DE2438935C2 - Device for the electrical control of the exposure time of a camera shutter - Google Patents

Description

successive.

5. Device according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the adjusting member (61) is assigned a latching device (80, 81) which, at each switching stage of the pulse number selector switch (85, 87) engages.

6. Device according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the setting member (61) is operatively connected to a display device (70, 73; 100, 101) which displays the set time interval (j _e u).

7. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that the display device has a Time interval scale (73) and an associated pointer (70) and that the pointer or the scale can be moved by actuating the setting member (61).

8. Device according to claim 6, characterized in that the display device has a Row of light-emitting diodes (100), which the tick marks of a time interval scale (101) represent and of which light-emitting diodes (100) at least one to display the set Time interval (/, / ,.) can be put into operation.

9. Device according to claim 6, characterized gekeniizeichnet, that the display device has electronic means for digitally displaying the set Has time interval.

10. Device according to Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the pulse frequencies (/ ,, / ₂ , / ₃ , / ₄ ) which can be selected by means of the single setting element (52; 61) are in a ratio of 4096: 256: 16: 1 and the preselectable pulse numbers (Z) are in the ratio 16: 20: 25: 32: 40: 51: 64: 81: 102: 128: 161: 203.

The invention relates to a device for the electrical control of the exposure time of a camera shutter, with a trigger device for generating the camera shutter in the open position controlling first signal and with an electronic timer that is activated by said signal in Gear can be set and after a selectable time interval the camera shutter in the closed position emits a controlling second signal, the timer being a continuously running oscillator, a connected frequency divider with outputs for different divided frequencies soie a pulse frequency selection switch for selecting one of the oscillator and the frequency divider, respectively having removable pulse frequencies.

In known facilities of the type mentioned (DE-PS 1217 779) the time interval between the first signal and the second signal is equal to Period of the pulse frequency taken from the frequency divider. This requires that a corresponding pulse frequency for each time interval to be set be available on the frequency divider and must be removable. So it takes just as many Frequency divider outputs and switching stages of the pulse frequency selector switch such as different time intervals should be selectable. In addition, the graduation of the successive selectable time intervals tied to the division ratio of the frequency divider. Without a relatively large effort Circuit arrangement, it is not possible to determine the ratio of the successive selectable time intervals smaller than 1: 2.

Frequency dividers with arbitrarily adjustable dividing ratios are also known (F. Dokter and J. Steinhauer, "Digital electronics in measurement technology and data processing", Vol. II, 1970, Deutsche Philips GmbH, Hamburg), in which the pulses supplied by a pulse generator in a multi-decade Counters are counted with preselection switches and whenever the counter is set to the Has reached the preset value Output pulse is generated and the counter is reset to zero. For the exposure time control of the shutter on a photographic view camera are relatively many, z. B. 36 to 48, various predetermined time intervals are required, which can be set precisely for a simple and convenient orphan and must be reproducible at all times and cover a relatively large area, z. B. from 1/512 second to about 100 seconds.

Thus, the pulse counter and the preselection switch would have to cover 4 to 6 decades, depending on the accuracy the correspondence of the selectable time intervals with predetermined values. Pressing of up to 6 preselection switches for setting a single exposure time would be for the photographer too cumbersome, too time-consuming and fraught with too many sources of error for incorrect exposures. These disadvantages cannot be overcome by replacing the decadic counter with one per se also avoid known binary counters with associated preselection switches.

If you wanted in the known devices for time interval control for setting the predetermined Provide time intervals a single setting member, so this would have to be with a z. B. 48-step Selector switch to be coupled, in the case of the solution with a pre-settable binary pulse counter up to 20 and in the case of a decadic pulse counter up to 60 information conductors can be wired would have. It is clear that such solutions are relatively complicated, bulky and expensive would be.

The object of the invention is therefore to provide a device for increasing the exposure time as mentioned at the beginning Art to be further developed in such a way that with a relatively modest effort the Circuit arrangement a diverse time interval selection in terms of number and gradation the selectable time intervals with high accuracy and reproducibility of the same as well as a simple one and convenient handling of the device when setting the exposure times required in each case is made possible.

This task is for a device for the electrical control of the exposure time of a camera shutter, with a trigger device for generating the camera shutter in the open position controlling first signal and with an electronic timer that is activated by said signal in Gear can be set and after a selectable one

J ₀ time interval emits a second signal that controls the camera shutter in the closed position, the timer having a continuously running oscillator, a frequency divider connected to it with outputs for different divided frequencies and a pulse frequency selector switch for selecting one of the pulse frequencies that can be removed from the oscillator or frequency divider, solved according to the invention in that the timer continues to be set to zero in a manner known per se

so pulse counter for counting the over the pulse frequency selector switch taken number of pulses, means for preselecting a pulse number and means for generating the second signal if they match the counted number of pulses with the preselected number of pulses and that to select of the time interval there is a single setting element, which can be used both with the pulse frequency selector switch as well as with the number of pulses selector switch, so that at progressing step by step actuation of the setting element the preselectable pulse numbers follow each other cyclically, the pulse frequency using the pulse frequency selector switch at the end of each cycle can be changed automatically progressively by one switching step.

With this training it is achieved that with only a single adjusting member a relatively large number of different time intervals can be set optionally with high accuracy and reproducibility and that the two can be positively actuated by the adjusting member in a predetermined manner Selector switch for the pulse frequency or the number of pulses compared to the number of predetermined ones selectable time intervals can be designed in a technically simple manner and thus relatively They take up little space, are reliable and do not cause high manufacturing costs.

Further features, advantages and details of the invention emerge from the claims the following description of exemplary embodiments and from the drawings in which the Invention is illustrated purely by way of example.

F i g. 1 shows a block diagram of the electrical circuit arrangement of an exemplary embodiment of a device designed according to the invention for controlling the exposure time of a camera shutter;

F i g. 2 shows the time course and relationship of some electrical potentials during the process a time interval controlled by the device;

F i g. 3 is a table to illustrate the pulse frequencies that can be set in the device, Pulse numbers and time intervals that are suitable as exposure times for a camera shutter;

Fig. 4 shows, partly in view and partly in section, the mechanical training of a part of a photographic camera, the © ine device for

Shutter timing control as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3;

F i g. 5 shows a partially modified embodiment of the camera.

The device shown in Fig. 1 has an electrical oscillator 10, the oscillation frequency /, z. B. 2 ¹³ Hz = 8192 Hz and is preferably stabilized by a quartz oscillator. The output 11 of the oscillator 10 is connected by means of a line 12 to the input 13 of a frequency divider 14, which has several outputs 15, 16 and 17, at which frequencies / ₂ , / ₃ and / are reduced in a ratio of 16: 1. ₄ of, for example, 512 Hz, 32 Hz or 2 Hz can be removed. A pulse frequency selector switch IS is connected by a line 19 to the output 11 of the oscillator 10 and by further lines 20, 21, 22 to the outputs 15, 16 and 17 of the frequency divider 14. Although the pulse frequency selection switch 18 in FIG. 1 is shown in the form of a mechanical step switch, the pulse frequency selector switch 18 can expediently be formed by an arrangement of contactless electronic circuit elements such as diodes, gates, etc. The output 23 of the pulse frequency selector switch 18 is connected by a * 5 line 24 to the counting input 25 of a pulse counter 26, which has a further input 27 for a reset pulse, by means of which the count of the pulse counter 26 can be instantly reset to zero. At 28 in FIG. 1 denotes a trigger device which has a z. B. by the release button or the cable release of a camera operable switch and a monoflop for generating a relatively short pulse of a predetermined duration. The output 19 of the trigger device 28 is connected by a line 30 to the reset input 27 of the pulse counter 26, so that the pulse generated by the trigger device 28 serves as a reset pulse for the pulse counter 26. The trigger device 28 also has a control or trigger input 31, to which the pulses occurring at the output 23 of the pulse frequency selector switch 18 are fed via a line 32, for the purpose of synchronizing the pulse generated by the trigger device 28 with that fed to the input 24 of the pulse counter 26 Pulse train.

The counting capacity of the pulse counter 26 is, for example, 255. The counting result of the pulse counter 26 is presented on a multi-core line 35 in binary coded form by each different Head of line 35 either carry electrical voltage or are de-energized. For the representation of the highest possible count 255 is required in the binary number system eight bits and consequently in line 35 at least as many signal conductors. The line 35 is on the one The input 36 of a comparator 37 is connected, the other input 38 of which is connected by a multi-core one of the same type Line 39 is connected to a pulse number preselector 40 The pulse number preselector 40 consists mainly of an electrical contact device that enables various Conductor of the line 39 either to be connected to an electrical voltage or to be de-energized make to a preselected number of pulses within the range of 1 to 255 in binary coded form and to be entered into the input 38 of the comparator 37 via the line 39. The one mentioned The contact device of the pulse number preselector 40 has a selector switch 41 for optional setting a limited number of predetermined numbers of pulses. In the present embodiment are by means of the selector switch 41, a total of twelve different, predetermined pulse numbers can be set, the

successive at least approximately in the ratio 1 '~ γ2. The preselectable pulse numbers are 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 51, 64, 81, 102, 128, 161 and 203.

The comparator 37 has an output 42 at which an electrical pulse is emitted in each case, if at the two inputs 36 and 38 of the comparator matching numbers in binary coded Form. Said pulse is sent by means of a line 43 to an input 44 of a bistable Flip-flops 45 transmitted. A second input 46 of the flip-flop 45 is connected via a line 47 the output 29 of the trigger 28 in connection. The flip-flop 45 has an output 48 to the a line 49 is connected.

The pulse frequency selection switch 18 and the pulse number selection switch 41 are connected by mechanical means 50 and 51 to a common device 52 for setting the time interval. the Device 52 has a single setting element which is connected to both the pulse frequency selection switch 18 and the pulse number selection switch 41 in communication so that at progressively step by step Actuation of the mentioned setting element, the preselectable pulse numbers are in a cyclical sequence repeat, with the pulse frequency using the pulse frequency selector switch at the end of each cycle 18 can be changed automatically progressively by one level.

An example of the mechanical design of the pulse frequency selector switch 18, the pulse number selector switch 41 and the device 52 for time interval setting will be described later with reference to FIG F i g. 4 explained in more detail.

The use and operation of the device shown in FIG. 1 and described above is as follows:

It is assumed, for example, that the pulse frequency selector switch 18 is set by means of the device 52 for setting the time interval so that the frequency / ₄ = 2 Hz is taken from the output 17 of the frequency divider 14 and fed to the counting input 25 of the pulse counter 26, and that Furthermore, the pulse number selector switch 41 is set so that the device 40 presents the pulse number 16 at the input 38 of the comparator 37.

When the device is in the operational state, there is a potential at the output 29 of the trigger device 28; there is also a potential at the output 42 of the comparator 37. The output 48 of the flip-flop 45 is de-energized. The oscillator 10 and the frequency divider 14 are in continuous operation. The ^ -pulse sequence coming from the output 23 of the pulse frequency selector switch 18 to the counting input 25 of the pulse counter 26 and to the control or trigger input 31 of the trigger device 28 remains ineffective with respect to the output signal T _s at the output 48 of the bistable flip-flop 45, because the Output 48 is already dead.

As soon as the trigger device 28 is actuated,

7 8

If it is prepared for the delivery of a pulse Y , the display devices are illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, differently by the trailing edge of the following, and are described in more detail with reference thereto. Pulse of the control or trigger input 31 to the in F i g. 4 shown part of a photographic guided /, - pulse sequence is triggered. The from the camera has a housing 6t, in which a trigger device 28 emitted pulse Y is s as a setting element for the time interval setting, characterized by a temporary loss of the potential nendes wheel 61 by means of a shaft 62 rotatable at output 29 (Fig. 2) . The im- is imaged. The wheel 61 protrudes through an opening (3 pulse Y serves as a signal for the beginning of the selected housing 6t to the outside, so that the most reclassified time interval and at the same time causes the edge of the wheel 61 by the thumb of a human pulse counter 26 instantly The hand that has been returned to zero is detected and so that wheel 61 is rotated and that the flip-flop 45 can change its state. which occurs via pulleys 65, Ts (FIG. 2) through which the shutter 66, 67 and 6t runs, which is opened inside the housing 6t of a camera /.- Pulse train are counted in the pulse counter 26 i; two ends of the string 64 inserted tension spring 69, which continuously ensures that the string is sufficiently tensioned, the input 36 of the comparator 37 communicates the respective counting result. in order to be driven to Mick by the rotation of the shaft 62, since the counting result of the pulse counter 26 will also be. Attached to the string 64 is a pointer 7t which corresponds to the pulse number set on the pulse number selector switch 41 by means of the string 64 along a straight number of pulses, the output 42 of the movement path thus being able to be displaced transversely. The movement comparator 37 sends a short pulse X to the input area of the pointer 7t along a passage 44 of the flip-flop 45. The pulse X is indicated by a slit-like window 71, which is arranged in an outer wall for a temporary loss of the potential at the manure 72 of the housing 6t Marking the end of the as the tick marks and labels of a selected exposure time interval. The pulse X carries the time scale 73, with which the pointer 7t to the flip-flop 45 is restored to its idle state. The scale 73 has a total of 48 subdivisions, so that its output 4t is again de-energized, of which every third is emphasized more clearly . When the voltage Ts is lost, the and with an indication of the time such as V _su , * / ",, camera shutter is closed and thus the arbitrary 30 V ₁₁₈ ... V ₄ , V _x , 1, 2, 4 ... 32, 64 seconds provided hung a photosensitive material is finished It is the same information as in the

The duration of the voltage Ts at the output of the flip-last column of the table of Fig. 3.

flops 45 is 8 seconds in the present example. An analog window 75 with an aperture scale

the, for the following reason: Because the Fre- 76 and a pointer 77 moving behind it canoe

frequency of the / «- pulse train is 2 Hz, the Pe- 35 be arranged parallel to the window 71, the

SÄSSE

The selected number of pulses is Z = 16, the camera's aperture is connected to approx twelve notches provided locking dials Tmpiilgyahl generally agrees well for disk tt, with which a resilient locking element ti zn the resulting time interval the formula: works together, which in each of the notches of the _t - _{T. z} Locking disc M can engage resiliently around the wheel '* -, "the PE to force 61 against unintentional rotation to uprights and said / the duration of the Zeitintervaüs, T 45 predetermined rotational positions. The arrival

. , 1 "_ _ -u ·» 1 μ u_y_ _ ordmmg is such that the pointer 7t is behind

node yruiid Z the preselected number of _impulses means aasm ^ _{teiktridle of the} Belkhömgszeit scale 73

3 shows in a table what occurs when the locking element ti is in engagement with one of the total of 48 different time intervals t1, with which the locking disk tt is engaged Leaf spring 12, which is fastened in the housing 6t by changing the four pulse frequency carriers t3 in steps / "Z ₁ , /" / ₄ and the twelve different parts 61 to 73 and M to S3 together form pulse numbers Z be achieved. Since the device men the designated in the diagram of FIG. 1 with 52 for controlling the exposure time of a photograph! - device for Zatmtervau-Cmstdhmg. The resulting 55 wheel 61 or its coil 62 is a geometric series with two time intervals, the coding disks 85 being connected, of which the graduation in FIG. 4 is such that only one is partially visible by changing Each of these coding a time interval to the next larger or next disk 85 carries (not shown) electrical conductors time interval photographically the same trajectories, which occur along five next circles as when changing the diaphragm * »different diameter and teDs radially to it by V ₃ F-stop. are arranged to run. Each coding disk 85

The device 52 for Zdtintervall-EinsteHng are five together with the mentioned conductor tracks.

is expediently assigned to only one ng verse reworking contact springs 86,87, of

hen, at which the set ZceH to which an S6 for the voltage increase

can be read in the table of Fig. 3 is ngt, <5 conductor tracks and the remaining four 87 for <fic Ab-

as the indications f, urd, for the various tension assumptions according to "mem" are predetermined

adjustable time intervals on the display device in the eehc. The five contact springs

can be. Exemplary embodiments for the aforementioned W, 17, assigned to each coding disk SS

f, one of the notches on the circumference of the locking disc is fastened in the housing Ct

: IS insulator worn. Since 2 · 4 tension decrease I · intervenes, another of the twelve preprogrammed

If the contact spring »S7 is present, the number of impulses Z can be set, and the pointer

; with the help of the coding disks 15 and the contact 7t is located behind one of the tick marks of the

j springs 17 numbers in the binary number system with up to s light time scale 73. At the same time, with the help of the

'; Represent 8 bits electrically. The conductor tracks on coding disk 93 and the associated contact springs

, the coding disks S5 and the associated con-95 one of the four preprogrammed pieces of information

Clock springs 17 are activated in relation to one another in such a way as to call up one of the pulse frequencies / ,, / ₂ , / ₃ , / ₄

; arranged so that represented by progressively step-by-step operation.

i> operation of the wheel (1 the twelve numbers 16, 20, 25, io movement of the wheel 61 are the pulse numbers Z in

Si 32, 40, 51, 64, 81, 102, 128, 161 and 203 changed in a cyclic sequence, with each at the end

f: lischer sequence, always in binary coded form, the pulse frequency can be represented automatically for each cycle

are. These numbers are those in the table after changing one notch. The one after another in this way

! Fig. 3 listed pulse numbers Z. Line S5 for the adjustable pulse numbers Z and pulse frequency

y to §7 thus form the sequences in the scheme according to FIG. 1 with ₁₅ sequences Z ₁ , / ₂ , / ₃ , / ₄ are shown in a table in FIG.

4 · and 41 designated means for the number of impulses presented. The resulting exposure times,

choice. which is also in the table according to FIG. 3 can be seen

A gear wheel sits on the shaft C2 of the wheel Cl and is indicated by the pointer 7t on the scale 73

f pinion 9t, which is shown with a larger gear 91 im.

^:; Engagement is the number of teeth at least four times * o F i g. 5 illustrates part of a modified

is larger than that of the pinion gear 9t. The toothed embodiment of the display device for

Rad 91 shows the set exposure time on an axis fixed in the housing Ct. At the-

92 freely rotatable and with a coding disk scr embodiment, the display device

93 provided or even designed as such The a number of light-emitting diodes IM on which the Coding disk 93 has electrical 15 graduation marks (not shown) of an exposure time scale ItI. Conductor tracks running along three concentric circles. The display of the exposure time set in each case sen of different diameters and partly radially to it takes place by lighting up the relevant luminous lines are arranged. The coding disk 93 diode. For this purpose, the light-emitting diodes three with the mentioned conductor tracks are connected together with an electrical contact element man-working contact springs 94, 95 assigned, of 30, these contact elements along the Umdenen a 94 for the voltage supply to the start of the gear 91 or the coding disk 93 in Conductor tracks and the remaining two 95 for the chip F i g. 4 are arranged stationary, while a benungsabnahme according to a predetermined program movable contact element with the gear 91 or

s are provided. The three contact springs 94, 95 are the coding disks 93 revolving and the series of

'■' is swept over by an insulating piece 9C 35 fixed in the housing ft, stationary contact elements,

carried. Since there are two voltage-decreasing contacts around the circuit of one of the light-emitting diodes springs 95, it is possible to close with the help of the, as soon as the locking element ti with one of the coding disk 93 and the contact spring 95, a total of four different notches on the circumference of the locking disk M Information in binary code reaches. Instead of using the described counterattack form, represent it electrically. The contact springs 94, 40 clock elements can supply the light emitting diodes 95 through electrical conductors 97 with a lo- but also by means of a logic circuit arrangement or logic 9t, which are directly connected to the connection, which preferably consists of half-conductor components - Clock springs 9t, 17 and 94, 95 connected in Fig. 4 consists The circuit arrangement 9t is effected sen

Functionally the same as the pulse frequency 45 A further embodiment, not shown, selector switch It in the scheme of FIG The information that can be displayed shows the set exposure time on each of the pulse frequencies Z ₁ , Z ₄ , f ₃ , / ₄ Neten Pulse Frequency Wäblschaher can be read in the form of a number. It goes without saying that there are numerous

The conductor tracks on the coding disk 93 are variants of the described device for the eiekderart that in each case during a full fresh control of a time interval, in particular rotation of the wheel ti and the gear wheel pinion 9t for the control of the exposure time of a camera with the help of the coding disk 93 and the contact 55 closure, possible. So z. B. information ed shown in the spring 95 is the same arrangement arrangement according to FIG. 1 instead of the one that remained there and only then undergoes a change, showed means 31, 32 for the synchromeshing of the encoder generated by the triggering device 2t when the encoder used for the number of pulses advance Pulse Y disk t5 and the associated contact spring S7 from the pulse sequence taken from the pulse frequency selector It from the largest pulse number 203 to the smallest pulse Co, if desired, switch a sync number 16 or reverse synchronization dcT generated by the oscillator It

The mode of use and operation of the pulse Y which is randomly generated with reference to the device described by means of the trigger device 2t in FIG. 4 is provided as follows.

By turning the wheel Cl, it is also possible to turn the oscillator It first the encoder disks S5, while at the same time «5 through the gearwheel pinion 9t and the gearwheel 91 to set the impulse Y in motion and each time The pulse X emitted by the comparator 37 is driven by the coding disk 93 at least four times more slowly. Each time the rest organ is to be shut down.

Need the means for preselection of the number of pulses not to be programmed to twelve different predetermined impulse numbers in every case. Wishes if a finer graduation of the adjustable exposure times or subdivision of the exposure time scale 73 or ItI is shown than in FIGS. 4 and 5, then the number of preprogrammed pulse numbers will be increased. When you deal with a If you are satisfied with a coarser gradation of the adjustable exposure times, the number of preprogrammed pulse numbers can be reduced. To a To achieve a geometric series of adjustable exposure times, with 4 π different preprogrammed pulse numbers, these should at least approximately correspond to one another in a ratio of 1: ^ 2.

The use of the described device according to the invention for the electrical control of a Time interval is not limited to controlling the exposure time of a camera shutter. S The facility can e.g. B. also for controlling the lighting in photographic copying processes or used to control the welding time of an electric spot welding machine.

> a advantages of the device according to the invention are, that a large number of different adjustable time intervals in practically any gradation, which can also be irregular, can be controlled and that a

IS relatively high accuracy and reproducibility of the time intervals is achieved.

For this purpose 3 sheets of drawings

Claims (4)

Patent claims: 1. Device for the electrical control of the exposure time of a camera shutter, with a trigger device for generating a first signal controlling the camera shutter in the open position and with an electronic timer that can be set in motion by the said signal and, after a selectable time interval, the camera shutter in the closed position emits controlling second signal, the timer having a continuously running oscillator, a frequency divider connected to it with outputs for different divided frequencies and a pulse frequency selector switch for selecting one of the pulse frequencies removable from the oscillator or frequency divider, characterized in that the timer continues in In a known manner, a pulse counter (26) which can be set to zero for counting the number of pulses taken from the pulse frequency selector switch (18; 93 to 98), means (40, 41; 85 to 87) for preselecting a number of pulses (Z) and means (37) for generating the second signal (X) when the counted number of pulses coincides with the preselected number of pulses (Z) and that for selecting the time interval (t _ell ) a single setting element (52; 61) is present, which is connected to both the pulse frequency selector switch (18; 93 to 98) and to the pulse number selector switch (41; 85, 87), so that with progressive step-by-step actuation of the setting member (52; 61) the preselectable pulse numbers (Z) follow each other cyclically, whereby at the end of each cycle the pulse frequency (/ ,, / ₂ , / ,, / ₄ ) can be automatically progressively changed by one switching step using the pulse frequency selector switch (18; 93 to 98) is. 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the adjusting member with a coding disks (85) for preselection of the number of pulses (Z) is provided wheel (61), which is replaced by a rigid Gear ratio (90, 91) is coupled to the pulse frequency selector switch (93 to 98) so that by every full revolution of the wheel (61) serving as the setting element, the pulse frequency selector switch (93 to 98) can be switched by one switching step. _{3. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the pulse frequencies (Z 1} , f ₂ , f ₃ , / ₄ ) which can be selected by the pulse frequency selector switch (18; 93 to 98) and the pulse frequencies selected by the pulse number selector switch (41 ; 85, 87) selectable pulse numbers (Z) are coordinated with one another in such a way that the time intervals (t _e ") resulting from the various settings of the single setting element (52; 61) form a geometric series. 4. Device according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the pulse frequencies (/ ,, / ₂ , / ₃ , / ₄ ) which can be selected by the pulse frequency selector switch (18; 93 to 98) in the ^{ratio 6} ^ 16: 1 in succession and with the number of pulses selector switch (41; 85, 87) 4; j different numbers of pulses (Z) can be preselected, which are at least approximately 1: