DE2723021A1 - Electricity generating plant with closed working cycle - uses ammonia as working fluid, in water or zinc-ammonia complex for energy pick=up phase - Google Patents

Abstract

The electricity generating plant with a two-fluid energy carrier system uses a low latent heat of evaporation, high vapour specific heat, fluid such as ammonia as working fluid; water or e.g. Zn chloride-ammonia complex which absorbs, releases working fluid easily as auxiliary medium. The two are brought together in a cooled absorber, replacing the condenser. A feed pump conveys the mixture through an economiser into an evaporating, where the fluids reseparate under heat. The working fluid passes through a superheater before driving the turbine; the auxiliary fluid returns to the absorber via an energy exchanger. This comprises a heat exchanger using a circulating liquid which returns extracted heat to the mixture in the economiser, and a pressure energy absorber which assists the feed pump motor.

Description

E I N W E G

Z U E I N E R N E U E N <R A F T W E R K S K O N C E P T I O N

Name: Dietrich E. Singelmann Technical area: Power plant system Own reference number: SG 555 Foreword to the description The current energy crisis is the cause of the question: 1) Do other types of steam power plants have one better heat yield than the steam power plants currently in use? 2) Have other types of steam power plants lower waste heat losses? In response to both Questions arise when looking for working media that have small heats of vaporization and at the same time show acceptable specific lows of vapor as provisional @Result of this @uche should be mentioned that with a yield improvement of up to 30% and a @ b @ ar @ e loss reduction of up to 50% can be expected .

As the definition of "prior art" applies to the present Patent application is very essential and very extensive, is in the annex Report with the title = A @eg on a new power plant concept = attached @@ t . Based on numerical examples, the "state of the art" are in each case @ with "the with the various examined @systems achievable values "compared.

The advantages of the subject matter of the invention are more precise, for example from the number table 4 (page 12 of the appendix) or from the "summary" (page 24 of the @nlage).

The following is the proper description of the patent application Give "power plant system". The accompanying drawings Figure 1 to Figure 10 and 22 @ ate @ t claims are attached.

The drawings are taken from the annex and are included in the description of the patent application is also provided with the page number under which it was entered in of the plant can be found.

Figures 1, 2 and 4 are reductions of vnn @ iagra @ -men, which originally have a format of approx. 500 x 800 @@@. These sting on @request at your disposal.

The invention is used to build the power plant system, for example machine elements known from refrigeration technology. The novelty lies mainly in the arrangement, execution and design and the operational management of the plant which is controlled by a special "modern process controller"; its actuator "the heat converter" is an important component of the controller.

Patent registration: power plant system.

The subject of the present patent application is the result of a critical examination of the current steam power plants (including nuclear power plants) A copy of this view with 24 pages (DIN A4) and three reduced diagrams is enclosed with the registration.

The current working medium "water vapor" has a very high heat of vaporization , which is to be fed once into the water in the saturation state and after the The performance of the steam must be withdrawn from the exhaust pipe in the condenser : The result is a large heat requirement for evaporation and a large amount of heat in the case of condensation, in other words a rough energy requirement in the case of evaporation, and great environmental pollution from waste energy. Somebody else is wanted Working medium with the lowest possible heat of evaporation, but greater specific Warmth of steam. It is thought of ammonia, which is also a school example for the subsequent investigations was used. Compare the scaled-down ones Figures 1 (page 4a) and 2 (page 5a) of the enclosed report The difficulties the condensation, which eta as a result of unfavorable properties of the working medium result can be eliminated by introducing an auxiliary medium The auxiliary medium with the working medium dissolved in it is fed into the evaporator, where a part of the working medium is evaporated and (after its overheating) in the drive turbine Does work; the diluted auxiliary medium is removed from the evaporator, via a "heat converter" cooled down and relaxed to the absorber, where it is the working medium resumes as exhaust from the drive turbine,. The auxiliary medium enriched in this way is picked up by the converter "to the second lale, heated up and put under pressure and returned to the evaporator where ncuem's double cycle begins . Compare here- TO Figure on page 17 of the annex, i; bb. 7 on page 1 @, bb. @ on page 20, Fig. 9 on page 22 and Fig.

10 on page 22.

In this cycle, the variation in the auxiliary medium concentration is maintained a decisive role: the more concentrated the auxiliary medium leaves the evaporator , the lower the heat of solution that occurs (and has to be removed) in the absorber (or solution cold with any other auxiliary media); but the greater it is the required amount of circulating auxiliary medium. See Figure 3 on page 13 and Table 5 on page 14 of the annex.

When designing the absorber, it must be ensured that with increasing Concentration of the incoming auxiliary medium, the absorption time increases, the "residence time" of the working medium "and thus the required absorber space grows, regardless of which shape the absorber is given. Evaporator and absorber do not work now as in the ordinary steam boiler with a constant temperature; because in both Apparatus changes the concentration of the auxiliary medium, the saturation temperature also changes with her . under these ratios Figure 4 (page 8 a of the annex) gives for the case of @ H3 in H2O information The evaporator works as a vertical boiler with the entry of the concentrated solution at the top. While the solution (via possible built-in) flows downwards, it loses concentration and has to increase heated so that it continues to give off NH3. The dilute solution that the vaporizer leaves at the bottom, so it is the hottest NH3 - gas rises to the top, loses its water content and if it leaves the evaporator at the top, the absorber, on the other hand, is capable of another relatively hot dilute auxiliary medium solution to take up NH3; ever he concentrates the auxiliary medium, the cooler it has to be in order to be able to absorb NH3 The representation just given was necessary in its detailing to clarify that a general control device is needed that controls both the evaporator and the absorber recorded . There are temperature and pressure sensors in both units as well as apparatus for determining the specific weight of the auxiliary medium available . The size of the specific gravity is used as an indication of the concentration of the auxiliary medium used. The temperature gradient is also measured with the help these values, which are fed into the controller, are continuously adjusted the operating states of the evaporator and absorber reached one another, so that always an optimum of the operation under the respective load conditions as well as with load changes The control law is shown in Figure 4 (page 3a of the annex) ; Here are the different concentrations of the auxiliary medium and the operating pressures the associated saturation temperatures are plotted is the operating temperature by a difference above the saturation temperature, evaporation occurs; under the saturation temperature, absorption occurs. The size of the difference is determined the evaporation or Absorption speed With consideration for desirable small heat of solution in the absorber should be with a high concentration of the auxiliary medium The "actuator" of the evaporator / absorber controller is now the? oil heat converter ??. With it, the incoming and outgoing temperatures as well as the circulation capacity regulate the auxiliary medium.

In each phase there is the task of connecting the working medium with the auxiliary medium to bring morlichst intimate connection here are those for the "sweat cooling of rocket combustion chambers "developed porous, highly corrosion-resistant and highly heat-resistant Related materials.

The "heat converter" consists of several heat exchangers, a turbine and a pump partially driven by this turbine (evaporator feed pump) The heat converter takes the heat from the diluted auxiliary medium as soon as it is out is removed from the evaporator and transfers it into the enriched auxiliary medium as soon as it leaves the absorber.

The heat converter can consist of different stages, and the Heat transfer can be done directly; but intermediate media can also be used whose circulation capacity can be regulated to keep the work process constant the entire system. The intermediate media can also be externally cooled and be heated; lastc ': e possibilities are above all when starting the System and with strong load changes advantageous The liquid turbine takes the Pressure energy from the diluted auxiliary medium after leaving the evaporator . The given turbine output comes to the aid of the required feed pump output .

As already mentioned, the absorber works with changing process temperatures ; the auxiliary medium with a relatively higher dilution can be relatively hot in the absorber enter, but then, as it increases in concentration, it must become stronger and stronger must be scaled down in order to retain the ability of absorption @s is It is therefore advantageous to divide the absorber into different units and between every two absorber units have a heat exchanger which at the same time has a rL'eil of the regulating heat converter forms to arrange for auxiliary medium cooling.

In this way, the stability of the operation and its controllability Significantly improved The description in the present form is based on 1TH3 as Working medium has been aligned with the auxiliary medium H2O.

Instead of the auxiliary medium H2O, salts such as zinc chloride diammonia can also be used (Zn (NH3) 2 Cl2) or zinc perrhenate ammonia (Zn (NH3) 4 (Re2O4) 2) or other salts and use their additions. Another working medium can also be used instead of NH3 will .

Since only the working medium (in the superheater) is brought to high temperatures alcohols or other solvents can also be used as auxiliary medium which would cause signs of disintegration in the event of greater warming ßs apparently that the steam power scheme described can also be applied to nuclear power plants leaves The enclosed annex brings a consideration that NH3 possibly better as a working medium with regard to radiation and radiation damage is suitable as H2O.

When using preferably NH3 as the working medium, this plays a role Smell a crucial brine, as any leaks are immediate and for make every human being noticeable and the danger of subconsciously receiving a harmful dose of radiation (as is so easily the case with water as the working medium) switched off is 1) The need to look for a new power plant concept 11, At the moment, the demand for energy sources is a very interesting topic. At one point the question arises as to how long the stocks of crude and crude oil will last to satisfy the growing thirst for energy for others to rise up as successors of coal or hydrocarbon power plants, the nuclear power plant. And here too The question immediately arises as to how far there are enough stocks of heavy metals like uranium etc. there are hope means the fast 3under (Fast breeder), who produces nuclear fuel himself. But all shadows will be with him not eliminated that lie above an energy depleted future 12) The votes Ways to put a stop to the waste of energy have already emerged raised; you started at the cheapest and most convenient place 121) Save on heating in apartments, public buildings, offices and workshops , in laboratories and storage rooms.

122) It is a little more difficult to get fuel for all types to save on vehicles. Restriction of pleasure rides; Restriction in public freight and passenger transport has become a good subject of contention.

Another difficult task is the fuel economy of each Improve vehicle engines: as a result of the difficult economic situation, a Vehicle only taken out of service after a significantly longer period of use. The engines Such 'old vehicles are probably still running, but because of their age and consume Significantly more fuel, especially as a result of inadequate care. The linkage on a lot busy roads is clear evidence of this.

123) The chapter on the steam power plant The more steam power plants is very worrying (Coal, oil or gas as well as core power plants) arise, the more more the defects of the construction come to light: The waste heat of the power plants heats Rivers and toes on respectively. requires the construction of energy-destroying cooling towers .

The thermal power station is a compromise here to reduce the cost of the to regulate pure steam power plant nine honest @ritik but must state the following : The accumulation of the enormous amounts of waste heat that has to be dealt with somehow is yes only the consequence of the fact that the steam power plants are so uneconomical . Isn't it shocking that up to 64 times the amount of cooling water is required is used to condense the simple @tight steam 124) With the last paragraph the task for this report is given: 2) The task is therefore to exercise constructive criticism of the current @power plant systems, especially @ingen at steam power plants.

It should be emphasized at this point that the present @work is a kind of interim report, the first results of a certain Research presented and associated constructive innovations.

The @work therefore absolutely does not claim to be complete . On the contrary, it points to the same thing on the basis of various studies Trend have indicated that there are @ege to completely new power plant concepts as Changes to the existing systems also worth noting are :: em its temporal The course that was actually trodden and worked through is now the The way of investigations presented below 21) The school of engineers achieved the graduate there, his work and really all his work with respect to carry out the greatest economy, so are the aids that an engineer needs are made available for his work, for the best possible practicality coordinated In order to now deal specifically with the engineer of the heat and power industry , the I-S diagram for water vapor is only shown as far as it is suitable for Draft and the calculation of water steam engines, respectively. turbines required will.

With other @ places the wet steam area is shown only so far when you can still tolerate the water content of the steam in the running machines can o kom @ t it that many engineers miss how big? the entire @ aßdampf area and see large area the i-o-diagram occupies when it reaches the (solid) Waterline is shown down. See the attached diagram: lg p = function of I, with drawn lines of constant entrople, constant temperature, constant spec. volume and a more detailed description of the diagram in Paragraph 31 With This diagram in hand shows the great dimension of the heat of vaporization It is only too obvious, according to other power machine media to look for the lower inert ones for the heat of vaporization 22) Almost all media, their liquid and vapor phase in an acceptable temperature range have lower heat of vaporization than water; e.g. hydrocarbons like benzine, benzenes, alcohols Another group are the refrigeration technology , so the reone (fluorocarbons). The latter in particular have in some cases been quite pronounced small heat of vaporization.

23) Disadvantages are immediately apparent if you consider the above Media examined in more detail 231) Often the media with low heat of vaporization are also Media whose specific @ arms are small. That means they don't have the ability to retain enough heat over a reasonable pressure and temperature range 232) The modern development of industrial materials (high-temperature steels or even carbides) allowed ohl, a power plant with increased temperature and operate under increased pressure. However, cheerful properties set the noble here the limits alcohols and a number of other hydrocarbons show at increased temperature phenomena of decomposition @ an interesting solution shows toluene (C6H5CH3 ) with a saturation temperature of 11C, 6 ° C in one atmosphere; spec.

Weight of the liquid at 20 ° C γ = 0.8669; heat of evaporation Below 100 Cal / kg It is currently used as @edium on steam buses in Huston Texas SA used on a trial basis. @Otherwise to large-scale use is its high flammability The freons are in themselves very interesting with heat of vaporization z.J. of 37 cal / kg at 1 ata and a saturation temperature of t = 92.80C for Freon 112 25 Cal / kg 1 ata and a saturation temperature of t = 4? .260 for Freon 114 B2 43.51 Cal / kg at 1 ata and a saturation temperature of t = 23.770C for Freon 11, however, shows The table for the highest permissible continuous temperatures.; values from 100 ° to 150 ° C . If the @ is exceeded, the designer has to reckon with the beginning of decomposition 31) in material which has been extensively studied and which appears to be very suitable To displace water is ammonia (NH3).

A diagram was drawn up for ammonia, as it was for water has been submitted; see paragraph 21; it is here especially on the idiosyncrasies of these diagrams.

They are particularly well suited to relating to various media to compare their usability in @power plant operation; the above diagrams are therefore carried out with the same scales for the abscissa and ordinate. As the abscissa is the @ ärmeinhalt (enthalpy in Cal / Xg) as Crdinate lg p (absolute pressures in ata). The logarithm was chosen to be large: 'e pressure ranges in a The line for the liquid at the evaporation point (x = 0) and the line for dry saturated Steam (x = 1) is applied and then the lines of equal steam moisture into it drawn The size of the resulting onion-like shapes is already a; ate for the heat to be dissipated in the cooling water. A comparison of the large H2O onion with the relatively small onion shows the advantage of the latter medium Parameters are entered with lines of constant temperature. Your course permits a judgment on the ability of the medium to store heat . The further away the lines for a certain temperature jump from each other lie the better.

Lines of constant entropy are entered as the next parameter . , ie also provide information about the ability of the medium shown to work : The flatter the lines are inclined above the abscissa, the smaller the pressures necessary for certain desired enthalpy differences Finally, there are still a few Lines of constant specific volume are given. .ie give an idea about the Dimensions (namely of the low pressure part) of the corresponding to be executed Turbines about the "quality" of the presented diagrams should be mentioned that of course for water vapor the most reliable number values ur are available. In the NH3 - Exact diagrams could be found as far as they are for refrigeration are of interest; the "northeast" of the NH3 diagram had to be extrapolated the most 32) It is now of course clear that NR for all, that pure NH3 - steam operation following the pattern of H2O systems, restrictions are imposed: The condenser of an NH3 power plant must be operated at a higher pressure to be able to condense the NH3 vapor with normal cooling water, as shown in 1120 - power plants happens This pressure is 10 ata corresponding to a condensation temperature of 250C (see NH3 -I-S - diagram) but with this remainder is at the same time the relatively poor suitability of a simple NH3 steam power plant notarized as a whole.

in the following paragraphs it will now be shown which are interesting There are opportunities to report considerable success to @ag with combined methods to promote 33 @ However, before these further possibilities are discussed, should First of all, a basis for comparison for the various media and their associated media Operating procedures are established As the first @ size (parameter I) the isentropic heat content difference ( (Lnthalpy difference), which result from the considered initial and final state variables gives: #i Cal / kg.

Assuming a turbine efficiency of 100%, the result is the second parameter (parameter II): the specific steam consumption 632 / # i kg / PS.h.

The third parameter (parameter III) is the heat loss v listed in Cal / kg throughput And finally as the last parameter (parameter IV) the thermal loss in Cal / PS.h; by @ultiplication of parameter II and @arameter II 34) The "comparison table" is the first to be used for selected water vapor state variables set up (Table 1); Table 2 follows, which shows the pure N'T-DamDfbetrieb: The necessary ondensator pressure of 10 ata is, as already mentioned, the reason for the bad steam consumption. ; 'an must have very high @ rischdampfdrucke going to get satisfying @results.

When looking at the NH3 -I-S diagram presented, it can be seen immediately what advantages pop up when the xpansion down to lower pressures could be driven:; How this has to be done is detailed in section 4 described, which bears the title "The heat converter".

By introducing an auxiliary medium that absorbs the working medium after its work performance, new situations are created for the liquefaction and subsequent evaporation of the working medium. The amount of heat that has to be removed from the absorber (which takes the place of the condenser) settles together from the heat of evaporation of the working medium, the heat of dissolution of the working medium and heat of overheating (possibly also heat of subcooling), which must be eliminated from time to time. of the saturation pressure The size of the heat of solution can be influenced by the choice of the concentration of the diluted solution flowing back. The less this solution is diluted, the lower the heat of solution. For ammonia, the heat of solution is shown as a function of the concentration in Figure 3 (S13). Similar conditions prevail in other absorption systems (see also the enclosed table 5 for the solution of ammonia @ in water). (Page 14) The steam consumption stack of an NH3 steam power plant with absorber operation, as it is attached to this report, is based on a relatively low concentration the flowing back solution (i.e. large heat of solution to be dissipated); this concentration had to be selected because the low cooling temperature and the low evaporation pressure should be used: The relationship between saturation temperatures and pressures for ammonia depends on the concentration of the diluted (absorbing) solution in the attached diagram figure shown @ With the help of this diagram @ tables of the consumption for higher bridge and higher @ temperatures than 0.5 ata and the corresponding @ saturation temperature (approx. - .48 ° C) should be calculated in order to find an optimal operation @ but is sufficient for the moment The knowledge gained from the absorption operation in order to be able to apply it generally to other combinations of fluids, or in this particular all of ammonia to solvents other than water further re possible @ main working media would be very fruitful.

Only an auxiliary medium (solvent) besides water was used for this @ericht examined: Zinc chloride diammonia Zn Cl2 (NH3) 2, a salt with a @melting point at 140 ° C. When heated to 480 ° C, it splits off NH3 under a pressure of 7.1 ata. The overheated ammonia vapor is doing its job. It is then at 220'C and 0.7 ata again bound by the alz Table 4 brings the test results.

Some further operating points were determined by extrapolation @ie The results are so dear that further investigation is urgently advisable : The specific steam consumption is very good, the exhaust heat a @ruchteil that of @asserdampf, (See the comparison column at the bottom of table 4); by the introduced heat converter see section 4) there is no heat loss in the salt which is heated, cooled and reheated in the cycle respectively Circulation pump performance could be of importance: if you take the "20 ata case" For example, at least 13.1 kg of liquid salt are per kg of dissociated NH @ pumping over; however, the corresponding performance is only 2 to a maximum of 5% of the Turbine power and is partly due to the previous statements the liquid turbine power of the dilute solution flowing back is covered @ About the @ ösunswärme that when @ the @working medium H3 in the liquid @alt arises, it can be said that this occurs at higher saturations and higher @ temperatures can take place so that: the resulting heat, which would have to be dissipated, remains low 4) The heat converter.

41) To explain this new @construction element in its @construction should be based on a series of schematic Jarstellunter the: e to his conception Text Figure 6 initially shows the scheme of the classic Steam power plant; Starting from the steam boiler, the generated steam is passed through a superheater and continues to the turbine, where it gives off its energy to then to be converted back into water in the condenser. From the condenser the water is returned to the boiler by means of umpening via a PrewSrmer Econmizer @ led back the condenser requires intensive liquid cooling to overcome the heat of evaporation to be removed from the exhaust steam The scheme applies to Water vapor, for ammonia, toluene or any other medium suitable for the Process offers text Figure 7 initially relates to ammonia, but can can also be transferred to other processes in which the one working in the turbine Medium after the energy release crst in a "second liquid" or: auxiliary medium (water in the case of ammonia or a melt "(KOH for example ifli trap of water vapor, is bound and then in the "evaporator" from the second Liquid or melt is @k @ u @ out.

The evaporator takes the place of the steam boiler, in which said "boiling out" takes place. Downstream of the evaporator is a @some (Rectifier): In the case of @mmoniak, it separates with the help of a temperature dip water carried away by the evaporated ammonia.

s is followed by a superheater as in the classic steam system in the Subsequent turbine turns the energy contained in the steam into mechanical work transformed.

@er escaping exhaust steam now flees to the absorber, which occurs at ale .elle of the @condenser Tna absorber the exhaust steam meets a second circuit The "second liquid" contained in the evaporator (auxiliary medium or @ole and melt) loses due to the evaporation of the working medium Concentration; This diluted "second liquid is taken from the evaporator, cooled, expanded and fed to the absorber in order to absorb the exhaust steam in it. In this process, the diluted second liquid + exhaust steam again becomes a concentrated liquid, which is fed through a boiler feed pump via a preheater (Economizer) is fed back into the evaporator ei the absorption process (as with the condenser) heat is to be dissipated: 1) the heat of evaporation of the working medium (exhaust vapor), the heat of dissolution of the working medium (exhaust vapor) and possibly also overheating (relative to the temperature of the concentrated liquid obtained (Solution) that is taken up by the feed pump (see also section The total heat from the absorber corresponds to the heat from the cooling effort from the condenser in classic steam mode. This is initially an additional burden. Text Figure 8 now shows the introduction of the "heat converter" The heat converter is a heat storage medium and contains a medium that is well suited for storing heat; It works in a closed circuit activated by a circulating pump and takes the heat from the diluted solution to be cooled (auxiliary medium) in accordance with the gas flow principle, in order to transfer it continuously in the preheater (economizer) to the concentrated solution on its way to the evaporator in the counter-flow principle It is important to point out that the heat exchangers mentioned, which are the main elements of the converter, transfer heat from liquid to liquid, that is, work with favorable heat transfer coefficients, thermal conductivity coefficients and specific poor ones and are therefore suitable for high performance with relatively little effort to realize .

A regulating capability of the circulation pump can be used for larger load fluctuations If very large temperature intervals are required, it can be the heat converter in two or more units that are completely separate circuits own, subdivide, in turn made the individual circulation pumps controllable can be; the individual parts of such a heat converter can also be used with different Heat storage media are applied. see text figure 9 Finally, lets the structure of the heat converter can be simplified by at least in the (hot) region the heat from the diluted brine (auxiliary medium), which from the Evaporator flees, in a direct heat exchanger to the concentrated to the evaporator flowing brine transferred to text Figure 10 shows a scheme with two direct Heat exchangers and an indirect heat exchanger like the heat exchanger in Heat converters the heat energy from the diluted solution back into the concentrated one Solution transferred, a liquid turbine in the heat converter can generate the pressure energy from the diluted solution again - as an additional motor to the feed pump motor - transferred to the concentrated solution. This liquid, keitsturbine is in the Declares text images as "relaxers" and takes the position of a realable one "Drossel" for this reason the new name "heat converter" chosen , since in addition to the "heat exchange" it also exchanges the pressure "in its functional area including Ls it is evident that the introduction of the heat transducer will affect the processes of heat engines in which a special carrier (auxiliary medium) is the actual Contains working medium in comparison to the classic steam power plant power 5) According to the knowledge gained, the introduction of the Ammonia operation in nuclear power plant construction is interesting with regard to radiation braking the concentration of H2 in the related working medium appears to be of importance : now H20 contains 1/8 = 0.125 of H2, while NH3 contains 0.1765 of H2 is.

A very important point to be mentioned regarding leakages is NH3 the specific smell that can still be perceived at high dilutions The NH3 operation therefore has an advantage that cannot be assessed sufficiently highly compared to H20 operation, as there is an immediate risk of radioactive leakage for every human being recognizable and audible should be remembered in this context of the processes involved in introducing the luminous gas: luminous gas does not have a pleasant smell and a skilled chemist found out how to make the coal gas odorless , "so-called salon gas" could generate. Fortunately, it was recognized at the time what ' The smell of the luminous gas is a blessing, as it warns of leaks 6) Summary Using .ntropy / enthalpy / pressure diagrams it is shown that it is next to Water is another working medium that is suitable for power plant operation. The introduction of the heat converter, a redesigned construction element, makes power generation processes that work with an auxiliary medium competitive opposite the Lilass steam power station. The result is greater heat yield and minor waste heat accumulations Generally appear processes in which the working Heat transfer medium is not condensed, but rather absorbed by an auxiliary medium , of particular importance. From this the need arises to a more diversified one intensive study of these processes I N H A L T S - V E R Z E I C H N I S: Page 1) Introduction: The need for a new power plant concept to look for 11) The dwindling energy sources .. 2 ..

12) Abandoning energy waste 121) in heating consumption 122) in the motor vehicle through greater economy 1? "through good combustion efficiency . .2 ..

123) in the power plant (e.g. remedy in the heating power plant) 124) 1? (new Xraftwerk conception as a way out). .

2) Task and first attempts at a solution: 21) The heat of evaporation of VJasserdampfes .. 3 22) The heat of evaporation of other media 23) Precipitation of media whose properties prevent their use in power stations 231) Desirable is a small heat of vaporization combined with a large specific heat of the steam 4 ..

232) Disintegration phenomena of the media at high permanent temperature (toluene interesting) .4 ..

3) An interesting solution with a number of important aspects ..5 ..

31) The solution and the diagram used 32) possible areas of operation in the I-S diagram of NR3 33) Creation of a basis for comparison of four parameters 34) Presentation of the results (in comparison tables) ..7 ..

4) The heat converter 16 41) The function of the heat converter and its various embodiments explained using a humid NH3 steam engine 16 - 23 5) The NH3 operation in a nuclear power plant 24 6) Summary 24 Dem Report is a special diagram (I-S diagram) for water and a special diagram for ammonia enclosed.

Figure is also a large format L eerseite

Claims (21)

Claims for registration: power plant system. 1) Steam power plant with a closed circuit characterized that the Arbeitsmed @ around a chemical with a small heat of vaporization and a large specific Heat of steam is. 2) Steam power plant with closed @ a circuit characterized that the working medium is ammonia (NH3) 3) Closed circuit steam power plant characterized in that the exhaust vapor of the working medium is not in a condenser is condensed after it has completed its work, but from a second (auxiliary) medium is absorbed, from which the working medium is at the beginning of the new cycle is evaporated again. 4) steam power plant according to claim 3, characterized in that the Working medium not water or Water vapor is, but another suitable one Chemical that can be easily absorbed by the auxiliary medium and removed well in the evaporator Allow auxiliary medium to evaporate. 5) steam power plant according to claim 3, characterized in that the The working medium is NH3 and the auxiliary medium is H2O. 6) steam power plant according to claim 3, characterized in that the Working medium NH3 and the auxiliary medium zinc chloride diammonia (ZnCl2 (NH3) 2) or zinc perrhenate ammonia (Zn (NH3) 4 (Re O4) 2) or a mixture of both 7) Steam power plant according to Illlspruch 3 to 6 characterized in that the auxiliary medium is taken from the evaporator is after part of the working medium has evaporated therefrom, and relaxed and is counted down in order to later take up the fresh working medium again in the absorber and being heated up and pumped back into the evaporator. 8) steam power plant according to claim 7, characterized in that im Evaporator only so much of the working medium is evaporated from the auxiliary medium, da @ that arises due to the concentration of the working medium in the auxiliary medium Absorpti @ nwärme in the absorber reduced resp. neglecti @ -bar l-lein is 9) Steam power plant according to claim 3, characterized in that the selection of the working medium and the associated auxiliary medium happens in such a way that the working medium is absorbed after its energy release, a cold solution occurs in the auxiliary medium. 10) Dampfkra @ t @ Erk according to claim 7, characterized in that the Hilismedium is partially saturated with a third medium, so @ the absorption heat in the absorber, where the working medium is absorbed by the @ilfsredium, greatly reduced respectively becomes negligibly small. 11) steam power plant according to claim 4, characterized in that the Dam @ fer like the absorber @ built-in, which with the help of highly corrosive and hoc @ heat-resistant porous materials the @ elucidation of @ auxiliary medium and intensify the evaporated working medium. 12) Dampfkraft @ Erk according to @nsoruch 5 characterized as @ das @ ilfs @ edium through a @@ ärmewandler "runs once after it comes out of the Verd @@ pfer has been removed, and for the time being before it is removed again (after the working medium has been taken up) is fed into @en evaporator. 13) heat converter rach claim 12, characterized in that it the auxiliary medium removed from the evaporator both the @ärmenergie and withdraws the pressure energy (for example with the help of a liquid turbine) and later again fed into the enriched auxiliary medium: the thermal energy through heat exchangers, the pressure energy through the evaporator feed pump. 14) heat converter according to claim 13, characterized in that its individual elements as an actuator influenced by a controller in their effect so that the function of the evaporator and absorber is matched to one another and always work at an optimal operating point. 15) heat converter according to claim 13, characterized in that it directly the heat from the auxiliary medium, which is removed from the evaporator and in the enriched @ ilfsmediu @ that comes from the absorber, transfers into @, where the Cogenstrom principle is adhered to. 16) heat converter according to claim 15, characterized in that its Heat exchanger consists of several adjustable stages that are separate from one another 17) Heat converter according to Claim 15 and 16, characterized in that one or more Step the @ poor indirectly with the help of one or more liquid heat transfer media transfer . 18) heat converter according to claim 15 to 17, characterized in that that the transfer of heat energy is regulated and especially when in use of the special @ ärmetrager is influenced by the amount in circulation or whose mean temperature or a combination of both is regulated 19) steam power plant according to claim 3, characterized in that the absorber is divided into several units is 20) steam power plant according to claim 19, characterized in that between each two individual absorber parts arranged heat exchanger for cooling the auxiliary medium are . 21) steam power plant according to claim 20, characterized in that the Heat exchangers between the absorber units are parts of the heat exchanger and are in whose control system will be included 22) Steam power plant according to claims 1 to 3 thereby characterized in that the odor of the selected working medium is preferably NH3 for the case that the steam power plant works in conjunction with a nuclear reactor , for example vapors or liquids escaping from leaks immediately, even in the largest Recognizes dilutions and so the personnel staying in the vicinity from radiation damage warns.