DE2721450A1 - Wind turbine for operating electrical generator - has crown of blades on vertical rotor which are hollow body curved segments - Google Patents

Abstract

The wind turbine for driving machines e.g. electrical generators or pumps has a pref. vertical rotor with at least two blades which in the rotary direction of the rotor run inwards on their front edges. This inwards shaping extends over the full width of the blades which are curved in a concave fashion over both width and axial length. The blades are segments or sections of hollow body and the blades are symmetrically mounted. The blade shaping provides particularly good stability and can be made from thin-walled low weight material.

Description

Wind turbine

Wind turbine The invention relates to a wind turbine according to the preamble of claim 1.

The most famous wind turbine of this type is the Savonius wind turbine, which has two straight blades that have constant cross-section along their length. The efficiency of this Savonius wind turbine is around 30% and its peripheral speed can be up to 1.8 times the respective wind speed. she will normally arranged with a vertical axis of rotation and is self-starting.

Another known wind turbine (DT-OS 2 540 757) has an efficiency of about 30 - 35% and their rotor has a very narrow, long wing, which is a middle curved Part of streamlined shape transversely has to the curvature. This wing is only effective when the peripheral speed of the wing is greater than about 3 times the wind speed, so that the Rotor initially to this circumferential speed by a smaller Savonius wind turbine must be brought relative to the wind speed so that the rotor delivers power. The maximum of their efficiency is when the wing tip speed is about 6 times greater than the wind speed and decreases when it is above it increasing wing tip speed.

It is an object of the invention to provide a wind turbine of the type mentioned at the outset To create a way that allows to achieve high levels of efficiency and others Has advantages.

This object is achieved by the invention specified in claim 1.

Based on previous investigations, this wind turbine leaves essential achieve and has higher efficiencies than the aforementioned known wind turbines also numerous other advantages.

Thus, the blades are excellent due to their bowl-like shape Intrinsic stability and can therefore also be thin-walled with a correspondingly low weight be formed. It can also be used with advantage adjustment the angle of attack of the blades can be provided, for example to achieve maximum torques or efficiencies under different external conditions. The adjustability of the blades and their shape can also be made in such a way that that they can be pivoted into positions in which they do not have a wind drive of the rotor more and the rotor strong wind, such as in a storm or hurricane occurs, opposes only minimal air resistance, so that even with not particularly high inherent stability of the rotor and its storage no risk of damage Storm occurs. The blades can also easily start the rotor by itself be designed so that no auxiliary drive has to be provided for start-up.

When setting up the rotor with a vertical axis of rotation, it is with respect to its output regardless of the horizontal wind direction. It can however, in some cases it can also be provided that it can be rotated with a non-vertical axis of rotation, for example, with a horizontal axis of rotation, if this consists of any Reasons should be desirable.

The wind turbine according to the invention can be despite its high efficiency to realize structurally simple and inexpensive and also to build without further ado in such a way that it requires little maintenance. Since the rotor has high efficiencies already at relatively low speeds can be achieved, they often allow immediate propulsion without intermediate gear of machines to be driven, for example generators and pumps.

The wind turbine according to the invention can be of very different sizes be built and used. Large rotor dimensions are often advantageous. In many In some cases, however, it is also sufficient to provide a relatively small size, for example for the purpose of single drive of agricultural pumps or drive of an electric one Electric generator delivering electricity for heat storage stoves in a single house. It can also drive electrical generators for other feeding purposes, for example for feeding electricity into a supply network or for feeding electrical ones Splitting plants that split water into oxygen and hydrogen It is also possible to to arrange the rotor on a high-voltage pylon and by means of it an electric To drive a generator, its electricity, if necessary, after transforming it into a high-voltage line fed in, which is carried by this mast.

In the invention, the rotor can also easily be designed in such a way that that it has a particularly aesthetically pleasing appearance and so on does not spoil the landscape, for example an appearance similar to a spherical tree has what you can support with appropriate coloring. Even if several or many such wind turbines are arranged at relatively short distances from one another are, aesthetically very satisfactory external appearances achieve, For example, a forest-like appearance or the like. You can also use the Place rotors on suitable masts high above the ground, where the wind speeds are larger and more even.

You can also arrange two rotors relatively close to each other, if you arrange their blades so that one rotor clockwise and the others rotates counter-clockwise, as they then do not disturb each other in terms of air.

Because of the high inherent stability caused by the bowl-shaped blades of the blades, the blades can also have very large dimensions without complex measures get what produces extremely high performance.

It is particularly advantageous if the blades are used for wind propulsion of the rotor are arranged or adjusted so that the sum of the rotor axis related central angle of the blades of the rotor at least 1800, preferably more than 2500, without the invention being limited thereto. Most notably this sum can advantageously be 2600 to 3600 or often more than 3600.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the Blades of the rotor so designed a or 6k * t h 4 e that they are at least substantially are made as segments / a rotationally symmetrical hollow body and preferably are pivotable in non-driving positions in which they have this hollow body preferably form at least almost completely without gaps. The hollow body can be particularly advantageous be at least essentially a spherical surface, of both of them Poles spherical caps can be cut off. Other shapes of the hollow body as well come into question, preferably essentially elliptical, oval and similar shapes.

In many cases, the blades can suitably be approximately constant Have thickness, it is generally particularly advantageous that in the direction of rotation let the front edges of the blades begin with sharp edges. Also are in many Cases of aerodynamic cross-sectional profiles of the blades are possible and advantageous.

If, as preferably provided, the angle of attack of the blades is adjustable are, this can usually be done advantageously by allowing the blades to pivot to provide stationary geometric pivot axes relative to the rotor, which is particularly may advantageously be parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor, but in some cases can also be inclined to the rotor axis of rotation.

In some cases it can also be provided with advantage that the location the pivot axes of the blades can be adjusted relative to the rotor axis of rotation and / or, that the blades have fixed angles of attack, but their radial distance from the Rotor axis of rotation is adjustable.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing. 1 shows a diagrammatic perspective view of a first exemplary embodiment a wind turbine according to the invention with a vertical axis of rotation, Fig. 2 and 3 equatorial sections through the rotor according to Fig. 1 in different scales, the blades in these two figures with two different angles of attack Fig. 4 is a plan view of the blades of the rotor of Fig. 1, however, these blades are pivoted into their non-driving position, in which they form a hollow sphere, FIG. 5 is a side view of a rotor according to FIG a second embodiment of the invention, FIG. 6 shows an equatorial section by the rotor according to FIG. 5, FIG. 7 shows a side view of a wind turbine according to one further embodiment of the invention, FIG. 8 is a side view of a rotor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIG. 9 is a side view a wind turbine according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention in sections Depiction, FIG. 10 is a plan view of the rotor according to FIG. 9, 11-13 plan views of a rotor similar to that of FIG. 9, with its blades are in different positions, FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic oblique view a wind turbine according to a further embodiment of the invention with six Blades, Fig. 15 the blades and shaft of the rotor of the wind turbine according to Fig. 14 in plan view, with flow arrows being drawn in, FIG. 16 a representation of the rotor according to Fig. 15 without drawn flow arrows, Fig. 17-19 the rotor according to FIGS. 15 and 16, but with the blades set in other angular positions and, in the case of FIG. 18, balance weights are also drawn in, FIG. 20 each a top view of a rotor with and 21 three blades, which are in different Positions are located 22 shows a rotor in plan view with four Shovels, with the blades in the non-driving position, Fig. 23 shows the rotor according to FIG. 22, the blades being in a possible driving force Position, Fig. 24 is a plan view of a rotor with two blades in vane position inactive in drive, FIG. 25 shows the rotor according to FIG. 24, with the blades are in a possible drive-effective position, FIG. 26 a Top view of a rotor with six blades, with the blades in one active drive position are, FIG. 27 shows a section, in section Side view of a wind turbine according to a further embodiment of the invention, FIG. 28a shows a partial plan view of the rotor according to FIG. 27, FIG. 28b shows a A fragmentary plan view of the rotor according to FIG. 27 in the closed position which is inactive for the drive of the blades, one blade being cut equatorially, Fig. 29 shows an equatorial section through a rotor according to a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, in plan view FIG. 30 the rotor according to FIG. 29, the angle of attack of the blades is changed, FIG. 31 is a plan view of a rotor according to a further embodiment of the invention, FIG. 32 is a side view of the rotor according to FIG. 31 with the blades pivoted out maximally, FIG. 33 shows a side view of a Wind turbine with guide vanes, Fig. 34 shows an equatorial section through the rotor and Guide vanes of the wind turbine with guide vanes FIG. 35 shows a variant of FIG. 34.

The wind turbine 10 shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 has a mast 15 on which the shaft 13 of a rotor 11 with a vertical axis of rotation 13 'can be rotated is stored. Namely, a tube 16 is fixedly arranged on the mast 15, which on his upper end, namely a bearing 21 at half the height of the rotor 11 for the rotor shaft 13, which extends to the upper end of the rotor 11 and at the upper end a cap or cover rotating with the rotor 11 19 carries, which in its area is an axially flowing out of the rotor interior Prevents air flow, which has been found to be beneficial. Correspondingly wears the mast 15 at the level of the lower front end of the rotor also has such a cap, which, however, does not rotate with the rotor 11 and an axial outflow of air the inside of the rotor in their area. The rotor shaft 13 is down in the interior of the mast 15 having a plurality of spread feet is extended and is here directly coupled to the rotor shaft of an electrical generator 20, which is so driven by the rotor 11 of the wind turbine 10 and electrical Generates electricity. On the outer ring of the bearing 21 rotating with the rotor are a total of six arms 22 attached, two of which are vertical in the axial direction of the rotor are aligned one above the other and each such pair of arms is used to pivot Mounting of a blade 12 of the rotor 11 around an axis of rotation 13 ′ of the rotor 11 parallel pivot axis 14.

Those arranged at the same height and at the same angular intervals existing three blades 12 are designed the same and each as hollow spherical segments formed and these three spherical spherical segments form in the one shown in Fig. 4, closed position without any gaps and without overlapping a hollow ball, which only have openings for the passage of the rotor shaft 13 or of the mast tube 16 has. The arms 22 are with their outer ends to one short horizontal each attached to the inside of the relevant blade 12 Plate 24 rotatably hinged to which an adjusting rod at a distance from this articulation point 23 engages, so that the blades 12 are angularly adjustable about their pivot axes 14, in each case together by the same Pivot angle by corresponding movement coupling of the control rods 23, which only the upper three arms 22 are assigned, so that they are not to be seen in FIGS are seen.

The vertical pivot axes 14 of the three blades 12 lie in this advantageous embodiment close to the direction of rotation (arrow A) of the rotor 11 front edges 25 of the blades 12, which edges 25 in not shown Way with particular advantage can start with sharp edges, whereby the already unusually high efficiency of this rotor 10 can be increased even further. The radial The distance between the pivot axes 14 and the rotor rotation axis 13 'is in this exemplary embodiment approximately half the constant radius of curvature of the blade inner surfaces. the Blades 12 have an approximately constant thickness, which makes them cheaper to manufacture. In In a manner not shown, however, it can also be provided that the blades are aerodynamic Have cross-sectional profiles.

The angular adjustment of the blades 12 also allows them to be turned into to bring the inoperative position shown in Fig. 4, in which the The rotor practically forms a hollow sphere and is therefore indifferent to the wind which horizontal direction it blows, opposes minimal flow resistance, so that, for example, if there is a risk of damage to the rotor by a storm should, you can bring the blades 12 in this inactive position and then the wind turbine is not exposed to any dangerous forces. Also this one has Rotor always has an aesthetically very good, pleasing appearance and fits so well in every landscape picture.

The adjustment of the angle of attack of the blades can also serve to to regulate or control their drive power or their speed, preferably it can also be used for each wind speed that occurs to set optimal efficiency of the rotor 11.

In all driving positions, the blades are set so that that they are continuous continuously forward and from the equatorial plane that is perpendicular runs to the rotor axis of rotation at half the height of the blades 12, up and down are continuously curved inwards.

The angles of attack of the blades 12 are particularly advantageous to which the blade 12 directly acted upon by the wind is the one directed by it Air flow between her and the rotor shaft 13 through to the leading her Shovel 12 these too driving steers. Such a blade position Fig. 2 shows.

The rotor shown in FIGS. 1-4 was based on a small Test models examined in a wind tunnel and this model resulted in the shovel position according to Fig. 2 an unusually high efficiency of over 70%, namely even at relatively low ratios of wind speed to peripheral speed of the rotor 11 measured at the points of the blades 12, which are maximum radial Have a distance from the rotor axis of rotation 13 '. Particularly good results were achieved if this ratio of wind speed to the highest circumferential speed in each case, i.e. the equatorial peripheral speed, was approximately 1: 1, but also resulted in other ratios very high efficiencies and in general it should be due to of previous attempts to be particularly advantageous, this ratio approximately in the Limits 1: 1 to 2.5: 1 to be provided, without the invention being restricted thereto, because even with larger or smaller ratios still surprisingly high degrees of efficiency are achievable.

The tests also show that, if desired, extremely high speeds of the rotor can be achieved, but then the efficiency should be less than be at lower speeds. The position of the blades shown in FIG 12 resulted in a significantly higher degree of efficiency than in the case of the blade position according to FIG. 3.

Although it is useful, the angles of attack of the three blades 12 to make each the same size, regardless of which angle of attack is set, In some cases, the three blades 12 can also have different angles of attack to have.

The cause of the surprisingly high efficiency of this wind turbine could not yet be explained theoretically.

FIG. 2 shows a scale drawing. As can be seen from FIG is, steers in each case that vane 12, the inner surface of which is directly blown against by the wind this air flow acting on it on the inside on the leading to it Shovel so that this air acts on the latter blade on the inside and on it also exerts driving torques. The exact flow conditions which occur in operation could not yet be examined in detail. Even though it has proven to be advantageous for the blades 12 to be parallel to the axis of rotation 13 ' Pivoting pivot axes 14 can, if necessary, also be the unchangeable setting of the Blades or radial adjustment of the blades 12 may be provided.

As a result of the design of the blades 12 have as hollow spherical segments their inner and outer surfaces each have a constant radius of curvature.

5 and 6 is another embodiment of the invention shown, in which the rotor 11 only two by a hemispherical shell more constant Thick formed blade 12 has which on two plates 19 attached to rotor shaft 13 about pivot axes parallel to rotor shaft 13 14 pivotally mounted and pivotable by means of adjustment means, not shown are, in turn, expediently both blades 12 together by the same in each case Angle are infinitely pivotable up to a non-drive position, in which they form a hollow sphere with openings for the rotor shaft only at the two poles 13 has. When the blades 12 are open, the plates 19 prevent axial outflow of air from the inside of the rotor in their area, which is advantageous.

In Fig. 7 is a side view of a wind turbine 10 is shown, whose rotor 11 corresponds to that of FIGS. 5 and 6 with the difference that the two identically shaped blades 12 are not hemispherical shells, but shells approximately of constant thickness, the inner surface and outer surface of which each correspond to a semi-ellipsoid correspond, whose long axis is parallel in this preferred embodiment extends to the shaft 13 of the rotor 11. These two blades 12 can also be Pivot into a non-drive position in which they form a hollow ellipsoid with piercing points at its two poles for the rotatable in a bearing on the mast 15 Rotor shaft 13. In this embodiment, too, there is an axial exit of air from the inside of the rotor on the top and bottom through spherical caps 19 prevents what is beneficial.

In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the rotor 11 also has two bowl-shaped blades 12, which are relatively elongated in the direction of the rotor shaft 13 are and are constructed as follows: When the two blades 12 around their by trunnions pivot axes 14 formed on plates 19 are pivoted into their non-driving position are, they form together with the exception of the piercing points for the rotor shaft 13 a closed hollow body of approximately constant wall thickness, the middle has a circular cylindrical longitudinal section, on the two end faces of which have hemispherical surfaces connect whose concave sides are on the inside of the rotor 11. The longitudinal axis this rotary hollow body falls into the axis of rotation of the rotor 11 and these two Shells can be thought of as having arisen by making this hollow body of revolution halved along a plane determined by the rotor axis of rotation. The length of the cylindrical portion relative to the axial length of the hemispherical surface-like End sections can be different and is to be taken so that also a high efficiency can be achieved.

Although it is generally particularly advantageous if the blades, regardless of whether two or more blades are provided in their closed Positions form a rotationally symmetrical hollow body, the invention is based on this not restricted. In many cases, the blades can be used in their drive units Leave clear gaps between each position or overlap.

Good results can also be achieved if the blades at at least one of their end faces compared to the illustrated embodiments are shortened.

Numerous other variations are also possible. So they can Blades often be segments of non-rotationally symmetrical hollow bodies. Or it it can often also be provided that the blades do not approach both axial ends, but are curved inward only on one axial end, for example. The rotor by the upper half of one of the rotors shown is formed.

However, it is essential that the blades in the axial direction at least a partial area to at least one axial end extend inward.

9 and 10 is a further embodiment of one according to the invention Wind turbine 10 shown, the rotor 11 of which has a ring of four identically formed Has blades 12 and each blade 12 forms an almost pole-to-pole surface of a sphere Reaching spherical surface segment, the central angle of which is approximately 900. These four blades 12 are so inactive by pivoting about the pivot axes 14 Pivotable rest positions, in which they form a hollow sphere, the longitudinal axis of which falls into the axis of the rotor shaft 13 and by pivoting out the blades 12 from these limit positions, the blades 12 are in driving-effective positions pivoted. The driving position of the blades shown in FIG. 10 12 had also been examined in the wind tunnel and produced extraordinarily high results Efficiency. It goes without saying, nUn also with other angles of attack of the blades 12 very high degrees of efficiency can be achieved and the respective favorable angle of attack can be easily determined by experiment.

The pivot axes 14 of the blades 12 form surface lines of a to Rotor shaft 13 coaxial geometric cylindrical surface, the radius of which here is approximately the 0.6 times the radius of the inner surface of the blade and this pivot axis 14 lies also in a plane bisecting the blade in question in the axial direction.

In FIGS. 9 and 10, the overlap with respect to the direction of rotation (Arrow A) of the rotor 11, front end regions of the blades on a central region the height of the blades 12, and thereby adjacent blades 12 each form one into the space area encompassing the rotor shaft 13 on the inside of the blades 12 convex-concave funnel 27, the air flowing out of these funnels 27 which is located in front of the respective funnel 27 in the direction of rotation of the rotor Blade 12 acted on the inside, with due to the strong increase the air flow velocity through the inner surfaces of the blades at a high flow velocity. A circulating air flow of high flow velocity should be around the rotor shaft 13 form.

Furthermore, the blades 12 are continuous in all drive positions forward inward and continuously up and down from the equatorial plane curved inward.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the pivot axes 14 are the Blades arranged so that at the angle of attack shown in the direction of rotation front blade edges in through the axis of rotation of the Rotor 11 going vertical planes fall, whereas in Fig. 11 to 13 a rotor 11 is shown, its blades 12 also as in Fig. 9 and 10 quarter segments of the same spherical shell are, however, their pivot axes 14 are arranged so that in the one shown in FIG Angle of attack, which corresponds to that of FIG. 10, the front one in the direction of rotation Edges of the blades 12 are at a considerable distance from the parallel to them, have plane going through the rotor axis. The angles of attack of the blades 12 are also adjustable, see Fig. 11-13.

In the case of the embodiment according to FIG. 11, the inside of the rotor 11 blown in from the rotor interior by the wind driving it escape more easily than in the case of the embodiment of FIG. 10, so that one can see from an example of these two exemplary embodiments that one through Change in the position of the pivot axes 14 of the blades 12 influence the air currents can take inside the rotor and you can then easily through experiments on a case-by-case basis determine which position of the pivot axes 14 of the blades and which or which The blade pitch angle can achieve the highest levels of efficiency in each case.

13 shows a plan view of the rotor according to FIGS. 11 and 12 and it can be seen that this inactive position of the rotor 11 is such, that its four blades 12 form a hollow sphere without gaps only at their poles is penetrated by the rotor shaft 13.

The wind turbine 10 shown in FIGS. 14-19, the rotor 11 of which has a In the mast 15 arranged generator 20 drives, has six blades 12, the in their non-driving positions (Fig. 19) adjoining sections a common spherical surface, whose axis coincides with the axis of the shaft 13 of the rotor 11 coincides. In fact, these blades 12 according to FIG. 19 in non-effective Adjust positions around their pivot axes, in which they together with frontal End plates 19, on which they are pivotably articulated, a closed rotary hollow body form, which has the shape of a spherical surface with the same size cut off on the pole side Has spherical caps. The cut spherical caps are through those on the shaft 13 fixed flat plates 19 replaced, which end-face closures of the Form the rotor 11 and tangential to the plates 19 by means of the ones shown in FIG vertical six cutting planes is the remaining spherical surface area in the six Shovels divided, the pivot axes 14 by the foremost in the direction of rotation inner tips of the blades 12 go parallel to the rotor shaft 13. The angle of attack the blades can be used together in the same direction and by the same amount continuously between the closed position (Fig. 19) of the blades and theirs Adjust the maximum open position (Fig. 17).

Two intermediate positions are shown in FIGS.

In Fig. 18, balance weights 29 are also drawn in, which are firmly connected to the blades 12 and cause the center of gravity of the out Shovel 12 and the Balance weight 29 existing mass in the Pivot axis 14 of this blade 12 falls, so that when the rotor 11 rotates Centrifugal forces do not generate any torque about the pivot axis 14 of the blade 12.

15 is a flow image recorded with the aid of threads the air flow is shown as it is when the rotor 11 is stationary in its equatorial plane occurs when it is caused by a horizontal air flow perpendicular to the rotor axis of rotation 14 is flowed against. As can be seen, arises inside the rotor 11 around his Shaft 13 a circulating flow and furthermore those flowing inside the rotor Air currents simultaneously driving all the blades in the direction of rotation of the rotor Generate torques. Of course, they change as the rotor rotates the air currents, which has not yet been recorded.

The radius of the plates 19 corresponds in this advantageous embodiment about half the radius of curvature of the blades.

In Fig. 20 is a plan view of a rotor 11 in the closed Position of its blades 12 shown according to a further embodiment, in which the blades 12 are again sections of a hollow body, preferably a spherical surface. There are three blades which can be pivoted about pivot axes 14 are that make it possible to use these blades 12 at different angles of attack adjust, one possibility being shown in FIG. These blades 12 are on triangular end plates 19 of the rotor 11 in the vicinity hinged their corners and these pivot axes 14 are here in the vicinity the leading edges of the blades 12.

Each blade is almost one in the case of a constant radius of curvature Spherical cap.

In FIGS. 22 and 23, a rotor 11 with four blades 12 is shown, which can also be sections of a common spherical surface and according to Fig. 22 through two mutually perpendicular / sectional planes from the spherical surface are cut out, which are tangential to the one drawn in the end caps 19 Run in a circle. At the inner corners at the front in the direction of rotation of the rotor 11 of these blades 12 go to the pivot axes 14 parallel to the rotor axis of rotation Blades 12 through. A possible angle of attack of these blades is shown in Fig. 23, but the angle of incidence of the blades 11 should probably be used during operation mostly expediently set smaller than shown in Fig. 23, since the maximum Efficiency is likely to occur at smaller setting angles.

The rotor 11 shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 can be like the rotor 11 5 and 6 consist of two blades 12, each of which is approximately one Represents hemispherical surface and the only difference from Figs. 5 and 6 is in in this case, that the pivot axes, not shown, of these two blades 12 are made so that each of its adjustable positions from a parallel shift and this perpendicular displacement is thought to have arisen, so that their distances too to the rotor shaft 13 are adjustable.

The rotor 11 of a wind turbine shown in FIGS. 27, 28a, 28b 10 has a ring of twelve blades 12 of the same design, which are also 40 sections of a spherical surface / and adjustable about pivot axes 14 are.

In Fig. 28b their closed position is shown by means of blades 12, one of which is cut equatorially and in Fig. 28a is a possible open position represented by four blades 12.

The blades 12 are to the equatorial plane of the rotor 11, which is perpendicular stands on the axis of rotation, symmetrically, but have no vertical plane of symmetry.

Halfway up the blades 12, an arm 30 is attached to each of them, their inner ends to a rotatable on the rotor shaft 13 disc 31 and further are externally hinged to a fixed on the shaft 13 plate 32, so that the blades 12 can be adjusted in angle by turning the disk 31. Further are the blades 12 articulated at their axial ends to cover caps 19 to ensure their stability to improve. The cover caps 19 also prevent axial air leakage in their area from the rotor 11.

In the Fio. 29 and 30 is an embodiment of a rotor 11 shown, the six blades 12 also expediently the shape of segments a vqrr vys way rotationally symmetrical surface / a spherical surface can be 12, however, these blades / blades overlap in the direction of rotation of the rotor 11, i.e. have central angles greater than 600 in relation to the axis of rotation of the rotor.

The central angle of theirs encompassed by each shovel assigned, in this advantageous exemplary embodiment, the rotationally symmetrical surface that generates it 900, so that in the closed position of these blades shown in FIG each blade overlaps each adjacent blade by approximately 300. This overlap has become smaller in FIG. The radial distance between the pivot axes 14 of these blades from the axis of the rotor shaft 13 corresponds approximately to half that Radius of curvature of the individual blades 12 and also each pivot axis 14 approximately in the plane formed by the circular arc-shaped at the front in the direction of rotation Edge of the blade 12 is determined. This rotor also has excellent efficiencies.

The rotor 11 arranged on a mast 15 according to FIGS. 31 and 32 has a ring of three blades 12, each of which corresponds to a hemisphere, so that in the closed position shown in full in FIG. 31 this Vanes 12 each vane 12 with each adjacent vane 12 by approximately 60 ° overlaps. The angle of attack of the blades can be varied between the in FIG. 31 the fully illustrated closed position and that in FIG. 31 with dash-dotted lines The maximum open position shown can be adjusted continuously. In this embodiment is a generator 20 to be driven by the rotor 11 to the side of the mast 15 attached to this and is via a gear 33 from the rotor shaft 13 translated into high speed driven.

A bearing 21 arranged on the mast 15 for the rotor shaft 13 is here also arranged halfway up the rotor 11, which is particularly useful. The blades 12 are on two plates 32 located on the inside of the rotor 11 pivotably articulated and the position of their pivot axes 14 is off 31 can be seen. The angle of the blades is adjusted using a rotatable one Disk 31 to which the blades are articulated.

In most embodiments, the blades are sections of spherical surfaces, but it is shown on the basis of some embodiments that also Deviations from such spherical surface sections can be provided.

Furthermore, in all exemplary embodiments, the blades are designed in such a way that that in their closed positions they overlap, or at least nearly overlap Connect to each other without gaps and thus create a hollow body in their closed positions result, which can be particularly expediently rotationally symmetrical without the invention is limited to this. In some cases it can also be provided that the Leave the blades free in their inactive positions, which can preferably have a smaller width than the blades.

Other modifications and arrangements of the blades are also possible, which also lead to high efficiencies, for example blades that do not have a plane of symmetry to have.

If you consider the power of the wind turbine rotor without changing the If you want to increase the rotor, you can have at least one stationary one opposite its circumference Provide guide vane. Two exemplary embodiments are shown in FIGS. 33 to 35. 33 and 34, the rotor 11 has two blades 12 which are in the form of hollow Hemispheres are designed as in FIGS. 5 and 6.

Three guide vanes 16 'are stationary opposite this rotor 11, which are pivotably articulated on plates 36 and their angle of incidence in no more detail illustrated manner can be appropriately adjustable to different Torques or to be able to achieve speeds of the rotor 11 by changing their angle of attack. It is often expedient here for the angle of attack of the blades 12 of the rotor 11 to be unchangeable to be provided. These stationary guide vanes 16 'are here as spherical surface segments formed, which each have a central angle of 1200 and so cut out of a sphere can be thought, which includes the rotor 11 at a small distance, so that these guide surfaces 16 'by pivoting about their pivot axes 37 parallel to the rotor shaft 13 to form a closed hollow ball can be joined together, the rotor 11 against the wind shields in order to prevent damage to the rotor 11, for example in the event of a storm.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 35, three stationary, Angularly pivotable guide vanes 16 ′ are provided, the pivot axes of which are denoted by 37 which are therefore relatively close to the axis of rotation 13 of the rotor 11. The rotor 11 has three blades, 12, each of which is a segment of a spherical surface, which extends over a central angle of approx. 1500. Each such shovel 12 is intended to be generated from the assigned spherical surface through two cutting planes think that go through the longitudinal axis of the spherical surface and make an angle of about Include 150 °. The guide vanes 16 'extend over a central angle of 1200 each based on the ball to be generated and can be swiveled are also joined together to form a spherical surface, which the rotor 11 against the influence of wind shields. In their operating positions, these guide vanes 16 'also increase the wind speed in the area of the rotor 11 considerably and thus increase its drive effective performance.

In the case of a rotor or guide vanes designed as hollow spherical segments these can often advantageously be made up of identical triangular hollow spherical sections put together.

In the drawing, all rotors 11 shown each have one Wreath of blades 12 on. However, it is also conceivable to have two or more blade rings to be provided for the rotor. So two or more blade rings could be axially one above the other and / or two or more blade rings can be arranged concentrically to one another.

In addition to the high efficiencies, the invention leaves numerous achieve further advantages. The wind turbine can be structurally simple so realize that adjustment of the angle of attack and / or other Laqeverstellung the blades can be provided, even during operation, for different purposes can serve, such as power or speed control or regulation, switching off the Rotors, adaptation to different wind speeds, setting optimal Efficiency, reduction of excessive wind loads on the rotor in particular Storm, etc. However, the blades can also be unadjustable if necessary. Esthetic attractive appearance of the rotor. High inherent stability of the blades. very large speed range.

Favorable operating speeds. Self-start. Adaptability to different conditions. Simple, diverse assembly. Versatile application.

Compact designs, etc.

Claims (1)

Wind turbine for driving machines, such as electric generators, pumps or the like, with a rotor preferably having a vertical axis of rotation, which has at least two blades which run inward in the direction of rotation of the rotor towards their front edges in the direction of rotation of the rotor, characterized in that the blades ( 125 extend inwardly towards at least one of its axial ends. 2. Wind turbine according to claim 1, characterized in that the blade (12) extends inward from a central region towards both axial ends. 3. Wind turbine according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that characterized in that the blades (12) extend continuously inwards over their width, preferably are continuously curved essentially concave across its width is curved. 5. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one driving effective position of the blades (12) is provided in which each blade inner surface directly acted upon by the wind the air flow deflected by it at least substantially between it and the rotor axis of rotation through at least one directs a considerable part to the inner surface of at least one of its leading blade and thereby a drive torque is exerted on the latter blade. 6. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the .Schaufeln (12) taper from a central region to both axial ends. 7. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the blades (12) in or sections are essential segments / of a hollow body, preferably a rotationally symmetrical hollow body. 8. Wind turbine according to claim 7, characterized in that the central angle of the individual blade, based on the hollow body, is approximately 360 ° / m, where m is the number of blades of the blade ring. 9. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that in at least one driving position of the blades (12) of the or one of the blade rings, the total sum of their central angle related to the rotor axis of rotation is greater than 1800, preferably greater than 2500. 10. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1 - 9, characterized in that in at least one driving effective position of the blades r] f (, on the @@ t @ rdr @ hachse related total sum of the central angle of the blades of the or at least one sonic ring of the rotor is a maximum of 360 °. 1. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1 - 9, as (1llrch characterized, that in at least one drive-effective position di (blades of the or one Overlap the blade ring of the rotor. 19. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the inner surfaces of the blades (12) are approximately portions of a spherical surface. 13. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1-11, characterized in that that the inner surfaces of the blades are approximately sections of a rotationally symmetrical ellipsoid the oval hollow body are. 14. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1-11, characterized in that that the inner surface of the blade (12) is continuously curved in the longitudinal direction of the blade is. 15. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1-3 or 5-11, characterized in that that at least one axial section of the blade is straight and preferably to the axis of rotation of the rotor is inclined, preferably the blade from two mutually angled straight sections. 16. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the blades are approximately constant in thickness. 17. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1 - 15, characterized in that that the blades (12) have streamlined cross-sectional profiles. 18. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the blade inner and / or outer surfaces elevations and / or depressions in Have the form of air guiding and / or stiffening ribs or grooves. 19. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that each blade (12) has a plane of symmetry perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor Has. 20. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that each blade has a plane of symmetry extending in its axial direction Has. 21. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the rotor has a single blade ring and preferably all blades below are equally trained. 22. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the mean distance of the upper and / or lower end of the blade from the Rotor axis of rotation smaller by at least half than the mean distance between them Cross-sectional area of the blade is which is the greatest mean distance from the Has rotor axis of rotation. 23. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the angle of attack of the blades are adjustable, preferably by turning about pivot axes (14) parallel to the rotor axis of rotation. 24. Wind turbine according to claim 23, characterized in that the Angle of attack of the blades together in the same direction and by the same amount in each case are adjustable. 25. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the blades are adjustable in non-driving positions and that preferably the blades in these positions have minimal resistance to the attack of the wind Form opposing hollow body. 26. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the front edges of the blades in the direction of rotation are sharp. 27. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that at least one driving effective position of the blades (12) is such that that of the individual blade in the end area adjacent to the axis of rotation outflowing air the blade located in front of her in the direction of rotation of rotation in such a way that at least a considerable part of this air flows inward between them Blade and the rotor axis of rotation is deflected. 28. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that at least one driving effective position of the blades (12) is such that that of the individual blade in the end area adjacent to the axis of rotation outflowing air the blade located in front of her in the direction of rotation of rotation in such a way flows in that at least a considerable part of this air is diverted to the outside. 29. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the radial distance of the blades from the rotor axis of rotation is adjustable, preferably coupled with simultaneous angle adjustment of the blades. 30. Wind turbine according to one of claims 23-29, characterized in that that the pivot axis (14) of the blade (12) is parallel to the rotor axis of rotation (13) Level that the shovel roughly halves. 31. Wind turbine according to one of claims 23-30, characterized in that that the pivot axis (14) of the shovel (12) passes through the shovel at two points. 32. Wind turbine according to one of claims 23 - 31, characterized in that that the blades are approximately balanced with respect to their pivot axes, preferably by using balance weights so that the rotation of the rotor on the centrifugal force acting on it does not generate any disruptive torque about the pivot axis. 33. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the rotor (11) has three blades (12) which form a blade ring. 34. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1 - 32, characterized in that that the rotor has four to six blades (12) which form a blade ring. 35. Wind turbine according to one of Claims 1 - 32, characterized in that that the rotor has more than six blades (12) which form a blade ring. 36. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that their rotor is arranged on a mast of a high-voltage line, so that this Mast also forms the mast of the wind turbine. 37. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that on or opposite at least one end face of the rotor a cap or plate (19) is arranged, the axial air outlet in its area from the rotor interior prevented. 38. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the rotor has a flywheel that smoothes the rotor speed serves. 39. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that with a ratio of wind speed to peripheral speed of the rotor worked on its circumference of the largest diameter of approximately 1: 1 to 1: 2.5 will. 40. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that at least one angle of attack of the blades (12) is provided at which the inner surface of a blade and the outer surface of it opposite to the direction of rotation of the rotor upstream shovel form a concave-convex funnel (27) whose passage opening extends only part of the height of the blades. 41. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the blades are rigid hollow shells. 42. Wind turbine according to one of claims 1-20 or 22-41, characterized characterized in that the rotor r11) has several rings of blades (12). 43. Wind turbine according to claim 42, characterized in that the Rotor has two rings of blades, which are arranged concentrically to one another are. 44. Wind turbine according to claim 43, characterized in that the Extent of the blades of the outer ring in the direction of the axis of rotation is considerable is greater than the extension of the blades of the inner ring. 45. Wind turbine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that that the circumference of the rotor has at least one stationary guide vane (16 ') is opposite, which deflects the wind flowing on its inner surface onto the rotor. 46. Wind turbine according to claim 45, characterized in that the Extent of the guide vanes (16) in the direction of the axis of rotation of the rotor (11) is considerable is larger than that of the blades of the rotor. 47. Wind turbine according to claim 45 and 46, characterized in that the angle of attack of the guide vanes (16) are adjustable and that preferably the The angle of attack of the blades (12) of the rotor (11) are unadjustable. 48. Wind turbine according to one of claims 45 to 47, characterized in that that the guide vanes between them limit convex-concave funnels, their outlet openings are directed towards the rotor tangentially or with a tangential component.