DE2703353A1 - METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE PROPERTIES OF A PLASTIC FLUID AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR POURING THE PLASTIC FLUID INTO SHAPES - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a method for measuring the fluidity or flowability of plastic fluids, a method for producing such fluids, a method for pouring these fluids and a device for carrying them out Procedure.

When manufacturing and building houses, buildings, Engineering constructions, furnaces, metallurgical installations and Structural elements, such as walls, stones and blocks using cement, plaster, clay or other refractory substances, become plastic fluids in rooms, narrow or curved passageways in which reinforcing iron bars or structural elements are placed, or in spaces poured or packed between masses that act as resistance elements for the flow of plastic fluids.

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Numerous verifications have already been made, theories set up and test results reported, which the Relate to the fluidity of such plastic fluids. However, a precise analysis has not yet been carried out.

According to a regulation of the Japanese Institute for Architecture (JASS, ST-7o1) and the Japanese Institute a test facility with downward flow is used for construction, a so-called P-funnel, d. H. a funnel-shaped measuring device with a discharge opening with a predetermined Diameter at the bottom, used to determine the flowability in accordance with time (flow value), those for the plastic fluid, for example a cement composition, which is contained in the measuring device, is required for delivery through the delivery opening.

Such a flow value or flow value is a measure which indicates the flowability. But if you already draw one Pre-packed mold into consideration, in which the casting pressure and other casting conditions have a hydraulic, setting Mass, such as cement, are determined on the basis of the flow value, experimental results show that it is difficult to to establish a defined relationship between the flow value and the casting conditions. Therefore it is also with one Mass that has a relatively low flow value, difficult or impossible to pour this mass in some cases. In other words, using the measurement result of the flowability obtained with the P-funnel it is impossible to carry out a prepackaging process satisfactorily to obtain high quality products to obtain. If grouting is difficult or impossible, it is not only necessary to change the method of making the plastic mass, such as mortar, but the mold must also be dismantled in order to replace the rough addition. In addition, the Strength and other properties of the products are not good.

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Al

According to previous theory and research, the viscosity coefficient, which is used to determine the flowability, is determined by a rotary viscometer measured. However, an extensive analysis has shown that the results of the flowability measurements of plastic Fluids after this process are doubtful.

It was previously assumed that cement mortar, cement paste or the like have the properties of a Bingham paste or a Bingham fluid. Regarding the flow properties of the complex suspension mortar * when poured into a mold which is packed with an aggregate or with a mass of irregular size and shape, however, nothing has become known. The Bingham Fluid is characterized by that it only flows when a force is applied that is greater than a given value. The shear stress that acts on the plastic fluid when it is begins to move is called the initial shear yield point. However, there has not yet been a usable method or a device that can be used to determine the initial thrust limit. So far this value has been obtained from the flow rate determined with the P-funnel or the viscosity determined with the rotary viscometer derived. When pouring cement mortar into a mold, which in the following not only includes the usual shapes, but also all types of rooms or cavities of buildings or structures are to be understood, which are filled with cement mortar should, the shape of the voids or spaces in the aggregate, such as gravel or crushed stone, is very complicated, so that the flow of the poured cement mortar through the voids is extremely complicated. For this reason the actual behavior of the cement mortar used in an already filled mold is poured, never simply determined by the above-mentioned known method will. It has been found necessary to determine the initial shear yield point through many tests, which is of course difficult and time-consuming.

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The object on which the invention is based is therefore to create a method and a measuring device, with which a simulation of the flow state of the plastic fluid is possible, which in a previously packed form is poured to usable factors, such as flowability / flow pressure, quantitative, relative Flow coefficient, relative shear flow limit value, relative closing constant and relative flow viscosity coefficient, etc., using these values for the Determination of the optimal casting conditions can be used.

According to the invention, a control system is intended for pouring a plastic fluid into a mold which is pre-packed with an aggregate under optimal pouring conditions be created. This is achieved according to the invention by a method for measuring the flowability of a plastic Fluids achieved. The plastic fluid is guided through a flow channel, which is a resistance element has, which forms a resistance for the flow of the plastic fluid, the flow pressure is measured and a quantitative relative flow coefficient between the plastic fluid and the flow channel determined.

In the method for measuring the flowability of a plastic fluid according to the present invention, the plastic fluid Fluid passed through a flow channel that has a resistance element, which has a resistance to the flow of the plastic fluid forms. The pressure is measured that remains in the flow channel after the plastic Fluid has been poured into the flow channel and the flow rate has decreased to zero. It can also reduce the pressure after an additional · amount of plastic fluid has been applied to the flow channel, and prior to the discharge of the plastic fluid from the Flow channel measured and the relative shear flow limit value between the flow channel and the plastic fluid can be determined quantitatively.

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ft

By repeating the measurement of the relative shear yield point and by calculating the difference between the successively measured relative shear flow limit values, a relative flow coefficient between the plastic fluid and the flow channel can be determined. After determining The relative closing coefficient is the pressure of the plastic fluid as it drains through the flow channel a predetermined time begins to flow, measured. This action is repeated to account for the time-dependent change in the To determine the shear flow limit and the quantitative relative initial flow pressure of the plastic fluid with respect to the flow channel.

In the method for measuring the flowability of a plastic fluid according to the present invention, furthermore plastic fluid is filled into a flow channel which has a resistance element which is opposed to the flow of the plastic fluid forms a resistance. The plastic fluid is allowed to change through the flow channel Flow velocity flow and measures the relationship between the velocity and pressure of the flow of the plastic fluids. Then the relative flow viscosity coefficient between the plastic fluid and measured in the flow channel.

In the method according to the invention for measuring the casting properties of a plastic * fluid which contains a solid component, a U-shaped tube is produced, an aggregate is introduced into the pipe over a predetermined length, the plastic fluid into the pipe through one end poured in with the other end closed, the other end open, allowing the plastic fluid through the aggregate can flow, the flow rate and the flow time of the plastic fluid are measured, whereby the Mass flow is determined, and the difference in static head between the plastic fluid levels on both

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Seldom measured of the added aggregate. The thrust flow limit value of the is derived from the static pressure difference plastic fluid determined.

In the method according to the invention for pouring a plastic fluid into a mold, the plastic fluid is through guided a flow channel that simulates the state of the mold and contains a resistance element, which the Forms resistance to the flow of the plastic fluid. The flow pressure and a quantitative one become relative Flow coefficient measured between the plastic fluid and the flow channel. Then a pouring program will dem Flow pressure, the quantitative relative flow state and set up according to a predetermined casting state of the mold and the casting speed and pressure of the plastic fluid poured into the mold.

The measuring device according to the invention for measuring the flowability of a plastic fluid, in particular one Cement mortar, or a paste, consists of a tube with a pouring opening at one end and a dispensing port at the other end, one in the bore at an intermediate section over a predetermined length arranged resistance element, which forms a resistance for the flow of the plastic fluid, and a Device which provides for the flow of the plastic fluid through the resistance element.

The tube advantageously has the shape of a ü, with a horizontal or curved leg with the vertical Legs of the U is connected. The resistance element is used to simulate an aggregate that enters the Form is packed. The resistance element is in one of the vertical legs or in the curved or horizontal one Legs arranged. The plastic fluid is made to flow through the tube under atmospheric pressure or under compressed air brought.

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The control system according to the invention for pouring a plastic fluid into one packed with an aggregate Mold, comprises a pump for pouring the plastic fluid into the mold, means for locking the Pressure of the plastic fluid poured into the mold, means for determining the speed of the pump, a first comparator for comparing the determined speed with a predetermined reference speed, a device for setting a predetermined one Pressure state of the plastic fluid, a device for adjusting the physical property of the plastic fluid, a calculator for calculating an optimal molding pressure of the plastic fluid according to the output from the first comparator, the predetermined pressure state and the physical properties, a second comparator for comparing the output from the computer and the output from the pressure detecting device, a first display device for displaying the output from the first comparator and a second display device for Display the output from the second comparator.

According to the invention, the flowability of a plastic fluid, for example cement mortar, is measured in that the fluid is passed through a flow channel which is packed with an aggregate in order to simulate an actual shape, the flow pressure and the quantitative flow coefficient between the fluid and the flow channel is measured. The pressure that remains in the channel after the fluid has been poured into the channel and the flow rate has reduced to zero, or the pressure after an amount of fluid has been added to the channel and before the fluid leaves the channel, is also measured Channel is released in order to determine the relative shear yield limit value or the shear stress yield point. The fluid is then allowed to flow to redetermine the relative thrust flow limit. The relative closing coefficient is the difference between two

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relative shear flow limit values determined. After a predetermined time has elapsed, the plastic fluid is left in a pressure flow. The pressure at the beginning of the flow is measured in order to quantify the change in the thrust flow limit value to be determined as a function of time, whereby the relative initial flow pressure is determined. Of the relative flow viscosity coefficient is measured by that the flow velocity of the plastic fluid changes and the relationship between the velocity and the pressure of the plastic fluid can be determined. In the actual molding, the plastic fluid becomes produced by using the factors thus determined and the casting conditions predetermined or automatically being controlled.

With reference to the accompanying drawings the invention becomes for example explained in more detail.

Fig. 1 shows in a diagram the measurement result of the flowability of various non-Newtonian fluids below different conditions of the aggregate packing.

Fig. 2 shows in a diagram the flowability of various plastic fluids measured with a rotary viscometer as well as the flowability measured with an aggregate packing.

Fig. 3 shows schematically an embodiment of a measuring device to carry out the procedure.

4 to 12 show modified measuring devices, whereby in the modifications of FIGS. 4 and 5 tubes similar to those of FIG. 3, in FIGS. 6 and 7 a straight tube and a container, in FIGS. 8 and 9 an L-shaped tube Tube and in Figures 1o to 12 tubes of special design are used, which are designed so that the influence

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the flow resistance at the bent section of the pipe and the deposition of solid particles on the bottom after Measurement result can be avoided.

13 schematically shows a further embodiment of a Measuring device.

Fig. 14 shows a construction of the modified embodiment of Fig. 3 partly in section.

FIG. 15 shows an end view of the embodiment of FIG Fig. 14.

Fig. 16 is an end view showing a modification of the embodiment from Flg. 15, at which air pressure is used to move the plastic fluid.

Fig. 17 is an end view of another modification of the meter attached to a concrete mixer.

18a to 18f are diagrams showing the relationship between the calculated and experimental values.

19 is a diagram showing the relationship between the Casting speed and pressure.

Fig. 2o is a block diagram showing an example of the pressure control system.

Fig. 21 shows a pressure diagram used as a reference.

Fig. 22 is a block diagram of another example of a print control system.

FIG. 23 is a plan view showing the recording sheet used in the embodiment of FIG.

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Fig. 24 is a block diagram used in the recording device of Fig. 17 for automatic display and automatic recording.

Fig. 25 shows in perspective the relative disposition of a pouring port and an overflow port when a box body is molded.

FIG. 26 is a graph showing measurement results obtained by the recording device of FIG.

Before the invention is described in detail, a theoretical analysis carried out.

In most cases one has the following equation for calculating the specific surface area Sm of irregular ones Particle used. This equation is based on the Stokes' see theorem for determining the fluidity of a Newton's see fluids passing through the interstices of irregular Particle flows.

S »-t

^U £

It is

A P is the pressure difference in g / cm

g is a conversion coefficient in g cm / gs

- L «= casting distance in cm

U. the empty column velocity in cm / s C the percentage of voids of the introduced irregular particles of the packing
t is the packing coefficient of the irregular particles

2 the density of the packed particles in g / cm

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ORIGINAL INSPECTED

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subsequently changed

The following equation Ά2 is obtained when the viscosity P _{n of} the Newtonian fluid in g / cm · s is determined from the equation described above

... A2

The following applies to the dimensions of these equations:

g / cm s - g / cm ² x (g cm / gs ² )

1 / s

The dimensional structure of this equation is the same as that of the following equation A3 for the viscosity of Newtonian fluids.

_{= / cb s)} ^

eyz (1 / s) The following applies:

L yzg ^ «shear stress in dynes / cm Pyz« shear rate in 1 / s

If the expression of the actual irregular particle is denoted by K (1 / cm) in equation A2, we get the following equation b2:

K (1 / cm ² ) «3 Sm ² f ρ ² (1- £) ² ... B2

If you press the viscosity ll. of the Newton fluid through the

usual viscosity r \ out and if AP is designated as pressure P (p / cm), then equation A2 can be written as follows:

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rmohträfliich changed

ρ g _c £ ³ ρ g _c a ³

Tr - V "- Wv - (g / cm s) ... B3

U _f 'K ^U f ^K

Thus, the shear stress expression Lyz corresponds to P g_ £. and the shear rate term eyz

In Fig. 1, the curves shown in broken lines denote the relationship between the speed and the pressure and the solid curves show the flowability, which is measured with a rotary viscometer, when a 1% aqueous solution of methyl cellulose, which is a non-Newtonian fluid, is passed through glass spheres with a diameter of 17 mm or through crushed stones of sizes 4.5 and 6. It is confirmed that the respective measuring points, which are determined according to equation B3, essentially coincide with the flow curves which be determined with the rotational viscometer, so that 6yzaLjU-K. The value K can be calculated from these results when the value of the specific surface area Sm is known. Conversely, the specific surface area Sm can be determined when a non-Newtonian fluid, such as methyl cellulose, is used.

The following five types of fluids were prepared for the investigation below:

A: 1% aqueous solution of methyl cellulose B: 50 t aqueous solution of fly ash Ct 37% aqueous solution of cement (cement paste) D: 45% aqueous solution of cement (cement paste) Et cement mortar, in which the ratio of cement to sand, the Z / S ratio, 1: 1 and the ratio of water to cement, the W / C ratio, is 47%.

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The masses A and B are non-Newton * see liquids, the masses C, D and E are Bingham or non-Binham pluids. These fluids are poured into a cylinder 10 cm in diameter and 50 cm in length at various speeds. Ballast stones with a size of 15 to 25 mm are packed in the cylinder with a uniform density. The casting speed and the pressure are measured. The viscosity is measured with a rotary viscometer.

The results are shown in the diagram of FIG. 2, in which the left ordinate the shear rate θ or L. UoK, the lower abscissa the shear stress f and Pg «£. , the right ordinate the casting speed U ₄ . and the top

2
The abscissa represents the pressure P in j> / cm. Each curve shows a direct proportionality. All data correspond to each other. In addition, equations B1 and A3 correspond to each other. The solid lines show the values measured by the rotary viscometer, while the dashed line shows the flow between the irregular particles. Curve A for the 1% aqueous solution of methyl cellulose shows that the viscosity obtained with the rotary viscometer essentially coincides with the dashed curve A ¹ , which shows the flow between the irregular particles. This means that it is possible to quantitatively adopt the viscosity obtained by means of the rotary viscometer. For the masses C, D and E, the flow curves or flow curves C, D and E with solid lines and the curves C, D 'and E' with dashed lines show a great difference and a different shape, so that it is not possible to to infer that of the curves with solid lines from the shape of the curves with the dashed lines or to derive this configuration therefrom. The curves B and B * are only a short distance apart. However, its shape is similar to the curve of mass A. This results from the property

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the fly ash and can be attributed to the fact that the shape of the particles is essentially spherical and the Ratio of water to fly ash is large.

The results of the investigation show that in the case of highly concentrated plastic fluids in which the ratio of water to solid powder, such as cement, clay, gypsum etc., which are used for the construction of buildings or civil engineering structures, is small, it is impossible to obtain a reliable quantitative value from the equation A1 according to the known method of measuring the viscosity of the plastic fluid by means of a rotary viscometer for the purpose the analysis of the flow characteristics of such a highly concentrated plastic fluid.

The reason why the known theory or measurement method is not reliable can be derived from the Σ. -Effect, a phenomenon in which particles of the mass collect in the center of the channel or in which the low viscosity mass collects at the periphery of the channel results from the lamination or inclination of the channel narrowing that occurs when the plastic fluid passes through the interstices flows between the irregular particles. The known theory or the known method takes this into account Apparitions not. Has in the manufacture of concrete products, structures made of concrete or refractory material Opt for a sensible arrangement of the coarse aggregates such as gravel or coarse refractory particles in the mold for the Increasing the mechanical strength and thermal resistance of the products and for the economic use of the cement the so-called pre-packing method has proven to be advantageous, in which the aggregate particles are introduced into the mold beforehand or the mold is packed with them beforehand, whereupon the flowable plastic fluid is poured into the mold. However, in this pre-packing process, complex spaces with a large flow

resistance between the previously introduced aggregate particles,

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so that when mortar or cement paste with the complicated flow characteristics described above gets into the When pre-packaged form is poured, phenomena often occur which are obtained from the rotary viscometer Measurement result cannot be derived.

According to the invention, the flowability of the plastic fluid of the type described above is relatively between determines the factors affecting the flow channel and the fluid, thereby establishing quantitative data, which can be used as a plastic measure of the difference in relation to the qualitative tendency of the fluid. In particular, plastic fluids of this type, such as cement paste or concrete mortar or plaster mortar, do not flow immediately, when they are subjected to pressure, instead they behave like so-called Bingham fluids, which then flow begin when the pressure exceeds a predetermined value which is specific for each fluid. For a Bingham fluid it is therefore essential to determine the pressure state at which the fluid begins to flow. Such a pressure is used as the initial shear stress yield limit or initial shear yield limit designated. The behavior of the flow after the beginning changes greatly, this behavior being called Flow viscosity coefficient is referred to. When the plastic fluid of the type described above through the Flow channel passes through, as has been explained, the flow rate changes depending on the time as a result the closing of the channel, which changes the flow characteristics. This is known as the flow coefficient. According to the invention, the initial thrust flow limit value, the flow viscosity coefficient or the Flow viscosity coefficient and the closing coefficient not only qualitatively, but instead as relative quantitative Sizes determined between the plastic fluid and the state of the flow channel through which the plastic fluid flows. The invention is thus characterized in that

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the flowability of the plastic fluid is determined by three elements, namely the relative initial shear stress, the relative flow viscosity coefficient and the relative closing coefficient.

Considering the initial shear yield limit and the initial flow viscosity coefficient, in the prior art, these quantities would only be used as the resistance term as viscosity, viscous property or initial shear strength-yield point introduced which only the qualitative properties of the plastic fluid itself, with the drag factor being kept invariable. The invention is now characterized by the fact that the flowability corresponds to the relative initial shear stress flow limit and the relative flow viscosity coefficient is determined. The term "relative closing coefficient" is used here Used for the first time and is said to reduce the tendency to narrow the channel due to the size of the particles, the size of the Channel and the settling of particles due to the difference in density. It was found that this coefficient is strongly influenced by the velocity and pressure of the fluid.

Various examples of the measuring device according to the invention are shown in FIGS. 3 to 12. In the embodiments of Figures 3 to 5, the required static Pressure difference generated by the measuring devices themselves, while in the embodiments of Figures 6 to 9 static pressure difference is generated by using a container containing cement mortar or the like. at In the embodiments shown in Figures 10, 11 and 12, a plurality of components are used to construct the measuring device easy to use and to increase the measurement accuracy. In the case of those shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 Embodiments, a U-shaped tube 1 is used.

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Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, a reference aggregate 2 and another aggregate are packed in a leg at a specified length C and the flowability of a plastic fluid is measured by passing it through the aggregate. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a pouring opening 3 is provided for the leg with the aggregate 2, while in FIG. 4 the pouring opening 3 is provided in the other leg. In either case, the upper end of the other leg is used as the dispensing opening. According to FIG. 5, the aggregate 2 is arranged in the middle of the floor over a fixed length t . To ensure the specified length, it is advantageous to use metal wire nets on opposite sides of the aggregate. For the same length & the value of the static pressure difference h changes somewhat depending on the leg in which the aggregate is packed and depending on the distance between the pouring opening and the aggregate 2. For this reason it is necessary to specify the leg exactly which acts as a pouring opening during the measurement for each measuring group. Since in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the aggregate is arranged as a pack at the center of the U-shaped leg, the measurement result is always the same regardless of which leg is used as the pouring opening, thereby preventing incorrect use Aggregate 2 in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is located on a straight section of the leg, the leg is easy to clean and the aggregate on which the plastic fluid has deposited and solidified is easy to replace.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS a straight pipe 4 is used, with a container 5, the mortar or the like, being provided as an additional device contains. The aggregate 6 is in a

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Packed intermediate section or bottom section of the pipe. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the measurement is performed carried out by merely inserting the tube 4 into the plastic fluid contained in the container while at the embodiment of Fig. 7, the measurement by casting the Fluids into the tube 4 takes place from above. In the embodiment shown in Figures 3 to 5, the measuring device is independent of the container and can at any point without some auxiliary device can be used. Since the plastic fluid to be measured, such as cement mortar, in almost all Cases is located in a container, with the embodiments of FIGS. 6 and 7, the measurement can easily be carried out merely inserting a pipe into the mortar. In any case, the static pressure difference h between the levels 9 and 9a at the pouring opening and the discharge opening a short time after the pouring or introduction, if the levels or Spiogel have calmed down. The embodiment of Fig. 6 is somewhat more useful than that of Fig. 5, since it is only necessary to insert the pipe. However, it is difficult to adjust the position of the fluid level 9a measure that will be formed in the inserted pipe. In the embodiment shown in Figure 7, it is somewhat difficult to pour the fluid into the tube. The choice of the appropriate embodiment results from the actual measurement conditions. A holding leg is advantageously used provided for the straight tube 4 to maintain its height in the container.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 to 7, the plastic fluid flows through the aggregate in the vertical direction, this state being the most practical Corresponds to the pouring or molding conditions of the mortar in which mortar is poured upwards or downwards. It is of course possible to use the result thus obtained just in case use, in which the plastic fluid is poured in the horizontal direction. Thus there is no fundamental

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Difference whether the plastic fluid goes through the aggregate packing layer in the horizontal or vertical direction. If necessary, without any correction, the measured value for the horizontally potted plastic To use fluid, measuring devices are preferred which have an L-shaped tube 8, as shown in FIGS 9 is shown. As can be seen from FIG. 8, the tube 8 is immersed in the plastic fluid contained in the container 5 is included, while in Fig. 9 the plastic fluid is poured into the tube from above. With each of the in The embodiment shown in Figures 3 to 9 is a pipe with a uniform inside diameter is used. However, the inside diameter of the pipe can also be changed. It is essential, however, that the change in the inside diameter is the result of pouring the plastic fluid through does not affect the packed aggregate since the object of measurement is the property of pouring to be precisely determined by the aggregate. For this reason, the cross-sectional area of the aggregate layer should be the same be as large as or smaller than the cross-sectional area of the pouring opening or the dispensing opening. When a narrowed section lies between the aggregate layer and the pouring opening, such a section forms a nozzle-like Resistance to the poured fluid, which affects the measurement result. In the case of the figures 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 forms the bending portion of the pipe has a low flow resistance for the plastic material, so that the measurement result is more or less changes according to the property of the bending portion. For this reason it is essential that the the same measuring device is used for fluids of the same group. If necessary, with different measuring devices To compare the results obtained, the resistance at the bending point must be eliminated. In the embodiment 3 or 5, the solid particles in the plastic fluid can settle at the bottom of the pipe.

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The deposited particles can be guided to the aggregate layer, which increases the flow resistance.

In the embodiments shown in Figures 10, 11 and 12, this difficulty is eliminated. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the inlet limb 11 and the outlet limb 12 are connected to one another by a horizontal limb 13 at sections slightly above the floor, whereby flow resistance reduction parts 11a and 12a are formed below the horizontal limb 13. These parts reduce the flow resistance at the curved sections on the liquid flow, so that the measured values are not influenced by the use of a curved pipe. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the inlet leg and the outlet leg are connected to one another by a chamber 14 which has a relatively large volume. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the aggregate 2 is located in the horizontal leg 13, while in the embodiment of FIG. 11 the aggregate is located in the leg 16. As can be seen from FIG. 11, the inner diameter D of the leg 15 and D _{2 of} the chamber 14 is equal to or greater than D _{1 of} the section of the aggregate pack in the leg 16. In the embodiment shown in FIG Upper side 18 connected. The other leg 2oa is bent and connected to the side 19 of a chamber 17 which has a relatively large volume. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, the chambers 14 and 17 have a sufficient internal diameter so that there is no need to fear an increase in the flow resistance due to separated solid particles. Even if the plastic fluid solidifies on the aggregate, it is easy to remove the limb containing the aggregate in order to clean or replace the limb.

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In each of the embodiments of Figures 3 to 12, between the levels of the fluid in the two legs generates a static pressure head difference h, with the fluid surface in the tank in FIGS. 6 to 9 as a mirror of the Fluids in a leg can be viewed. At the time of pouring the plastic fluid, the mirror is is higher on the casting side than shown in the drawing. However, this level gradually lowers when that poured fluid flows into the outlet leg through the packed aggregate 2. Such a static pressure difference h naturally results from the presence of the aggregate packing and differs depending on the properties of the aggregate and the poured plastic fluid. It is thus possible to reduce the shear stress to determine the flow value of the plastic fluid for the aggregate by the static pressure difference h:

Here, Fo denotes the shear flow limit value in g / cm for the aggregate, 8 the density of the fluid in g / cm and £ die Length of the layer of the aggregate packing in cm.

An example of a measurement is given below. It becomes a concrete mortar by mixing sand and cement in a ratio of 1: 1, 43% water based on the weight of cement and 1.3% dispersant. The mortar has a density of 2.1 g / cm. Three measuring devices are produced according to FIG. 3 and glass spheres with a diameter of 20 mm over a length of 10, 15 or 20 cm as a pack brought in. The mortar is poured into the measuring devices. The static pressure difference is determined for each case. The measured static pressure difference is shown in Table 1.

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TABLE 1

Length of the pack
from reference surcharge
material cm Immediately after
mixing after
3o min after
6o min ,1 cm 2o cm 7.5 cm 8, ο cm 15th , 4 cm 15th cm 6.1 cm 6.5 cm 1o , 9 cm 1o 4.8 cm 5, o cm 7th

As can be seen from this table, the static pressure difference changes in direct proportion to the change in length of 5 cm of the aggregate packing, whereby the pouring properties of the mortar is shown exactly.

It can be seen that casting can be carried out by determining the required casting condition by that the static head according to Table 1 is used. At a static pressure difference created by using received an aggregate pack with a length of 15 cm is, and with an aggregate of glass spheres with a diameter of 20 mm, it is possible to pour the fluid smoothly by making a cement mortar or cement paste in such a way that the static pressure difference is in the range of 30 to 200 mm, and that the Casting state is determined by converting the property of the aggregate pack in the form into the property of the reference aggregate.

In the case shown in Table 1, the pressure required for the initial shear stress when a mortar is poured into a flat mold with a length of 4 m, which is packed with an aggregate, the same

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Void conditions like the glass spheres or glass beads, 30 min after the production of the mortar according to the following Calculated equation:

{(6.5 - 5, o) / 5 4oo + 5 - 2 (6.5 - 5)] χ 2.1 = 256 p / cm ²

If the mortar is poured 60 minutes after its production, the required pressure is included

{(1o, 4 - 7.9) / 4oo + 7.9 - 2 (1o, 4 - 7.9)} χ 2.1 »342 ρ /

In the latter case is the difference between the aggregate pack length of 10 cm and 15 cm is significantly smaller than the difference between the surcharge package length of 15 cm and 2o cm. This means that if the length of the aggregate pack increases, the casting pressure for the shear limit flow value rises sharply. In this case it can be assumed that the

2 casting pressure is much greater than the value of 342 p / cm, the is calculated as described above.

With the measuring device according to the invention, it is also possible to simultaneously measure the resistance of the aggregate pack in the Measure the shape caused by the deposited solid particles. If the plastic fluid, like Cement mortar, into which the spaces between the coarse aggregate is poured, collect the solid component or the particles of mortar between the aggregate, as a result of which the flow resistance increases over time. With the measuring device according to the invention it is also possible to measure such a flow resistance as well as that for overcoming it this resistance required casting pressure can easily be determined. This can be achieved in that the static pressure difference is measured, which is required to calculate the initial shear stress, and after a predetermined amount of plastic fluid has passed through the aggregate packing layer by

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the pressure difference is measured again. In this case the latter static pressure difference is always greater than the former static pressure difference, so that it is possible to use that necessary for overcoming the flow resistance due to the separated solid particles Pressure according to the relationship between the change in static pressure difference and the amount of plastic fluid passing through the aggregate.

According to the invention it is also possible to adjust the casting speed, i. H. the fluidity to measure. When the dispensing opening the measuring device is closed by a stopper or a lid, which is not shown, a predetermined amount of plastic fluid is in the measuring device poured through the pouring opening to achieve a certain level difference. Then the stopper is removed and the plastic fluid is allowed to flow. The time required for a defined amount of fluid to pass through the aggregate pack is measured. The casting speed can then be determined from the cross-sectional area and the Length of the aggregate pack, the specified flow rate and the time can be calculated.

The possibility of the initial shear yield point, the casting pressure for overcoming the flow resistance caused by separated solid particles, as well as the Measuring the casting speed with one and the same measuring device is particularly useful when working outside the laboratory expedient. This means that it is possible to determine two values at the same time by a single process, what is essential for outdoor work, since it is extremely difficult to make absolutely identical cement mortars or the like.

In connection with the measurement of the three quantities described above, namely the relative initial shear stress,

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- se- -

of the relative closing coefficient and the relative flow viscosity coefficient, according to the invention becomes a Proposed measuring device as described in FIG. The measuring device of Fig. 13 has a vertical one Leg 21, with a pouring opening at its upper end, a horizontal connecting leg 22 and a short vertical leg 23 is provided, which a suitable aggregate pack 26 between metal wire nets 25 contains. The legs 21, 22 and 23 consist of tubes with a circular or rectangular or square Cross-section. The leg 21 has a length which is sufficient so that there is a required static pressure difference forms, which is necessary to generate a pressure that causes the plastic fluid to flow. Is advantageous the inner diameter of the leg 23 is equal to that of the legs 21 and 22 or smaller. It is further desirable that At both ends of the connecting limbs 22 chambers or reservoirs 24 are provided for the reasons described above are.

The legs 21, 22 and 23 may be of a single length of pipe piece as in the embodiment of FIG. 3 is manufactured 'be. Details and modifications of the measuring device of FIG. 13 emerge from FIGS. 14 to 17. In the embodiment of FIGS. 14 and 15, the vertical leg 21 is provided with a scale 31, while the connecting leg 22 consists of three sections. The aggregate pack 26 is introduced into the middle section 33 between the metal wire nets 25. The connecting leg 22 has a U-shaped shape. An overflow pipe 27 is connected to the right-hand section. The assembly sits on a base 28. To the right-hand portion of the connecting pipe, a drain pipe 23 is connected to a tap 35 for draining plastic fluid that remains in the measuring device after the measurement has been completed. A cover 29 is provided for the upper end of the dispensing tube 2 7 in order to normally close it,

709830/0994

which can be operated by a handle 34. Furthermore is an annular collector 38 is provided with a discharge channel 37 which surrounds the overflow pipe 27. The leg 21 and the overflow pipe 27 are connected together by removable coupling elements 39. Opposite channel-shaped guide elements 36 are provided on the base 28 for guiding the opposite vertical portions of the connecting leg 22 attached. This structure enables each vertical section to be removed for cleaning or the replacement of the aggregate packing 26.If desired, the overflow pipe 27 can be omitted, so that the plastic fluid overflows through the upper opening of the right portion of the connecting pipe. In In this case, the cover 29 is lowered along the guide rods 4o which sit on the base 28. When exchanging of the aggregate pack 26, the new aggregate has the same length as the original aggregate. If desired, the middle section 33 can be replaced by one with a different length, in which case one of the vertical sections is removed.

Fig. 16 shows a modification in which a portion of the embodiment of Figs. 14 and 15 is changed. In particular, a 21 is on the pouring leg Mechanism 41 arranged for applying a pressure. A pipe 42 from a compressed air tank 41 is connected to a pressure cylinder 43, which is located at the upper end of the pipe 21 is provided. In the case of the one shown in FIGS Embodiment is to create a sufficiently large static pressure difference required to increase the length of the tube 21, which, however, for handling in use is inappropriate outside the laboratory. If, as shown in Fig.. Compressed air is used, it is possible that static pressure difference or the pressure to move the plastic fluid. In the embodiments 13 to 16 it is necessary to take a sample of a to take the specified amount of plastic fluid that

709830/0994

that is made for practical use. The embodiment shown in Fig. 17 is designed so that this disadvantage is avoided. The measuring device can thus be connected directly to the container of a concrete mixer 50 via a valve 44. The measuring device has two vertical tubes 51 and 53. With the upper end of the tube 51 is in the same manner as in Fig. 16, a mechanism 41 for Applying a pressure connected. The right tube 53 is provided with a cover 29 which is supported by an actuating cylinder 45 and a channel 37 for receiving the overflowing Concrete is pressed. At the bottom of the tube 51 there is a differential pressure transmitter 46 which measures the pressure state and transmitted to automatically control the casting process, which is later elräutert. At the bottom of the measuring device is a water pipe 47 connected to a valve 48 to remove the concrete mortar, which after completion of the measurement remains.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 13 to 17, the means for generating a static pressure difference and the pressure generating mechanism are in the left one Tube arranged. The measuring device is constructed so that it has an L-shape or a U-shape. If desired, the elements the measuring device can also be arranged along a straight line, thereby establishing and taking measurements plastic fluids with high viscosity can be simplified. With such a straight construction, the pouring sprue and the mechanism for applying pressure may be provided either above or below the rod-shaped structure will.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS the section 23 or 33 or 53 is packed with a coarse aggregate, as it is actually used in practice, or with a model aggregate. The packed length L is marked in FIG. In the pipe 21

709830/0994

or 51 cement mortar or cement paste is poured which, as illustrated by the arrows in Fig. 13, flows through the aggregate. When the poured plastic fluid begins to overflow, pouring is stopped. After that, the level in the pouring tube gradually lowers and comes to rest, as a result of which a defined static pressure difference or level difference H. is created. The static pressure difference corresponds to the relative initial shear stress, which is determined by the aggregate or the condition of the flow channel and is expressed in cm or g / cm. Thereafter, the dispensing opening is closed by the lid and a predetermined amount of the same plastic fluid is poured into the tube 21 up to a level £ to generate a static pressure difference. Then the lid or stopper is removed so that the fluid can overflow. During this process, the time is measured which the fluid level needs to pass through the positions € «# Cj ... £ one after the other, whereby the distances between adjacent positions and the times t-, t ~ ... t are determined. Even if the intervals are the same, the time will gradually increase. Eventually the level of the fluid reaches a point where a static pressure difference H _{2 is} generated which is greater than the initial static pressure difference H ₁ . The relative flow viscosity coefficient (gs / cm cm) can be determined from the relationship between * -, £ ~ ··· ^ _n ¹ ^ t-, t _{o ... t.} The relative closing coefficient can be determined from the static pressure difference at the beginning of H and at the end of H ₂ . if

Fo _{1 is} the relative shear flow limit value for the static ¹ 3

Pressure difference H. in g / cm,

Fo ₇ the relative shear flow limit value for the static * 3

Pressure difference H ₀ in g / cm,

3 ^ _{1 is} the relative flow viscosity coefficient in gs / cm cm,

Δ Fo is the relative closing coefficient in g / cm cm, Uf is the speed of the hollow column in cm 8 ,

709830/0994

I changed J

Among other things, the apparent speed or casting speed in cm / s, £ the percentage of the aggregate cavity, ο the weight of the volume unit of the plastic '

Fluids in g / cm,

Pu is the dynamic pressure in g / cm,

L is the length of the aggregate layer in cm,

Q is the amount of fluid swimming through in g / cm,

λ is the cross-sectional area of the aggregate layer

are, the values of Fo ₁ , Fo ,, AFo, X, Pu, Ü £ and U can be determined by the following equations:

₁ FO ₁ «-f- ■. . PO ₂

(Fo ₅ -Fo ₁ ) A.

Pooh

Pooh —I -_— 2 pe -

Yy *

where £ _χ «^ ₁ K ₁ , U ₂ ... f _n ) U, ■ ί _Λ / t-

XlI

üa «U _f / £

As a result of frequently varying the factors relating to the flow of the fluid as well as the factors relating to the fluid itself, and a careful analysis of the combination of these factors, a new relationship has been found. In the case of concrete mortar as a plastic fluid, different types of plastic fluid have been used

709830/0994

Fluids prepared as defined in Table 2, the fineness FM of the sand used varies will. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

TABELI-F 2

Prober »*
Wr. lot cement
Kg tmcke-:
ner flui
sand ·
Kg disper
sions
middle
U) effective
mes
Waters
Kg W / z
% F.M. 1-1 a"
filling 14th 13.2 0 _r 140 5.81 41.5 1.13 1-2 · in the ^3rd 892 841 8.92 370 41.5 i _; 4S 1-3 one
filling 14th 13.6 0 _r 140 5 ₇ 81 41 _T 5 1.54 1-4 in the ^3rd 892 866 8.92 370 41.5 •
1.79 1-5 eiue
filling 14th 14.4 0.140 5.81 5.81 2.33 in. ³ 863 888 8.63 358 one
filling 14th 142 0.140 5.81 In the ^3rd 881 398 8.81 366 one
Filling ' 14th 13.7 0.140 0.140 in the ^3rd 892 873 8.92 370

709830/0994

MO

• P.M. TABLE 3 Fo
g / cm λ
g sec / cm AFo x10 " ³
g / cm Fliefiwert
lake. rehearse
No. 1.13 3.24 2.28 10.7 72.4 1-1 1.45 fr 3 ² l _r 65 65.9 1-2 1.54 0.85 1.01 2 _T 7 26.0 1-3 1.79 1.68 1.40 4.8 27.6 _> 1-4 2.33 1.85 1.08 24.0 1-5

Varying this data is complicated. For sample 1-3 in which FM is 1.54, the values of Fo, λ and AFo are low. However, for sample 1-2, which has almost the same value of FM = 1.45, the values Fo, λ and Λ Fo are very different. These values also change significantly with other samples. The nature of such a variation is very different from that of the measured value, namely the flow value, which represents the time in seconds that is required for a fixed amount of the plastic fluid to flow out through an opening in the bottom of the funnel-shaped measuring device, which one by using a P-funnel (JASS. ST-7o1) which is already used for measuring the flowability of cement mortar or the like.

Such intricate changes also occur when the ratio of water to cement and the ratio of sand to be changed to water. The following table 4 shows examples of the composition of concrete mortar in which the The ratio of water to cement W / C and of sand to cement Z / S is changed over a wide range. The measurement results of the plastic fluids with the compositions of

709830/0994

Table 4 is shown in Table 5, from which it can be seen that the values of Fo, \ and the flow value decrease when the The water / cement ratio increases while ΔFo changes irregularly. The total cement / sand ratio has some relationship to the flow value, but other factors change irregularly.

TABLE 4

Test
No. relationship
Water/
sand relationship
Water/
demerite
% Composition per dry
ner
River sand
Kg Disper
sions
middle
I. m ³ 2-1-1 1/0 j 8 33.5 cement
Kg 817 9 _T 89 effective
water
Xg 2-1-2 N 35 989 812 9 _T 82 332 2-1-3 a 36.5 982 798 9.66 344 2-1-4 ■ 38 966 786 9.50 353 2-1-5 U 39.5 950 779 9.42 361 2-2-1 1/1 "38.5 942 903 8.78 372 2-2-2 H 40 878 895 8.70 333 ' 2-2-3 ■ 41.5 870 888 8.63 348 2-2-4 ■ 43 863 878 8.53 358 2-3-1 1/1 37 853 913 8.87 367 2-3-2 H 38 _r 5 887 903 8.78 328 2-3-3 n 40.5 878 888 8.63 338 2-3-4 « 42.5 863 877 8.53 350 2-3-5 N 44.5 853 858 8.34 363 2-4-1 1 / 1.2 42 834 997 8.03 371 2-4-2 N ■ 43.5 803 988 7.96 338 2-4-3 « 45 796 969 7.81 347 2-4-4 m ' 46.5 781 962 7.75 352 775 361

709830/0994

TABLE 5

Rehearse-
. Kr. Fo
g / cin ^ ^λ 4
g sec / cm AFoxlO " ³
g / cm ⁴ Flow
value
SCC * Weight/
Völ.-
Folly,
Kg / A temperature
after this
Mixing ⁰ C . 2-1-1
2-1-2
2-1-3
2-1-4
2-1-5 1.34
0.82
0.09
ι
0 _r 73
0.19 2.68
1.73
1.12
0.86
0.63 5.0
0.8
1.8
0.3
0 _T 3 74.0
42 _r 2
27.8
24.2
18., 0 2.137
2 _T 137
2.117
2 _r 097
2.092 26.2
26 _r 3
26.4
27 _T 0
25.9
I. 2-2-1,
2-2-2
2-2-3
2-2-4 1.81
1.13
0.81
0.83 1.83
1.29
1.01
0.83 4.8
1.6
0.7
0 - 2.118
2.113
2.108
2.098 27.3
26.0
26.5
26.0 2-3-1
2-3-2
2-3-3
2-3-4
2-3-5 3.05
2.08
1.02
0.81
0 _T 55 2.58
1.73
1.16
0.86
0.60 8.8
3.1
3.1
3.4
1.6 83.8
41.0
28.4
24.0
17.6
r 2.128
2.119
2.100
2.093
2.003 26 _r 0
26.0
26.0
25.5
25.0 2-4-1 I.
2-4-2
2-4-3
2 * 4-4 3.14
1.42
1 _Τ 16
0.63 1.81
1.29
1.03
0.76 M.
0.5
1.0
0.4 53.7
32.4
26.4
20.1 2 * 138
2 _r 135
2 _r 102
2,098 27.2
26.5
26.0
26.0

Table 6 shows compositions in which the amount of the dispersant together with the ratio of water is changed to cement. The measurement results are shown in Table, from which it can be seen that Δ Fo becomes more complicated Way changes.

709830/0994

TABLE 6

Rehearse-
No. Expected relationship
barrels /
cement Composition per m dry
ner
raujgand Disper
sions
middle ·
U) effective
water
Kg 3-1-1
3-1-2
3-1-3
3-1-4 middle
%/Cement 54
56
58
60 cement
Kg 801
785
785
767 0
0
0
0 419
426
441
445
»V · · 3-2-1
3-2-2
3-2-3
3-2-3 0
■ 45 _r 5
47
48.5
50 776
76Ö
760
742 863
851
832
828 4.18
4.13
4.03
4.01 * ·
381
388
392
401 3-3-1
3-3-2
3-3-3
3-3-4
8-3-5 0.5
■
■ 37
38.5
40.5
42 _T 5
44 _; 5 837
826
807
803 913
903
888
877
858 8.87
8.78
8.63
8.53
8.34 328
338
350
363
371 3-4-1
3-4-2
3-4-3
3-4-4
3-4-5 1.0
■
H
'' ■
■ 34
35.5
37
38.5
40 887
878
863
833
854 916
916
911
906
888 13.4
13 _; 4th
13.3
13 _r 2
13.0 303
316
328
339
345 ¹ I ⁵
■
■ 890
890
886
881
863

. ' 709830/0994

TABLE 7

Rehearse-
No. Fo
g / cm λ
g sec / cm AFoxlO ~ ³ L _li9 /? _
g / cm r ^^ ec 25.0 Face '/
VbI.-
Kg / Ä Tlempsratnjr
after this
Mixing ⁰ C 3-1-1 4.44 0.90 3.2 22.0 1.997 26.0 3-1-2 3.50 1.06 11.0 15.2 1 ^ 972 25 _f 7 3-1-3 2.15 0.71 8.8 14.6 ' 1..985 25.7 3-1-4 2.37 0.54 4.7 27.8 1,955 25.6 3-2-1 4.56 l, il 10.0 19.0 2 _T 080 27.4 ' 3-2-2 2.76 0.97 6.8 16.0 2.065 28.0 3-2-3 2.23 0.83 4.5 14.2 2.030 27.8 3-2-4 1.39 0.51 2.0 83.8 2.0.32 27.0 3-3-1 3, C5 2.58 8.8 41.0 2.128 26.0 3-3-2 2.08 1.73 3.1 28.4 2.119 26.0 3-3-3 1.02 l _t 16 3.1 24.0 2.100 26.0 3-3-4 0.81 0.86 3.4 17.7 2.093 25.5 3-3-5 0.55 0.60 1.6 113.8 2.063 25.0 3-4-1 0.73 4.75 3.1 57.5 2.12.2 27.0 3-4-2 0.30 2.51 2.4 39.0 2.135 26 ₇ 3 3-4-3 0 _r 14 1.30 1.8 29.8 2.133 26.5 3-4-4 0.06 1.16 2.3 23 _r 5 2.125 26.0 3-4-5 0.05 0.89 1.5 2.096 26.0

Even with the same composition, the flowability of the plastic fluid changes greatly depending on factors such as the water content of the sand, the order in which the components are mixed and the mixing interval. There will be sand with it a water content between 4.38%, what is considered a dry state is referred to, and 4o% used to mortar with cement

709830/0994

W / Z β to produce 43%, where Z / S is essentially the same is. The measurement results obtained with such mortars are shown in Table 8, in which the symbol "at" indicates that the mortar is fed up through the aggregate packing layer while the symbol "bt" indicates that the mortar is passed down through the packing layer. In either case, changing the measured values is complicated. All in all seen sand with a water content of 6 to 26% has a high value for Fo, but with a water content of 4o%, d. H. above 28 to 35%, there is also a high value for Fo. The one obtained by using a P-funnel The flow value changes very strongly compared to the previously mentioned one.

All products formed from the mortars according to Table 8

2 have a compressive strength of more than 400 Kp / cm. if

the water content of the sand is less than 6%,

2, the compressive strength is less than 42o Kp / cm. If the

The water content of the sand is between 9 and 25%

2 2

the compressive strength between 46o Kp / cm and 484 Kp / cm.

However, when the water content of the sand reaches 26%, it falls

2 the compressive strength quickly drops to 423 Kp / cm. At 3o%,

32%, 35% or 4o%, the compressive strength is 532,

462, 53o and 55o Kp / cm ² , respectively. The flexural strength is generally

2 common between 7o and 8o Kp / cm. For a water content

from 35 to 40% the flexural strength is around 9o Kp / cm

709830/0994

• Water-
salary ¹ in
Sand % Condensed composition Mixed
water
I. Öisper-
sion
medium
cn Surface]
water des
Sand in TABEL 8th · b +
m / min P-Trich
ter
FUeP value
sec. Weight/
VoI.-
unit
Kg / m3 Breezing-WerV 1 hr. 2 hrs. Rehearse-
No. 40 sand
Kg 0.300 150 5,352 Fo
m / m «g 140 m / m
1.44 g 76.0 · 2.050 30 min 0.13 0.10 1 35 15j 648 1.050 m 4 _r 602 a ♦
m / min 95
0.99 53.4 2.088 0 0.88 1.38 2 30th H 1,800 H 3.852 122 m / m
1.25 g 90
0.94 45.0 2.080 0.50 0.40 0.68 3 25th Il 2,550 N 3.102 92
0.96 160
1.62 53.8 2.030 0.13 0.24 0.30 4th 18th N 3,600 N 2.052 75
0.78 160
1.62 50.0 2.020 0.14 0 0 5 15th ■ N 4.050 H l _r 777 135
1.37 140 _BC
1.43 ' 41.5 2.048 0 R. R. 6th 12th 15,473 . 4,500 N 1.327 140
1.41 140
1.42 42.0 2.023 R. * R.
ro 7th 123
1.26 R. ο. 113
l _f 14

Pr above. water Continuation from TABLE 8. Mixed
water
Jt Disper
sions
middle
cn Surface
water des
Sandes In
% Fo
m / m «g b +
m / min P- - -. Weight/ Breezing value 1 hr. 2 hrs No. salary 1π
sand
% Compensated composition 4 _r 950 150 0 _M 877 ■ a +
m / min 135
1.38 funnel
Flow value
lake. VoI, -
unit
Kg / m3 30 min 0 0 8th 7th sand
Kg 5 _r 400 M. 0.427 100
1.02 142
1.43 48.3 2 _T 038 0 N N
• 9 6th 15 _r 473 6 _r 000 N 0.300 107
1.08 57
0 _T 57 59 _r 0 2 _r 013 N foam
3 m / m 709ί 10 3 N 6 _T 300 m 0 45
0.45 60
0.60 41.8 2 _r 000 r foam
2 m / m ' foam
4 m / m - 130 / G 11 1 15 _r 150 6 _? 957 M. 0 50
0.10 75
0.75 53.8 1,980 foam
3 m / m 0 _; 5 · 0.9 <©
α » 12th abso
lut
dry N 48
0.48 90.3 1,980 0.2 14.343

• «J O CO CO

The order of mixing the ingredients will be like shown in Tables 9 and 1o is changed. In Table 9 the ratio of W / C is 45%. 1% of the dispersant is added. Table 10 shows mortar without any dispersant. In Tables 9 and 1o shows (s) a case in which the water content of the sand is relatively high, for example 2o, 48% or 16, o1%, while S stands for the case in which the water content is relatively low, for example 3.41% or 3.31%. That Mixing takes place in such a way that after kneading for three minutes the component to the left of the symbol column is The component shown on the right is added and kneaded for four minutes.

symbol water
salary TABLE S B.
lake. Fo
mm Weight / vol.
r unit *
Kg / m ³ rehearse
No. SC + W 3.41 - 30 _T 0 12th l _; 903 1 . (s) c + w 20.48 A.
lake. 26.8 30th 2.070 2 WS + C 3.41 19.2 67.4 174 2 _r 055 ¹ 3 ^w © ^{+ c} 20.48 15.4 60.8 160 2.047 4th WC + S 3.41 26.8 40 ^ 1 .. 127 2.061 5 UT * X ■ C ι
Wf ^ «Vv 20.48 27.2 very possible not possible 2 j 060 6th SC + W 3.20 20 _r 9 31.8 0 2.112 7th impossible 20 _T 8

709830/099 *

symbol * TABLE 1o B.
lake. Fo 2703353 Rehearse- SC + W Flow value 32.6 VfHVI
• Gev'icfct / Vol. " No. ®C + W water
salary
* A.
. lake. not possible 90 unit,
Kg / m ^J 1 WS + C 3.31 17j8 N 180 2.025 2 w (D + c 16 _; 01 31.4 •
N 150 l _t 979 3 WC + S 3 ₇ 31 21 _T 6 31.7 190 1.997 4th WC + © 16.01 27.0 not possible 145 l _t 997 5 (s) c + w ' 3.31 17 _r 6 160 1.998 ' 6th Ie ₁ Oi 20.0 190 1,980 7th 16.01 22.0 1.952

As can be seen from these tables, also changes with the same composition, the flowability of the mortar and the weight per unit volume are very high. The fact that the properties of the mortar depend heavily on the water content of the sand and on the order in which the components are added depends, has not yet been taken into account. These facts are advantageously used as relative quantitative data. Seven days after molding the types of mortar according to Tables 9 and 1o, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the Products measured. The total compressive strength is between

2
see 23o and 4oo Kp / cm, in some cases between 36o and 392 Kp / cm and change something. In other cases the compressive strength is relatively low, between 225 and

2
35o Kp / cm, whereby it changes in a wide range.

The same applies to the flexural strength. In certain cases the flexural strength is between 66 and 74 Kp / cm and changes slightly. In other cases it is between

2
5o and 65 Kp / cm and changes a lot. Thus, these factors play an essential role in determining the quality of the products.

709830/0994

The flowability of the mortar changes very strongly depending on the mixing time. For example, a mortar with a composition of 50 kg of cement, 56.2 kg of sand with a water content of 11.11%, 15.5 l Water and 500 cm of a dispersant first mixed the cement and sand for three minutes in the dry state and then added water and the dispersant over a period of 18 seconds. 15 s after adding the mixing is started. Table 11 shows the relationship between the mixing time and the flowability of the mortar obtained.

TABLE 11

Mixing time

15 see 3o see 45 see 1 min 3o see 3 min

Flow
worth A 56, ο 54.6 63, ο - 95, o Flow
worth B 95.8 92.2 121.6 - - Fo mm 155 15o not possible not possible uran possible

According to the invention, the flow value is measured by using the special flow cone, which is an upper section which sits on a standardized flow cone. The capacity of the top section is the same as with the standardized flow cone. The flow value A indicates the time during which the fluid in the lower section, i.e. H. the standard flow cone, so that the fluid in the upper section flows down into the lower section. The flow value B indicates the time that the fluid, which is in the

709830/0994

The lower section has flowed from the upper section, is required for the outflow, which is a standard flow value is compatible.

This table shows that up to a certain time the Flowability gets better, but then gets worse.

Another mortar is prepared using the same mixing process as described above. In doing so, however a composition of 50 kg of cement, 52.6 kg of sand with 3.95% water, 19.1 liters of water and 500 cm of dispersant used. Table 12 shows the relationship between the flowability and the mixing time of this mortar.

TABLE 12

Mixed 15 see 3o see 45 sec 1 min 1.5 min 3 min 5 min Time

Flow
worth A 58, o 55, o 51.8 52.3 54.8 57.6 69 6th Flowing
worth B 93.6 78, o 74.4 72.9 7o, 4 76.4 1o9, 4th Fo mm 64 37 155 32 43 57 126

This table shows that up to a certain time the flowability becomes better, but afterwards it becomes worse.

The same tendency is confirmed with reference to various compounds including alumina cement or clay and are used to manufacture refractory components. Table 13 shows some results of Measurements of the flowability of a refractory material.

709830/0994

O CO OO

AtZ: S: Zi Weight / volume . TABLE 1.' I. ... 2 AFo ^ü f λ pressure w / z unit
Kg / cm P - thongs: 1.32 0.008 JL
cm / sec 4 _Τ 6 strength % ItO. 2.025 sec. Fo (g / cm ³ ) (g / cm ⁴ ) 0.81 -0.0058 0 _T 48 .2.7 421 32.0 1: 0 ₇ 2 ² T ⁰⁴⁵ 16.5 . 1 2.65 -0.0027 0.41 428 32.3 1: 0.4 2 _f 210 17.0 1 _T 27 1.84 -0.0086 0.13 ⁹ ; ³ 666 33.4 1: 0.6 2.165 47.0 0.97 2.22 489 38.6 27.0 2.76 1.84

- 44 »- Si

In this table, AXC is an alumina cement, S sand with SK 38 and Cl clay. A tube packed with fireclay with a particle size of 10 to 15 mm over a length of 20 cm is used as the resistance element of the measuring device.

From the foregoing, it can be seen that the flowability of the plastic fluid is greatly influenced by the order of introduction of the components, the water content, the mixing states, etc., that the flow from the mold of the flow channel, the properties and the void factor of the aggregate packing is influenced and that Fo from the directions of the flow at and b | impaired will. Thus, the fluidity, the flow and Fo cannot be assessed qualitatively or abstractly.

To make the nature of fluidity clearer, which changes in a complicated way, experiments are carried out where a mold with a casting length of 2 to 4 m is used and which is packed with various aggregates. The results of these experiments are compared with results obtained with the measuring devices of Figures 13 to 17 received. It has been found that the pressure loss P that is required to move mortar or paste in Casting the actual shape can be expressed, for example, by the following equation:

(Fo + λ 0 _f ) f ^fc ü _f dt I + ph

where h is the height of an element that is being cast and X, Fo and λ are determined as follows:

C ₂ 1

... II

709830/0994

Fo β C ₀ · C ₁ · Fo ₁ .... Ill

> ^β C ₀ -C ₁ - "X ₁ iv

Here, C _{Q are} the characteristic value of the measuring device of FIGS. 13 to 15,

C _{1 is} the correction factor between the measuring device and the aggregate and packed in the actual form

C _{2 is} the coefficient determined by the shape and size of the shape.

If other physical factors had to be taken into account, these equations would have to be modified accordingly.

In the case of constant speed pouring , equation I can be modified to equation V or VI :

Ut
(Fo + Xü _f ) -j- + oh V

T means the maximum pouring time, which can be expressed by:

U '

(Fo +> ü-) L + ph VI

L means the maximum pouring distance, which is

max · · *

pushes through

^ü f ^T X

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In the case of constant-speed pouring

results in the speed U., which is necessary for the 'pouring

2 of the plastic fluid under a pressure P- (p / cm) above a distance L (cm) by the following equation:

η. AP Y4xLFoX £ + AP ² £ ² + 4X ² >> ² -2XLFoA - Δ P ² £ , __

¹ ^

where Δ Ρ β Ρ - ph.

The maximum speed U ~ __ "» with which the fluid passes over

X IhcUC

a length L can be cast at a constant casting speed, results in: - ^ - :: -

^ü f max - LT £ VIII

The final pressure of the fluid when it _{is poured at a constant speed U f} (cm / s) over a length of L (cm), i.e. the pressure P _ß at the pouring opening when the fluid flows over, results in:

(Fo π

Ph

By determining Fo ^, Fo $ λ and δ Fo and coefficients from the above equations, the pressure P is calculated. In addition, experimental values are obtained by pouring the fluid into an actual mold packed with an aggregate. The results of these calculations and experiments are shown in Table 14 and in the graphs in Figures 18a to 18f.

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TABLE 14

Test No. Po ₁ (g / cm) r-l 2 3 4th 5 6th 7th 8th 9 10 L-type » Po ₂ (g / cm) 1.66 3.47 3.36 4.11 1.85 0.79 2.84 2.35 2.22 0.22 Koeffi
efficient λ. (g sec / cm) 1.83 4.17 4.01 5.13 1.98 1.16 3.07 2.44 2.42 0.27 element 4th
AFo (g / cm) 2.38 9.26 8.88 13.20 2.85 4.76 8.60 0.70 1.20 1.08 • Density- ^c o 0.0016 0.0114 o _T oioi 0.0231 0.0013 0..0032 0.0028 0.0016 0.0026 0 _T 007 Speed
age 0.98 0.77 0.78 0.72 0.96 I ₁ OO 0.83 0.89 β, 90 1 (C.
OC
CiJ
σ Hollow
factor ^C 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.6 M. 1.6 α
cc
cc pressure Po (g / cm) 1.9 1 ·, 9 ¹ I ⁹ 1.9 1 _? ⁹ I ₁ ^{9 1} T ⁹ I ₁ ⁹ ^ (g «sec / cm4) 1.63 2.67 2.62 2.96 1.78 0.79 2.36 3 _; 35 3 _T 27 0.35 X (cm / sec) 2 _T 33 7 τ 13 6.93 9.50 2.74 4.76 7.14 1.00 1.73 1.73 ρ (g / cm ³ ) 48.0 20.3 21.4 14 _T 7 53.8 33.6 39.4 36.5 31 _T 1 56.8 U _f (cm / sec) 2 _f 155 2.161 21.69 2.162 2.151 2.159 2 _T 157 2.136 2.130 2.206 ε 0.240 0.217 " 0.232 0.221 0.228 0.185 0.326 0.182 0.188 0 _T 178 niiiiiii >> l "* * 0.435 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.450 0.457 0.448 0.457 0.455 0.450 Average p / cm 582 2701 5424 «0 611 it 1843 4749 399_. 726 «Β 1402 1654 664 925 1791
-: ¥ ■ 2562 1990 473 vcsTSucn p / cm

In FIGS. 18a to 18f, the solid lines show experimental values and the dashed lines show the calculated values Values. Experiment # 1 is shown in Figure 18a. The diagram shows that the density of the coarse aggregate is in fact * neuter shape is slightly larger than that of the measuring device. Experiment no. 2 according to FIG. 18b shows that the density of the coarse The aggregate in its actual form is somewhat larger than that of the measuring device. The fact that the curves bending up shows that both the actual shape and the measuring device have a tendency to clog. Experiment no. 4 according to FIG. 18c is similar to experiment no. Trial No. 4 is between Trials 1 and 2. As shown in Figures 18d, 18e, and 18f, in Trials 5, 6 and 8, the conditions of packing the coarse are The aggregate is essentially the same as for the actual mold and measuring device. The same goes for for experiment no. 1o. In experiments nos. 6 and 9, the expected density from the measuring device is slightly higher than those of the actual shape. Although there is a case here where the state in the actual form is not accurate by the result that can be expected with the measuring device, the percentage of the exact expected value or the exact prediction is about 33%. In certain cases the expected value or the calculated value is higher or lower than the actual value. However, the results are distributed in substantially the same relationship, so that the calculation method and the Measurement methods are useful in practice. Even if the predicted value differs slightly from the actual value, this can be corrected in the manner described later.

When the plastic fluid is poured into a mold packed with an aggregate, it has vibration A great influence. A vibration or oscillation with

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a frequency of 5,000 to 4,000 Hz, in particular from 10,000 to 2,000 Hz, leads to a reduction in the flow pressure or flow pressure P. Vibrations with an extremely high frequency lead to an increase in the flow pressure. When the pressure in the mold is reduced, the molding pressure can also be reduced.

Thus, according to the present invention, it is possible to precisely cast the plastic fluid in a mold using the measured values of Fo, λ and Δίο. However, it seldom happens that the resistance element of the measuring device used for quantitatively determining the relative relationship between the factors relating to the flow channel and the fluid is exactly the same as the resistance element in actual form. Even if aggregates with the same particle size distribution and composition are used in the measuring device and in the actual form, the structures of the aggregate packs are not the same. There is thus the possibility of forming a narrow channel or cavity in the measuring device or in the actual shape. This is particularly important when crushed stone or crushed stone is used as a coarse aggregate. The prediction is made by precisely correcting the values measured with the measuring device. However, as pointed out here, such a predicted value is not always accurate. Changes in the factors are caused not only by the flow channel and the plastic fluid, but also by the passage of time. Therefore, in order to enable accurate casting, such variables must be taken into account. For this reason, according to the present invention, in order to eliminate the influence of these variables, the pressure is controlled by regulating the casting speed.

The relationship between the speed U- in cm / s and

the pressure P in p / cm is shown in a diagram in FIG.

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S3

This diagram illustrates that there is residual pressure even when the speed is down to zero is reduced. The value of the residual speed corresponds to the product of the length in cm of the aggregate pack and Fo (g / cm). There is a limit to the casting speed υ *. Beyond this limit the pressure becomes infinite. this leads to clogging. A decrease in speed has a great influence on the casting pressure, as can be seen from the Equations V to IX can be seen. For this reason, according to the invention, the pressure is controlled by the casting speed, using the above facts. In the case of a constant pouring amount or pouring with a constant Speed, when the pouring distance changes, the pressure increases exponentially rather than linearly, with the Curve shows the appropriate pressure at the respective points. Thus, the display shows the casting pressure measurement on the Form the difference from the correct casting pressure.

Fig. 2o shows a pressure control system designed with the above relationship in mind. A casting container 62 is connected to a mold 61 via a pump 63. The casting pressure generated by the pump 63 is indicated by a pressure measuring device 65. For the mold 61, the method with previous packing or the underwater pre-packing method is used as a whole. If desired, an overflow container 64 can be connected to the mold 61 to confirm completion of the pouring process. A pressure detector 66 is provided as the pressure measuring device, which transmits the measured pressure to a transducer 67 which sends an electrical output signal to a comparator 69. Furthermore, a control plate 7 o with a first to third setting device 72, 73 and 74, a display element 71, a start button 81 and a stop button 82 are provided. The first adjuster 72 is used to adjust the number of revolutions of the pump 63, which is determined by the maximum pouring distance in the mold .

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CO

The second adjuster 73 is used to adjust the pressure based on the factors Fo, and Fo determined as described above, while the third adjuster 74 is used to adjust the above coefficients. The three setting devices 72, 73 and 74 are connected to display elements 72 ¹ , 73 'and 74, respectively. The first display element 72 ′ is connected to a speed comparator 76 which is connected to a speed detector 79 of the pump 63 via a converter 78 and a display element 77. The comparator 76 thus compares the speed of the pump 63 at the end of pouring with the set value of the pouring distance and sends its output signal to the comparator 69 via a computer 75 Driving a pointer 71a transmitted. The calculator 75 operates on one of the following equations X, XI and XII:

where B

ü _f

The value of P is calculated from the equation described above.

The solution to this equation is approximated by a Expressed value of a secondary curve.

^{p β A} "So ^{+ B}

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The solution to this equation is expressed by an approximate value of a straight line. Although each of the Equations X, XI and XII can be used, equation X is preferred when accuracy and safety are essential. Equation XI or XII can also be used, even if the accuracy is not that high is.

The output signals of the second and third display elements 73 * and 74 'are connected to the computer 75 to create a to obtain optimal pressure for the respective setting in cooperation with the signal from the speed coinparator 76. The optimal pressure thus achieved is transmitted to the comparator 69, where it is compared with the casting pressure. The output signal is used to mark the upper pointer 71b of the Display element 71 to drive. Thus, the pointer 71b shows the difference between the optimal pressure at the corresponding locations and the molding pressure in the mold. On the other hand, the Zegier 71a shows the molding state to the respective Place. Accordingly, accurate casting can be achieved by modifying the casting state so that the actual state does not deviate much from the optimal state. When the actual casting pressure is greater than that optimal pressure, the speed of the pump 63 is decreased to bring the actual casting pressure to the optimal pressure to reduce.

According to the invention, an optimal casting pressure is predetermined and used as a reference variable. The actual casting pressure is controlled according to the casting speed in a safe area. Alternatively, a reference pressure diagram can be established by using the values calculated from the above equations, which is used to carry out the actual casting operation.

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Fig. 21 shows an example of such a diagram in which the ordinate represents the pressure P and the abscissa represents the pouring distance L of the total pouring amount LQ. From this curve it is possible to determine the pressure at each point until the specified casting pressure Po is reached. It is also possible to set a maximum pressure P__ _v , since the

Iu el X

Pressure corresponds to the speed of the pump for the respective U. Thus, a desired shape can be achieved when the molding process after the curve without any noticeable deviation therefrom is carried out.

Fig. 22 shows another example of the print control system. In this example, a pressure transmitter 56 is connected to a pouring line 6o which is connected to the pump 63 via a pipe 58 including membrane 59 is connected. An insulating liquid is supplied to the space between the membranes 59 via a pipe 57 fed. The pressure transmitter or pressure transmitter 56 generates an electrical signal that is actuated by a pen Device 54 of a recording device, hereinafter referred to as a writer, is supplied. The writer operates the pen, not shown, so that a diagram is recorded on a recording paper 85 as shown in FIG which is seated on a rotatable disc 55 which is driven by the pump 63 via a reduction gear 52. The recording paper 85 is pressed with a predetermined pressure 86 and a safety zone printed so that the operator controls the cast state by observing the recording paper and the actual pressure on recorded on the recording paper. The control system shown in Fig. 22 is more compact than that of Figs can generate records of casting pressure.

24 schematically shows a recording device which is used to record the measurement result of the measuring device, for example, from Fig. 17 to be recorded. The signal generated by the differential transmitter 46 according to FIG. 17 is a

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Pointer drive 88 is supplied via a pressure transducer 87. The fact that the poured plastic fluid has reached a defined level, for example 60 cm above the aggregate packing layer according to FIGS. 13 to 17 _r , is detected by a level sensor 89. The signal generated by the level detector 89 is used to operate a printing mechanism 9o when a switch 95 is turned on. A switch 94 operates a recording paper feed mechanism 91. Furthermore, a switch 93 is provided for operating the differential transmitter and a cutter 92 which is used to cut the recording paper after the completion of the recording.

When the optimal casting pressure is set, it is possible according to the invention to determine the actual casting process and to carry it out precisely. In particular, the strength and shape of the product as well as the process steps (time) are given for the casting process of concrete. Among these factors, the strength of the product is determined by the ratio of water to cement and can be ^{ensured by Fo, 1} ^ "# AFo obtained by an optimal composition. The factors Fo, \ and Δ Fo are used to determine the When the casting pressure is fixed, the rigidity of the mold frame can be determined from the casting pressure and the pressure applied during the hardening or setting period. Thus, it is possible according to the invention To obtain products of the same and high quality, whereas in the past the casting pressure or the speed had to be determined according to the feeling or the experience of the operator without having to resort to any defined reference variable.

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When making a concrete mortar, Fo, \ and Δ Fo suitably modified by considering factors such as the water content of the sand, the order of addition of the respective constituents and the mixing time are taken into account if the measurement result differs from the expected values deviates. The Z / S ratio can be changed without changing the W / Z ratio. Alternatively, the operating condition can be corrected by changing the casting speed if the casting pressure deviates significantly from the optimal casting pressure, or by adding a suitable dispersant.

The invention is explained in more detail on the basis of the examples below.

example 1

Sand and cement are mixed in a ratio of 1: 1. 1.3% of a dispersant is added to the mixture on the basis of the cement weight and 48% water on the basis of the cement weight for the production of a cement mortar admitted. When measuring with the measuring device using a reference aggregate made of glass beads with a diameter of 25 mm, which are packed over a length of 10 cm, the cement mortar produced in this way shows a static pressure difference of 5 cm immediately after mixing, of 5.5 cm after 30 minutes at room temperature and from 6.3 cm after 60 minutes The flow value of the mortar is determined using a conventional P-funnel. It turns out that the The flow value is 53 s immediately after mixing, 44 s after 30 min and 98 s after 60 min. It is considered that the Concrete mortar with such high flow values is difficult to pour using the conventional prepacking method and thus is an unsuitable mortar. In general, a mortar with a flow index greater than 20 seconds is difficult pouring, a mortar with a pouring value of more than 3o s is impossible to pour.

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The cement mortar described above is poured under a pouring pressure of 0.7 kg / cm into a mold which is packed with crushed stones of the order of 4. The mortar is poured uniformly into the mold. A cylinder is cut from the molded product to examine the molded state. The result is very satisfactory.

Example 2

Sand and water are mixed in a ratio of 1: 1 and 0.5%, based on cement weight, one Dispersant and 48%, based on cement weight, of water added. The flow value of the mixed cement mortar is measured using a conventional P-funnel. The measured flow value is 18 s, which is sufficient for potting. The static pressure difference of the mortar, which is measured with the measuring device described above is 22o mm immediately after mixing, 24o mm after 30 minutes and 295 mm after 60 minutes, indicating that the mortar is difficult to pour.

If this mortar is carefully poured under the same conditions as in Example 1, the pouring of various parts of the mold will not be perfect. This shows that the Mortar is not suitable for practical use.

Example 3

Cement, 1.3% of a dispersant and water are mixed to obtain a cement paste having a ratio of Has water to cement of 40%.

The static pressure difference measured with the aforementioned measuring device and the flow value determined with the conventional P-funnel are shown in Table 15.

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TABLE 15

Flow value Static pressure difference

Immediately after _ec ■ »-.

mixing ^{55 sec 3o 1} ^

after 3o min 65 see 40 mm

after 60 min 00 48 mm

Although it is believed that a cement paste having a flow value as shown in the table is difficult to pour, can they are cast using the static pressure difference which is determined according to the invention. For example successfully uniformly mold the paste into a shape made with crushed stone or size 4 crushed stone is packed, be poured under a reduced pressure. The product produced in this way has a compressive strength of 5 kg / cm.

Example 4

There are cement and sand in a ratio of 1: 1 and 1.3%, based on the cement weight, of a dispersant and water added so that a cement mortar with a water-cement ratio of 45% is obtained. The one with the P-funnel determined flow value of this mortar is 2o s. The static pressure difference of this mortar, which with the Measuring device according to FIG. 1o is determined, and that with glass beads with a diameter of 20 mm over a length of 20 mm is packed, is 18 cm. After closing the dispensing opening with a sheet steel lid, the mortar is poured into the Pouring opening up to a height of 100 cm in terms of the static pressure difference poured and the ceiling? removed,

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so that the mortar can overflow. The falling speed of the mirror between the static pressure height of 60 cm and the static pressure height of 40 cm is 2 cm / s on average. The final static pressure head is included 18.5 cm, which is compared to the initial value of 18 cm got to. This means that a solid component, i.e. H. Sand that has not deposited in the cavity of the coarse aggregate.

In the same way, cement and sand in a ratio of 1: 1.3, 1.3% based on cement weight become one Dispersant and water mixed together to produce a cement mortar that has a water-to-cement ratio of 52% has. The flow value of this mortar, measured with the P-funnel, is 23 s. The static pressure difference of this Mortar, measured with the measuring device according to FIG. 8, with glass beads with a diameter of 20 mm over a length of 2o cm is packed, is 2o cm. After closing the dispensing opening with a sheet steel lid, the mortar is in the pouring opening up to a height of 100 cm in expressions the static pressure head cast. The cover is then removed so that the mortar can overflow. The rate of fall of the mortar level in the leg with the pouring opening is measured. The mean rate of fall of the level from the static pressure difference of 60 cm to the static pressure difference of 40 cm is 2.3 cm / s. The static Print height at the end is 30 cm. This shows an increase of 10 cm in the static pressure difference. Such an increase the static pressure difference means that solid particles such as sand are deposited in the cavities of the coarse aggregate.

The two mortars described above are each poured into molds that have a width of 1000 mm, a length of 2000 mm and a height of 12o mm and on one print of 24 mm Hg are evacuated. The one required for pouring

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(X

2 2

The pressure difference is ο.8 kp / cm or 1.5 kp / cm. In which the latter mortar is observed through a transparent window in the form of a substantial amount of water separates at the time of casting. This can help separate the sand.

Example 5

There are sand and cement in a ratio of 1: 1.3, 1.3% dispersant based on the weight of the cement and water are mixed together to give a cement mortar having a water-to-cement ratio of 52%. Of the The flow value of this cement is measured with the P funnel and is 23 s Devices according to FIG. 1o measured with crushed Stone of the order of magnitude 4 over a length of 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm are packed. The static pressure difference is 12 cm for the package length of 10 cm, 15 cm for the Pack length of 15 cm, and 20 cm for the pack length of 20 cm. The change in the shear flow limit value of the mortar, that by the difference in the static pressure difference due to the different packing lengths of the coarse aggregate in the shape of the crushed stone of the order of 4 is produced by using a flat shape investigated, which has a length of 4 m and is packed with aggregate of the same type. The shear flow limit is

2
245 p / cm for the pack length of 10 cm and 15 cm and

2
405 p / cm for the pack length of 15 and 20 cm. This shows that the initial shear yield limit increases with the length of the pack.

When pouring the mortar into a practical form with a length of 4 m, the pouring conditions are made assuming determines that the initial shear yield point is 700 p / cm. The mortar is poured at an initial pouring speed of 1 cm / s. The result is satisfactory.

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The mortar is used for pouring a box stone shown in Fig. 25 having a width, length and height of 150 mm each and a wall thickness of 150 mm is used. The block is supposed to

2 have a compressive strength of 400 kgf / cm. The preferred one Production speed should be 15 minutes. The sand used to make the block has a density of 2.5 9, a fineness of 1.96 and a water absorption of 2.6%. The block of Figure 25 has a pour opening 95 200 mm above the floor and a pour opening 96 at a diagonally opposite location with respect to the first pour opening. The void factor ^ of the packed aggregate is ο, 45. A vibrator with 600 Hz is used during the Pouring process until 30 s before the level of the poured mortar has reached the overflow opening 96, used. The shape is built to withstand 52o mm Hg pressure.

With this data, the pouring conditions are calculated according to the equations described above: pouring distance

^L Max * ¹⁸⁵ ° ^{cm ic} ~ ⁹ ' ⁶⁾ ' ^{Height h β 15} ° ^cm '? ^{β 2} # ¹⁶⁵ » Fo ■ ο, 57, ^ Fo = o, oo44 (VΔ Fo = o, o66), X «3.21, U-« o, 5,

£ «o.45, the actual maximum pouring distance L ■ 646.46 cm. Under these conditions, the

XHClX ty

calculation a total casting pressure of Δ P = 1217 p / cm.

The mortar composition is determined from the conditions described above as follows: The ratio W / Z »38%, the ratio Z / S - 1: 1, cement = 180 kg, sand ■ 180 kg, water = 68.4 kg, dispersant * 1 , o%. The weight per unit volume of the mortar is 2.165 kg / l. This equals the value of o as described. The mortar made by mixing these ingredients has a flowability of 0.65, Δ Fo · o, oo47 g / cm · cm and X of 3.75. These values meet the above requirements.

The mortar is poured into the mentioned mold at a pouring speed of U ^s 0.5 cm / s. The pouring will

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controlled so that the actual molding pressure does not exceed the calculated molding pressure during the molding time T. The time required for pouring is 13 minutes and the number of revolutions of the pump is in Medium at 16o rpm. When pouring with a flow rate of 80 l / min, the mortar is poured evenly over the entire mold without voids.

Example 7

The flowability of various mortars produced with the control system shown in FIG. 24 is measured will. The result is shown in the graphs of FIG. The sample 1-A indicated by the solid lines illustrated has a Z / S ratio of 1: 1, a sand fineness of 1.89 and a W / C ratio of 38%. Sample 6-A, illustrated by dashed lines, has a Z / S ratio of 1: 1, a fineness of the sand of 1.66 and a W / C ratio of 37%. The sample 16-A indicated by the dash-dotted line Line illustrated has a Z / S ratio of 1: 1, a fineness of sand of 1.54 and a W / Z ratio of 36%.

The flowability of these three types of mortar is measured. The results are shown in Table 16.

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g / cm TABLE 16 6-A 16-A . cm 1-A 1.31 3.50 Sample no. 2
g / cm 0.74 35.5 cm 7.0 1.42 . ³ V ⁹⁴ . . Fo ₂ g / cm 0.77 13.5 40.0 AFo cm V 0.002 O ₇ OOIl λ
Average 0.00048 1.0 4.5 Additive
in % 0.3 1.58 0.83. ' Water content of
Sand in% 3.85 1 -0 1 7.0 . ⁹ ' ⁹ 6.8

On the basis of the differential pressure at the time of passage through the defined points, it was found that these three mortars have a density of 2.1 for sample 1-A, 2.1 for sample 6-A and 1.97 for sample 16-A to have. These three mortars are poured into a closed mold that is packed with a coarse aggregate, which has a cavity factor £ of 0.45. Pouring takes place over a period of 6 minutes to produce building blocks. Each of these blocks has a dimension of 1 m χ 2 m χ 15 cm. The mold is built to withstand a pressure of +1.7 kgf / cm. The final casting pressure P

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2 2

becomes ο.58 kp / cm for sample 1-A, to ο.68 kp / cm for

the sample 16-A and calculated to be 1.2 kgf / cm for the sample 16-A.

Each of the final casting impressions A P is in the range of mold strength. This shows that the mold can be put to practical use. The three mortars can thus be successful be poured into the mold at the final casting pressure and under the casting time conditions. The compressive strength of the concrete slab formed in this way is four weeks after pouring

43o kp / cm ² for sample 1-A, 45o kp / cm ² for sample 6-A

2 and 46o kgf / cm for sample 16-A. This shows that the

Quality of the product is excellent.

According to the invention, the properties of a plastic fluid, which solid components such as cement mortar, Cement paste and kneaded refractory compounds containing, analyzed and measured by the plastic fluid is passed through a resistance channel, which consists of a channel which is packed with an aggregate, and that actual casting conditions are determined by using the analysis and measurement results. This is how it becomes possible to build pre-packed concrete components and refractory materials of high quality with high efficiency. It is also possible to simultaneously and continuously measure different properties of the plastic fluid and to automatically control the casting conditions. It is according to the invention possible, even those mortars or pastes that have hitherto been considered unsuitable for pouring can be satisfactorily molded using predetermined optimal pouring conditions to water.

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Claims (1)

PATENT CLAIMS 1.) A method for measuring the flowability of a plastic fluid, characterized in that that the plastic fluid is passed through a flow channel which has a resistance to the flow of the plastic fluid forms that the flow pressure is measured and that a quantitative relative flow coefficient is determined between the plastic fluid and the flow channel. 2. A method for measuring the flowability of a plastic fluid, characterized in that that the plastic fluid is passed through a flow channel which forms a resistance for the flow of the plastic fluid, that the pressure in the Flow channel remains after the plastic fluid has been poured into the flow channel and the flow rate has reduced to zero, or the pressure is measured after adding an additional amount of the plastic fluid to the flow channel and before the plastic fluid is discharged from the flow channel, and that the relative shear yield point is determined quantitatively between the flow channel and the plastic fluid. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the relative shear yield point is determined by having a predetermined amount of the plastic fluid for flowing through the flow channel is caused and that the relative closing coefficient between the plastic fluid and the flow channel is determined quantitatively from the difference between the first and second value of the relative shear yield point. 709830/0994 ORIGINAL INSPECTED 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that after determining the relative Closing coefficient of the pressure of the plastic fluid when it begins to flow through the flow channel, after a predetermined time it is measured that this measure is repeated to the time-dependent Change the value of the shear yield point quantitatively, and that the quantitative relative Initial flow pressure of the plastic fluid is determined based on the flow channel. 5. A method for measuring the flowability of a plastic fluid, characterized in that the plastic fluid is filled into a flow channel which forms a resistance for the flow of the plastic fluid, that the plastic fluid is caused to flow through the flow channel with changing flow speed that the relationship between the velocity and the pressure of the flow of the plastic fluid is measured and that the relative flow viscosity coefficient between the plastic fluid and the flow channel is determined. 6. A method for measuring the casting properties of a plastic fluid which contains a solid component, characterized in that a U-shaped channel is produced, that an aggregate is introduced into the channel over a predetermined length, that the plastic fluid is poured into the channel and that the static pressure difference between the plastic fluid levels on both sides of the introduced aggregate is measured, the static pressure difference being caused by the aggregate packing. 709830/0994 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that after measuring the static Pressure difference a predetermined amount of a plastic fluid is poured into the channel, that the pressure difference is measured again and that the deposition of the solid component on the aggregate corresponding to the difference between the successively measured static pressure differences generated pressure is determined. 8. A method for measuring the casting property of a plastic fluid containing a solid component, characterized in that a U-shaped tube is made that an aggregate in the Pipe is packed over a predetermined length that the plastic fluid is poured into the tube through one end with the other end held closed, that the other end is opened, whereby the plastic fluid can flow through the aggregate that the Flow rate and the flow time of the plastic fluid and thereby the mass flow is measured and that the static pressure differential between the plastic fluid levels measured on either side of the aggregate package and the shear flow limit of the plastic fluid is determined from the static pressure difference. 9. A method for producing a plastic fluid which is suitable for pouring into a mold with is packed with an aggregate, characterized in that one with a resistance element a packed flow channel is created, which forms a resistance for the flow of the plastic fluid, whereby the shape is simulated that the plastic fluid is passed through the flow channel that the im Flow channel pressure remaining after the plastic fluid has been poured into the flow channel and 709830/0994 the flow velocity has reduced to zero, or pressure after the addition of the plastic Fluids to the flow channel and measured before the discharge of the plastic fluid from the flow channel that the relative thrust flow limit value between the plastic fluid and the flow channel is quantitative it is determined that the relative thrust flow limit value is determined again by the fact that a predetermined Amount of plastic fluid is caused to flow through the flow channel that the relative Closing coefficient between the plastic fluid and the flow channel from the difference between the first and second value for the relative shear yield point, it is determined quantitatively that the plastic fluid is allowed to flow through the flow channel at different flow rates that the relationship between the velocity and the pressure of the flow of the plastic fluid is measured that the relative flow viscosity coefficient between the plastic fluid and the flow channel is determined and that the flowability of the plastic fluid corresponds to the previously determined relative closing coefficient and the previously determined relative flow viscosity coefficient is determined. 1o. Method for producing a concrete object with a prepack, characterized in that a measuring device is produced which a has curved tube that is packed with an aggregate over a predetermined length that a plastic Fluid, which contains a hydraulically setting substance, is poured into the tube that the static Pressure difference measured between the plastic fluid levels on both sides of the aggregate becomes that the shear flow limit of the plastic fluid 709830/0994 it is determined from the static pressure difference that the as-cast state of the plastic fluid is determined according to the shear flow limit value and that the plastic Fluid is poured into a mold under the casting condition, which is prepackaged with an aggregate. 11. The method according to claim 1o, characterized in that a plurality of measuring devices with aggregate for different lengths are packed, are used that the static pressure differences that are determined by the respective measuring devices measured, used to change the the shear flow limit value of the plastic fluid as a result of the difference in the length of the zone packed with aggregate and the casting condition of the plastic Determine fluids according to the thrust flow limit and the state of change. 12. A method for pouring a plastic fluid into a mold, characterized in that the plastic fluid is passed through a flow channel in which the condition is simulated in the form and which has a resistance element which forms a kidney stand for the flow of the plastic fluid, that the flow pressure is measured, that a quantitative relative flow coefficient is measured between the plastic fluid and the flow channel, that a pouring program according to the flow pressure, the quantitative relative flow coefficient and a predetermined casting state of the mold is established and that the casting speed and the pressure of the plastic fluid which is poured into the mold are controlled. 709830/0994 13. The method according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 5, characterized in that the flow channel contains a resistance element. 14. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the plastic fluid cement, cement paste or gypsum paste, mortar or concrete. 15. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the plastic fluid is alumina cement, clay and / or refractory sand. 16. Measuring device for measuring the flowability of a plastic fluid, characterized through a tube (4) with a pouring opening at one end and a dispensing opening at the other end a resistive element packed into the tube (4) at an intermediate point for a predetermined length (2) to control the flow of plastic fluid Oppose resistance, and through institutions with which the plastic fluid is made to flow through the resistance element. 17. Measuring device according to claim 16, characterized in that g e k e η η draws that the tube has the shape of a U and the resistance element in one leg de, s U is packed with the dispensing port. 18. Measuring device according to claim 16, characterized in that g e k e η η draws that the tube is in the form of a straight tube with one end into the plastic fluid is immersed. 709830/0994 19. Measuring device according to claim 16, characterized in that the tube has the shape of an L with one leg immersed in the plastic fluid. 20. Measuring device according to claim 16, characterized in that the plastic fluid contains a solid component and the tube has a pair of spaced apart vertical legs and a horizontal leg that supports the connects lower portions of the vertical legs, one of the vertical legs having a pouring opening for the plastic fluid and the other Leg has a dispensing opening. 21. Measuring device according to claim 2o, characterized in that the resistance element is packed in the other leg. 22. Measuring device according to claim 2o, characterized in that the resistance element is packed in the horizontal leg. 23. Measuring device according to claim 2o, characterized in that the horizontal Leg has a relatively large volume for the accumulation of the solid component, which is from deposited the plastic fluid. 24. Measuring device according to claim 2o, characterized in that the lower ends the vertical leg end under the horizontal leg, so that chambers for collecting the Solid component are formed, which has separated from the plastic fluid. 709830/0994 25. Measuring device according to claim 2o, characterized in that the horizontal Leg is removable. 26. Measuring device according to claim 17, characterized in that the one leg with the resistance element is provided with a removable cover and that when the cover is removed is, the plastic fluid in the pipe moves under the atmospheric pressure. 27. Measuring device according to claim 16, characterized in that the plastic fluid is a cement mortar or paste that is poured into a mold that is packed with an aggregate and that the resistance element is particulate Has substance that simulates the property of the aggregate. 28. Measuring device according to claim 17, characterized in that it is provided with a pressure detector is provided for determining the pressure of the plastic fluid at the bottom of the measuring device and that it is connected to the container for a concrete mixer via a valve. 29. Measuring device according to claim 16, characterized by means for recording the pressure of the plastic fluid in the tube and by means for recording the fact that the fluid has passed through a defined point along the pipe. 709830/0994 3o. Control system for pouring a plastic fluid into a form that is packed with an aggregate, characterized by a Pump for pouring the plastic fluid into the mold, by means of measuring the pressure of the plastic fluid poured into the mold, by means for detecting the pump speed, by a first comparator for comparison the determined speed with a predetermined reference speed, by a device for setting a predetermined pressure state of the plastic fluid, by a device for adjusting the physical properties of the plastic fluid, by a computer to calculate an optimal one Molding pressure of the plastic fluid in accordance with the output from the first comparator, the predetermined pressure state and the physical properties, by a second comparator for Comparing the output signal from the computer and the output signal from the pressure detection device, by first display means for displaying the output from the first comparator and by second display means for displaying the output from the second comparator. 709830/0994