DE2708004A1 - High strength mortars from dehydrated calcium sulphate cements - contg. a fine powder filler and using minimum amt. of water for mixing - Google Patents

Abstract

Cellular, semi-cellular and non-cellular construction materials are made from a mixt. of (a) 100 pts. wt. of hydraulic binder, pref. with >=30 pts. wt. dehydrated calcium sulphate binder; (b) 2-100 pts. wt. of a fine powder with a specific surface of >=1 and pref. 4-75 m2/g, and which is resistant to heat and water; (c) the smallest possible amt. of water of 10-45 pts. wt. and (d) 0-1000 pts. wt. coarser particulate material. The presence of the fine powder material reduces the amt. of water necessary and gives a prod. with an isotropic structure. The prods. harden by internal heat with little shrinkage and without internal stresses. If desired the prods. can be obtd. in cellular form. The finished prods. have improved strength, hardness and chemical resistance and are not attacked by moisture, water or salt solns. They have excellent fire resistance. They are useful in building and construction work, thermal and acoustic insulation, sanitary ware, ships hull, underwater construction, soil stabilisation, tanks, anticorrosion units, fire protection devices, etc.

Description

32 .. Use according to claim 30 or 3t, characterized

indicates that possibly complements are included according to claim 19 and that wet or dry compositions with the gypsum binder, fine powder and If necessary, larger aggregate materials can be embedded in the ground at depths of up to 1 u.

33. Using massive, non-porous compositions after a or more of the preceding claims, for the purpose of securing and stabilizing of slopes, embankments, dikes, foundations, in plant construction and road construction, 34. Use of a composition according to one or more of claims 1 - 30, as a synthetic aggregate material in the form of solid or porous products per se known mortar and / or a mortar, he according to one of the aforementioned Claims is composed, making lighter, cheaper and, in particular, frost-proof Mortar products are created.

Plaster of paris and fine powder products and method of making them the same.

The invention relates to plaster of paris and fine powder products and methods for the creation of porous and solid building materials and porous soil improvement materials, also wet and dry compositions for preparing these products.

The products of this invention are inexpensive, have high strength values on, have high resistance to fire, heat, water and salt solutions, Erosion and exposure to soil, air and water.

The raw materials are easily accessible and can be partial or quite by-products and waste.

Characteristic of well-known technologies: gypsum mortar and products from Gypsum mortars are widely used for interior walls, ceilings and plaster, namely for the following reasons: 1.) Plaster of paris is cheap, plaster of paris requires less energy than other binders as well as cement, clay and lime.

2.) Gypsum mortar sets quickly and with little expansion.

3.) Plaster of paris gives exact dimensions and no shrinkage cracks when poured.

4.) Gypsum products are porous and easily permeable to water vapor.

5.) Gypsum products protect against fire, but are dehydrated above 1000C.

However, there are limits to the use of gypsum as a building material: 6.) The strength of the products decreases with increasing water content in the mortar.

7.) The products lose their strength above 1000C due to dehydration.

8.) The products are easily destroyed by water and moisture.

Although theoretically only 19 parts of water are sufficient, around 100 parts of hemihydrate Converting to dihydrate according to CaSO4.1 / 2H2O + 3/2 H20 = CsS04.2H20 is used in practice 3 to 5 times this amount of water used for common β-hemihydrate, whereby the strengths of the products are lower than theoretical. Plaster of paris with regular The crystal structure is called o (gypsum. Α-hemihydrate and anhydrite require less water than ß-hemihydrate or (3-anhydrite and achieve higher strengths as ß-gypsum.

If gypsum is dehydrated above 1000C, the opposite reaction takes place than in mortar instead. Dihydrate gypsum changes into bemihydrate at 100-1500C and becomes converted to anhydrite at higher temperatures. These reactions are due to the burning gypsum and fire protection with gypsum products if there is a considerable amount of heat are absorbed by the drainage, so that the temperature rise is delayed will. When dehydrated, plaster of paris usually falls apart or loses as a powder its peatiness, because dihydrate gypsum through hydrogen bonds in the crystal water related.

α -crystals of hemihydrate or anhydrite are pressurized produced, among other things, as by-products of the H3P04 process or during cleaning of gypsum according to BE-PSs 744 866, 750 404, 757 189.

The bonds of the dihydrate through hydrogen bonds in the water of crystallization are also responsible for the low level of wetness in plaster of paris because water and salt solutions greatly reduce these binding forces.

Anhydrite gypsum decomposes pure at around 1200 ° C, and with impurities at 1000 to 11000C to CaO + S02 + 1/2 02.

Gypsum mortar with sand and slag as an additive is made known. Usually, grain sizes from 0.1 to 1 mm are preferred. Weather will be expanding Aggregates with grain sizes from 0.2 to 5 mm are used to increase thermal insulation and thereby delaying the degradation of such gypsum products through heat. these aggregate materials, especially the porosity, increase the water requirement of the mortar and set the strength values of the products further decrease.

In the G3-PS 880.229 improved strength values and better Heat resistance through coarse and finer blast furnace slag aggregate in the gypsum mortar asserts.

Gypsum mortar with SiO2 as kieselguhr is covered by DT-PS 645.146 and also became known through model tests at the Hoower-Boulder Dam in the USA.

According to FR-PS 1.527.087, fly ash is mixed into the gypsum mortar, resulting in products with low strengths. Same results will be with basic admixtures, lignite ash, or even with free lime, for example Cement in gypsum mortar, e.g.

according to DT-PS 2.002.570.

In US-PS 3,069,278 molded plaster lawn nozzles are described, Boi mixtures of "ball clay", kieselguhr and / or metalloids are also given are.

Furthermore, the US-PS 3,814,886 describes kerarian masses of gypsum mortar, small amounts of flux and larger amounts of solid aggregate "grogg", which are used in 1000 to 1400 ° C can be burned to produce higher quality products.

Products of the present invention differ in essentials Items from the products described in the above patents and other well-known gypsum products.

In none of the patents mentioned is a low water requirement of the mortar, and 75 to over 100 parts of water per 100 parts of hemihydrate ko = t in all examples as a typical water requirement. Reach only the fly ash the fineness of the fine powder with a specific surface area of over 4 m2 / g, which at the products of this invention are used and addressed. Also in the FR-PS 1.527.087 and in DT-OS 2.002.570 a higher water requirement is given, and the strength values are lower than for gypsum products without admixtures, i.e. H. that fly ash give no improvement.

The claimed heat resistance of the other gypsum products with blast furnace slags or hydraulic oxides is certainly due to the fact that blast furnace slag and cement as well as oxides such as A1203, ZrO2 and S102 are more heat-resistant are and hold the products together after the plaster of paris has broken down.

Only after firing at a temperature above 1000 ° C, it is stated that there is water resistance. The method and composition of the mortar according to U.S. Patent 3,814,886 differ significantly in process and compositions this invention, with which similar properties of the products without burning but rather arise only with a "cold sintering".

Object of the invention: The invention has one of the following objectives underlying object: The objectives of this invention are: A) Drying and wet compositions as well as methods are given for making them from cellular, partly porous - partly massive, products so-products like massive gypsum binders made of partially drained allow, and the limitations and do not have disadvantages of the known gypsum products.

B) It should be mortar products with high strength at relatively low Volume weight can be produced.

C) Products with high fire and heat resistance should be used be producible.

D) Bs should contain products containing gypsum with increased resistance against Solution and erosion of water and salt solutions can be produced.

E) It should be cheap products with low energy requirements from by-products and waste can be produced.

P) Porous soil improvement materials a :: should be given, which improve soil conditions and harvest. or assembling tongs that the Increased the wet load-bearing capacity of the soils.

G) other objects of the invention go from the 3 examples, or.

Summary of the invention from the stated advantages.

The claims specified in the claims serve to solve this problem Middle.

The mixing of the solid components is advantageously carried out dry, although examples are given of other types of mixing, the solid mixture is advantageously added to the water. Water, water solutions, emulsions, suspensions, Ice and snow or water vapor, raw materials containing water or foam compositions can also bring the water necessary for setting.

The resistance of the products to solution and erosion in water and in salt solutions is made by adding metallate, metal-amine and metal-ammonia ions increased to the mortar. Rapid drying of the unbound water and Higher strengths are achieved in the products through high-frequency heat.

The fine powder in the mortar sets the water requirement through lubrication and by delaying the absorption of water by the gypsum binder, making it more pourable or plastic mortar with low water content can be produced. The lower the water content, the higher the product strengths of the products This invention achieves, over known gypsum products, which are not a fine powder contain.

Even more important are the physical structure changes and likely chemical reaction processes caused by the fine powder in the mortar and give the products of this invention the pinched properties.

The products of this invention are compared to known gypsum products very sparingly soluble in water and in salt solutions and have high wet strength properties. Further, the strength values of the products of this invention are increased by drainage are not influenced or even increase and the strength values are at 1450 ° C more than 50% of the strength values at room temperature. The products do not show any Dismantling after 24 Hours at 1450 ° C, or after fire tests, such as Example 8 will show. The isotropic linear thermal expansion is very low and is about 3 # 10 6 / ° C.

Well-known gypsum products decompose to powder or when dehydrated to masses without residual strength and cannot withstand permanent temperatures above 2000C. Pure anhydrite gypsum is chemically decomposed into CaO + S02 + 1/2 o2 at around 12000C. Anhydrite with the same impurities in the form of fine powder decomposes equally, but already at 1000 to 110006. These impurities also set the melting point of the pure anhydride from about 145000 to 1300 to 1200 ° C.

Because the fine powder is contained in the mortar product according to this invention behaves differently, the course of the reaction must be changed in the mortar when it sets or when it is heated occur. Such changes are mainly found in the mortar and setting instead, and are referred to as "cold sintering". When heated, these Continue minor changes, but heating is not required.

Dihydrate gypsum and products made from it are strongly anisotropic and split slightly along the weak 010 planes created by hydrogen bonds in the water of crystallization the dihydrate Hold crystals together. When heated, the dihydrate expands perpendicular to these planes and disintegrates when the crystal water is removed will.

Water and saline solutions preferentially get through the 010 levels into the dihydrate crystals and soften the bonds, thereby increasing the NaB strength chain values can be reduced to a few percent of the dry pestiness values.

In contrast to dihydrate gypsum, products are created according to the invention with few or no 010 levels, 80 that stronger ties create cohesion ensure and no softening by dehydration, water or saline solution, d. H. no reduction in strength values occurs. The influence of metal ions, Metal hydroxide ions, metal laminates and metal ammonia give for the products even lower erosion and solubility in water and in saline solutions and is likely to explain that the ions dissolve existing hydrogen bonds and to In their place these ion bonds introduce into the crystal structure or others and result in stronger bonds that are unaffected by water and saline solutions will. Products of this invention can, in contrast to known gypsum products Can be used outdoors, in moisture and even underwater.

Summary of the characteristics of the products: The products made of plaster of paris with fine powder are cheaper, have higher strength and resistance against water, salt solutions, heat and fire as well-known gypsum products without fine Powder. Products, elements or parts thereof made in accordance with this invention are cheaper, have high strength even with a low density, hold heat and fire very well and give good protection against fire. According to this invention Manufactured bodies with cavities have, in particular, good thermal insulation, high acoustic absorption and sound attenuation. The products can be prefabricated or be cast or attached in place.

Such hollow bodies (produced e.g. by foaming) can foamed materials with different density or foamed materials combined with massive included. Products of any shape and with a density of 0.02 or more up to over 2 kg / l are used e.g. for tanks, pipes, containers, in shipbuilding, as load-bearing Structures, corrosion and fire protection bodies, for molds and for friction materials as well as products similar to porcelain. Corresponding voluminous or porous Materials are used to improve soils, e.g. to increase crop yields.

The fine powder in the mortar produces effects similar to burning from tan and due to partial vitrification or sintering however, these effects appear in the compositions of the present invention at much lower temperatures. The so-called "cold sintering" increases the The speed of sound in the bodies and the hardness thereof from about 3.4 to 3.5 km / sec for the raw materials to around 4.5 km / sec for the cold-sintered products, or to values up to 4.8 km / sec for the products of this invention after heating to about 1000 ° C.

The Mohs hardness for dihydrate is 1.6 to 2, o, for products of the present invention of plaster of paris and fine powder, however, 4, o to 5.5 and for products with surcharges 4.5 to 6.5.

Explanation of the diagram in the attached figure: The diagram shows the strength values as a function of the volume weight. The flexural strength is on the left ordinate and compressive strength is on the right ordinate applied. The density of the products is plotted on the abscissa.

Test methods: The specific test methods and tests are provided at explained in the examples. DiegezugfestigReit, in the following from the as B.Z.?. abbreviated specified, is 4 1 4 x 16 cm prisms according to the test procedure in DTN 1164 and a system according to DIN 51223. On the fragments of the B.Z.F. test, the compressive strength, hereinafter referred to as D.F. abbreviated, - determined according to DIN 51223. The strengths correspond to larger prisms. The particle sizes are given as diameter equivalent spherical dismeter (e.s.d.), i.e. a sphere with equal mass as particles. The size is determined according to the Stoke's sedimentation method, or more quickly determined by the Centrifugal-Casagrande Bydrometer method. The specific Surface is determined by N2 absorption.

e) The test times until breakage are approx 60 seconds set.

FEATURES OF THE INVENTION: The table below gives the preferred ones Components and their amounts for the products of the invention and differentiates between compulsory components and optional components that serve as auxiliary materials, which do not necessarily have to be present in the mortar. The yengen data are in weight steep.

OVERVIEW OF THE RAW MATERIALS: narrow and kind-per 100 parts Mandatory Optional binders, auxiliaries 100 parts hydraulic binders + 2 to 100 Parts fine powder + 14 to 40 parts water + 0 to 1000 parts coarser aggregate + 0 to 6 parts of coordination ions + 0 to 6 parts of foam stabilizers + 0 to 12 parts polar liquid + 0 to 12 parts cell-forming additive + 0 to 2.5 Parts of water repellants. + 0 to 1.6 parts dispersant + 0 to 1000 parts Reinforcement materials + 0 to 0.1 parts foam detergent + 0 to 80 parts longer and Plant Food Soil Conditioner + RAW MATERIALS: 100 each Parts of hydraulic binder contain at least 30 pulled parts of drained gypsum binder and can be defined from cements and / or hydraulic oxides or less latent hydraulic binders such as pozzolan etc. be. The plaster binder can, however 100 parts are also available themselves.

Give small, short crystals of alpha-hemihydrate and alpha-III-anhydrite gypsum Products with very high strength.

About 2/3 the strength with alpha plaster of paris will be with any type of beta plaster of paris achieved, or with beta-hemihydrate, beta-anhydrite with hydraulic properties pure or with CaO, calcium aluminate or calcium silicate or with so-called "gypsum cements" according to Geene's, Parian, Mack's and Martin's, plaster of paris dehydrated by immersion in solutions of alums, borax, calcium tartrate or calcium carbonate, with the plaster then again Firing takes place at 200 to 6000C. Dihydrate can also contain up to a large amount in the plaster of paris binder of 50% by weight occur, but then products with lower strength result and with accelerated setting. Gypsum that dehydrates at temperatures from 220 to 5000C is usually "burned to death" without the presence of the above-mentioned salts, without the ability to set and is therefore used as a binder for products according to this Invention unsuitable.

The fine powder for construction and insulation materials and similar Products has a specific surface area of over 1 m2 / g, preferably 4 to 75 m2 / g, and is less soluble in water than plaster of paris, i.e. H. the solubility is below 2g / l at 200C; the heat resistance of the fine powder is higher than maximum operating temperatures and often reaches up to 1500 ° C without degradation or melting or a large change in volume is caused and without other gases form as water vapor. The Seine powder can have various origins and compositions if this is defined, and is selected according to other criteria. Here include, for example, the price, the frequency of occurrence, the fineness of the Powder particles, the grain shape, the resistance to heat and water, the color, the ecological and toxic effects. It can also have less desirable properties be accepted. The chemical composition plays a role in the choice of the fine one Powder does not matter.

Examples of suitable fine powders are: a) Basic materials such as coal dust and metal powder, b) oxides of silicon and simple and mixed metal oxides, c) sulfides and disulfides of metals, d) carbides, borides and nitrides of boron, silicon and clay metals, e) hydrides and hydrogenated. Oxides of metals and silicon, f) Stable salts like SrSO4, BaSO4, BaSF6, phosphates, carbonates and borates and above all Things silicates, as well as all minerals and sediments, solid waste from burns, from mines, industry, ground demolition materials, etc.

Purely the use of the products according to the invention as materials powders such as those listed above can be used to improve soil conditions however, water resistance and heat resistance are not required and the powder and possibly coarser aggregate materials are essentially allowed in terms of grain size are only below 0.1 mm. The following aspects can be used for maximum effectiveness be decisive: g) fertilizer salts of Na, K, NH4, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cl, N03, S04, P04 and Urea, up to 30 parts per 100 parts binder, h) poorly soluble plant nutrients, such as lime, guano, apatite and phosphate slag, other slags and ashes, cellulose, Lignin, peat, brown coal, coal, ion exchange materials and carbides or cyanamides) up to 50 parts per 100 parts binder.

Coarser aggregate materials are used, especially with densities of the Products over 0.2 kg / l are used and can be natural, refined and expanded Minerals and sediments, as well as ash, slag, demolition materials and solid waste from mines, industry, waste incineration, Cellulose, lignin and other organic and / or inorganic fiber materials.

The shape of the grains of the fine powder and the coarser aggregate materials are chosen according to the purpose or changed by appropriate procedures.

Round, i.e. spherical grains result in a high modulus of elasticity.

Needle-shaped or fiber-shaped grains resulted in an average modulus of elasticity, high abrasion resistance and a noxious friction coefficient.

Flat grains, for example flaky grains, give a low Modulus of elasticity and higher elongation at break.

Irregular and expanded grains give a very low one Modulus of elasticity.

Products using flat and / or irregular grains have high fatigue strength, good absorption, and good soundproofing Damping of other vibrations.

Products with fine powder and aggregate materials will be harder as plaster of paris. The hardness for dihydrate gypsum is only 1.5 to 2 on the Mohs scale made of gypsum mortar with fine powder without coarser aggregate materials have on the Mohs scale has a hardness of 4 to 5. Products made of gypsum mortar with fine powder and coarser additive materials result in a hardness on the Mohs scale of 5 bls above 6th

The use of aggregate materials leads, especially at higher rates Volume weight, to savings, and it can give the products desired properties and desired appearance can be given. Contain the coarser aggregate materials mostly grains larger than 0.02 mm to about 1/4 of the smallest thickness of the product, as is the case, for example, with concrete aggregate materials.

For the production of mortar contain the liquid or the Foam composition a minimum of water to hydrate the hydraulic binder (hydrate) and obtain a pourable mortar, or grout etc., depending according to the process or the shaping for the products. As water can be pure Water can be used, but suzh aqueous solutions of other components, emulsions, Suspensions and dispersions, ice and snow, water vapor, or the water will fed with moist components. The liquid or foam can also contain various auxiliaries as well as other polar liquids with dielectric constants over 10, with the proportion of water in the mortar can be further reduced can. The mortar does not freeze.

The products dry more easily.

Further excipients for the purposes of the present invention, the not necessarily present in the mortar, are substances or reagents that are in the mortar Evolve steam and / or gases and thereby expanded mortar containing cavities result. Such substances are chlorofluorocarbons, for example trichlorofluoromethane (C13F !, which at approx.

Boil 230C. Are the cavities or cavities in the products of the invention? Cells or pores are precipitated with Cl3FC vapor, so the heat conduction is compared to air-filled Voids decreased. Especially for light cavity products and for mortar components with a tendency to agglomerate, foam stabilizers are used. Prevent this the disintegration of the foam mortar during mixing or when standing until it sets. Dispersants lead to the electrical charge of the individual grains and result in thereby a reduced mortar viscosity. Water repellants can already dem Mortar can be added or - after completion of the products - by impregnation be added.

A particularly high resistance to erosion and dissolution in water and in saline solutions is achieved when ions are present in the mortar, for example Metal ions, hydroxided metal ions, metal amine ions and metal ammonia cations, or hydrates, aminates, ammoniaates or addition complexes of such ions.

Fiber materials can be introduced into the products, namely for example for the purpose of reinforcement or as coarser aggregate materials. at In the manufacture of mortar, fibers result in a high viscosity and a high water requirement. Therefore, the fiber materials are more advantageous - these only after the mortar Manufacture and added before setting, or when molding or injection molding the Products.

Cellular products according to this invention, i.e. products containing voids, Cells or pores containing them can be of various compositions and by several suppliers can be created, or from pneumatically produced foam are produced, for which solid components or mortar containing these components be added. Gases and steam that develop in the mortar can also cellular products result. Expansion under vacuum as well as mechanical stirring can cellular mortars. The procedures listed can also be combined with one another are and are explained in Example 12 of the following examples.

Dispersants promote deflocculation and delamination of the solids in the mortar. In order to study the influence of the dispersants without the setting effect taking place in the mortar, suspensions without binders are scented: Dispersion A 35% water -65% pesticides ie: 58.5% kaolin-specific surface 12 m2 / g 6.5% Al (OH ) 3 -------- "------ 14 m2 / g kaolin / Al- (OH) 3 = 90/10 dispersion 3 40% water 60% solids ie: 48% kaolin-specific surface 12m2 / g 12% Al- (OH) 3 ------ "------- 14m2 / g kaolin / Al- (OH) 3 = 80/20 The following table shows the influences of two dispersants the dispersions A and B. Dispersive Brookfield viscosity in cP at 50 rpm is- sodium-hexametaphosphate ammonium-amidopoly- s phosphate / pergie- -mungsmit- ; part weight 0% 0.2 * 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 0.2k 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% by weight Dispersion A: 1120 560 255 235 240-140-162cP Dispersion B: 9950 190 160 86-136 96 96 120cP Other non-compulsory auxiliaries are foaming agents, such as, for example, nonionic detergents, cation detergents in small amounts of 0 to 0.1 parts. Anion detergents are often inactivated by calcium ions and are therefore unsuitable. Cellular products of this invention can also be made without such detergents. Manufacturing Process The process for manufacturing the products of the invention consists of some or all of the following steps: 1.) dewatering the gypsum binder, drying the raw materials thereof, 2.) fractionating and grinding the components, if any required, 3.) Mixing the binder with the fine powder either wet or before, during or after the dewatering of the binder, 4.) Adding the aggregate materials to the mixture produced above or to the mortar, 5.) Producing the mortar with a Minimum of water, added in the form of a liquid or foam, 6.) Intended use of the mortar or shaping of the products from it, 7.) Allow to set and, if necessary, remove unbound water.

Individual ways of carrying out the process are described in examples. Aside from making cellular products, these processes differ not from the well-known concrete technology. The procedure can take place at neither temperature from -40 to + 100 ° C and runs - apart from the above below 1.) specified removal and drying - usually at Ambient temperature. During the setting process, which is an exothermic reaction, will Heat develops, which accelerates the drying of the product, whereby temperatures from 30 to 80 ° C arise in the product. The drainage son alpha gypsum runs under Pressure up to 8 atu and at temperatures up to 150 ° C. The drainage of beta plaster takes place in a rotary kiln at 120 to 14OOC and is known. Be in one of the examples Specified mortar products of this invention which are subjected to a vacuum treatment to cause the expansion of the mortar and the drying of the products facilitate. A faster drying and higher strength are achieved by high frequency heat of over lOOWHz achieved with an energy consumption of 0.5 b2e 0.8 kwh / kg of product.

Products of this invention have no fine over mortar products Powder a number of advantages. The products are cheaper and have higher prices Strengths, especially in the case of light foam products (cellular products) of this invention. Products of this invention also have high durability against heat, fire, water and saline solutions and resulted in good thermal and sound insulation.

The compositions according to the invention are also used in agriculture to improve soils and to stabilize soils, for example in plant construction, at roads, dikes, foundations where non-porous material is used to increase the wet load-bearing capacity of the soils.

Porous products store and increase water and fertilizer in the soil the vegetation.

Exemplary embodiments: The following exemplary embodiments illustrate Applications and special possibilities and variations as well as the implementation of these Invention, however, do not represent a limitation on the scope of this invention Examples show preferred types of implementation for the procedure and give the respective results and conclusions reached again.

Example 1: "Gypsum Binder" Mortar became cellular prisms cast of 4 X 4 x 16 cm.

The following gypsum binders were investigated.

Mol H20 per ol CaSO4 A-: 100% α-hemihydrate from the ICI process 0.50 MOl of water B-: 99% α-III anhydrite 0.0 "n C-: 33% α -hemihydrate + 67% ß -hemihydrate 0.45 D-: 98% ß -hemihydrate + 2% minerals 0.40 E-: 52% ß -hemihydrate + 48% I3 dihydrate gypsum 1.20 "The composition for the massive prisms was for all gypsum binders are the same as follows: Drained plaster 100 parts dried clay particle size mainly below 0.005 mm 17 parts SiO2 fly ash, "" "0.0008mm 17 parts Fe2O3 from FeS2 gravel grate-specific surface 1.2m2 / g 350 parts Water as needed (see Table 1A) 14 - 34 parts The composition for cellular Prisms was as follows: Gypsum Binder A, B.C, D and E Dried clay, (as above) below 0.005 mm 17 parts SiO2 fly ash "" "0.0008 mm 17 parts become dry 1/4 Mixed for one hour and foam added from: Water (as above adapted to the binder) 14.5 - 35 parts Fett-Amid-Trisophone # PK foam stabilizer 0.03 parts The prisms dry by the heat of hydration and are according to DIN 1164 and 51227 with regard to the flexural strength "BZF" and according to DIN 51223 with regard to the compressive strength "DF" checked approx. 3 hours after setting. The results are in the tables 1A and 1B shown.

Solid prisms are made as follows: Fine powder is made for 15 minutes intensively mixed with plaster of paris binder and this mixture for further Mixed 2 minutes after adding Fe2O3 as an additive. The overall mix will quickly added to a minimum of water with stirring and about 45 seconds mixed quickly. The mortar is under Vibration poured into molds, to expel these puddles and trapped air; after 10 minutes molded the molds.

Table 1A - Solid prisms: gypsum density parts water Vicat Ab- "BZF" nDFn kg / l binding time kp / c-A 1.63 25 parts 350 sec. 132 670 B 1.64 34 parts 150 sec. 133 C 1.60 28 parts 390 sec. 92 470 D 1.59 30 parts 315 sec. 83 410 E 1.60 14 parts 100 sec. 42 200 cellular products of about 0.12 kg / l are made from the same Dry mix, but produced without Fe203 addition.

14.5 to 35 parts of water are mixed with O, O parts of fatty amides - about like Fire-fighting foam-foamed in an ejector, or the mixture is under 3 to 5 atmospheres pumped or pressed into a foam cylinder and compressed air of the same pressure is admitted. The filling in the foam cylinder and glass balls form the new surface and a fine, stable foam is created. The solids are at an angle of 450 or less are added to the foam stream and several well mixed with foam, for example by narrowing the hose for the foam mortar.

Table 1B - Cellular prisms: type of plaster volume weight parts water Vicat Ab- "BZF" binding time kp / cm A- 0.120 kg / l 25.5 390 sec. 20 35 B- 0.116 kg / l 35 160 sec. 21 35 C- 0.120 kg / l 29 410 sec. 17 30 D- 0.122 kg / l 31 310 sec. 14 24 E- 0.119 kg / l 14.5 90 sec. 8 13 The solid products of Table 1A have after three Hours higher strength than concrete 28 days after setting and only about 2/3 the weight of the concrete. Products made from alpha plaster of both tables have about 50% higher Pestilence as products made from beta plaster. Products made from alpha plaster and beta plaster im Mixtures are in between in terms of strengths.

For cellular products the strength values are much higher than for known zzllulare building materials or foam-concrete, foam-gypsum, expanded Clay and stone foam. In example 12, in which foaming methods are described and in Fig. 1 the products are compared with foam concrete.

Note: The strength values for products with beta anhydrite or with "gypsum cement" correspond to those for beta-hemi hydrate products.

Example 2: "Other binders" All mortar products, including those with cement or hydraulic oxides, achieve higher strength values if that Binder is encased in fine powder. Pri-s = s as in example 1 poured from solid mortar and tested. Results for products with 100 parts Binders are made with products made from mortar with 100 parts binder and 40 parts compared to fine powder, the fine powder being SiO2 - and fly ash-99.3 SiO2 with a grain diameter below 0.0008 mm were used: (BZF and DF are in the following always given in kp / cm2) A-100 parts cement without fine powder parts a) Cement type "BZF" "DF" water b) Normal cement 61 390 40 c) Rapid - cement 69 430 42 d) Alumina cement 67 410 38 e) M »gnesia cement 72 460 41 £) Slag cement 59 350 36 B-100 parts cement + 40 parts fly ash a) "EZP" fDFn parts water b) 98 470: 0 c) 104 510, 31 d) 105 500 29 e) 108 640 30 f) 96 450 27 the Strength values are valid for 28 days. The water requirement is always with fine powder about 10 parts lower, corresponding to a reduction to about 75%. The strength values as the tables show, increase considerably.

C-50 parts of cement without fine powder + 50 parts of α-hemihydrate Parts a) cement type "BZF" "DF" water b) normal cement 120 620 24 c) rapid cement 127 640 25 d) Alumina cement 125 640 24 e) Magnesia cement 130 640 25 f) Slag cement 120 620 24 D-50 parts cement + 50 parts α-hemihydrate + 40 parts fly ash "BZF" "DF" parts of water a) 165 780 22 b) 174 790 21.5 c) 171 790 21 d) 170 800 22 e) 163 760 21 The gypsum-containing products reached their full strength after 0.5 up to 3 hours. When cement acts as a fine powder, the need for water decreases here less with fly ash, but significantly higher strength values are achieved with plug ash E-100 Parts of α-hemihydrate BFZ "to the parts of water 110 490 31 F-100 parts of α -hemihydrate + 40 parts Flueasch.e "BFZ" DF "parts water 152 760 24 The water requirement also falls here and the strength values increase with fine powder. This effect is general for all mortar products.

Example 3 'Fine Powder Types': In this example, various Types of fine powder illustrated.

Solid prisms with the dimensions 4x4x16 cm are made, as in the example 1, made from: α-Hemlhydrate of the ICI process 100 parts Various fine powders 32 parts are mixed intensively and mixed while stirring with water 27 parts sodium hexametaphosphate dispersants normally 0.15 Parts "-" - "for Al (OH) 3 powder 0.30 parts The results of the Strength tests and other information are given in Tables 3A and 3B.

The strength values with inert powder are unexpected, as are those with hydraulic binder; the use of cement as a fine powder results with the same strength values as clay. The strength values increase with increasing fine powder regardless of the chemical composition of the powder. Same Results give cellular products of this invention as from the following Examples is still visible. Mortar with a pH value above 9 usually results in agglomeration and increasing viscosity. To avoid this, mortars with pH values of 8.5 and below preferred, or agglomeration is facilitated by dispersants reduced.

Table 3A maximum fine powder grain size "BZF" "DF" Remarks Normal cement 0.004 mm 140kp / cm2 720kp / cm2 High-viscosity mortar Rapid - "0.002 mm 149 "" 740 "" "White -" 0.003 mm 145 "" 730 "" Viscous binds quickly from alumina- " 0.003mm 144 "" 735 "" "" Slag- "0.005mm 140" "710" "easily pourable mortar Magnesia- "0.004 mm 140" "710" "rags in the mortar ZnO fine 0.002 mm 148" "750" "easily pourable mortar ZnO 0.006 mm 136 kp / cm2 660kp / cm2 light pourable mortar A1203 0.001mm 151 "1 755" MgO 0.001mm 152 "" 755 "" "MgO 0.005 mm 137 "" 690 "" "Hydraulic powders show strength values on average for B.Z.F. of 144 and for D.F. of 722 kp / cm2. Basic mortars are more difficult to pour.

Table 3 B Peine powder maximum B.Z.F. D.F. Remarks grain size SiO2 fly ash 0.0004 mm 157kp / cm2 770kp / cm2 slowly binds SiO2 "-" 0.0008 mm 156 "" "770" n t SiO2 crystalline 0.005 mm 140 "" 705 "" "" SiO2 amorphous 0.005 mm 140 "" 700 "" binds faster from basalt 0.004 mm 142 "730" "more easily pourable Mortar dolomite 0.014 mm 128 "" 630 "" Viscous mortar Mica mica 0.010 mm 134 " "690" 1 easily pourable mortar Li-Mica 0.010 mm 135 "t 690" "Talc 0.010 mm 135" "690" "" "Jarosite 0.005 mm 140" "700" "" "CaCO3-" coated "0.004 mm 144" "700" "" "Kaolin 0.0025 mm 144" "750" 1 1 1 Satin white + 0.003 mm 144 "1 630" "" " Coal slag 0.003 mm 145kp / cm2 730kp / cm2 Easily pourable mortar TiO2 rutile 0.001 mm 153 "" 760 " "" "Al (OH) 3 0.0008 mm 155" "770" "" "Al (OH) 3 0.0004 mm 157" "775" "" "" Aluminum 0.0006mm 156 "" 770 "" "" carbon black 0.00004mm 158 "" 840- "s The use of inert powders thus leads to strength values B.Z.F, 146 and D.? from 733 kp / cm2.

The mortars are usually easy to pour.

"CaCO3-Coated" refers to calcium carbonate coated with stearates. Satin white is calcium aluminate sulfate hydrate.3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.32H2O, which is referred to here as Dispersion in water is used, i.e. the water of the dispersion becomes simultaneous mixed with the powder of the plaster of paris binder.

Example 4 "Influence of the amount of fine powders" This example shows that the strength values of the products are almost independent of the proportion of fine powder in the mortar.

Solid and cellular prisms were, as described in Example 1, manufactured and tested, namely from the following compositions: A-: α-hemihydrate-der Boliden AB-H3P04 factory 100 parts ash + ground slag grains under 0.003 mm = variable: 10-50 parts The materials are mixed well and the following foam composition added: Water - including water specified below Solutions 29 parts K2SiO3 foam stabilizer and dispersant 2 parts dry cocoethanolamide Foam concentrate 0.005 parts dry, of which cell products with a density of 120 g / l are made will.

Other cell products with a density of 110 g / l are like produced follows: B -: - Hemihydrate from Boliden AB 100 parts and carbon black with specific Surface over 60 m2 / g 1 - 20 parts are mixed well and the following foam composition added IaurylsulSonat-Detergent 0.002 parts acrylic polymer Dispergator-Disper 41 0.05 part water 24 parts from the compositions C and below D cell products with a density of 100 g / l are produced.

C-: α α-Hemihydrate from Boliden AB 100 parts and alumina cement grains below 0.003 mm, 0 to 80 parts are mixed well and the following foam composition added: water 28 parts Na2SiO3 foam stabilizer dispersant 0.5 part D; This composition contains all components of C and an additional 0.2 parts of silicone hydro-adhesive "Kaliumsilicone Wacker BS 15" in the foam.

Solid prisms were made from the following compositions: E-: α Hemihydrate Molda Super 100 parts and wollastonite "Synop-al" grains below 0.005 mm 0 to 90 parts are mixed well and mixed with stirring with: water 27 parts F-: α hemihydrate of the ICI process 100 parts and predispersed Kaolin grains below 0.003 mm O to 90 parts are mixed well and stirred added to: water 30 parts The fine powder in composition A comes from a thermal power plant and is the combustion residue of hard coal and oil. In of composition B is used as carbon black "Conductex SC" in the compositions C and D, the powder consists of 44% A1203, 40% CaO and about 15% mixture of SiO2 + Fe2O3. The wollastonite in the composition E is synthetic with free SiO2 made of flint + lime manufactured. In the. Composition P is called fine powder Dixie-A-Kaolin from USA, which is prepared with polyphosphate.

The results are shown in Table 4 and show that very much fine powders, such as Xohle carbon black in composition B, already in quantities of 2 parts Powders per 100 parts hemihydrate are effective; other fine powders give in quantities from 20 to 100 parts of powder per 100 parts of Bemihydrate good; strength values with a flat maximum at 30 to 35 parts of powder, with often another maximum occurs at about 75 parts powder per 100 parts hemihydrate. A tendency to one There appears to be a minimum of strength at around 60 parts of powder.

Cellular products from compositions C and D are similar Dry strength values, but different wet strength values, which after a six months storage under 3 m water have been tested. The wet strength values show Even with 5 parts of fine powder, significant increases compared to pure plaster of paris and remain constant at proportions of about 20 to 80 parts of powder. The composition D with the waterproofing agent is more resistant to water than that Composition C 'with the same components, but without silicone, and has. higher Wet Strength Values as Composition C.

As the proportion of powder in the mortar increases, the proportion of binding agent decreases, however, the strength values remain in the range almost independently of the powder proportions from 20 to 100 parts of powder per 100 parts of plaster of paris. The mortar products show the same Independence from the surcharge share, which indicates that the break along the Interphases between different components takes place, whereby the strength values depend on the forces between the phases.

Table 4: Share formula ABC + D Cnaß Dnaß EF Powder BZF. DF. BZF. DF. BZF. DF. BZF. Double room BZF. DF. BFZ. DF. BZF. DF. 0 - - 10 21 10 20 0 0 10 21 121 490 115 420kp / cm2 2 - - 11 23 - - - - - - - - - - " 4 - - 13 27 - - - - - - - - - - " 5 - - - - 7 16 5 6 8 16 - - - - " 10 21 38 20 41 17 35 14 15 14 35 109 550 99 450 15 - - 26 54 19 39 17 16 21 40 - - - - @ 20 24 44 - - 20 41 19 21 21 42 125 630 126 610 25 - - - - 20 42 20 25 21 42 - - - - @ 30 27 49 21 43 22 28 22 43 131 685 131 660 " 33.5 27 50 - - - - - - - - - - @ 40 24 43 20 41 21 30 21 44 135 675 131 655 " 50 21 38 17 37 20 30 19 43 128 650 130 650 " 60 18 37 18 30 18 43 101 485 100 510 " 70 19 40 20 30 20 43 118 600 111 560 " 80 18 39 20 30 20 43 117 600 112 565 " 90 18 38 20 30 20 43 112 580 105 530 " 100 17 37 20 30 20 43 109 565 100 510 " The strength values are almost independent of the proportion of fine powder sn in the mortar from around 20 to 100 parts. For very fine powder and for high wet strength, even a few parts by weight, namely 2 to 5 parts, are effective and result in products with higher strength values than plaster of paris without fine powder in the mortar.

Example 5 "Granular shape and modulus of elasticity": The Ko'rnerform.des fine powder and the coarser aggregate materials will depend on the application of the Products chosen and varied according to the following rules: Round grains result in high moduli of elasticity in the products. 2 modulus of elasticity kp / cm 100 parts α-hemihydrate without powder 92,000 100 parts ß-hemihydrate without powder 63,000 100 parts α-hemihydrate + 30 parts SiO ash + 350 parts sand 44,000 100 parts α hemihydrate + 30 Parts Si02 ash + 400 parts basalt 142,000 100 parts hemihydrate + 30 parts A1203 powder + 500 parts of sand 148,000 fibrous and needle-shaped grains give average values of the modulus of elasticity: 100 parts of α-hemihydrate + 20 parts of satin-white dry parts 82,000 kp / cm2 flat or leaf-shaped grains result in low ones Modulus of elasticity: 100 parts oC hemihydrate + 30 parts clay 41,000 kp / cm2 powder + 350 parts bauxite 100 Parts o <-hemihydrate + 25 parts (AlOH) 3 + 300 parts bauxite 48,000 expanded, i.e., void-containing grains and irregular grains give very low Modules of elasticity: 100 parts of α-hemihydrate + 20 parts of Kie8elgur + 300 parts Lava 5,400 @ 100 parts liemihydrate + 20 parts A1 (OH) 3 + 1000 parts cellulose 3,200 Round grains result in great stiffness, fibrous and acicular grains result give good abrasion resistance values, flat, expanded and irregular grains increased elongation at break, increased fatigue resistance and vibration dampening.

In this way the modulus of elasticity can be varied and increased Values from around 2000 to 200,000 kp / cm2 can be set.

Example 6 "Water content in the mortar": As of pure gypsum mortar and of concrete mortar, the strength values of the products of this invention will drop also increasing water content in the mortar. These Conditions are in the book "Kirk-Othmer: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology" Vol. III, p. 444 described for mortar made from beta-hemihydrate, i.e. for normal plaster of paris. Furthermore are these ratios in "ASTM" C-26 and in DIN 1168 for alpha and beta hemihydrate mortar products described.

Water Linear Setting Beta Hemihydrate Gypsum Expansion Time BZF. DF. Reference "" 0.80 --------------------- 70kp / cm2 Kirk-Othmer 0.55 r 0.55 ---------- ----------- 170 " Kirk-Othmer 1 "0.77-0.59 0.0021 4OMin. 40-50 100-130 DIN 116S Alpha-" 0.43-40 0.0040 20 "125 450 DIN 1168" "0.35 ------ ------ ----- 560 ASTM C-2 These results and explanations in "Building Research Station-U.K.-Current Paper 12 / April 1971" by A.J. Majumdar show that the strength values of pure gypsum products are linear with decrease the logarithm of the ratio between water and plaster in the mortar.

Cellular products with a density of 120 g / l and massive prisms 4 x 4 x 16 cm are as described in Example 1, produced in iolgender Composition: Dehydrated gypsum hemihydrate 100 parts and dry clay grains, usually less than 0.005 mm 33.3 parts are mixed well and added to: Water @ 20 to 60 parts Cellular prisms also contain fat-amide trisophones PK 0.03 parts in the foam.

The following hemihydrate types were tested in this composition: A-: α hemihydrate of the ICI process, B-: α -hemihydrate from Gbr, Giulini GmbH, C-: ß-hemihydrate stucco, D-: ß-hemihydrate for porcelain molds The results are shown in Table 6: Table 6 "Strength as a function of the water content in the mortar "gypsum type water content per 100 parts gypsum binder i.Mö 20 25 30 35 40 60 100 parts A Cellular BZF. 27 25 22 18 13 6kp / ca2 0 "DF. 56 54 50 40 25 10 0 D Cellular BZF. 19 18 17 15 13 8 1.5 1 DF. 40 38 35 31 25 18 2 A-solid BZF. 135 117 100 81 63 27 0 1 DF. 670 600 510 400 310 134. 0 3 solid BZF. 140 131 120 100 70 28 0 1 @ DF. 740 640 590 495 345 130 0 C solid BZF. 89 79 69 54 42 15 0 DF. 450 400 350 280 200 70 0 D solid BZF. 99 90 82 74 63 40 6 "DF. 500 445 410 360 300 195 24 With increasing water content, if the ratio gypsum: Water rises from 0.2 to 0.4, the strength values of the products decrease approximately half, but the type D plaster is less sensitive to water than the plaster types A, B and C. Samples with 20 and 25 parts of water contain ethanol in the mortar, in order to reduce it to produce with pourable viscosity, namely 2 to 10 parts of ethanol per 100 parts Plaster.

Example 7 "Drying Methods" The products of this invention can be dried in various ways. Drying by supplying heat from the outside, e.g. in an oven as in the production of plasterboard, is for the products Less suitable of this invention for the following reasons: 1. Conduct the products the heat poor and therefore require uneconomically long furnace times.

2. The products dry faster on the surface and could be there be drained.

3. The moisture moves into the cooler interior of the products 4. For these reasons, tensions or cracks develop in the products.

Cell products with densities of 30, 40, 60 and 120 g / l are as described in the preceding examples, prepared from the following Components: Composition X ct-Hemihydrate-Molda Super 100 parts and wollastonite grains, mainly under 0.005mm 25 'are well mixed and a foam of the composition mixed in: sodium hexametaphosphate 0.15 protein lignin sulfonate detergent 0.05 Ammonium Alginate Foam Stabilizer 2.5 Methanol Polar Liquid 6.5 "Water 21 The same foam composition is used for composition Y, however with the following solids: α-Hemihydrate Molda Super 100 parts and predispersed Kaolin grains, mainly less than 0.003 mm 25 parts The manufactured Prisms with the dimensions 4 x 4 x 16 cm are dried in the following way: A: Exothermic heat alone; the formed prisms dry by the heat of hydration.

B: Drying is promoted in a vacuum of 10 mm Eg.

C. Drying is done by cold in liquid ammonia for 8 minutes at -33 ° C.

D: Drying is performed by high frequency heat of 11.7 MHz and a Energy consumption of around 0.8 kWh per kg of product.

The products are between the high frequency electrodes for a sufficient stuck for a long time. Products in which the setting process is not or not completely is complete, this would start to foam and thereby partially destroy will.

Table 7 Drying Composition Solid Volume Weight g / l Method setting 30 40 60 120 g / l A Exot. x B.Z.F. 7 10 15 31 kp / cm2 D.F, 12 18 30 64 "" Y B.Z.F. 8 11 17 35 D.F. 16 23 36 73 B vacuum x B.Z.F. - - - 36 D.F. - - - 75 " Drying Composition Pestig volume weight g / l Method setting 30 40 60 120 g / l B Vacuum T B.Z.F. - - - 42 kp / cn2 D.F. - - - 80 C cold 1 B.Z.F. - - 20 38 "D.F. - - 39 79 "Y B.Z.F. - - 22 45" D.F. - - 45 92 "D high frequency X B.Z.F. 13 18 29 60 D.F. 24 33 58 121 @ Y B.Z.F. 16 22 35 69 D,?. 31 45 72 140 Compared to drying with exothermic heat, vacuum drying increases the strength by 16 %, through cold drying an increase in strength of 27% and through high-frequency drying an increase in strength of around 90 to 100% is achieved.

Firing the products at temperatures between 100 and 100,000 results in an increase in strength of about 15%.

Example 8 "Tests with fire and heat" Solid and porous test specimens with 1.6 or 0.3 kg / l density with the dimensions 2.5 x 2.0 x 0.08 X or 0.06 m and 4.0 x 2.0 x 0.08 m were made from the following composition: α-hemihydrate molda Super 100 parts and 'ollastonit-Synopal-R-grains grain diameter less than 0.005 mm 25 parts are mixed well and added to a foam which is used in Example 7 for the compositions x and Y are given if cell products are manufactured or mixed with water + methanol + dispersant if passive specimens are used should be produced. The samples are wall and ceiling in a standard gas oven according to Danish standard methods DS 1051 and 1052 for the resistance of building materials tested against fire. The furnace temperatures were, as in ISO Recommendation 92 Doc. 236, increased, namely: minutes from the beginning 5 10 15 30 60 90 Temperatures ° C 556 659 718 821 925 986 Minutes from the beginning 120 180 240 360 420 Temperatures ° C 1029 1090 1133 1193 1219O The surface temperatures of the specimens on that of the fire were recorded remote side registered and the test was carried out at 180 ° C and 140 ° C temperature rise interrupted.

After revision, temperatures of 220 ° C or 1800C were permitted, however, the test was carried out at 180 ° C or 140 ° C before the revision. the The results are shown in Table 8.

Table 8: "Fire test according to DS 1051 + 1052 wall thickness structure room Test duration in minutes in cm visible kg / l Horizontal Vertical as ceiling as wall 6 cm solid 1.6 - 250 min.

8 cm "1.6 155 min. 330 min.

6 cm cellular 0,) - 430 min.

8 cm "0.3 248 min. 555 min.

During the dewatering, the temperatures are kept at around 100 ° C, and the samples give very good protection against fire through heat absorption. Thereafter Unlike pure gypsum products, they do not lose their strength values when drained and can be quenched with cold water at 550 to 600 ° C without any crack or otherwise be damaged.

For the test for heat resistance, samples with the dimensions 1.0 x 1.0 s 0.05 m and loaded with 50% of the breaking load at room temperature and 18 hours at 1450 ° C, or 24 hours at 1440 ° C. All samples withstood the test without degradation and even showed an increase in strength values of 15 % and after the test about 70% higher modulus of elasticity. The linear thermal expansion was only about 3.10-6 / ° C up to a temperature of 1100 ° C. This interprets everything suggests that a Cold sintering in the mortar has taken place during Setting and drying takes place, and that this sintering continues in the warm can.

In contrast to this, common gypsum products lose their strength values at around 150 to 20000. Pure anhydrite melts at around 14500C and with impurities, like fine powder, already at around 12000C. Furthermore, anhydrite is broken down when exposed to heat according to the equation CaSO4 = CaO + SO2 + 0.5 ° 2 at a temperature of about 1200 ° C, if the material is pure, and at temperatures from 1000 to 1100 ° C, if it contains impurities.

The products of the present invention are enhanced by other binding forces held together than with normal plaster of paris and therefore behave significantly in the heat more stable because of physical and probably also chemical structural changes occur in the mortar, during setting and during drying, and because these changes occur can continue while heating.

Example 9 "Solubility and Erosion" The products of this invention were tested for their solubility and erosion in water and in seawater and compared to normal gypsum products. At 200C there are about 2.4 g of plaster per liter Dissolved water and about 6 g of plaster of paris each Liters of sea water, both Lihydrate gypsum and anhydrite.

In the dihydrate gypsum, the crystal water is concentrated in the 010 levels. The products of this invention are due to the fine powder in the mortar or because of the presence of metal ions, metal-amine ions or metal-ammonia ions few or no hydrogen bonds, reducing both solubility and also the erosion in water and in sea water can be reduced considerably.

For this example, finished products become grains with grain dimensions Grind smaller than 0.044 mm, and 100 g of this powder in 1 1 of water or Sea water is extracted after shaking the air from the powder in a vacuum was removed during 24 hours. The powder is filtered off from the solution and dried to determine weight loss. The solution is based on the presence of sulfate and chlorides as barium sulfate and silver chloride. By evaporating of the filtrate, the dissolved mass is determined. Massive and cellular products with with a density of 0.10 kg / l are made from alpha- and beta-gypsum. the Compositions are shown in Table 9A.

Table 9 A - Compositions: Sample of plaster type powder and powder size mm parts water / additives 100 gypsum A-1 Alpha fired clay under 0.008 mm 24 parts Water A-1 ß Beta "n" 0.008 30 B-1 α Alpha dry brick tone "0.005" 24 B-1 (3 Beta "" "0.005 0 30 C-1 α Alpha Ton + 1.7 parts Zn (NH3) 4O22-" 0.005 "24" C-1 ß Beta 1 1 1 0.005 30 @ * C -2 α Sample C * has a volume weight of 0.1 kg / l, but otherwise corresponds to the composition of sample C-1 Alpha, but with 0.03 parts of fatty amide im. Foam as a foam stabilizer.

In the case of the compositions given in Table 9A, amounts to 1 the powder content 30 parts per 100 parts hemihydrate.

The complex one. Zinc ammonia anion Zn (NH3) 4 O22- leads to lower solubility of the products.

The following table 9B shows the test results, a comparison with normal gypsum products was carried out, Tabel 9 3 sample SO4-mg / 1 Cl-mg / 1 geoösr mg / 1 weight loss mg / 1 in water in the sea.

mg / 1 mg / 1 x-plaster 2450 "0" 2465 "2470 5600 B-plaster 2450" 1 "2475 "2480 5600 A-1 α 14" 0 "15" 15 17 A-2 C 14 "0" 18 "20 20 A-1ß 18" 0 "18" 19 A-2ß 21 "1" 23 "25 B-1 α 5 @ 0" 5 "6 12 B-2 t 6 0" 6.5 " 7, 13 B-1β 8 "0" 10 "10 @ -B-2β 11" 0.5 "12" 12 -C-1 α 0.01 *, 0 0.01 "0.01 0.02 C-2> 0.02" 0 1 0.02 "0.02 0.02 C-1β 0.02" 0 "0.02" 0.02 0.02 C-2β 0.03 d "0.03" 0.03 0.02 From the table it can be seen that the products the invention a surprisingly low solubility both in normal water as also exhibit in seawater. With the addition of fine powder, the products are to be called waterproof.

Composition C products with complex ions in the mortar are also suitable for use in and under water.

The effects of cold sintering stir when using dry clay to higher resistance to water, to the use of fired clay, although dry clay itself has little resistance to water.

Example 10 "Water Absorption" The water absorption of the products this invention is considerably less than that of known materials such as Plaster of paris, brick or concrete. The water absorption can also be made with water repellent Agents, e.g. with silicones, can still be reduced, as in Example 4 for Compositions C and D are shown, as opposed to pure gypsum products Products with fine powder in the mortar have high wet strengths because of the existing Structural changes compared to plaster of paris. Solid products, as indicated in Example 3, absorb less than 2% by weight of water in a year under 3 m of water. Brick and In this test, concrete absorbs more than 10% water. Normal plaster of paris will be destroyed.

Cellular products absorb these under the same conditions Invention between 2 and 12 wt .-% water, while foam concrete with a volume weight of 600 g / l absorbed over 60 total water.

Some cellular products of this invention substantially absorb water slower than polystyrene foam products, both measured as% by weight as well as% by volume.

The results shown and the results shown in Table 10 refer to construction and insulation materials.

Products of the present invention that are used to improve soils are suitable in agriculture, have a water absorption of about 50% of the Pore volume, usually even 300 to 500% of the dry weight of these products.

Water repellants are usually only against ice and liquid Water is effective, but generally does not prevent vapor diffusion into the Products. Vapor diffusion barriers can also be used in these products as with known building and insulation materials.

Products with a density of 125 g / l are, as in example 1 described, produced, namely from: Hemihydrate of the ICI process 100 parts and combustion residue from coal and oil with a grain size of less than 0.001 mm 30 parts will well mixed and added to a pneumatic foam made from Water 30 parts sodium silicate "water glass" dispersant foam stabilizer 2 parts Potassium-Silicon-Wacker BS 15 in water 0.2 parts.

These products dry themselves and become due to the exothermic heat stored under water.

Table 10 below shows the results of the investigations.

Table 10 - Water absorption: water absorption, water pressure and time 0.1 m 3 m - 1/2 year 10 m - 1 year 1 year sta- pulsie sta- pulsietisch rend table rend% weight 0.37% 1.01% 0.99% 1.41% 1.40%% volume 0.039% 0.1107% 0.105% 0.15% 0.14% With the low water absorption of the products of this invention a very good resistance to frost and dew associated. 100% of the products of this Invention withstand a test of 400 freeze-thaw cycles, 95% of the products withstand a tea of 10W freeze-thaw cycles. Normal concrete products are often less resistant than 40 freeze-thaw cycles.

Example 11 "Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity" From the low water absorption good thermal insulation also follows. In Bureau of Standards Letter Circular No. These are 227 ". Coefficients of thermal conductivity given for: Solid materials made of: ### / BTU / h. ° F.ft2 Stucco plaster 2 to 5 construction and screed plaster about 3 bricks au. Tone 3 to 6 glass 5 to 6 concrete 6 to 9 granite stone 13 to 28 result in solid products of this invention Plaster of paris + powder without surcharge approx. 1.0 plaster of paris + powder with surcharge of 0.8 to 1.5 much lower thermal conductivity than the above building materials.

Cell products of this invention also exhibit better thermal Insulation as known cell products, such as foam concrete, expanded clay or cellular gypsum products, rie Insulei and PyrocellR. Corresponding comparisons are given in Table 11, In the case of a low volume weight, the heat is transferred not only through the pore walls but also through the Air located in the pores and passed through radiation, with the differences between cellular gypsum products and cellular products of this invention with respect to the Heat conduction will be lower. Pores in the products of this invention can have Fluorine-chlorine hydrocarbons or with Fluor-Trid @ l @@ rethane (FCl3C) are filled, whereby the heat conduction coefficient is about the value 0.015 Kc, al per hour and Meters at 200C, cell products filled with fluorotrichloromethane are used with sealed with a diffusion barrier, for example with a saran film, around the Prevent air from diffusing into the products. Those under examination cellular products are as described in Example 7, Composition 1, with different densities: Table 11 - Thermal conductivity numbers Well-known gypsum products - Insulex R -Ref.

Bureau of Standards Weather C. No 227 as above product density g / l 40. 80 120/128 192 240 288 360/384 480 960 g / l foam - - - - 0.050 0.065 - 0.084 - 0.11 0.15 Kcal gypsum hm2 ° Insulex Porenvo-98% 96% about 94% 90% 88% 86% about 80% 75% about 50% lumen Example 7 1: Air-filled 0.027 0.031 - - 0.037 - 0.044 - 0.051 0.081 "0.029 FCl3C filled 0.012 0.016 - - 0.022 - 0.029 - 0.036 0.066" 0.013 the The coefficients of thermal conductivity given above were determined at 0 to + 200C. Have at -600C the products of this invention about 8% lower values, at 200 ° C about 8% higher values.

Example 12 "Strengths and Foam Methods" This example represents the manufacturing methods for cell products of the invention and gives the strength values depending on the density of the products. Some of the results of this Examples are shown graphically in the accompanying drawing.

Foam mortar can be done using one or more of the following Methods are produced: 1, The solids are produced with pneumatically Mixed foam: A stable foam is produced as described in Example 1 by pumping or pressing foam liquids through a fire ejector or through a foam chamber with about 2.5 to 6 atmospheres @ jerk to this foam are the solids or a mortar that contains the solid components, under added to the foam stream at an angle of 450 or less, and by constriction the hose causes a good mixing with the foam, into the foam chamber can compressed air, gas or pore-forming substances are added, for example volatile liquid.

2. Foam mortar is caused by gases or vapors developed in the mortar expands: The chemical expansion through gas development in the mortar is difficult to control and especially for light products with a density of less than 400 g / l coarse Pore structures. Gases such as N2, O2 'C02 NH3, are created during the breakdown of azides, diazo compounds, Peroi compounds, carbonates and ammonium salts. Volatile liquids and Solids give finer pore structures through steam development; the vapor pressure depends on the temperature and is therefore easier to control. Suitable Vapors are chlorofluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, hydrocarbons, NH3 vapor! etc, Chemical expansion is often achieved through temperature elevation and temperature control causes.

3. Cellular mortar or foam is made by mechanical agitation: Cellular mortar is made by agitating the liquids themselves or suspensions containing some or all of the solid components according to the manufacture of cream and whipped cream. The liquid is whipped into a stable foam and the solids or the mortar containing the solids are covered with foam Stir mixed. All top components, both the solid and the liquid, can advantageously be mixed in a rotating mixer, for example an Areotex pump, as is known for foam latex. With mechanical agitation, the mixing is often insufficient and can lead to the formation of granules if the agitation is too long, for example in the case of products of the invention intended for soil improvement. The pores or cells are often destroyed by shear forces. Most of the time the compositions contain more foam stabilizer than other foaming methods.

4. Mortar expansion under vacuum: Mortar products can also be under Vacuum expanded and dried. The products receive a so-called. "Integral look structure" with a skin, d. H. with a heavier or massive one Outer shell and with a lighter core. Such a distribution is sometimes desirable. This method is not cheap and has not yet been developed for mass production.

5. Combined anti-lock methods: Two or more of the above Blending methods can be combined with one another, for example can pneumatically and chemically foamed mortar and mechanically expanded under vacuum Mortar with each other be mixed as in the examples is described.

P @ lgerungen from the foaming methods: Products with high strength values can be produced with all of the methods specified under 1. to 5. The pneumatic Foaming is cheapest, easy and generally applicable. The devices for this are transportable, mobile or stationary and result in reproducible ones with simple control Products for all desired rum weights.

The combination of pneumatic and chemical foaming results very good strength values, as well as pneumatic mortars expanded under vacuum. Chemical expansion all in is best suited for densities above 500 g / l.

Mechanical expansion is less beneficial than other methods and combination methods.

Coarser aggregate materials for foam products: For cellular products With a density of less than 200 g / l, aggregate materials are rarely used. In terms of volume, aggregate materials are often more expensive than lightweight foam products. Granules and fragments of previously manufactured cellular products can be considered as coarser Additive materials are used in foam products with low density.

The aggregate materials should have a density that is as similar as possible how which have foam mortars to avoid segregation. Normally are the 'roughness of the supplementary materials below these maximum limits in foam mortar.

Table 12 A - Maximum aggregate quantities: Product density g / l 250 300 375/400 500 600 750/800 1000 1200g / l max. Parts surcharge 30 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 T.

Parts surcharge here 30 50 80 120 160 240 300 400 T.

Typically less than 750 parts will be coarser aggregate materials used in bulk products, although in Examples 5 and 22 1000 parts of cellulose are specified.

Expanded clay with a volume weight is used as an addition to the compositions of 400 g / l used for products with a density of up to 500 g / l. For volume weights Over 600 gil, coal is used with the same density as the product.

Cell products with densities of 30, 60, 120, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 g / l and massive prisms with the dimensions 4 x 4 x 16 cm are produced according to the method given under '1 in this example, with the following compositions: Composition 1A-: α-hemihydrate of the ICI process 100 parts and; r, -alumina grains below 0.001 mm 32 parts are mixed well dry and mixed to form pneumatic foam from: water 28 parts of sodium silicate dispersant foam stabilizer 2.5 parts of Zn (NH3) 4O2- / increases water and salt resistance / 1.6 parts tetrabenzidinium chloride -RA + NCL - cation detergent 4 0.003 elle composition 1B-: α-hemihydrate des Giulini process 100 parts dry clay, grains predominantly less than 0.008 mm 15 parts Burnt brick flour predominantly less than 0.008 mm 15 parts are mixed well and pneumatic foam mixed with: water 27 parts sodium hexametaphosphate dispersant 0.15 part Fett-Amid-Trisophone PK foam stabilizer 0.10 part composition C-: is like composition X in example 7 The results of all foaming methods are shown in Table 12B: The following compositions are made according to the above The method given under 2 expands, by means of steam developed in the mortar or gas: Composition 2D-: a -hemihydrate of the ICI process 100 parts and white cement grains, predominantly less than 0.003 mm 26 parts are mixed well and afterwards mixed with the following liquid or foam: water 27 parts H 0 (-blldet ° 2 Gas in the mortar) according to density 7 to 1.5 parts H3P04-retarded Oa development @ @ stabilized-H2O 2.4 to 0.5 parts composition 2E and F combined method 1 with 2.

The solids are as in composition 2D foam in composition 2E-: water with 5 atmospheres C02 saturated 26 parts polyacrylic acid dispersant DispexR41 0.1 part Fett-Amid-Trisophone PK foam stabilizer 0.015 part tetrabenzidinium chloride detergent 0.005 parts foam in composition 2F-: water 22 parts monofluorotrichloromethane 11 to 4 parts of non-ionich detergent Tesofor Ft 85 per volume weight, 0.07 parts of fatty amide foam stabilizer 0.03 part method 3 - mechanical foaming - is used in composition 3-G with the same solid mixture as in formula 2D, E and F in an Areotex pump, mixed with: water 40 parts urea-formaldehyde condensate foam stabilizer 8 parts protein lignosulfonate detergent 0.1 parts depending on the setting time of the plaster of paris 0.01 to 0.02 parts of citrate can be added to provide sufficient mixing time to ensure before setting.

Method 3 and 4 combined are used as composition 3H, where the mortar corresponds to the composition G, the mortar is with an approximately twice as high as desired density mechanically and in one vacuum form expanded with a pressure of about 10 mm Hg absolute pressure.

and then dried. The density given in Table 12 B. is an average volume weight, because the vacuum treatment creates a Outer shell that is heavier than the inside of the product.

Table 12 B - strength / volume weight and method Merhode + strengths Volume weight g / l Composition 30 60 120 200 250 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1600 g / l 1-A B.Z.F. - 10 19 31 - 45 59 70 - - - - 141kp / cm2 D.F. - 19 41 68 - 100 140 176 - - - - 710 "1-B B.Z.F. 5 10 20 31 - 46 60 72 - - - - 142" D.F. 11 23 50 66 - 99 141 177 - - - - 715 "1-C B.Z.F. 7 15 31 51 - 66 80 88 - 102 - - 148" D.F. 12 30 64 103 - 150 196 251 310 400 - 590 750 "2-D B.Z.F. 2 5 10 - 26 - 42 52 - 78 98 - 145 "D.F. 3 9 20 - 60 - 109 142 - 230 300 - 730 @ 2 + 1E- B.Z.F. - 11 20 - 39 - 61 72 - 101 110 - 145 "D.F. - 19 43 - 90 - 140 170 - 255 330 - 730" 2 + 1 F- B.Z.F. 7 14 27 - 58 - 78 90 - 109 120 - 155 "D.F. 12 30 64 - 132 - 195 251 - 400 491 585 750 "3-G @ B.Z.F. 4 9 19 - 37 - 60 70 - 83 90 - 105" D.F. 8 20 41 - 84 - 128 170 - 270 345 - 530 "3 + 4H- B.Z.F. 4 9 20 33 40 46 60 71 80 99 - 121 142" D.F. 10 28 56 105 120 135 168 210 280 400 - 560 730 " The ones with different Methods of foamed compositions C, F and H all give very high strength values, On the one hand, because the mortars contain little water or the water by vacuum is removed as indicated in Example 7. Compositions A, 3, E and G give almost the same strength values, although these products also consist of different Solid substances or produced by various methods. The composition D shows lower strength values, especially with a density of less than 500 g / l than other compositions. Compositions D, E, F, G and H all have the same solids in the mortar, but result in different strength values. From this it must be concluded that the foaming method and the water content in the mortar is essential for the strength of the products. The strength of the products are less dependent on the powder content or the type of powder, what also comes from the Examples 3 and 4 show that the compressive strength values also increase linearly the volume weight. The flexural strength values increase with densities of 30 up to 300 g / l very quickly and linearly with increasing density. After that rise the flexural strength values for the products with aggregate materials are somewhat slower depending on the volume weight. The results are in the accompanying drawing graphically represented.

For comparison, the strength values are also more cellular and massive Concrete products shown in the drawing, Der deutsche Beton-Verein e.V. Wiesbaden gives the following value. to: Table 12 C - Concrete strengths - 28 days: Product g / l Rough weight 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000- massive 2450g / l strengths B.Z.F.kp/cm2 1 2 3 4 5 6.5 8 10 66 D.F. "8 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 470 As mean values for foam concrete and for solid concrete are laboratory values from NORCEM A / S for concrete with compressive strengths over 300 kp / cm2, i.e. specified for the best quality.

For all porous and solid concrete products, the flexural strength is In contrast, it is only 12 to 13% of the compressive strength of the same product the flexural strength for porous products of this invention is about 50 to 60% of the Compressive strength for ranged products and about 25 to 20% of the compressive strength for heavy or massive products with a high proportion of aggregate materials in the mortar.

Mortars and products according to the invention give high strength values and enable the production of lighter ones Constructions, sometimes even without reinforcement, with high flexural strengths. The high compressive strengths, which are almost too linearly proportional to the volume weight, indicate a very fine one Pore structure in the products of this invention.

Example 13 "Pore size and pore structure": The size and the structure of cells or pores is i.a.

with determined by the method of mercury penetration.

The results for up to 4000 atmospheres Hg pressure are in the table 13 indicated: Table 13 - Cell size distribution: Formula like% volume of total volume-10-2 µm 6-2µm 2-0.5µ 2-0.1µ 0.5-0.1µ under 0.1µ Example 12C 15% - - 80% -Example 12B 10 * - - 88% - 1 "Example 12D - 2 * 40% - 14 44" The cells or pores were: almost all open and connected by microscopic holes and thus result in very good ones acoustic absorption, the size of the openings in the cell walls or between the Cells was 2 microns or less. M @ t non-ionic detergents or with chlorofluorocarbons In mortar, the cell structure is usually closed and can even be sealed. At: Gießen under pressure the cells become ovoid. A large Share of foam stabilizer promotes the formation of smaller cells and thereby higher strength values of the products.

A.P. Merkin et al, Cement, Lime & Gravel, March 1968, pp. 86 - 88 give the following formulas for the compressive strength (D F) of porous products: D F = A (d ./. Cr), where A and C are material constants, d is density and r the mean radius in the pores. Commercial porous gypsum products follow this Formula and because of the large cell radius they only have low strengths at d = 0.4 kg / l. For products of this invention, pore radii are so small that DF = A.d and the strength values Significant even with densities of 50 g / l or d = 0.05 kg / l (see below): DF calculated 15 30 60 100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 kp / cm2 composition 12C 12 30 64 103 - 150 196 251 310 400 - 590 "12F 12 30 64 - 132 - 195 251 - 400 491 585 "" 12H 10 28 56 105 120 - - - 280 400 - 560 The very fine cell structure results high strength and very good sound absorption for all frequencies, as in the example 14 emerges.

Example 14 "Acoustic properties": the acoustic absorption has been tested according to the standard "pipe test" and the ISO "hammer test" for flooring materials checked. The results are shown in Table 14. Furthermore, the sound reduction is in a 10 cm thick wall construction between 2 sound laboratories after 150 R 140 for frequencies from 100 Hz to 3150 Ez with the following results: Frequency 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 @ 1250 Hz to 3150 Recommended 31 34 37 40 43 46 @ 49 50 51 52 53 s54dB Hz to 54 Found 37 39 42 45 50 52 54 55 56 57 58 * 58dB Hz to 58/59 The wall had a density of 240 g / l and a weight per unit area of 24 kg / m2 according to Example 7 Y and consisted of two parts of yes 2.4 x 2 m and a part 2.4 x 4 m as a partition. The absorption as well as the sound reduction in this wall is better than in brick and concrete walls with a factor of 10 to 20 larger Dimensions. The following absorption values are measured: Table 14 Volume weight Frequency @ 5 125 250 500 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 @@ 60 g / l 5 3 18 52 85 98 99 100 100% 120 g / l 3 8 44 78 95 99 100 100 100% 240 g / l 2 18 77 99 100 100 100 100 100 ffi specimens and coverings were produced as described in Example 12 C, The noise reduction with a surface weight of 24 kg / m2 is better than that of Danish and German building laws for walls between riveted apartments and between Row houses, schools, etc. is required.

Light cell products result in very good absorption for traffic noise, when made in accordance with the present invention. Mineral and glass wool absorb only above 2000 Hz and carpets and floor coverings mostly only sound frequencies over 1000 Hz. The present invention gives products with more effective sound absorption. and reduction with lower mass and lower cost compared to known Construction and insulation aterialien.

Example 15 "Reinforced Products; The products of this invention travel Flexural strengths are at least 3 times higher than the same masses the end solid concrete and values up to 20 times higher than known foam concrete. Products with reinforcement or fiber reinforcement achieve high impact strengths.

because the mortar is almost neutral, many cheaper fiber materials, Aluminum, cellulose, etc. serve as reinforcement, which in the case of the known 'strongly basic Mortar can be chemically attacked and degraded.

Fibers or reinforcement material usually do not go into the mortar a. Fibers result in a high viscosity and increase the water requirement. The fibers or reinforcement materials are placed in the molds prior to casting or they are introduced during or after pouring in the mortar before setting, for example with spraying, flakes, alluvial layers and similar types of production of the products.

Fibers can be oriented as needed. So can steel fibers or steel chips, which are magnetic, are aligned by a magnetic field. It is also possible to fix the fibers in two or three dimensions in the following way: The glass or mineral fibers are brought into the desired pattern of tertraisobutyl ester and with titanium Ti (OR) 4, where R represents the isobutyl radical, or with other alkosides son titanium, silicon or zirconium sprayed. In this form becomes one or together itt mortar Treatment carried out with high frequency heat, whereby the fiber boundaries are welded together, as it were, because the titanium ester have high dielectric losses, so that a stiffer fiber structure with improved Impact resistance arises.

The impact strength is determined by various methods and is given here in% compared to unreinforced products (as 100%) as average values according to DIN 53453, according to the Norwegian hammer notch method on a vertical sample and according to the Danish method using a sandbag on a horizontal one Template. Furthermore, the IZOD impact strength is determined according to ASTM D 256-56 on prisms measuring 2.5 x 0.5 s 0.125 inches for cell products with aluminum reinforcement. Mortar, as described in Example 12 C, with tree weights of 120 g / l and 300 g / l, respectively, serves as the base material: Table 15 Reinforcement and fiber materials Glass fibers Rockwool Cellulose Polypropylene Alu- None minium amplification Stretching metal 0.006 0.012 0.009mm 0.005mm 0.002mm Quantity 10g / l 10 g / l 10g / l 10 g / l 10 g / l 25 g / l O base material 120 g / l 120g / l 120 g / l 120 g / l 300 g / l 120 + 300g / l BZF 55 47 53 55-56 67 150 31kp / cm2 66kp / cm2 impact 430 350 400 540 900 400 100 strength% Izod do. Approximately 20 5ft.lbs / inch red pools are mineral fibers, mainly from gabbro.

Fiber amounts of 4 to wt .-% result in solid products about double flexural tensile strength (B.Z.F.) and impact strengths increased by a factor of 3 to 5. The compressive strength (D.F.) increases only slightly with reinforcement, but becomes the permissible Pressure loading significantly increased because pressure fracture cracks usually only up to the first Paser range and be limited there.

Especially where the products are not heat and fire resistant Critically, the products of this invention can be reinforced with organic fibers be, for example with cellulose, lignin, wool, silk or synthetic threads and - fibers.

The reinforcement materials can also be used as structural or the Elements that limit the shape of the space are accommodated in the products, for example in the form of metal bodies, which are protected from corrosion at the same time.

Example 16 "Products for improving floors * Porous products according to this invention are surprising catfish for improving soils in the Agriculture effective. It is known that gypsum and gypsum residues in superphosphate fertilizers remedy the sulphate deficiency in the soil.

Furthermore, liioniak is bound by plaster in the ground and in Ammonium sulfate converted. The porous products of this invention, on the other hand, act in a variety of ways Way, namely as fertilizer, as plant food and for storing water in the Soil that is retained in the pores of the products and slows growth is fed to the plant. Furthermore, the products improve the soil through ion exchange, improve the distribution of fertilizer and prevent the washing of fertilizer and of Salting in heavy rain.

Porous material of this invention can be used as a continuous bed to be placed at a certain depth near the plant roots, and it the seeds can also be accommodated in this bed. This method is particularly suitable for dry climates or light sandy soils.

For normal soil and under normal climatic conditions the products introduced into the ground as granules at the appropriate depth, namely in quantities from 0.1 to over 6 kg / m2. The granules mentioned in the table below A contains thin salts and ion exchange materials. while granulate B does not Contains fertilizers and also does not contain any ion exchange materials. The attached ion exchange material is made by heating a mixture of 60% cellulose (e.g.

Sawdust), 25% by weight of urea and 15% by weight of NH4MgPO4 at temperatures from 180 to 190 ° C.

The granulates have a density of between 120 and 150 g / l and are made from the specified composition.

Ingredients Parts by weight Granules A B @ -hemihydrate gypsum 100 100 plug ash (from the cement rotary kiln) <0.001 mm 25 0 fly ash from waste incineration 0.001 mm 0 25 ion exchanger (see above) 5 0 charred plant residues 0 2 fertilizer salts, NH4, NO3, H3PO4, K2SO4 50 are mixed well and the following foam is added while stirring: water 30 30 Potassium Silicate 2 1.5 Protein Lignosulfonate Slaughterhouse Case- 3 0 By stirring A suitable mortar granulate is produced during setting.

In the first year they were about 6 kg / m2 and in the following years each 3 kg / a2 of the product are applied. The yield - as 100% - serves as a control Field portion with normal fertilization and without granules.

Ern @@ wheat corn sorghum @uzerne beet grass product and Quantity 1972 360% 340% 510% 440% - 520% Granulate A 6kg / m2 1973 420% 355 "500" 445 @ - 525 @ "3" 1974 410% 350 "450" 450 @ 390% 520 "" "1975 450% 360" 495 "460" 410 " 530 "" "1976 510% 440" 590 "500" 460 "610" "" 1972 200% 190% 240% 210% - 450% Granulate B okg / m2 1973 250% 200 "250" 210 "- 460" "3" 1974 240% 200 "260" 220 " 180% 465 "" "1975 290% 200" 270 "220" 200 @ 470 "" "1976 400% 320" 390 "330" 280 "520" "" Corn was sprinkled while growing.

system sprinkled; without sprinkling, the harvest is with granules A 600% of the control value and with granulate B 410% of the control value.

After 60 rain-free days - 1975 and 1976 - the granules contained still 37 to 42 vol .-% water and thus protect the plants from drying out. After heavy rain, the granules contained 58 to 61 vol .- * water, accordingly 450 wt%.

The high harvest with the granulate that lasted over five years 3 without adding fertilizer is surprising, unexpected and amazing.

Example 17 "Environmental protection products" Products similar to those in the example 16 can also be used as ion exchange materials, filters, Absorption-desorption of volatile substances, vapors and gases in industry and serve to control pollution in mining and environmental protection. That The density here is normally in the range from 50 to 350 g / l.

or ß-hemihydrate 100 parts.

Fly ash from waste incineration (grains less than 0.001 mm) 10 parts Activated carbon (grains ter 0.005 mm) specific surface 45 mlg 10 parts cellulose + Urea + NH2MgPO4 ion exchanger (as in example 16) 10. parts are mixed well and mixed with the following foam: water 24 parts for α-gypsum, for gypsum 30 Parts of protein lignius sulfonate sludge from slaughterhouse wastewater 1 part for filters and high flow products become the foam mortar products prior to setting treated with high frequency heat to open pores, cells and bubbles.

Example 18 "Stabilization of Soils" Increase products of this invention the load-bearing capacity of wet soils permanently.

Hydrate lime CaO + Ca (OH) 2 increases the pH value in the soil and causes a strong attraction of the particles in the clay. However, this effect is not permanent and only works with clay.

In contrast, all types of soil can be used permanently and without danger for health old products of this invention stabilized for which the following process methods are proposed: A: Dehydrator Gypsum binder is mixed with wet soil and pressed; B: A dry mix from gypsum binder and powder is scattered and moistened; C: Mortar with fine powder is mixed with the soil and pressed.

To A: About 100 parts of soil material are mixed with 100 parts of gypsum binder mixed by passing the materials through a cultivator and then with a Can be pressed with a roller or with a bulldozer: NaS load-bearing capacity of clay without stabilization . 0.4 kp / cm2 with to "with 5kg / m2 Ca (OH) 2 2.2" "" 10 "" "2.6 1 1 10kg α -Hemihydr / m2 27-25 "" "" 10kg ß - "" 14-16 Water is added when the The soil is not moist enough for extensive setting.

To B: After harrowing, a dry mixture of plaster binder and Powder scattered over the ground and mixed with this UM ror, during or after pressing (pounding) if setting water is added: wet load-bearing capacity with unstabilized fly ash 0.1 tp / em2 "" same after compression 0.3 1 n with hydrate lime (no effect) "" "with 6 kg fly ash + 8 kg α-hemihydrate / m2 46 "" "" "ß-hemihydrate 32" Regarding C: Mortar is rolled onto the Floor laid out on a floor as described above.

Mortar made from 8 kg α-hemihydrate + 6 kg fly ash 2 + 2.0 kg water / m 65 kp / cm2 mortar made from 8 kg ß-hemihydrate + 6 kg fly ash + 2.55 kg water / m2 45 Die listed stabilization methods are suitable for all types of soil, for dykes, in road construction, for foundations, to hold back dust, ash and waste. Together with the improvement of the floors described in Example 16 can in this way slopes and embankments can also be stabilized.

Example 19 1 Laying out wet mortar on a dry substrate " In the following examples further applications of this invention are shown, especially for those cases where the mortar does not work with it or does it badly compatible surcharge materials are to be placed and these surcharges, if contained in the mortar, causing difficulties when mixing and / or pouring, such as e.g. fibers, broken glass, etc.

For basement floors, floors, in road construction, when laying out insulating layers and for leveling on construction sites, laying wet mortar on top of dry Documents appropriate. This method is also practicable when aggregate materials, such as broken glass and splinters as well as fibers and similar material are used reach and are thereby surrounded by the mortar. The materials can be used without Joints are laid out. Joints in concrete allow shrinkage after setting and are unnecessary for products of this invention that have virtually no shrinkage.

A: Mortar without aggregate is applied to aggregate materials with a vibratory knife or spread out on a drum.

The composition of the mortar is as follows: α-hemihydrate 100 parts and dry clay (grains mostly under 0.005mm) 33.3 "are mixed well and then admixed with: water 30 sodium hexametaphosphate dispersant 0.15 if necessary cation detergent, promotes the spreading of 0.005 "boron samples from mortar Slag, demolition materials, glass shards, etc. give a compressive strength of 520 up to 610 kp / cm2.

B: Isolation and leveling layers of solid or cellular Mortars are made in the way that the mortar under the Plates are pumped, pressed or injected, the plate slides like a Smoothing sledge over the mortar.

C .: Laminates with good fatigue resistance preferably contain flat or irregular grains in the powder and coarser aggregate materials and are added as follows: α-hemihydrate 100 parts dry clay (grains mostly under 0.005 mm) 33.3 crushed stone or slag under 10 mm grains 333 parts of Nstrium polyphoaphate 0.15 water 28 The mortar is made in the normal way and into a layer 5 cm thick potted. A layer of stones or slag about 30 cm thick, Broken glass, demolition materials or wood bark and other cellulose - and lignin arten is rolled onto the erate layer. After that, another layer of 10 to 12 cm thick made of the same type of mortar. The supplementary materials included 400 parts of granite gravel with grain sizes below 25 mm, if necessary with 0.01 part of a cationic detergent, to prevent the mortar from spreading and penetrating into the aggregate.

The mortar layer is with a vibrating drum or a Vibration meter distributed. The layer of the mortar-free aggregate absorbs vibrations and results good fatigue resistance.

D: The same solid mixtures as in A and C start with, can also be leveled without water, in which case they will be added from 36 to 40 parts of water, if necessary

with 0.01 part of cationic detergent, pressed. This creates materials with lower strength than the mortars specified in A and C, because in part the water distribution is inadequate and because, on the other hand, it is too high in the mortar Water fractions are included.

In all embodiments of this example, the mortar can be applied to the Aggregate materials are spread out or the aggregate can be added to the mortar as described in Example 20, Example 20 "Spreading out drier Materials in wet mortar "The following materials can be used on or in wet mortar be distributed: 1. A dry mixture of plaster binder and powder, if necessary with a Supplement, is applied to wet mortar, with drying and adhesion is promoted to the next shift; 2. Surcharge materials will be either pressed into the mortar or sunk by vibration to achieve good friction properties (Coefficient of friction) or to achieve decorative surfaces; 3. Carton, fabric or lightweight sound-absorbing panels or other restrictions can put on the mortar can be applied as reinforcement, demarcation or decoration. When spreading on wet mortar there is very good adhesion to these materials.

4. The addition of fiber materials used for reinforcement is advantageously- @ aise introduced into the mortar before setting or the mortar is distributed on these fiber materials.

Example 21 Wet on wet distribution For the preparation of construction elements The following method can be used for prefabrication: On a layer of mortar, another, usually lighter, mortar layer is applied. These two or more Layers bind together and dry. This process can, if desired, are accelerated by high frequency heat and results in higher strength values.

A: It becomes a plane-parallel or profiled layer a thickness of 1 to 3 cm produced by using mortar according to Example 19 A and C - however, all aggregate grains are smaller than 1/4 of the minimum thickness of the Product - is poured onto a conveyor belt.

A layer of foam mortar according to Example 12 C with a volume weight of 150 g / l is poured onto the wet mortar in a thickness of 10 cm and with leveled with a knife or roller. This foam mortar can - as in the example 20 - to be covered with another layer. Such an element can stand alone can be used, or two such elements with their solid shells can be used be put together outside.

B. Wall panels that are shearer and in the area of the outer surface are lighter on the inside, can be made as follows: 3 mm thick outer layers with a density of 450 g / l are made of cellular mortar with the following composition generated: 0 '-hemihydrate 100 parts CaCO3 precipitate below 0.0003 mm 12 04 n 0.0005 2-8 mm wollastonite powder "0.005 mm 10-16 are mixed well and pneumatically produced foam added from water 25 potassium silicate dispersant foam stabilizer 1 Potassium-Silicone-Wacker BS 15 -hydrofobing agent 0.2 parts sodium hexametaphosphate dispersing agent 0.15 On top of the first 3 mm thick outer layer, another layer of 7 to 20 mm thickness and a density of 125 to 200 g / l. The following is used for this Material used: α-hemihydrate 100 parts calcined flint SiO2 grains below 0.005 mm 25 "are mixed well and the following pneumatic foam composition added: water 24 potassium silicate dispersant foam stabilizer 3 cocoethanolamide + Iaurylsulfonat-Detergent 0.01 "Another layer with a thickness of 5 mm can can be applied to this second layer after setting, or it will be the Surface of the second layer of mortar dried by infrared heat to the next Layer of heavier mortar to wear. Compared to known plasterboard, these have Products have the following advantages: 1. Material costs are lower, carton is not necessary, less plaster is needed; 2. The production does not take place in the drying oven, whereby no drainage occurs in the surface of the body; 3. The products are lighter and give a good thermal and acoustic Insulation; 4. The strength values are higher, as is the resistance against water, heat and fire; 5. The white and smooth surface does not need to be painted or painted.

These products can be on a conveyor belt or on a removable one Made of paper.

Example 22 "Mortar in fibreboard" Cellulose waste can bound with mortar according to this invention to form fibreboard or fibreboard will.

At the moment about 9 Ges .- * aldehyde resins are used, which means that This glue released formaldehyde HCHO in new houses often the dangerous amount of over 0.4 mg / m3 is achieved. In contrast, there are fibreboards with gypsum binders safe, cheaper and fireproof. When testing for fire safety (see Example 8) so-called "aldehyde resin plates" withstand only about 15 minutes and catch then the burning on. Boards with gypsum binders can withstand fire for about 50 minutes and don't burn.

1000 parts of cellulose are plasticized in liquid ammonia. Of the The vapor pressure of ammonia can be reduced, for example, by using the following salts: LiNO3, NH4NO3, NH4SCN, NH4Cl, MgCl2, ZnCl2, CaCl2 The ammonia is recovered by absorption. The plasticized cellulose is about 10 Seconds exposed to a pressure of 1.5 to 2 at and then to the following composition added: A -hemihydrate 100 parts @Al (OH) 3 - grains below 0.001 mm 20 will be good mixed with the following foam composition: acrylic latex with thickener 11 Sodium silicate dispersant foam stabilizer 1 Sodium hexametaphosphate dispersant 0.22 The plate produced is subjected to a pressure of 2at for a further 10 seconds, at the same time 14 parts of water in the form of saturated steam are introduced into the press will. Water can also be in the form of snow or ice of the cellulose before pressing or added to the mortar.

Example 23 "Abrasive and Friction Products" products of this invention are for brakes, clutches, grinding wheels, etc. suitable.

Braking tests have shown that temperatures above 1000C are practical do not occur because the frictional heat due to partial drainage in the products is absorbed, similar to the behavior in Example 8 (fire test). A Addition of metal powder leads to a improved heat dissipation, The mortar is composed as follows: α-hemihydrate 100 parts SiC, BC, SiO, A1203 or BN + (grains always 50 under 0.010 L) Al. Fe. Cu or other metal @ ulver with a grain size of less than 0.010 mm 14 coal slag, grain size less than 3 mm 150 mixed well and then mixed with water while stirring 20 1 acetone for casting viscosity about 6 BN + only improves the coefficient of friction. SiC, BC, SiO2 and A12 + 03 are abrasives.

When using very dry raw materials, 3.Z.F. 200 kp / cm and D.F. over 1500 kp / cm Example 24 "Joint and filler compounds" Through Mixing the following ingredients, pug and filler compounds are made: α- or ß-hemihydrate 100 parts calcined flint (grains less than 0.007 mm) 50 "gamma-alumina (" "0.003") 33 "Predispersed kaolin (" "0.003") 17 Before use, the above dry mix with about 30 parts of water or, mixed with latex and asphalt emulsion, for maximum water resistance to reach. 100 parts of fine powder increase the plasticity in this mass, the elasticity and the adhesive force.

Example 25 "Materials for molds" For molds for the production of Bodies made of metal, plastic, porcelain and ceramics, especially for casting molds, the following material can be used: α-hemihydrate 100 parts S402 plug ash - Grains under 0.0008 mm 15 dry clay 1 1 0.003 mm or 15 do.Kaolin are mixed and added to water or foam, amount of water 25 Example 26 "Cold sintered Products "Porcelain-like products that also sound like porcelain are made by Cold sintering made from the following composition: α -hemihydrate 100 Parts of white powder (grain size below 0.005 mm) e.g. made of kaolin, Si02, Al2O3, MgO, Zn0 etc. 30 White surcharge (grain size less than 0.1 mm) z.3. the end Marble, dolomite and also the above 30 parts materials 30 parts are mixed and mixed with 25 to 28 parts of water mm of a paste 0.15 for some powders is the use of a dispersant is necessary. The bodies can, as in the example 7 described, are dried by means of high frequency.

Example 27 "Waterproof products" Containers, such as water or Oil tanks, also pipes, insulating layers against heat, cold, water, corrosion, Fire and sound as well as section walls in ships and other means of transport advantage made of mortar, as described in Example 9 C and 12 A. Metallate ions as well as complex metal ions with ammonia or amine come into play Use. All transition metals which form such ions with amine or ammonia or form metal anions, are suitable for use in a mortar according to of this invention. The mortar can be made from sea or salt water instead of fresh water getting produced.

Summary of the examples: In Examples 1 to 15, physical Properties of the products as well as limit areas for the composition of the mortar described. The important thing is the effect of the fine powder in the mortar, namely a lower one Water requirement, higher strength values, change in the structure of the products, whereby the resistance to fire, heat and water is increased. The solubility and erosion in water and saline solutions can be associated with metal ions, in particular Metal anions, with complex metal ions with ammonia and with amine in the mortar are essential increase.

The drying of the products can be done, among other things, by high-frequency heat accelerated, which also increases the strength properties of the products. The absorption of water in building materials according to this invention is very low, which gives the products good resistance to repeated prying and thawing and the thermal conductivity is reduced. Porous products have a lot fine pores, cells or vesicles and thus have unexpectedly high strength values, good sound absorption and good sound insulation. The mortar is practically neutral, and the products can be reinforced and reinforced with cheap materials.

Examples 16 to 27 show possible uses and methods of use of the products of the invention.

further areas of application can be opened up, 80 that the examples do not detract from the scope of the invention or its applications.

In summary, it is stated that by adding 2 to 100 parts by weight of fine powder increased to 100 parts by weight of binder in the mortar Strength properties of the products and improved resistance to Fire, heat, water and salts compared to well-known mortar products without fine Powder can be achieved. Metal anions and complex ions of metals with amine or Ammonia in the mortar reduces the solubility and increases the resistance to erosion through water and saline solutions. Porous products of the invention are very fine Cell structure and at the same time higher strength properties than known foam products t of the same weight.

Claims (31)

P a t n n t an s p r u c h e 1. Composition for manufacture porous, partially porous and solid products or bodies for use as Construction, insulating and protective materials with increased strength properties, higher Hard tind resistance to fire, heat, water and salts as well as improving of soils that contain a hydraulic binder and additives, g e k e n n -z the following components: a) 100 parts by weight hydraulic binder, of which at least 30 parts by weight are dehydrated gypsum, b) 2 to 100 parts by weight. fine powder with a specific surface area of 1 to 75 m2 / g, c) water in an amount that is minimally sufficient for setting, namely 10 to 45 parts by weight, d) 0 to 1000 parts by weight of coarse aggregate materials. 2. Process for the manufacture of products or bodies from a Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the hydraulic binder with the fine powder with the addition of water in the form of solutions, emulsions, Suspensions, dispersions, wet components, ice, snow, water vapor or foam mixed together, the resulting Mortar or the emerging Molding compound is used for the production of solid or porous products that dry while setting due to the heat of hydration generated inside. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that as a dehydrated Gypsum preferably small, short crystals of hemihydrate or active anhydrite, used in pure form or with calcium oxide, calcium aluminate and / or calcium silicate and this plaster of paris in solutions of alum, borax, potassium carbonate or potassium tartrate immersed and then dehydrated at temperatures of 300 to 6600C. 4. The method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that as fine powder and / or those used as aggregate materials that are mainly are in the form of round grains. 5. The method according to claims 2 or 3, characterized in that that the fine powder and / or additive materials used are those which in Porn are elongated or acicular grains. 6. The method according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that as fine powder and / or aggregate materials, those used in In the form of mainly flat, flaky grains. 7. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fine powder and / or aggregate materials are those that are in Por: irregular or expanded grains can be used. 8. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that up to 1.6 parts by weight of the mixture per 100 parts of binder an dispersant can be added before the products are standardized. 9. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixture of the components with a foam or with foam-forming agents is mixed, with each 100 parts of binder up to 6 Parts by weight of foam stabilizer are added. 10. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the foam formation separately or in mortar by compressed gases and / or by vapors in the composition. 11. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the foam formation is caused by the development of gas and / or steam takes place in the mortar and foam mortar is formed in the process. 1X. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the Ydrte 'components are mechanically spared. 13. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mortar expands under vacuum and possibly also is dried. 1½. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that up to 12 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of binder are added to the mortar of gas-evolving reagents and / or up to 12 parts by weight of volatile substances can be added. 15. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that a pE value preferably below 9 is maintained in the mortar will. 16r method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that before the setting of the mortar reinforcement and / or reinforcing Materials and / or limiting and / or structural elements are incorporated 17. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in, that for accelerated drying and to increase the strength values the products treated with high frequency heat at over 100,000 Hz. 18. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that reinforcing materials to be introduced into the mortar, like fibers or threads, previously with connections with high dielectric losses, especially treated with alkoride compounds (esters) of titanium, silicon, zirconium, for example sprayed, after which a cross-linking by means of high-frequency treatment the processing materials are carried out, which are then introduced into the mortar or the cross-linking in the mortar products by means of a Boch frequency load at 10,000 Hz and more is done. 19. Composition according to claim 1, in particular prepared according to one or more of claims 2 to 18, characterized in that 100 parts each binder means 0.1 to 6 parts by weight of compounds with complex Ions contains, namely metal-containing anions (metallates), complex ions of metals with ammonia or amine as ligands, addition compounds and complexes Ions with hydrate, aminate, kmmoniakat. 20. Composition according to claim 1 or 19, characterized in that that aggregate materials are included, the grain size of which is predominantly larger than 0.02 mm, and that of simple or expanded minerals and / or sediments exist. 21 .. Composition according to claim 1, 19 or 4, characterized in that that coarser aggregate materials are included, the waste product. from mine, Industry and of a different nature. 2Z. Composition according to Claim 1, characterized in that aggregate materials are included that are wholly or partially made of organic or inorganic fibers exist. 23. Composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that per 100 parts of binder up to 12 parts by weight of one polar liquid, which has a dielectric constant at 200C of 10 and more. 2, composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that for their use for construction, insulation and protection purposes fine powder with a specific surface area above 1 m2 / g, preferably above 4 m2 / g is included. 25. Composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that for their use in products with increased strength properties and improved resistance to fire, heat, water, salts, saline solutions and other chemicals fine powder with a specific3 surface area above 4 m2 / g is included. 26. Solid products from a composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that they have a density of l, obis 5 kg / l. 27. Porous products from a composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that they have a density of 'to 2.0 kg / l. 28. Porous products according to claim 27, characterized in that at least 80 ffi of the pores, cells or vesicles have a mean diameter of less than 0.002 3m. 29. Molded products from a composition according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is proportional to the rough weight d Have compressive strengths of at least 300 x d kp / cm2 (d is given in +1), that the flexural strength values for light porous products were about 50% of the compressive strength values and the flexural strength values for heavier and massive products are around 20 to 25 ffi of the compressive strength values. 30. Use of porous products from a composition according to a or more of the preceding claims for the improvement of soil, in particular of soils of agriculture 'and preferably for storing water in the soil, in that the products contain more than 30% by volume of water. 31. Use according to claim 30, characterized in that OAß for improvement of agricultural soils, in addition to the fine powder, coarser aggregate materials with grain sizes of at most 0.1 mm and, per 100 parts of binder, 0 to 30 parts of a soluble fertilizer and / or 0 to 50 parts less soluble or insoluble Plant nutrients and / or ion exchangers are included.