DE2537504A1 - REINFORCEMENT FOR A FLEXIBLE OBJECT - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a reinforcement for a flexible object, and in particular, but not exclusively, for objects made of rubber. In addition, the grounding also applies to reinforced, flexible or bendable structures, including reinforced objects. Rubber or caoutchouc.

According to the present "invention, a reinforcement for a flexible object on at least one layer of parallel cord containing at least two wires, the direction of lay of the wires in each thread of a cord being the same as the direction of lay of each "thread in the"

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DR. C. MANITZ DIPL.-ING. M. FINSTERWALD DIPL. -INC. W. GRAMKOW ZENTRALKASSE BAYER. FOLK BANKS

Is cord, and wherein the cord has an elongation at break of not more than 5 1 ° . . . . .

Per cord used for reinforcements according to the present invention is used, so it has a stroke, which is also called a longitudinal or straight or Albert stroke (Lang's type lay) referred to as; In contrast to this, the conventional Cord a lay called a regular type lay; there is the twist of wires in everyone The thread is directed in the opposite direction to the lay of the threads in the cord.

According to a preferred embodiment, the cord threads are arranged compactly in such a way that the elongation at break of the cord is less than 4 % and in particular is in the range from 1 to 3 % .

The threads can each be helical or wound extending in the direction of the length of the cord such that the cord has a coreless structure; as an alternative to this If a thread can run centrally and axially to the cord, so that a cord with a core structure is produced, the threads become focussed arranged so that a cord with a core is formed, the core thread should be surrounded by at least two outer threads, the are wound so that each outer thread is adjacent to both the core thread and at least one other outer thread is; according to a preferred embodiment, the / successive outer threads next to each other around the core thread, so that a compact and stable structure is created. the adjacent threads can either be in direct contact with each other his oda? by a film of rubber or other Material must be separated from each other, which can penetrate between the threads during the embedding of the cord.

The threads can be twisted or twisted around one another; as an alternative to this, they can also be used without any twisting

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can be placed around each other to create the cord structure, with or without Core to form.

The yarn-forming "wires can in each thread, either with or without a core are arranged. To" However, a ¹³¹ south ILVS core yarn are used so that ^ should aden no core have not excessively to hinder the stretchability of the cord. The wires of each thread can either be twisted or twisted around one another or each twist can be laid around one another.

The reinforcement can have a cord layer in which the entire cord has the same lay direction; as alternative Cord with opposite lay can also be used for this. Is in one layer of corduroy with opposite lay present, according to a preferred embodiment, the successive, adjacent outer regions have the opposite one Blow so that there is a balanced structure.

If necessary, the cord can be provided with a conventional, spiral-shaped or wound winding wire to improve handling and other properties.

In a preferred embodiment, all of the wires have in each thread has the same diameter, although different diameters can also be used. Furthermore you can the wires of one thread have the same or different diameters as the wires of another thread in the cord. All Threads of the cord can have the same number of wires, although satisfactory results can also be achieved if this is done at least some threads contain a different number of wires compared to the other threads.

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If the structure has two or more cord layers, so can all or at least two layers have a similar structure; as an alternative to this, layers with different Impact build-up can be used. If layers with different impact structures are used, so should] according to a "preferred embodiment" all cord structures Have a similar lay in each layer, with the cord in the opposite layers in the following layers Blow has.

According to a preferred embodiment, the flexible object has an elastomeric material in which the reinforcement can be embedded.

It has been found that by using cord with a longitudinal sole to produce the reinforcement according to FIG present invention surprisingly the energy is reduced by the reinforcement during the deflection is consumed when: comparing the reinforcement according to the invention with a similar reinforcement, the cord with ordinary lay. Therefore, most of the cord in the reinforcement should have a lengthwise lay-up have, and particularly favorable results can be achieved if the entire cord in the reinforcement has this structure Has.

The present invention also provides a reinforced, flexible, or pliable article; this includes in particular articles made of rubber, such as a pneumatic tire; Such items can be reinforced by a reinforcement can be reinforced according to the present invention. In the case of a pneumatic tire, the reinforcement can be, for example as intermediate or cushion layers, carcass ply or filler material be used for the bead.

The invention is described below with reference to exemplary embodiments

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play explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings.

Show it:

1 shows a graph in which the mean load is plotted against the elongation or elongation is; the curves are based on the results of the tests according to Example I;

2 shows a schematic representation of the device mentioned in Example I for carrying out cyclic Bending tests; and

Figure 3 is a graph showing the bending moment versus curvature of those described in Example T. Sample is applied.

Example I.

Two cords, A and B, with lengthwise lay, as in the present case Invention is proposed, and a comparison cord C with ordinary lay ("regular" type lay), in which the lay direction The direction of the wires in threads is opposite to the direction of lay of the threads in the cord, which have been tested in the laboratory investigated and tested as described below. Each of the cords A, B, and C are commercially available; These cords were formed from three threads, each ten brass-coated carbon steel wires with one Contained 0.18 mm in diameter; the three threads were twisted around each other. The thread loop and the cord loop for each of these types of cords are given below along with the results of the investigations.

With cord types A, B and C, tensile tests were carried out on one Instron (trademark) tensometer, the

B 0 8 8 1 0 / ü B 8 2

Elongations were measured at different loads. The results are shown in the form of curves in FIG. 1, the curves for the three types of cord being identified with the same reference numerals as are used to designate the types of cord. This test was also used to determine the breaking load (in Newtons) of the three types of cord, so that the toughness or tensile strength of the cord, which is defined by the breaking load of the cord (c $ / linear density of the cord (g / km)), could be calculated.

The results shown in the curves of Figure 1 were obtained by calculating the mean of ten stress / strain tests for every two pieces of each Oord type; the ends of these pieces were clamped in blocks of solder or solder or food, each spaced 30 cm and 50 cm apart; the mean values were converted into a load / elongation result for a 20 cm long piece of cord _a Melt.

Table I.
Cord A BC

Thread pitch (mm) 9.57 7 7.59 t 9.51 t Cord pitch (mm) 19.39 z 12.66 t 1?, 38 3 Tex (gm / km) 5936 6022 6180 Breaking load (N) 1822 1788 1629 Tensile strength (oN / tex) 30.7 29.7 26.4 Elongation at break ($) 1.95 2.46 2.33 Diameter of the cord (mm) 1.31 1.28 1.45

The stiffness and energy loss of the fabric made from these three types of Hord A, B and C was then determined, by preparing tissue samples from a layer of the types of cord which are essentially at a distance from one another

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arranged parallel with a distance of 55 ends ^ per 10 cm became. The cord was on each side with a 0.7 ram thick layer or pell of a natural rubber mixture or a Natural rubber mass covered. Oas unvulcanized, so manufactured Fabric was then cold-pressed with a pressure of approximately 3.4 MPa.

Vulcanized fabric samples were made by adding enough rubber to the uncured fabric samples to fill a 2.7 mm deep mold. The rubber was vulcanized long for 35 minutes at a temperature of 15O ⁰ G and a pressure of 2.4 M Pa. 25 mm wide test strips containing 14 cords were cut from both the unvulcanized and the vulcanized fabric samples and each examined in the cyclic bending test which is to be described below.

As evidenced by Pig. 2 shows the device to carry out a cyclical bending test on two clamping jaws 1, 2, in which the ends of the fabric strip 13 are located. The upper jaw 1 is attached to a pulley 3 which, under the action of the difference in the Can rotate forces exerted by a belt 4 on the pulley; the tape 4 is attached to an Instron (trademark) tensometer and counterweight 5. The lower jaw 2 is free from the pulley; a pointer arm 6 is attached to it, which is between two Pins 7 extends on an arm 8 which extends horizontally from the lower end of a T-shaped balance lever 9. The compensating lever 9 is held by its cross arm 10, which rests on a cutting edge bearing 11; those on the Forces acting on the transverse arm 10 are measured by a load cell, in particular a load cell 12.

With the rotation of the pulley under the action of forces which are exerted by the Instron tensometer, a torque acts on the G _e webestreifen 13; this torque

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is transmitted through the lower jaw 2 and the balance lever arm 9 to the load cell 12, in which the specified Load is proportional to the torque applied to the strip. During the investigations, the Strip of fabric to a curvature of + 1/51 cm "(6.3 mm Radius) bent on each side of the vertical position in order to obtain a hysteresis loop; the area of this hysteresis loop is a measure of the tissue's energy loss during cyclical flexing. The stated results represent the mean of results obtained on three samples of each fabric. The results are compiled in the following Table II.

Table II

Cord in fabric .A B C

unvulcani- volka- unvulcan- volka- unv. volcano nized nized nized nized

Torque / cm of tissue width required to bend to a radius 2.08 2.65 1.92 2.40 2.14 3.30 6.3 mm
is ((kg.cm)

Energy consumed per cm of tissue to make it

in one cycle after 719 1218 571 1002 941 1836 back and front
a radius of 6.3 mm
to bend (g.cm)

In addition, the results obtained for the vulcanized samples of the strip fabric are shown in FIG.

As can be seen from Fig. 1, the Oord according to the

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present "invention contains, at least as strong or solid like the conventional fabric. In addition, the areas contained in the curves of FIG. 3, as well as From the results given in Table II it can be seen that fabrics comprising cord according to the present invention are surprising show a significantly lower energy loss than fabrics in which the conventional regular lay is used will; this advantage is achieved without loss of strength or flexibility. When this cord bends So a smaller amount of tar is generated, so that a Reinforcement fabric made from such cord, especially for reinforcing rubber objects in areas with high deflection is suitable, as is the case, for example, with the filling material for ^ ilste, with the intermediate structure, and is the case in the carcass areas of a pneumatic tire.

Example II

In order to demonstrate that the cord according to the present invention is suitable and useful for use in the manufacture of reinforcing fabrics, such as reinforcing fabrics for tires, five samples of commercially available Oord according to the present invention, hereinafter referred to as D ^ EjP-, G and H denoted v / earth, and the dimensions 3 x 10 χ 0.18 mm, examined for various parameters and handling properties. For comparison purposes, a commercially available cord with a regular lay, the dimensions of which were also 3 × 1 ^fl × 0.18 mm and which is referred to below as Cord I, was examined. All types of cord were made from messina-coated carbon steel wires. The results of the tests are summarized in Table III below.

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Table III

linear

Density (Tex) 5898

g / km

5823

5927

5547

5901

5911

Cord blows
mm thread 9.6Z 1.31 9.7 t 9, 7 7, 9.6 Z 9.6 Z 10.2 Z Gord 1 9.6 Z 1.34 19, 6Z eat 9 Z 19.2 Z 19.6 t 12.8 S. Cord diameter
mm 1.27 middle ,, 21 2L, 1.29 1, 28 1, 28 1.31 1, 45 Max 2L 31, 1.35 1, 32 1.32 1.33 1.48 min passed
the 1.26 1, 24 1.25 1, 28 1.42 Residual torsion 21 0
0
0
0
0
1/2 2.5L 0 0 4L, 3.5L 3.5L 3L 3L, 3L Turns / 6m 2.5L 0 3.5L 3L 5L, 3, Straightness
of the cord 883 1 • passed
the passed
the befan
the passed
the bastand-
the Bulge
of the cord
Number of ent
twisted cord
lay lengths) 885 1 0
0
2
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 3/4
0
1/2
0
0
3A 0
0
0
0
0
0 Breaking load
of the cord N 875 1 medium 1 5 846 1 863 1773 1874 1692 max 1 32 _; O 855 1 870 1775 1890 1720 min 1 840 1 850 1770 1865 1610 Number of tests 5 5 5 5 19th Tensile strength
ability of the CoiTfe
cN / Tex 31.7 31.5 31.9 31.8 28.6

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These results show that cord according to the present invention is comparable in handling to ordinary lay cord.

In compiling the data shown in Table 3 the diameter of the cord was determined using a scale manometric dial indicator which was marked with a pressure foot 0.95 cm in diameter and arranged so that it had a total load of 170 g on four Could exercise cords that were parallel to each other and held by a flat anvil. While the measurement of the diameter on the measuring device, the cord was held straight under a slight tension; at different Samples were repeated measurements to allow for a mean value. The lay lengths were determined by untwisting 500 mm cord lengths on a twisting machine for test purposes; the straightness became determined by placing 6 mm cord between two parallel lines were placed at a distance of 75 mm »the cord lying flat between the lines had, by definition, the test Straightness passed The bulge of the cord was determined by placing a free end of the cord at an angle of Cut 90 ° to its axis under the tension 0 and the distance of the outermost, turned up from the interface or untwisted wires was measured. The result was considered acceptable if the distance was less than one Lay length of the cord. The residual torsion was determined by pulling 6 m of cord from a spool and one end was held between the fingers. The last 75 cm was bent by 90 °, whereby the finger pressure was reduced so that that the Eaden rotate or twist freely through the pingers could. The number of turns of the twist was determined along with the direction of the twist. The results are as Tightening the twists (T) or as loosening the twists (L) depending on whether the twist is of the cord increases or decreases as the tension is released.

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Example III

In the test described above, a comparison was made between the reference order G and a cord A with essentially the same thread pitch, but a different thread pitch than Oord G performed; in addition, another cord B with essentially the same cord lay (apart from the reverse direction) and different thread pitch with the reference cord C.

To show that the different properties of cords A and B in comparison, with the cord C and the differences between the fabrics made from these cords are independent of the differences in the size of the flap and of Depending on the type of lay used, a further comparative test with cords J and K was carried out. The two Cords J and K are commercially available; as indicated in Table IV, the two ordinals essentially have identical cords and threads. In addition, the cords J and K have lay of cords and threads similar to those of the above Cords resemble A.

The cords were fabricated to determine the differences between the cords when they were in a fabric are located; this procedure is similar to the comparison between cords A, B and C given in Table II.

A cord layer was produced by pressing a parallel arrangement of cord threads, which were located between two layers or sheets of a rubber mixture, in a multi-stage press. The chewing paste was a conventional mixture used for steel cord tires; the thickness of the fur was 0.6 mm, while the spacing of the cord was 47 ends per 10 cm width. The pressure exerted in the press was 2M Pa, the temperature of approximately 60 ⁰ C, and the pressing time was 30 sec.

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A proof of this unvulcanized fabric with a free one
of 25 - ^ n was in the jaws of the device to pass through to *? used by cyclical bending tests. The tissue was then bent cyclically to a radius of + 6.3 mm on similar "Veiae" as described in the examination of the tissue from the Cords, B and O ".

In order to increase the performance of a structure with vulcanized
To test tissue ^ir r in the ^Hohlra! Was a Oordgewebe, as described above. one? orn after the "irinriinri; on
a thick one, -He something: iiehr as?, 7 ram was +, introduced.
For this purpose, the same rubber mixture was used as it was described for the ravulcanized A.ufba.i. Me? Orm was given an "Oruck" from? M Pa and a temperature of 14-2 0
Operated for 40 minutes. A vulcanized sheet of parallel cord with a total thickness of 2.7 mm was made in this way. "This record was parallel to the
Cordrichtumi cut so that test strips with a clearance of? 5 mm resulted. These strip-shaped pieces were · \ 9 -si: cyclic iv the "förrichturg? Ur O execution of" Riegeprüfungei, üMr.ereucht, whereby the ÜriretniGse for vulcanized and pure Mliarlaierte strips, the Cord K with ordinary lay and Cord -T rit contained longitudinal lay, in the table below
Winners are.

-U-

BAD ORIEiNAL

Ü 9 8 1 0 / UBB ?

Tabel construction Tabel TV V Cord K
(Kreur.schlair) suggest * "! suggest mm Cord J
(Longitudinal scrunch) 3 x 10 χ 0.1? thread 3 x 10 χ 0.18 mm Cor-i. 9.7 7 Linear T) IoI " ¹ " te 9, P 7 19.6 t (τex) .- * Arr. 20.0 z Cord Ptrrohmknife occurs el 5670 Max 1.34 mil] 1.30 1.40 Cord ^ rachlast N 1.33 1.31 middle 1, 28 Max 1690 me . 1710 1710 Oord Zerreißfe3bii? Ireit 173o 1660 cN / Tex 1670 30.1 30.1

Oord J
(Longitudinal lay)

unvulcanized
nized

Cord K (regular lay)

unvulcanized, vulcanized

hTTiomert / cm fabric- 1.64 to a 1.62 bend to a 1.60 Radius 6.3 mm is required (kg.cm)

Mean 1.62

ρ
Energy consumed per cm of tissue to bend it backwards and forwards over a radius of 6.3 in one cycle (g.snn) Medium:

567

595

3.32

3.39 3.48

3.40

1682 1690 1698

Ί69ο

1, 6?
1, 68
1.60 3.71
3.70
3.60 1.63 3.67 764 19 ^ 9 810 2004 798 1971 791 197t?

0 9 8 10/088? BATH

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One can see from these results that the use of cord with a lengthwise lay instead of cord with Ordinary lay increases the flexibility of the vulcanized fabric; it is even more important that the tissue is removed from it during The energy consumed in bending is greatly reduced, both in the unvulcanized and in the vulcanized State.

Example IV

So far, the bending moment and the energy loss of rubberized fabric containing Gord types J and Y have been compared; in addition, cord alone was also tested to compare its bending moment and energy loss. For this purpose, two types of gord with lengthwise lay and then two types of gord with ordinary lay parallel to one another at a distance of 25 mm were installed in the clamping jaws of the device for the duration of cyclic bending tests. The wires were then bent back and forth between the + 6.3 mm radii; the results of these tests are summarized in Table VI.

Table VI

Cord J Cord K (lengthwise lay) (regular lay)

Torque / Gord 0.350 0.338

the one to bend to a 0.350 0.328

Radius of 6.3 mm - 0.344 0.333

Required was (kg.cm) Mean: 0.348 0.333

145 175 consumed per cm of cord

Energy to it in a 152 180

Cycle backwards and 151 184

forward on a radius
to bend from 6.3 mm (g.cm)

Medium: 149 180

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These results show that there is no substantial flexibility, but that of the Cord with longitudinal sole energy consumed during bending is much lower than that for the cord with ordinary lay. It follows then that the reduction in the Bending consumed energy in the fabrics containing the two types of cord on the differences between the types of cord seldom and not solely due to any difference in the interaction between the cord and the rubber material based in which the cord is embedded.

Example V

In order to show that the advantages of the present invention can not only be achieved with cords containing three threads of ten wires each, another series of tests was carried out using cords containing two, four and seven threads, respectively; Each thread consisted of three wires } the wire used was a high-strength steel wire with a 0.15 min. The Öord with the seven threads had a core that had a central core thread around which six other threads were wrapped. For each of the above-mentioned structures, a longitudinal lay cord such as Qr proposed according to the present invention and another ordinary lay cord were prepared; the structural features of these six cords L to R are compiled in the following label VII. These cords were made under laboratory conditions as they were not commercially available.

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CC

cc.

Table VTI

Oordschlag Aufhau OordccMag mm Mean Linear Density Break- Tensile Strength-

Faderj Cord Cord diameter (Tex g / W) load (N) speed (CN / Tex)

L Longitudinal lay 2 χ 3 x 0.15 m 8.5 Π 7.3 fl ^rae ^ ^s ^ ^ ^mm ^ 840 277.0 33.0

M ordinary lay 2 χ 3 χ 0.15 m 8.5 S 7.3 7 ο, 60 841 271.3 32.3

N noise blow 4 χ 3 χ 0.15 τη 8.5 S 10 ,? Γ> 0.69 '1679 565.8 33.7

P F.reuzscrlag 4 χ 3 x 0.15 m 8.5 S 10.2 Z 0.77 Ι685 542.5 32.2

Q Noise strike 7 χ 3 χ 0.15 m 8.5 S 14.7 ° 0.89 2941- 996.5 33.9

R Kreuzsohla ^ T x 3 x 0.15 π 6.5 S 14.7 "ο, 92 2942 967.8 32.9

cn ι OJ -j cn

These results show in particular that in each of the three structures, the öords with longitudinal lay at least as well good breaking load and tensile strength properties such as have equivalent cords with cross-stitch.

Test strips of fabric were then both uncured as well as in vulcanized form using each of cords L to E; this essentially became the procedure used as described in Example II; however, the cords had an end spacing of 55 ends per cm. The results of the specimen tests for bending moment and energy loss are summarized in Table 8.

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BAD ORiQiNAL

6 ü 9 8 1 0 / Ü B ö 2

Table VIII

he
c:
cc
cc

Unvulcanized
rubber

Torque / cm of tissue width required to bend to a radius of
6.3mm is required (kg / cm) mean

per cm of tissue energy consumed to make it

bend backwards and forwards to a radius of 6.3 mm (g.cm)

middle

vulcanized
rubber

Torque'cm of fabric width capable of bending to a radius of
G, 3mm is required (kg / cm) mean

energy expended per cm of tissue to move it back and forth
bend to a radius of 6.3 mm (g.cm)

middle

Cord L Cord M Cord N Cord P Cord Q Cord P. (longitudinal lay) (regular lay) (longitudinal lay) (reverse lay) (longitudinal lay) (reverse lay)

0.210 0.210 0.210

0.207

0.600 0.624 0.620

0.616

298 307

309

305

0.230 0.220 0.210

0.220

132 124 126

127

o.642 0.668 0.660

0.657

345 355 365

355

o, 392

0.418

0.420 0.410

200 214 208

207

0.924 0.916 0.930

0.923

4 34 470 491

482

0.420 0.400 "0.410

0.410

244 240 243

242

1.090, 080 1.050

1.073

661 635 638

645

0.720 0.700 0.7OC

0.707

322

340 326

329

1.610

1.580 1.560

1,583

901 883 889

891

0.720 0.740 0.720

0.7? 7 377

373 374

375 ic

1, 960 1. 900 1, 930 1, 930 1 223 1 21 ^ 1 21C ro cn co cn 2 CD

From Table VIII it can be seen that like the vulcanized fabrics containing the cords J mentioned above, the filled fabrics that make up the cords L, ΪΓ and Q containing LangsscitS, ag, compared with similar tissues, which contain cords with crochet, an improved one flexibility

It can also be seen from Table VIII that at

the bending is the energy consumed per cm of tissue when used of cords with a lengthwise lay is significantly lower than with comparable fabric, in which similar cords, however were used with crosses and lay; Ice played a role whether the fabric was vulcanized or not; the benefits of The present invention can not only be achieved with the cords and fabrics described at the beginning, the cords with a structure of 3 x 10 χ 0.18, but also in structures with a different number of threads per cord; the advantages of the invention also result also with cords with cores (such as cords with seven threads, with one thread in the middle of the cord with six other threads extending around that thread).

- patent claims -

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Claims (15)

Pat en tan claim β β reinforcement for a flexible article with at least one layer of a parallel cord having at least two threads of wires, the cord having an elongation at break of not more than 5 $, characterized in that the direction of lay of the wires in each thread one Cords is equal to the direction of lay of each thread in the cord. 2. Reinforcement according to claim 1, characterized in that the cords are formed from a coreless arrangement of threads will. 3. Reinforcement according to claim 1, characterized in that at least a portion of the cord has a core thread. 4. Reinforcement according to claim 3, characterized in that cored cord of at least three threads is provided, each thread along its length lies next to two or more other threads. 5. Reinforcement according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that that two or more layers of parallel cord are provided. 6. Reinforcement according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that that the entire cord in a layer has the same lay direction. 7. Reinforcement according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that that the cord in one layer has alternating directions of the cord. 8. Reinforcement according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that that the entire cord is a layer of parallel - 22 6098 10/0882 lelem cord has at least two "wire threads, wherein the direction of lay of the wires in each thread is the same as the direction of lay of the threads in the cord. 9. Reinforcement according to one of claims 1 "to 8, characterized characterized, that the whole cord of the layers of parallel cord has the same direction of the sole. 10. Reinforcement according to one of claims 1 "to 8, characterized in that that the cord of each layer has the same lay, the cord in successive layers has the opposite direction of impact. 11. Reinforced flexible article, characterized in that it is reinforced by a reinforcement according to any one of claims 1 to 10 is reinforced. 12. Market:? Object, characterized in that it is a Reinforcement according to any one of claims 1 to 10, which is embedded in elastomeric material. 13. Pneumatic tires, characterized in that the carcass reinforcement is provided with a reinforcement according to one of the claims 1 to 10 years. 14 · Pneumatic tires, characterized in that a bead filler area by a «reinforcement according to one of the claims 1 to 10 is reinforced. 15. Pneumatic tire, characterized in that an intermediate layer comprises a reinforcement according to any one of claims 1 to 10. 6098 1 0/0882