DE2714324A1 - Photoelectric system for travelled distance measurement - has reflecting scale grid, transparent reference grid and two photoelectric receivers - Google Patents

Photoelectric system for travelled distance measurement - has reflecting scale grid, transparent reference grid and two photoelectric receivers

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Publication number
DE2714324A1
DE2714324A1 DE19772714324 DE2714324A DE2714324A1 DE 2714324 A1 DE2714324 A1 DE 2714324A1 DE 19772714324 DE19772714324 DE 19772714324 DE 2714324 A DE2714324 A DE 2714324A DE 2714324 A1 DE2714324 A1 DE 2714324A1
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DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
grid
grating
light
photoelectric
distance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
DE19772714324
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German (de)
Other versions
DE2714324C2 (en
Inventor
Dietmar Kaul
Joerg Dipl Ing Willhelm
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Leica Microsystems Holdings GmbH
Original Assignee
Ernst Leitz Wetzlar GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ernst Leitz Wetzlar GmbH filed Critical Ernst Leitz Wetzlar GmbH
Priority to DE19772714324 priority Critical patent/DE2714324C2/en
Priority to CH1407077A priority patent/CH626169A5/de
Priority to US05/854,380 priority patent/US4176276A/en
Priority to GB48944/77A priority patent/GB1592705A/en
Publication of DE2714324A1 publication Critical patent/DE2714324A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE2714324C2 publication Critical patent/DE2714324C2/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/36Forming the light into pulses
    • G01D5/38Forming the light into pulses by diffraction gratings

Abstract

A photo-electric system uses incident light and has a light source, a reflecting scale grid and a transparent reference grid whose optically active grid constants are in the ratio dR = dS (1(+-)v), with v = dS/(Y+dS) representing a distortion factor and y the distance between bright and dark lines of a Vernier pattern generated by the grids. At least two photoelectric receivers are provided in the light direction at a distance x from the grid with the greater grid constant. Here x = a/v, with a the optically effective distance between the reference and scale grid, with their distance from each other not equal to ny/2, where n = 1, 2, 3..... The reference grid (11) is a phase grid whose diffraction characteristic, taking into consideration the distortion factor v, at least approx. coincides with that of the scale grid (12).

Description

Fotoelektrisches Auflicht-Wegmeßsystem Photoelectric incident light measuring system

Die Erfindung betriff ein fotoelektrisches Auflicht-Wegmeßsystem nach Patent ... (Patentanmeldung P 26 53 545.5) mit einer Lichtquelle, einem reflektierenden Maßstabgitter, einem transparenten Referenzgitter mit vom Maßstabgitter unterschiedlicher Gitterkonstante, einem Luftabstand zwischen beiden Gittern und mindestens einem fotoelektrischen Empfänger, bei dem die optisch wirksamen Gitterkonstanten beider Gitter im Verhältnis dR = dM (1 # v) zueinander stehen, wobei dR und dM die optisch wirksamen Gitterkonstanten des Referenzgitters M und des Maßstabgitters, v = einen Verzerrungsy + dM faktor und y den Abstand der hellen und dunklen durch die beiden Gitter erzeugten Vernierstreifen bedeuten, bei dem mindestens zwei fotoelektrische Empfänger in Lichtrichtung gemassen zumindest angenähert in einem Abstand x von dem Gitter mit der jeweils größeren optisch wirksamen Gitterkonstante entfernt sind, für den x = a/v gilt mit einem optisch wirksamen Luftabstand a zwischen Referenz- und Maßstabgitter und bei dem der Abstand der fotoelektrischen Empfänger voneinander senkrecht zur Vernierstreifenrichtung ungleich n . y/2 mit n = 1, 2, 3, ... ist.The invention relates to a photoelectric incident-light measuring system Patent ... (patent application P 26 53 545.5) with a light source, a reflective one Scale grid, a transparent reference grid with a different from the scale grid Grid constant, an air gap between the two grids and at least one Photoelectric receiver in which the optically effective grating constants of both Grids are in the ratio dR = dM (1 # v) to each other, where dR and dM are the optical effective grid constants of the reference grid M and the scale grid, v = one Distortion y + dM factor and y the distance of the light and dark by the two Grating generated vernier strips mean in which at least two photoelectric Receiver measured in the direction of light at least approximately at a distance x from removed from the grating with the larger optically effective grating constant, for x = a / v, with an optically effective air gap a between reference and scale grids and in which the distance of the photoelectric receivers from one another perpendicular to the direction of the vernier strip not equal to n. y / 2 with n = 1, 2, 3, ...

Die in der Hauptanmeldung P 26 53 545.5 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiele zeigen als Referenz- und Maßstabgitter jeweils Amplitudengitter. Dabei ist unmittelbar erkennbar, daß bei einem Steg-/Lückeverhältnis von 1:1 die lichtundurchlässigen Stege des Referenzgitters von vornherein 50 % des Beleuchtungslichts unterdrücken.The embodiments shown in the main application P 26 53 545.5 show amplitude grids as reference and scale grids. It is immediate it can be seen that with a bridge / gap ratio of 1: 1 the opaque Suppress 50% of the illuminating light from the start.

Soweit die Stege diesen Lichtanteil nicht vollständig absorbieren, entstehen empfängerseitig zusätzlich störende Reflexe. Prozentual dieselben Lichtverluste entstehen bei;;; Austritt des am Malistabgitter reflektierten Lichts aus dem Meßsystem.If the webs do not completely absorb this portion of light, additional disturbing reflections arise on the receiver side. The same percentage of light losses arise at ;;; Exit of the light reflected at the Malist grating from the measuring system.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine weitere Ausgestaltung des iii der llauptanmeldung beschriebenen Systems anzugeben, die lichtstärker und weitgehend frei von störenden Reflexen ist.The present invention is therefore based on the object of a specify further configuration of the system described in the main application, which is more luminous and largely free of annoying reflections.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß das Referenzgitter ein Phasengitter ist, dessen Beugungscharakteristik unter Berücksichtigung des Verzerrungsfaktors v zumindest angenähert mit <1er des Maßstabgitters übereinstimmt.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that the reference grid is a phase grating whose diffraction characteristic takes into account the distortion factor v at least approximately corresponds to <1s of the scale grid.

Der Phasenhub zwischen den einzelnen Strukturelementen des Referenzgitters kann einem optischen Gangunterschied von etwa einer viertel Wellenlänge des wirksamen Beleuchtungslichts entsprechen, wenn die körperlich ausgebildete Gitterkonstante des Heferellzgitters Gleich der optisch wirksamen Gitterkonstanten ç nach der Hauptanmeldung ist Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der erfindungsgemäßen Anordnung ist in der Zeichnung schematisch dargestellt und wird nachfolgend bes.chrieben. Im einzelnen zeigen: Fig. la die Intensitätsverteilung in den Jlauptbougungsordnungen bei einein Amplitudengitter, Fig. 1b die Intensitätsverteilung in den Hauptbeugungs ordnungen bei einem Phasengitter mit #/4 Phasenhub, Fig. 2 ein Auflicllt-Weeme Usys tenl, bei dem das lieferenzgitter ein Phasengitter mit #/4 Phasenhub ist.The phase shift between the individual structural elements of the reference grid can have an optical path difference of about a quarter wavelength of the effective Illuminating light correspond if the physically formed grating constant des Heferellzgitter Equal to the optically effective lattice constant ç according to the main application An embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention is shown in the drawing shown schematically and is described below. Show in detail: Fig. La shows the intensity distribution in the main roughness orders with an amplitude grating, Fig. 1b shows the intensity distribution in the main diffraction orders in a phase grating with # / 4 phase deviation, Fig. 2 shows a Auflicllt-Weeme Usys tenl in which the reference grating is a phase grating with # / 4 phase deviation.

Die liguren la und ib zeigen iii; Vergleich die Lichtintensitäten in den Hauptbeugungsordnungen bei einem Durchlicht-Amplitudengitter und einem Durchlicht-Phasengitter. Abgesehen von den unvermeidbaren 12eflexionsverlusten an Luft/Glas-Flächen tritt beim Phasengitter nahezu das gesamte ankommende Licht durch das Gitter hindurch. Jedes Phasengitter mit von A/2 (k= Wellenlänge des wirksamen Beleuchtungslichts) abweichendem Phasenhub zwischen den einzelnen Strukturelementen weist auch Lichtanteile in der 0. Beugungsordnung auf. Wenn der Phasenhub etwa k/4 entspricht, dann zeigt sich, daß die Lichtintensitäten in der +1. und der -1. Beugungsordnung zusammen der Lichtintensität in der 0. Beugungsordnung entsprecllen. Das Phasengitter verhält sich daher über einen bestimmten Phasenhubbereich hinsichtlich seiner Beugungscharakteristik genauso wie ein Amplitudengitter gleicher Gitterkonstante mit dem Vorteil einer nahezu verdoppelten Lichtstärke.The ligures la and ib show iii; Compare the light intensities in the main diffraction orders in a transmitted-light amplitude grating and a transmitted-light phase grating. Apart from the unavoidable reflection losses on air / glass surfaces with the phase grating almost all of the incoming light passes through the grating. Each phase grating with from A / 2 (k = wavelength of the effective illuminating light) deviating phase deviation between the individual structural elements also has light components in the 0th order of diffraction. If the phase deviation is about k / 4, then shows that the light intensities in the +1. and the -1. Diffraction order together correspond to the light intensity in the 0th order of diffraction. The phase grating behaves therefore over a certain phase deviation range with regard to its diffraction characteristics just like an amplitude grating of the same grating constant with the advantage of a almost doubled light intensity.

Bei der Erklärung des Funktionsprinzips der Ausführungsbeispiele nacli der llauptanmeldung wurde von einem geometrisch-optisch erzeugten Schattenbild ausgegangen, das im Zusammenwirken des Iteferenz- und des Mabstabgitters entsteht. Selbstverständlich ließe sich das entstehende Streifenmuster weniger anschaulich auch wellenoptisch durch Interferenzen zwischen gebeugten Strahlenbündeln erklären. Eine solche Erklärung würde unmittelbar auch bei einem Aufbau mit einem Phasengitter als Referenzgitter anwendbar sein, da dieses ja keine anschaulich erklärbaren "Schaltten" wirft. lJa oben jedoch festgestellt wurde, dat3 sich tlas Phasengitter unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen beugungsmäßig wie ein Amplitudengitter verhält und experimentell bestätigt wird, daß das Phasengitter dieselbe Funktion ausübt wie das npli tuden-Hferenzgit ter, wird auch hier dieselbe Darstellungsweise verwendet wie in der Hauptanmeldung.When explaining the functional principle of the exemplary embodiments nacli The main registration was based on a geometrically-optically generated silhouette, which arises in the interaction of the Iteference and the scale grid. Of course the resulting stripe pattern could also be less clearly illustrated in terms of wave optics explain by interference between diffracted beams. Such a statement would also be used directly in a setup with a phase grating as the reference grating be applicable, since this does not throw any clearly explainable "switches". lYes above However, it has been established that the phase grating can be used under certain conditions behaves diffractively like an amplitude grating and is confirmed experimentally, that the phase grating performs the same function as the nplituden reference grating, The same representation is used here as in the main application.

In Fig. 2 ist das Referenzgitter 11 ein Phasongitter mit vorzugsweise \/4 Phasenhub zwischen den einzelnen Strukturelementen. Das Mef3system wird beispielsweise durch eine ausgedehnte Lichtquelle 10 ausgeleuchtet.In Fig. 2, the reference grid 11 is a phase grid with preferably \ / 4 phase shift between the individual structural elements. The Mef3system is for example illuminated by an extended light source 10.

Die an den Stegen des Maßstabgitters 12 reflektierten Lichtanteile erzeugen nach Wechselwirkung mit deiii Maßstabgitter 11 in der Ebene 13 das Vernier-Streifenmuster. Dabei wird in analoger Betrachtungsweise angenommen, daß die Furchen des Phasengitters dei: durch lässigen Bereichen eines Amplitudengitters und die Stege den undurchlässigeii Bereichen eines Amplitudengitters entsprechen. Diese geometrisch-optische Modellvorstellung ist im Ergebnis in Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment.The light components reflected on the bars of the scale grating 12 after interaction with the scale grid 11 in the plane 13 produce the vernier stripe pattern. It is assumed in an analogous way that the grooves of the phase grating dei: through permeable areas of an amplitude grating and the webs the impermeableeii Correspond to areas of an amplitude grating. This geometrical-optical model concept is in accordance with the experiment as a result.

In der Ebene 13 entsteht danach ein aus Iie Llen uiid dunklen Streifen bestehendes Vernier-Streifenmuster mit einem Abstand y/2 zwischen den helleii und dunklen Streifen. Vorzugsweise im Abstand y/4 sind in der Ebene 13 fotoelektrische Empfänger 14, 15, 16, 17 angeordnot, die bei einer Relativverschiebung zwischen Referenz- und Maßstabgitter mit periodisch wechselnden, zueinander phasenverschobenen Lichtflüssen beaufschlagt werden. Die Auswertung der entstehenden elektrischen Signale erfolgt in bekannter Weise.In level 13, a strip of dark and dark lines is then created existing vernier stripe pattern with a distance y / 2 between the helleii and dark stripes. Preferably at a distance y / 4 there are 13 photoelectric ones in the plane Receivers 14, 15, 16, 17 are arranged, which in the event of a relative displacement between Reference and scale grids with periodically changing, mutually phase-shifted Light fluxes are applied. The evaluation of the resulting electrical signals takes place in a known manner.

L e e r s e i t eL e r s e i t e

Claims (2)

Patentansprüche 1. Fotoelektrisches Auflicht-Wegmeßsystem mit einer Lichtquelle, mit einem reflektierenden Maßstabgitter und einem transparenten Referenzgitter, deren optisch wirksame Gitterkonstanten im Verhältnis dR = dM (1 # v) dM zueinander stehen, wobei v = einen Verzerrungsy + dM faktor und y den Abstand zwischen den hellen und dunklen durch die beiden Gitter erzeugten Vernier-Streigen bedeuten, mit mindestens zwei fotoelektrischen Empfängern, die in Lichtrichtung gemessen zumindest angenähert in einem Abstand x von dem Gitter der jeweils größeren optisch wirksamen Gitterkonstante entfernt sind, für den x = a/v gilt, wobei a der optisch wirksame Luftabstand zwischen Referenz- und Maßstabgitter ist, und deren Abstand voneinander senkrecht zur Vernier-Streifenrichtung ungleich n . y/2 mit n = 1, 2, 3, ... Claims 1. Photoelectric incident light measuring system with a Light source, with a reflective scale grid and a transparent reference grid, their optically effective lattice constants in the ratio dR = dM (1 # v) dM to each other stand, where v = a distortion y + dM factor and y the distance between the light and dark mean Vernier stripes generated by the two grids, with at least two photoelectric receivers that are measured in the direction of light at least approximately at a distance x from the grid of the larger optically effective Lattice constant are removed, for which x = a / v applies, where a is the optically effective The air gap between the reference and scale grids is, and their distance from one another perpendicular to the vernier strip direction not equal to n. y / 2 with n = 1, 2, 3, ... ist, nach Patentanmeldung P 26 53 545.5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Referenzgitter (11) ein Phasengitter ist, dessen Beugungscharakteristik unter Berücksdichtigung des Verzerrungsfaktors v zumindest angenähert mit der des Maßstabgitters (12) übereinstimmt. is, according to patent application P 26 53 545.5, characterized in that that the reference grating (11) is a phase grating, its diffraction characteristic taking into account the distortion factor v at least approximately with that of des Scale grid (12) matches. 2. Fotoelektrisches Auflicht-Wegmeßsystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Phasenhub zwischen den einzelnen Strukturelementen des Referenzgitters einem optischen Gangunterschied von etwa einer viertel Wellenlänge des wirksamen Beleuchtungslichts entspricht und die körperlich ausgebildete Gitterkonstante des Refernzgitters gleich der optisch wirksamen Gitterkonstante dR ist.2. Photoelectric incident-light measuring system according to claim 1, characterized characterized in that the phase deviation between the individual structural elements of the reference grid an optical path difference of about a quarter wavelength of the effective one Illuminating light and corresponds to the physically formed grating constant of the Reference grating is equal to the optically effective grating constant dR.
DE19772714324 1976-11-25 1977-03-31 Photoelectric reflected-light distance measuring device Expired DE2714324C2 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19772714324 DE2714324C2 (en) 1977-03-31 1977-03-31 Photoelectric reflected-light distance measuring device
CH1407077A CH626169A5 (en) 1976-11-25 1977-11-17
US05/854,380 US4176276A (en) 1976-11-25 1977-11-23 Photoelectric incident light distance measuring device
GB48944/77A GB1592705A (en) 1976-11-25 1977-11-24 Optical travel measuring device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19772714324 DE2714324C2 (en) 1977-03-31 1977-03-31 Photoelectric reflected-light distance measuring device

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE2714324A1 true DE2714324A1 (en) 1978-10-05
DE2714324C2 DE2714324C2 (en) 1985-01-24

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DE19772714324 Expired DE2714324C2 (en) 1976-11-25 1977-03-31 Photoelectric reflected-light distance measuring device

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0163362A1 (en) * 1984-05-31 1985-12-04 Dr. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH Displacement measuring apparatus and method
DE19918101A1 (en) * 1999-04-22 2000-10-26 Heidenhain Gmbh Dr Johannes Optical position measurement device, has scanning unit with detector arrangement with blocks of detector elements in measurement direction with period derived from Vernier period
US6472658B2 (en) 1997-12-10 2002-10-29 Dr. Johannes Heidenhain Gmbh Photoelectric position measuring system that optimizes modulation of a scanning device and the intensity of a reference mark signal
EP1293758A1 (en) * 2001-09-12 2003-03-19 OPTOLAB Licensing GmbH Measuring body for position measuring systems
US6552810B1 (en) 1999-02-04 2003-04-22 Dr. Johannes Hiedenhein Gmbh Optical measuring system
WO2004010170A1 (en) * 2002-07-19 2004-01-29 Optolab Licensing Gmbh Optical determination of a position or length
DE112004002777B4 (en) * 2004-03-03 2013-11-07 Mitsubishi Denki K.K. Optical encoder

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3541199C1 (en) * 1985-11-21 1987-06-25 Heidenhain Gmbh Dr Johannes Photoelectric position measuring device

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2362731A1 (en) * 1973-12-17 1975-06-19 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Position signal generator for length and angle measurement - operates with multiple data obtained from single track

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2362731A1 (en) * 1973-12-17 1975-06-19 Leitz Ernst Gmbh Position signal generator for length and angle measurement - operates with multiple data obtained from single track

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0163362A1 (en) * 1984-05-31 1985-12-04 Dr. Johannes Heidenhain GmbH Displacement measuring apparatus and method
US6472658B2 (en) 1997-12-10 2002-10-29 Dr. Johannes Heidenhain Gmbh Photoelectric position measuring system that optimizes modulation of a scanning device and the intensity of a reference mark signal
US6552810B1 (en) 1999-02-04 2003-04-22 Dr. Johannes Hiedenhein Gmbh Optical measuring system
DE19918101A1 (en) * 1999-04-22 2000-10-26 Heidenhain Gmbh Dr Johannes Optical position measurement device, has scanning unit with detector arrangement with blocks of detector elements in measurement direction with period derived from Vernier period
US6794637B1 (en) 1999-04-22 2004-09-21 Dr. Johannas Heidenhain Gmbh Optical device for measuring position
EP1293758A1 (en) * 2001-09-12 2003-03-19 OPTOLAB Licensing GmbH Measuring body for position measuring systems
WO2004010170A1 (en) * 2002-07-19 2004-01-29 Optolab Licensing Gmbh Optical determination of a position or length
DE112004002777B4 (en) * 2004-03-03 2013-11-07 Mitsubishi Denki K.K. Optical encoder

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