therefore also parallel and simultaneously can be wrapped. This will be discussed further below.

It is only essential that the auxiliary phase winding U2'X2 'is arranged accordingly with reference to the basic phase winding X2U2 of the second voltage system 2 and accordingly also of the remaining phase auxiliary windings of this Second voltage system ensures that the resulting phase end voltages of each voltage system 1 and 2, which can be assigned to one another, i.e. those with the same indices, to one another by 60 and to their respective

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The basic phase windings are offset by 30 ° in the opposite direction; then with the usual phase shift of 120 ° of the phase end voltages to each other, the 12-pulse desired output voltage necessarily results if all winding end points XI ¹ YI ¹ Zi ¹ for the voltage system 1 and X2'Z2 ^I Y2 ^I for the voltage system are brought out separately and each with own assigned plus and minus diodes are connected for rectification. The procedure for this is shown in the circuit diagram for a 12-pulse output voltage, which is shown in FIG. 4 and from which it can also be seen that there are two complete stars of basic phase windings and an auxiliary phase winding for each basic phase winding, which are shown in their phase relationship to the basic phase winding, with which it is directly connected, is offset and is therefore assigned to another basic winding in the spatial relationship that indicates the phase relationship to one another. This can be seen particularly well from the illustration in FIG. Due to the presence of the auxiliary phase windings, the phase voltages formed by the phase basic windings, which are designated in the usual three-phase system with U, V and W, are transformed into the resulting phase end voltages X1 ', Y1', Z1 ', which correspond to those from the phase basic windings in terms of magnitude and phase The resulting voltages are different, the amounts of the new phase end voltages being the same in both voltage systems, but the phase shifts in opposite directions.

In accordance with the circuit diagram of FIG. 4, the first phase end voltage U, starting from the star center point M1, is forms through the phase basic winding X1U1, "the over the

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Connection line L1 is connected to the phase auxiliary winding UI ¹ XI ¹ , which is phase-related to the further winding parts Y1V1, Y2V2 as phase basic windings and Z2'W2 "as the second phase auxiliary winding A connection point led to the outside and is connected to the two diodes D3, D3 'as a plus or minus diode via the line L2 to be explained and provided in detail with reference numerals, but it can be seen that the basic structure results from the vector diagram of FIGS. 3a and 3b in conjunction with the circuit diagram of FIG.

Overall, in the illustrated embodiment, the three-phase generator according to the invention has the following main winding parts:
^ U1X1)
(/ V1Y1)

\ ^ W1Z1) with, for example, six lines / slot ^ U2X2)
V2Y2)
W2Z2)

This results in the following auxiliary winding parts:

with, for example, two lines / groove each

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In addition, as mentioned earlier, the winding parts identified by a connecting arc are located parallel to each other and can therefore also be wound in parallel.

Since the connecting arcs only indicate the parallel winding parts on the one hand for the phase basic windings and on the other hand for the phase auxiliary windings separately, it can be seen from the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 4 that the auxiliary winding parts Y2'V2 'and ZI ¹ WI' lie parallel, so that there are still possibilities of parallel, simultaneous winding designs.

It has already been mentioned earlier that in the case of larger alternators, each of the, for example, six existing ones anyway Main diodes (3 plus and 3 minus diodes) is formed from two diodes connected in parallel, so that a total of 12 diodes for the rectifier bridge result. Therefore, the effort for the diodes increases in use Not in the present invention, in the case of the likewise 12 diodes for rectification, but here for formation a 12-pulse rectifying output voltage per period are provided.

To obtain a corresponding 12-pulse excitation current curve with the same advantageous low voltage ripple, six _{excitation diodes D E are} provided in the illustrated embodiment, which form the terminal connection D +, which leads to the field winding or excitation winding W "and to the controller PL. As usual, the controller output connection is labeled D-.

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In the case of a three-phase generator constructed according to the concept of the present invention, a cut-in speed of approx. 1000 min "resulted at a rated current of approx
80 amp at 6000 min ~; the desired 12-pulse ripple per period resulted over the entire speed range.

All in the description, the following claims
and the new features shown in the drawing can be essential to the invention both individually and in any combination with one another.

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DIpI. _Ing.Peter Otte 7O33 Herrenberg (couplings)

Patent attorney - ils - EifeistraBe 7

Telephone (O 70 32) 31999

1421 / ot / wi
April 18, 1979

ROBERT BOSCH GMBH, 7000 STUTTGART 1

Winding process for an electric generator and a three-phase generator manufactured according to this

summary

A winding method for an electrical generator and an electrical generator are proposed which have a significantly lower ripple of current and voltage. The generator mainly serves as a Alternator for motor vehicles and the like and has at least two separate stands in the fixed stand wrapped winding systems, each phase winding each system is made up of two winding parts and one of the winding parts so with respect to the other is offset in phase and dimensioned in the amount of the voltage induced in it that each of the other associated, resulting phase end voltages of each of the winding systems symmetrically to one another in the Phase are shifted. With a total of six output connections, this results in those with rectifying diodes for each polarity connected, a 12-pulse output voltage per period.

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Claims (9)

Dipl. Ing.Peter Ott 7033 Herrenberg (Kuppingen) Patent attorney Elfelstrasse 7 Telephone (O 70 32) 319 99 1421 / ot / wi
April 18, 1979 ROBERT BOSCH GMBH, 7000 STUTTGART 1 Claims f1.1 winding method for an electric generator, in particular for a three-phase generator as an alternator for mobile units, motor vehicles, trains and the like, to reduce the current and voltage ripple with a given number of slots in the stationary stator part, in that of a rotating, rotationally driven armature through magnetic induction in their phase voltages offset from one another are induced, characterized in that, in order to achieve an i.npulsigen (i = 2, 3, 4 ...), reduced in the ripple per period, possibly rectified Multi-phase system, the number of individual phase systems increased by a factor of i and for each basic phase winding Each phase system has an additional auxiliary phase winding with a smaller number of turns by a specified number of slots of the stator offset position is wrapped, so that the resulting phase end voltages in each phase system result in the phase end voltages of the other phase system or systems are symmetrically offset in phase. 030049/0230 1421 / ot / wi April 18, 1979 - 2 - 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that associated phase basic windings of each phase system thereby have the same phase position in that they are wound in the same grooves of the stator and that the auxiliary phase winding is wound backwards to the assigned basic phase winding. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that to achieve a 12-pulse, rectified Output voltage per cycle for a three-phase alternator the winding of the stator in the form of two separate winding systems is carried out, the phase windings of each system consisting of a phase basic winding and a phase auxiliary winding exist, which are attached to each other in grooves offset by 120 ° and a winding ratio of 1: 3 have such that associated phase end voltages of the two independent winding systems differ from each other by 60 ° in phase. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that that parallel winding parts are wound at the same time. 5. Electric generator, preferably a three-phase generator as an alternator for mobile units, motor vehicles, Tracks and the like, with a stationary stator having the phase windings and a rotationally driven one Armature which induces the phase voltages in the stator winding, characterized in that for reduction the current and voltage ripple for a given number of slots in the stator in this at least two separate Winding systems (1, 2) are wrapped, each 030049/0230 ORIGINAL INSPECTED ~ ³ ~ 1421 / ot / wi April 18, 1979 - 3 - Phase winding of each winding system consisting of a basic phase winding (X1U1, Y1V1, Z1W1; X2U2, Y2V2, Z2W2) and an additional auxiliary phase winding (01 ¹ XI ', VI ¹ YI ¹ , WI ¹ ZI ¹ ; U2'X2', V2'Y2 ', W2 'Z2'), which are provided to achieve a relative phase shift of the respective, mutually associated phase end voltages. 6. Generator according to claim 5, characterized in that the formed by the ends of the phase auxiliary windings Output connections of each winding system (1, 2) led out separately and with one plus and one Minus diodes (D3, D3 ') are connected for rectification. 7. Generator according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the number of turns and the phase shift the respective auxiliary phase winding to the respective basic phase winding is dimensioned so that the ripple formed by the phase end voltages, the ripple of the rectified Output voltage making up voltage peaks per period to each other in a symmetrical way Distance run. 8. Generator according to one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that to achieve a 12-pulse rectified output voltage per period two separate winding systems (1, 2) are provided, each with three basic phase windings (X1U1, Y1V1, Z1W1; X2U2, Y2V2, Z2W2) and three of these to each 30 <\ _η of the phase offset and a turns ratio of 1: 3 having, with the ends of the fundamental phase windings directly connected phase auxiliary windings (U1 ¹ Xi ', V1Ύ1 ·, W1 ¹ ZI ■; 030049/0230 -4- ^ ORIGINAL 1421 / ot / wi April 18, 1979 - 4 - U2'X2 \ V2'Y2 \ W2'Z2 ') 9. Generator according to claim 8, characterized in that the auxiliary phase winding running backwards and offset by one slot distance from the respectively assigned basic phase winding is wrapped in the stand. 030049/0230 ORIGINAL INSPECTED