DE2640862A1 - FEED AND FEED SUPPLEMENTS FOR RURAL CHEWS - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to new feed and feed additives for ruminants, the dry matter of which contains lactose.

All industrially or man-made and intended for animal feed are classified as fodder Substances understood by the animal, regardless of the final Form of the respective preparation, can be recorded directly; such forms include in particular Granules liquid materials, semi-liquid or pasty materials, powder, flour, condensed materials, compacted Materials, compressed materials, salt licks, gnawing stones or the like. This definition includes in particular the following feed:

093- (75-28W) -SFE

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Silages made by the farmer and fed by him with additives or feed additives for animal nutrition are enriched as well

factory-made substances that are derived from various residues of plant origin (e.g. pressed grains) or of animal origin (e.g. fish meal), for example by grinding, mixing, Pressing and sagging were generated.

The animal feeds defined above can of course also be taken from the animal together with others if necessary protein-containing substances of plant or animal origin are absorbed.

With reference to the above definition, under feed additives understood all substances also intended for animal nutrition and industrially or manually produced, however, for indirect uptake by animals, d. i.e. mixed with other proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous Feed substances of plant or animal origin are provided, for example with feed or green fodder, Grain, hay, pomace or oil pomace or the like .. The feed additives can have the same shape as above, i. H. for example as granules, liquid materials, semi-liquid or pasty materials, powder, flour, condensed Materials, compacted materials, compressed materials, salt licks, gnawing stones or the like are present.

A mixture of one of the above-mentioned feed substances and a feed additive as defined above is correspondingly represents animal feed in the sense of the above definition.

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The invention also relates to the manufacturing process for puttering substances for animals which contain lactose, including the new putter of the invention and Putter additives, in particular by crushing, mixing, Pressing and sagging.

Some manufacturers of cattle feed or cattle feed additives have already suggested introducing a certain amount of lactose into the putter additives as an energy source. The amounts of lactose used were always limited and did not exceed 10 % in any pail for cattle feed as defined above and 40 % for putter additives as defined above.

The reason for this was the fear of those skilled in the art of animal nutrition that an increase in the concentration of lactose would occur would lead to the following effects in the putter:

1. A substantial reduction in the appetite of animals for such food,

2. Serious digestive disorders in animals, especially diarrhea, as a result of poor digestion of lactose, as well

3. Significant metabolic disorders due to acidosis due to too sudden lactic acid in the animal's blood.

For these reasons, lactose was only used in small doses for animal nutrition.

Due to extensive and specially developed experimental tests, which are explained in more detail below

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it has now been shown that ruminants are capable of are «to ingest significant amounts of lactose that are significant are above the above amounts without affecting the feared digestive disorders such as diarrhea or metabolic disorders caused by acidosis. The following The experiments mentioned in detail led accordingly to the finding that the lactose is an essential part the amount of food a ruminant feeds, as well as that lactose is an easily digestible source of energy for ruminants represents * The only precaution to be observed here consists of gradually introducing the lactose into the animal's feed to its digestive system to get used to this new source of energy.

The experiments mentioned led to the following in particular Resultί

1. In feed for ruminants in the sense of the above definition, the dry substance may be at least 10 wt * - / I, and preferably 10 - 90 wt -% lactose. for example, the dry substance of a feed contains 10 - AO wt. or 50-90% by weight lactose;

2 »in feed additives for ruminants in mind the above definition, the Trockensubstans can overcome least 40 wt -.% Lactose". ".

■ .lint.ei »the dry matter of a feed or feed cif satzes ^ to animals is that after the? Drying the feed or FuMersswsatzes zurückfeSeibetide material understood, where die: froöknung nach, as-> ic & bekanfttep- -and for example standardized / -procedures- are carried out / kaim, - "- -the determination of the: percentage by weight of tlasser and / or

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Humidity of the putter or feed additive are determined.

The above-mentioned weight percentages of lactose can initially be achieved by direct dosing of the lactose in the feed or the feed additive for animals »without drying the latter according to known and for example standardized procedures are set, furthermore by relating the lactose content obtained in this way to that according to the Drying determined weight of the dry substance of the feed or feed additive for animals.

It should be noted that ;, animal feed according to the invention and Tierfütterzusätze next to the lactose-ett's nitrogen source such as urea, however, may also contain other additives such as inorganic or minerals, vitamins, and various growth factors.

The invention also allows a satisfactory solution to the following problem:

The milk processing industry (dairies, cheese factories or the like) produces Laetoserum as a residue which is not obtained and used in a satisfactory manner can be. That is why this was created Lactoserum has been discharged into rivers, sewage, sewerage or the like up to now, which is a significant water pollution was connected ^ or ^ for example by spray drying, dried and stored «This resulted in the storage of considerable» usable »surpluses

Since lactoserum consists mainly of lactose, can It is now because of us, to a considerable extent the fact that lactose is the main part of the amount of feed

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of ruminants can be used as starting material for the production of feed for ruminants.

With the method according to the invention it is also possible Industrial production of lactose-based animal feed (putter or feed additives) in a new way.

The lactose-containing feed is made accordingly in a known manner industrially by crushing, mixing the various components, pressing and bagging or packaging produced. As a lactose-containing material Lactoserum is generally chosen for the introduction of lactose into the feed produced in each case. This choice However, it generally leads to serious disadvantages in the industrial production of feedstuffs, since lactoserum is a highly hygroscopic product, which significantly reduces or even reduces the throughput of presses complete blockage of such facilities can occur. In addition to those mentioned above, related to animal husbandry For reasons of this kind, technological production problems also lead to a limitation in the number of products produced Amount of Laetose material brought in to feed.

According to the invention it has now been found that by Use of an ultrafiltration product of milk substances instead of lactoserum as the lactose material that goes into the composition of the correspondingly prepared feed the above-mentioned technological disadvantages can be reduced considerably.

Under the aforementioned ultrafiltration product, 709812/0784

probably ultrafiltrates of milk, ultrafiltrates of lactoserum, which are also known in practice as lactose broth, as well as all products of the ultrafiltration of dairy products in general as understood, for example, by skimmed milk or buttermilk.

Lactoserum contains about 12-13 % protein, 10 % minerals and 70-75% lactose in the dry matter. Because of their specific value, the extraction of lactoserum proteins, for example by ultrafiltration, is of particular interest. The residue from this ultrafiltration, the ultrafiltrate, represents the lactose broth mentioned above and accordingly no longer contains any proteins that come from the lactose serum.

Lactose material includes both products understood that are identical to the mentioned ultrafiltration products, as well as substances that contain these products.

The method according to the invention given above relates in detail to the production of the method according to the invention new animal feed and the animal feed additives according to the invention; the process according to the invention is particularly in the range of high lactose concentrations that according to the invention Feed and feed additives of excellent suitability.

The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of test results.

To study the Iacose-rich in digestion Putter-related phenomena as well as proof of harmlessness of lactose as a usable source of energy

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- women in significant quantities in the diet of ruminants the following three series of tests were carried out, the latter two being carried out on a significant number of animals and under conditions conducive to the practical conditions in the usual diet of ruminants came very close:

1. Digestion of the putter, the growing amounts of lactose contained (up to 76 wt,% of the dry matter of the food consumed) was examined with the aid of sheep, the cannulas contributed their digestive tract of different height, whereby the flow of digestion could be monitored ;

2. The influence of replacing part of a comparison feed with about 33 % lactose based on the weight of the dry substance of the comparison feed was investigated on growing sheep, the lactose being either dry or liquid;

3. The influence of the substitution of a part of the comparison by the chuck 21 or 42% lactose based on the weight of the dry substance of the above comparative feed was examined in pups _s wherein the lactose in solid form template

The first series of experiments looks at the digestion of lactose in sheep; the Versuehsbedingungen _s measurements made and results obtained are as follows;

The control diet consisted of a T alfalfa i seen _s were in the putter Al A4j that have been fed to sheep ₃ -under spare ₀ As shown in the table of

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corresponding part of the comparative feed T, increasing amounts of lactose were introduced Putter Al - A4 in the form of an ultrafiltrate of lactoserum with a content of about 85 wt. Introduced lactose.

Table i

putter Qew _a ~% Luserneheu
in the dry
substance Q & ff .-% ültrafil-
stepped from Lacto
ser around in the
Dry matter Wt -.% Lactose
in the
Dry matter comparison
T 100 0 0 Al 80 20th 17th A2 60 40 34 A3 50 70 60 A4 10 90 76

The digestion of the feed Ai, A2 and A3 was with or without Stickstoff'zusatz (Zusats in the form of urea) _s studied during digestion of the feed A4 to Stickstof fzusatz was determined

The animals used for the experiments were adults Texel sheep weighing about 70 kg; they wore One cannula each in the rumen, in the duodenum and in the ileum. Depending on the putter, four or five animals participated in the experiments used.

The following observations were made on each animal:

1. Measurement of the amount of feed consumed per day

2. Investigation of the feeding behavior of the animal

3. Measurement of the digestibility of the feed using the following ratio:

(amount absorbed - amount excreted in the faeces)

_ x

absorbed amount

4. Measurement of the amount of food digested in the rumen, in the small intestine and in the large intestine

5. Analysis and measurement of the digestive products present in the rumen of the examined feed, whereby in detail the formation of volatile fatty acids, of lactic acid and ammonia was examined and the pH in the rumen was measured.

All measurements relate to the contents of the digestive tract and were carried out continuously over 2M h .

In the first study it was found that each animal had a total daily and average amount of food of 1250 g (as weight of the dry substance) of the comparative feed T consumed. The one to be picked up by the animals The total amount of feed was then set at 1250 g per day.

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Regardless of the type of putter offered to the animals A1 - A4, the animals always took the entire amount offered to them every day Amount of food throughout the experiment. With or without supplementation with nitrogen, the animals were offered Putters did not show any signs of loss of appetite, d. H. regardless of whether the offered putter Containing urea or not, with the maximum percentage of urea based on lactose being set at about 6% by weight became.

As regards the second investigations, it can be stated that the feeding times were prolonged in the case of the putter Al-kk , which was undoubtedly due to the fact that the lactoserum ultrafiltrate was in powder form.

The feeding of the putter Al - Ak to sheep did not lead to any health problems, neither in the digestive tract (diarrhea) nor in the area of the metabolism (acidosis). As can be seen from Table 2 below, the dry matter content of the faeces differed very little depending on the percentage of lactose in the feed.

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Table 2

putter T Al without
urine
material with
urine
material A2 without
urine
material with
urine
material A3 without
urine
material with
urine
material A4 Dry
substance
salary
the
Faeces
(Wt .- *) 42.1 42.1 41.4 40.8 37.3 37.1 35.2 with
urine
material 37.7

The third investigation became as follows Table 3 shows part of the hay in the putters Al, A2 and A3 replaced by lactose, which leads to an increase in the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter each putter led; the increase was the greater the higher the percentage by weight of lactose in the dry substance of the putter.

Table 3

putter T Al without
urine
material with
urine
material A2 with
urine
material A3 without
urine
material with
urine
material digestibility
- dry sub
punch
- organic
Substances
- nitrogen 57.8
58.4
72.7 65.2
66.1
71 _S 7 62.9
64.0
73.7 without
urine
material 69.9
71.5
73.9 76.3
78.3
41.9 77.7
79.6
78.9 67.0
68.7
61.8

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The fourth and fifth examinations were as follows Plague positions made:

The decrease in pH of the rumen juice after ingestion of a putter based on the comparative feed T and a putter based on putters A1, A2 and A3 were compared with each other. A greater reduction in pH was found in the putters A1 - A3 than in the comparison feed T, the reduction being greater the higher the percentage by weight of lactose in the dry matter of the corresponding putter. It should be noted, however, that the increase in acidity of the rumen juice remained relatively low even in the pail of putter A3, ie with 60 % lactose in the dry matter. In none of the pail did the observed pH values suggest poor digestion of the putter in the rumen or an unfavorable fermentation process, which could have led to digestive disorders.

In connection with the above-mentioned determination of the reduction in pH of the rumen juice, an increase in the Lactic acid content in the rumen was determined after the animals had received putters A1, A2 and A3 for feeding. In the case of the A2 putter, the content reached a maximum value of 1.7 g / l 0.5 h after ingestion. In the case of the For feed A1 - A3, the maximum values determined were considerable lower, but remained increased in comparison with conventional feeds, in particular the comparison feed T. the However, the presence of lactic acid in the rumen juice never led to any digestive disorders.

From the results of the first series of tests it can be seen in summary that those used for the investigation Ruminants lead to an intake of significant amounts of lactose

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are able to do so without any significant nutritional disorders appear. The utilization of this carbohydrate in digestion therefore appears extraordinary satisfactory.

If a high percentage of lactose is to be incorporated into the dry matter of the putter, this is the case only precaution required is to allow sufficient adjustment time, which is of the order of magnitude 8-10 days to allow for an adjustment of the microflora of the ruminant to the new feed composition.

The experimental conditions, measurements made and The results obtained from the second series of tests are as follows:

As can be seen from Table 4 below, were a comparative feed T from the various components as well as the experimental putters Al and A2.

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Table 4

putter Comparison T Al and A2 Weight? the various stock
parts in the dry matter: - Alfalfa hay 20th 20th - lactose broth 0 40 - Feed meal concentrate with: - Corn 36 20.8 ?O O - Embarrassing bran 4th 0 - Alfalfa (total 18 % nitrogen
substances) 12th 0 - peanut pomace 4.8 16 - urea 0.8 0.8 - Contains more minerals and vitamins
Spice 2.4 2.4

The dry matter of the comparative feed T consisted of 80 wt. of a putter meal concentrate based on corn and 20 wt. Alfalfa hay in normal form. The putter Al made a difference from the comparison feed T in that 50 wt. of the putter flour concentrate were replaced by lactose broth, which was in the form of a powder with 94 wt. Dry matter was present, as well in that the remaining 50? of the same putter meal concentrate replaced with a mixture of corn, peanuts and urea was.

The chuck A2 differed from the putter A1 in that the lactose broth not ■ in powder form, but in the form of a concentrated solution with 47.6 wt. Dry matter was added. Regardless of whether it is a powder

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or a solution of deproteinized whey acted, the dry matter of the corresponding Lactose contained .Approximately 88 wt -.% lactose, 9.5 wt -.% minerals and 0.8 wt? Nitrogen. The dry substance of the putter Al and A2 contained as a result corresponding to about 33 wt -.% Lactose.

Eighteen weaned lambs were divided into six groups of three homogeneous in weight, the three Groups, I, II and III, with a mean weight of 25 kg per animal were formed. Group I was fed with the comparative feed T feeds. After a transition period of 20 days, during which the comparison chuck T was progressively replaced by putters A1 and A2, the Groups II and III fed with food A1 and putter A2, respectively. Following this transition period, the animals received the experimental diets A1 and A2 for 28 days. To Reaching an average weight of 35 * 6 kg were all Animals slaughtered.

During the trial period of 28 days, on the one hand carried out various examinations such as the determination of weight gain and the amount of food consumed, on the other hand examinations of the skeleton and the contents of the digestive tract were carried out after the slaughter. "

As can be seen from Table 5, the incorporation of high amounts of lactose into the dry matter of the feeds A1 and A2 did not lead to any change in the properties of the growing, weaned lambs from the zootechnical point of view, which were examined in the above-mentioned ways. For example, the daily amounts of feed consumed in the various groups were practically identical. The utilization of the three feeds T ₉ A1 and A2 was correspondingly very similar, as can be seen from the values for feed consumption listed in Table 5.

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usage. Finally, after the slaughter no significant difference was found between the three groups of animals.

As can be seen from Table 6, the digestion of the putters A1 and A2 was changed by the presence of lactose, which took place in detail through a corresponding, relatively high lactic acid production; It was observed that the pH of the rumen in the lactose-containing putters was lower (5.3 or 5.5 instead of 6.0) than in the comparison feed; a change in the composition of volatile fatty acids in the digestive products was also found; for example, the acetic acid content decreased from 66.9 to 5 ¹ ^ ₅ 5 or 61.1, while the propionic acid content increased from 23.5 to 32.8 or 31.6 when the animals had received lactose.

Table 5

Groups of lambs and putters Group I.
Putter T Group II
Putter Al Group III
Lining A2 Number of animals 6th 6th 6th Ingested per day and animal
Amount of feed in g dry substance
punch 1 211 1 187 1 214 Duration of the experiment in days 48.2 47.3 48.2 mean daily weight
increase per animal in g 222 219 231 Putter utilization in kg
Dry matter / kg increase
Live weight 5.46 5.60 5.25 Slaughter weight in kg 35.8 35.9 35.2 Skeleton weight in kg 17.4 17.9 17.8

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Table 6

Groups of lambs and putters Group I.
Lining T I. Group II
Lining Al ■ 5.5 f
Group III
Lining A2 pH in content: 2.9 of the rumen 6.0 6.9 5.3 of the abomasum 3.1 3.4 of the small intestine 7.0 1.8 6.9 Lactic acid content (g / l): 2.7 in the rumen juice 0.8 85.6 2.4 in the abomasum 1.0 3.5 Volatile fat content
acids in rumen juice
(mmol / 1) 92.3 54.5 58.2 Exact composition of the
Mixture of volatile fat
acids: 32.8 acetic acid 66.9 9.8 61.1 Propionic acid 23.5 31.6 Butyric acid 6.8 4.6

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■ [■■; .. ^: ■. y. '■■ #' -. - ■ - ■■■■■■ ^:

It should be noted, however, that the increase the acidity of the rumen juice remained relatively low. In none of the cases could it be determined from the pH values obtained poor digestion, in the rumen or in an unfavorable fermentation process conclude what could have led to digestive disorders, as there are no such disorders as a result of the Presence of lactic acid in the rumen were observed.

From the results of the second series of experiments, which related to the utilization of lactose by growing lambs, it can be stated in summary that fattening lambs ingesting high amounts of lactose as a substitute for other carbohydrates are able to do so without any negative phenomena in terms of zootechnics or Health disorders as well as different fermentation processes occur in the rumen of the respective animals.

The test conditions, the tests carried out and the results obtained from the third and last test series, referring to the exploitation of lactose by juvenile bulls are the following:

As indicated in Table 7 below, were Comparative feed T and experimental feed Al and A2 manufactured. The three finished linings were in lump form and only differed from one another by the Type of main energy source, d. H. Corn maize in comparative feed T and dried ultrafiltrate from Lactoserum the experimental chucks Al and A2. The ultrafiltrate used had a lactose content of about 85% by weight.

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Table 7

putter Comparison T Al A2 group I. II III Wt -.% Of various
Components in the
Dry matter des
Putters:
Lactoserum Ultra
filtrate
Corn
Lactose (estimated) O
50
0 25th
25th
21.2 50
0
42.5

Thirty-six bulls (origin Normandy) were im Six months of age to the age of slaughter used for the experiments for about fourteen months. The animals were divided into three groups. I, II and III, which were the Putters T, Al and A2 received. The animals were gradually transferred from the comparison feed T to the experimental putter Al and A2 changed over during a transition period of eight days.

The most important results of these investigations are given in Table 8 below.

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Table 8

Group of bulls and putters I / T II / Al III / A2 Number of animals 10 11 11 Weight at the start of the experiment
(kg) 263-124 262-13 262-14 Weight at the end of the experiment
(kg) 528 ± 25 522-32 500 - 30 Daily increase in live
weight Cg) 1283 - 124 1254 * 130 1149 - 135 * Feed index: Dry matter of the
putter taken (kg)
per kg increase in live
weight 6.04 6.11 6.78 Energy (puttering units)
per kg increase in live
weight 6.74 6.38 6.69

Significant difference with a certainty of P = 0.05 between feed T and feed A2, with P being the one
Threshold of probability is designated,
Beyond this, the differences determined are due to the treatment and not purely statistical or caused by differences in the individual samples or tests.

Although the granular putters A1 and A2 containing the lactoserum ultrafiltrate were very hard, the
Feed was consumed by the animals in the same way as the comparative feed T.

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With regard to the presence of lactose in the feeds Al and A2, no health impairment was found in the tests established. A reduction in the dry matter in the faeces was observed, however in no case was it manifested by the occurrence of diarrhea.

The mean intake of dry feed was the same in the three groups I, II and III. The speed of growth and the fattening status of the animals of group III were compared to the values of the other groups I and II much lower (P <0.05). This finding can be explained by the fact that the energy value of the feed A2 is smaller was than the energy value of the comparative feed T and the experimental feed Al. Namely, if the results obtained are no longer related to the dry matter, but to the absorbed energy, will be accordingly found that experimental feed A2 was used as well as control feed T and feed Al led to better feed utilization than the other two feeds T and A2.

The introduction of 21 or 42.5 wt .- ^ lactose in the dry matter of feed for young beef cattle is accordingly possible without restriction, since such feeds are used in a satisfactory manner by the animal and at the same time no health disorders occur.

In summary, the invention relates to a feed or a feed additive for ruminants. The dry matter of the

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Putters or feed additive according to the invention contains at least 10 wt -.%, or at least 40 wt .- / 5 Lactose.

The putter according to the invention or the feed additive is especially for feeding cattle, sheep and goats suitable.

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Claims (6)

Claims Yl) putter for ruminants in solid form with lactose in the dry matter, characterized in that the dry matter contains at least 40 % lactose. 2. putter according to claim _s l characterized in that the dry substance of 50-90 wt -.% Of lactose. 3. Putter according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that that it is as granules, powder, flour, condensed material, compacted material, pressed material, as lick stone as well as a gnawing stone. 4; Process for the production of animal feed in solid form with at least lactose in the dry matter, which granulates or granular, condensed, compacted or pressed, characterized in that that the lactose material is a milk ultrafiltrate, a lactoserum ultrafiltrate and / or ultrafiltration products of dairy products or materials containing at least one of these products are used. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that a putter according to claim 1 or 2 is produced. 6. Use of the putter according to any one of claims 1-3 for the nutrition of ruminants = 709-812 / 078Ϊ