DE2919022A1 - POLE PROTECTION ARRANGEMENT FOR A BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM - Google Patents

Description

The invention is based on a polarity reversal protection arrangement according to the genre of the main claim. Is used in on-board networks in motor vehicles with a three-phase generator If the battery is connected with the wrong polarity, a short-circuit current flows across the rectifier bridge of the generator and destroy them. Reverse polarity protection arrangements that prevent this destructive effect use a High-speed switch that reacts to the short-circuit current of an incorrectly - i.e. reverse polarity - connected battery and disconnects the battery. The separation must take place very quickly to the product of the short-circuit current and the The time during which this current flows must be kept within permissible limits. With the ones for disconnecting the battery

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Mostly used bimetal switches, the requirement of speed is difficult to meet. In addition, there is with these known switches, the risk that if the wrong connection of the battery is repeated the contacts of the switch weld together and that there is no longer any protective effect. The same Problems arise when connecting an external voltage source, for example a jump starter battery or a charger

Advantages of the invention

The arrangement according to the invention with the characteristic Features of the main claim has the advantage that the battery or the external voltage source at incorrect polarity is not connected to the generator and some of the consumers, or very quickly is disconnected from the electrical system without a significant current flowing through the rectifier bridge of the generator.

The measures listed in the subclaims are advantageous developments and improvements of the The arrangement specified in the main claim is possible, with different embodiments of the invention also have different advantages. In a number of exemplary embodiments, the is after a wrong polarity Flowing short-circuit current taken over by discharge diodes and then switched off by an overcurrent release. In some other exemplary embodiments, the creation of a short-circuit current is completely avoided. By using a control pin switch is used in several embodiments to determine whether a Battery is even present. Depending on the user The desired scope of reverse polarity protection of the motor vehicle is one of the exemplary embodiments described below to be regarded as optimal in terms of effort and the effect achieved. Further advantages of the individual

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Management examples are given in connection with the functional description.

drawing

Embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing and in more detail below in the description explained. Figures 1 to 9 show schematic representations of a motor vehicle electrical system with various types Embodiments of the polarity reversal protection arrangement according to the invention.

Components that are the same or have the same effect are each provided with the same reference numerals.

Description of the exemplary embodiments

The invention is described in connection with the electrical system of a motor vehicle. The invention can of course also used for other applications that include a generator system, loads and a battery will.

The following faults are characteristic of battery charging systems in motor vehicles:

- The vehicle engine is not running, the vehicle battery is inserted with the wrong polarity.

- The vehicle engine is not running, there is a discharged battery in the vehicle. Now there is an external voltage source Connected with reverse polarity.

- The vehicle engine is not running, there is no battery in the vehicle. Now an external voltage source is used wrong polarity connected =

- A vehicle is stationary with the engine running. The battery is removed and then reinstalled and replaced with the wrong [ Polarity connected »I

ORIGINAL INSPECTED)

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- A vehicle is parked with the engine running but without a battery. An external voltage source is incorrect Polarity connected.

- A vehicle is stationary with the engine running, the vehicle battery is connected with the correct polarity. Now will a premd voltage source connected with reverse polarity.

In these cases in particular, at least one of the exemplary embodiments of the arrangement according to the invention should be the Generator system and consumers from damage due to incorrectly polarized connection of the battery and / or the Protect the premd voltage source.

In the schematic representation of an on-board network with a first example of the polarity reversal protection arrangement according to the invention in Figure 1, a three-phase generator G comprises a downstream rectifier and a voltage regulator R. The generator G has a plus terminal B + and a minus terminal B- and one with the Plus terminal of the exciter diodes connected to terminal D +., A series circuit Dl of a reverse-biased Zener diode and a forward-biased diode is connected via the aforementioned output terminals B + and B- of the generator G. This series circuit Dl serves as overvoltage protection for the case ₃ that the system is operated without a battery. A charge control lamp Hl is placed between the connection B + and the connection D + of the excitation diodes. The system contains a battery A ₃ which is connected with its minus connection A- to the output connection B- of the generator - usually also to the vehicle chassis. In parallel with the battery, there is a first number of loads L6 _3, for example the standing lights, ₃ which are arranged via an associated one

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Switch S6 can be switched on. In addition, a starter M, which can be put into operation via a contact bridge K2, is parallel to the battery. A starting relay C2, which controls the contact bridge K2, can be actuated from the generator connections B + and B- via a starting switch S2. A second number of consumers can also be switched on from connections B + and B- of generator G, namely consumers V5 sensitive to polarity reversal via an associated switch S5 and consumers Lk ₃ that are not sensitive to polarity reversal, for example vehicle lights, windshield wipers and rear window heating, via a switch Sk.

Before starting the vehicle, a travel switch S1 must be closed. If the battery A is polarized correctly, flows via the drive switch Sl and the series connection of a polarity reversal protection relay Cl and a polarity reversal protection diode D3 a current and the polarity reversal protection relay Cl actuates a contact bridge Kl. With the help of the contact bridge Kl the plus connection A + of the battery A is connected to the plus connection B + of the rest of the vehicle electrical system. Is the battery A wrongly polarized inserted into the vehicle prevents the polarity reversal protection diode D3 a current flow through the polarity reversal protection relay Cl when the drive switch Sl is operated is, and the contact bridge Kl remains open. An actuation of the starter switch S2 thus also brings the starter relay C2 not to wear. The advantage is that in this embodiment, a short-circuit current only cannot arise at all. Another advantage is the possibility of using the battery A with the wrong polarity To be able to switch on parking lights L6.

In the embodiment of Figure 2, the drive switch Sl is as usual between the plus terminal B + of the generator on the one hand and the second number of consumers V5, L ^

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and the starting device S2, C2 on the other hand switched. The contact bridge K3 is between the plus connection A + of the battery A and the plus connection B + of the generator G of an overcurrent release I. In addition, there is between the plus connection B + and the minus connection B-des Generator G has a discharge diode D6, with its anode at the negative terminal B-.

In this exemplary embodiment, the protective effect takes effect immediately if the battery A is inserted with the wrong polarity. A short-circuit current then immediately flows through the discharge diode Ό6 and the overcurrent release I disconnects the battery A from the rest of the on-board network. The discharge diode D6 takes over the short-circuit current because the full battery voltage is applied to it, while only half the battery voltage is fed to each of the diodes of the generator rectifier.

The third embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 3 essentially represents a combination of the first two The driving switch Sl is again in series with the reverse polarity protection relay Cl and the reverse polarity protection diode D3 parallel to the connections A +, A- of the battery A, and from the reverse polarity protection relay Cl is the contact bridge Kl controllable. The contact bridge K3 of the overcurrent release I is in series with the contact bridge Kl. The series connection from the starter switch S2 and the starter relay C2 is parallel to the series circuit from the polarity reversal protection relay Cl and the polarity reversal protection diode D3.

This third embodiment is particularly advantageous when the battery A is initially running with the engine running is disconnected and then reconnected. Since the generator G is running, the polarity reversal protection relay C is still picked up

030047/0237 ORIGINAL INSPECTED

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and the contact bridge Kl closed. The reverse polarity protection relay Cl is provided with a fall-out delay. If the battery A is now connected with the wrong polarity, that remains Reverse polarity protection relay Cl is initially attracted due to its drop-out delay and the contact bridge Kl is closed. Therefore the overcurrent release I responds via the discharge diode D6 and opens the contact bridge K3 · The additional one The advantage of the embodiment according to FIG. 3 is that when the motor is initially stopped and the polarity is incorrect Battery a short-circuit current does not even come about because the polarity reversal protection relay Cl does not pick up, and that when the engine is already running and the polarity of battery A is reversed, the short-circuit current from the overcurrent release I is switched off. The last-mentioned measure protects the contact bridge Kl.

The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. K also corresponds essentially to the first two exemplary embodiments. In addition, an auxiliary relay C7 is now provided, which controls an auxiliary contact bridge K7. The auxiliary relay 'C7 is located between the terminal D + of the excitation diodes of the generator G and the negative terminal B-. The auxiliary contact bridge K7 is connected in series with the polarity reversal protection relay Cl, the polarity reversal protection diode D3 and the travel switch Sl. In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, however, the starter switch S2 and the starter relay C2 are parallel to the series circuit comprising the polarity reversal protection diode D3, the polarity reversal protection relay Cl and the auxiliary contact bridge K7.

In this fourth embodiment, after actuation the drive switch Sl and the starter switch S2 with the help of the starter M, the engine can be started. If the battery A is polarized correctly, positive results are obtained

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Potential via the charge control lamp Hl and a protective diode D4 to the connection D + of the excitation diodes, an excitation current flows and the generator G excites. The auxiliary relay C7, which switches on battery A only when the engine is running allows, the auxiliary contact bridge K7 has meanwhile closed. Now the polarity reversal protection relay Cl picks up and closes the Contact bridge Kl. This connects the correctly polarized battery A1 to the plus connection B + of the generator. Is the battery A connected with wrong polarity, then the motor can be started via S2, C2, K2 and M, the reverse polarity protection relay However, Cl cannot pick up because of the polarity reversal protection diode D3. So that the contact bridge Kl remains open and the Generator G is not connected to battery A with the wrong polarity.

The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 5 differs from the previous fourth embodiment mainly in that here a control pin switch with the control pin T3 and the switching bridge S3 is used. The contact bridge S3 of the control pin switch T3 / S3 is in series with the auxiliary contact bridge K7, the polarity reversal protection relay Cl and the polarity reversal protection diode D3 · Die Contact bridge 33 is closed when a battery A is inserted into its holder. Furthermore the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 5 corresponds to the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4.

If no battery A is inserted, the contact bridge Kl does not need to be closed. When the battery A is removed from its holder as long as the generator G is running, then the polarity reversal protection relay Cl drops out and opens also the contact bridge Kl. If a battery A is inserted again while the generator is still running, but incorrectly polarized, then the reverse polarity protection relay Cl does not pick up,

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so that the contact bridge Kl remains open and the battery A is not connected to the rest of the system.

The embodiment of Figure 6 differs from the fifth embodiment in that, in addition an overcurrent release I in connection with a reverse polarity protection relay Cl with drop-out delay and also a display option for incorrect polarity of a battery is provided. The overcurrent release I with the associated contact bridge K3 and that with a dropout delay Reverse polarity protection relays Cl provided are connected as in the third exemplary embodiment. Also the associated Discharge diode D6 is arranged as in the third embodiment. Parallel to the connections the battery A is a series circuit of a display element, for example an incandescent lamp, H2 and a Diode D2, the anode of the diode D2 facing the negative terminal of the generator G.

The engine can also be started in this exemplary embodiment. But if the battery is polarized incorrectly connected, the contact bridge Kl remains open. Battery A is not charged because there is no connection to the rest of the system. However, it is clear to the user of the motor vehicle with the aid of the indicator lamp H2 made that the battery A is connected with the wrong polarity. The overcurrent release I offers an additional Protection. If there is an external voltage source with a properly connected but weak battery A and the engine running with a low internal resistance, for example a strong third-party battery or a battery charger, incorrect is connected, this acts like a battery A connected with the wrong polarity. In this case, the

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overcurrent release I using the contact bridge K3 das System from the external voltage source.

An embodiment working with semiconductor switches is shown in FIG. 7. The minus connection B- of the generator G and the one connections of the starting relay C2 and the second number of loads V4, V5 are connected to one another and can be on the vehicle chassis. The minus connection of the battery A _{a of} the starter M and the display device H2, D2 for an incorrectly polarized battery, on the other hand, are connected to the minus connection B- and / or on the chassis via an operating diode D8. A thyristor T8 is connected in parallel with the operating diode D8. The anode of the operating diode D8 and the cathode of the thyristor T8 face the chassis and thus the negative terminal B-. The control terminal of the thyristor T8 is connected to the output of a switching amplifier V8, and a resistor Rl is located between the output terminal of the switching amplifier V8 and the terminal D + of the exciter diodes. The switching amplifier V8 expediently contains a transistor T7 with a collector resistor R2 and a base voltage divider R3j R4. The switching amplifier can, however, also be designed differently or more conveniently. The input voltage divider R3, R4 takes the place of the winding of the polarity reversal protection relay Cl of previous examples.

A discharge current can then flow via the operating diode D8 if a battery A is inserted and the polarity is correct. If a battery A is inserted, the switching bridge S3 is closed via the control pin T3. With the correct polarity of the battery A is the polarity reversal protection diode D3 and the input voltage divider R3, R4 of the switching amplifier V8 and the "transistor T7 conductive. The thyristor T8 ignites and thus enables a charging current from the generator G in the battery A. In the case of reverse polarity battery A "the thyristor T8 remains blocked.

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The embodiment according to Figure 8 corresponds essentially to the first embodiment, added are the control _{pin switch arrangement T3, S3 and above all a further polarity reversal protection relay C4 5} which controls further contacts K4 ₃ K5 and K6 and is connected in series with another polarity reversal protection diode D9. An external voltage socket F is provided for connecting an external voltage source. The ground connection F- of the socket F is on the chassis of the vehicle, that is to say on the minus connection B-. Between the plus connection F + of the socket outlet F and the minus connection B- is the series connection of the further polarity reversal protection diode D9 and the further polarity reversal protection relay Ck. The positive connection F + of the socket outlet F can be connected to the starter M via the contact bridge K ^ when the starter switch S2 and thus the starter relay C2 and the contact bridge K2 are actuated. The already mentioned further contact bridge K5 is connected in series with the switching bridge S3 of the control pin T3 _{3 of} the polarity reversal protection diode D3 and the polarity reversal protection relay Cl. Conveniently, a contact bridge K6 _s is also provided which is closed during normal operation and is opened during a jump start process with the aid of the further Verpolschutzrelais C4. As a result, no connection to vehicle battery A is established.

The embodiment of Figure 8 is mainly for those commercial vehicles are provided that have only a weak battery A of their own and with the help of a strong third-party battery need to be started. The further reverse polarity protection arrangement with the other reverse polarity protection relay C4 has for the external voltage source connected to socket F. the same effect as the reverse polarity protection relay Cl of the first Ausführungsbexspieles for the vehicle's own Battery A. The function therefore needs

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not to be further explained. Through the contact bridge. During the starting process, K5 becomes the polarity reversal protection arrangement for self-contained battery A is out of service. The additional contact bridge K6 is used for mutual locking and prevents the in-vehicle battery A from being caused by these equalizing currents if the polarity is incorrect can flow. In addition, the Premdvoltagequelle may only be connected to the socket P in order to ensure all protection options to be able to capture.

The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 9 corresponds essentially to the fifth exemplary embodiment, but it has no overcurrent release. In addition to the contact bridge Kl, the polarity reversal protection relay Cl controls another switching bridge KlO, which is in series with the starter switch S2. In addition, another relay C3 is provided, whose winding is parallel to the terminals B + and fides generator G. Relay C3 controls a first one further switching bridge K5, which in the idle state a connection between the positive terminal A + of the battery A and * the polarity-insensitive consumers V4 from the second number of consumers, in this case in particular Vehicle lamps and hazard warning lights. As before, these consumers can be switched on using the switch S ^. When the further relay C3 has picked up, the first further switching bridge switches the reverse polarity insensitive Consumers on the plus connection B + of the generator G. At the same time, the second further switching bridge K6 also the polarity-sensitive consumers V5 - switch on via the associated switch S5 tbar - applied to the plus connection B + of the generator.

The polarity reversal protection relay Cl enables the start of the Motors only if a battery A is present and the polarity is correct. The other relay C3 can only then

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tighten when the generator G delivers voltage. Only then is a charging current allowed to battery A via the contact bridges Kl and K6. The polarity-sensitive consumers V5 are then, when the battery A is connected with the correct polarity and the drive switch S1 is actuated, via the contact Kl of the polarity reversal protection relay Cl
With the vehicle engine at a standstill at the positive pole A + _5, they can be switched on via switch S5.

Using a table, the protection options that are achieved with the exemplary embodiments described are intended
₃ can be summarized.

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Protection options of the exemplary embodiments described

CO * CD

Operational
^^ state
Aus Nk
fübrungs-N.
example χ
figure The generator is at a standstill and then starts up if necessary Battery correct
poled j but ent
load; Premdspan-
source of power
polarity reversed
closed Battery missing,
External voltage
source is or
polarity is reversed
connected Generator is already running External voltage source is
Connected with reverse polarity Battery is
available
and right
polarized 1
2
3
k
5
6th
7th
8th
9 Battery is or will
built-in O
O
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
O
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Battery will
expanded and
then reverse polarity
installed again No battery ι + ι ο ι ι ο ο ι battery
loaded,
but
reverse polarity I O O! + + + + + ι ο ο ι + + + + + +
O
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+ = full protection

ο = limited protection due to limited service life of the overcurrent cutout - = no protection.

CD O ro ro

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The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 offers full protection in cases in which a charged battery is connected with reverse polarity or an external voltage source is connected with reverse polarity, namely when the engine is at a standstill and when the engine is then started, if necessary. The same applies to the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 3. The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2 offers the required protection in all the cases described, but only for a limited number of switching cycles due to the limited service life of the switching contacts of the overcurrent release. The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 3 also enables this limited protection for the remaining fault cases. The exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4 also offers full protection over and above the protection options of the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. The exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 5 to 9 fully protect the battery charging system in the first five error cases described, i.e. even if the battery is first removed while the engine is running and then reinstalled with the wrong polarity or if an external voltage source is present when the battery is missing and the engine is running connected with reverse polarity. In addition, the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 6 enables limited protection and the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 8 full protection when an external voltage source is connected with the wrong polarity while the engine is running and the vehicle's own battery is correctly polarized. The limited protection mentioned is again determined by the limited service life of the contacts of the overcurrent release I.

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Claims (17)

/ l. Arrangement for the protection of a generator system and / or ^ srön consumers against damage by connecting an incorrectly polarized voltage source, for example a battery, with a device for Detection of wrong polarity, characterized in that the device is a series circuit of a reverse polarity protection relay (Cl) and a polarity reversal protection diode (D3), 2. Arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that through the polarity reversal protection relay CCl) a contact bridge (Kl) is controllable, which is in series with the terminals (A +, A-) of the battery (A). 3. Arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, for a motor vehicle with a travel switch, characterized in that the travel switch (S1) is in series with the control winding of the polarity reversal protection relay (Cl) lies. 0 30047/023? Chr / Sm 4. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claim thereby characterized3 that a first number of consumers (L6) directly parallel to the connections (A +, A-) of the battery (A) and a second number of consumers (L4, V5) is parallel to the series circuit from the connections (A +, A-) of the battery (A) and the contact bridge (Kl). 5. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the device further comprises a discharge diode (D6), which tstent in operative connection with an overcurrent release (I). 6. Arrangement according to claim 5, characterized in that the overcurrent release (I) is in series with the connections (A +, k-] of the battery (A) and that the discharge diode '(D6) is parallel to the series circuit from the connections of the battery (A) and the overcurrent release (I) 7. Arrangement according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that that the first number of consumers (L6) directly parallel to the connections (A +, A-) of the battery (A) and the second Number of consumers (L ^, L5) over the series connection from the connections (A +, A-) of the battery (A), the switching bridge (Kl) and the overcurrent release (I). 030047/0237 - 3 - R. 5 ^ 39 8. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized marked j that the polarity reversal protection relay (Cl) with is equipped with a drop-out delay. 9. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims a generator with an excitation winding, characterized in that between the connection (D +) of the excitation diodes and the ground connection (B-) of the generator (G) an auxiliary relay (C7) and one controlled by the auxiliary relay (C7) Auxiliary contact bridge (KT) in series with the series connection of polarity reversal protection relay (Cl) and polarity reversal protection diode (D3) is arranged. 10. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a through the contact pressure a battery (A) actuatable control pin (T3) is provided, which controls a control switching bridge (S3), and that the control switching bridge (S3) in series with the series connection of reverse polarity protection relay (Cl) and reverse polarity protection diode (D3) is arranged. 11. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that parallel to the connections (A +, A-) of the battery (A) to display a wrong polarity a series connection of a display element (H2) and a diode (D2) is arranged. 030047/0237 ^{R 539} _{Chr / Sm} 12. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, "characterized in that a series circuit is parallel to the output terminals (B + j B-) of the generator (G) (Dl) is arranged from a reverse-biased Zener diode and a forward-biased diode. 13. Arrangement according to one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that in the connecting line between the ground connections of the battery (A) and the second consumer (LH ₁ V5) and the ground connection (B-) of the generator (G) with one its cathode connection to the above ground connections connected operating diode (d8) is inserted that parallel to this operating diode (D8) is the switching path of a thyristor (T8) and that the control connection of the thyristor (T8) essentially with the connection (D +) of the exciter diodes of the generator (G) is connected. 14. Arrangement according to claim 13, characterized in that that with the connection (D +) of the excitation diodes of the generator (G) and the ground connection of the second consumer (L ^, V5) the output terminals of a switching amplifier (V8) are connected, the input of which is connected via a series connection of a diode (D3) and a control jumper (S3) - if necessary via further switching elements - ../5 030047/0237 - 5 - R.51 + 39 connected to the operating voltage line (B +) remote from ground is, the control switching bridge (S3) via a control pin (T3) by the contact pressure of the Battery (A) can be operated. 15 · Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims for a motor vehicle with a starter, characterized in that connections (F +, F-) for an external Power supply device are provided between the remote connection (F +) and the ground connection (F-) the series connection of another reverse polarity protection relay (C4) and another diode (D9) is and that through the further polarity reversal protection relays (C4) jumpers (K4, K5, K6) for connecting the starter (M) and for disconnecting the Battery (A) and the - first - reverse polarity protection relay (Cl) 'are controllable. 16. Arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a further relay (C3) is provided whose winding is connected directly to the output terminals (B +, B-) of the generator (G) and by which a first further switching bridge (K5) and a second further switching bridge (K6) can be controlled, whereby through the first further switching bridge (K5) in its idle state a first group of second consumers (V4) to the 03 0 047/0 1 - β - R. 5 ^ 39 Battery (A) and in its switched-on state to the generator (G) and through the second further switching bridge (K6) when switched on, a second group of the second consumers (V5) can be connected to the generator (G) is. 17. Arrangement according to claim 16, characterized in that that the polarity reversal protection relay (Cl) is operationally connected to another switching bridge (KlO) through which in their switched-on state the battery (A) to the generator (G) and / or the second group of consumers (V5) is connectable.