DE202022101500U1 - A system for synthesizing Ni-evaporated CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals - Google Patents

Abstract

wobei zuerst die Cadmium-Vorläufer mit den Lösungsmitteln beladen werden und dann Se-Vorläufer zugegeben werden, was zur Bildung von $\text{Kern}-{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

führt, und dann die Dotierung durch Zugabe von Ni-Vorläufer erfolgt, wonach schließlich die Zn- und S-Vorläufer zur Bildung von KernSchale-Nickel-dotierten ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

zugegeben werden; und
eine Oberflächenliganden-Herstellungseinheit zur Herstellung von wasserlöslichen Quantenpunkten, wobei verschiedene Oberflächenliganden unter Verwendung von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

und monodentaten hydrophilen Liganden wie MPA (3-Mercaptopropionsäure) hergestellt werden, DPA (D-Penicillamin) und DL-CYS (DL-Cystin), wobei die hergestellten wasserlöslichen Quantenpunkte ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},$

${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{ und QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

sind.

A system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals, the system comprising:
a quantum dot synthesis unit for synthesizing Ni ²⁺ -doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs), ie ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

first loading the cadmium precursors with the solvents and then adding Se precursors, resulting in the formation of $\text{core}-{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

leads, and then the doping is done by adding Ni precursor, after which finally the Zn and S precursors are doped to form core-shell nickel ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

to be added; and
a surface ligand manufacturing unit for manufacturing water-soluble quantum dots using various surface ligands ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

and monodentate hydrophilic ligands such as MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid), DPA (D-penicillamine) and DL-CYS (DL-cystine), whereby the produced water-soluble quantum dots ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},$

${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

are.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to a system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Semiconductor nanocrystals are also known as quantum dots (QD), and these dots are mainly used in electronics and biological imaging and many other fields. These semiconductor nanocrystals are used in multiplex bio-imaging and long-term tracking experiments because their optical properties can be tuned.Doping is a process used to suitably enhance the properties of semiconductors, and which have dopants significant impact on the optical properties of QDs, which is why newly doped QDs are considered a new class of luminous materials.

Doped QDs have several advantages such as: B. a significant Stokes shift due to their atom-like emission states and a narrow emission energy band gap compared to the absorption band gap of the host QDs. In addition, the doped QDs have an advantage because they avoid self-quenching. For doping these QDs, one of the best metal ion dopants is considered to be Ni, which is considered to be the most stable and efficient dopant for QDs and has ferromagnetic properties compared to other metal dopants. The dopants in QDs are used in a potent application and it does so by enhancing the magnetic and electrical properties.

CdSe is one of the most important phosphors compared to CdS and CdTe because of its better chemical stability and desirable electronic and optical properties for optoelectronic applications. Ni-doped QDs have several advantages such as: B. higher brightness, improved stability against fading and a narrower spectral line width.Researchers are now more interested in the synthesis of high-quality QDs, which is why both pure and doped semiconductors are very intensively investigated. However, the biological applications of Ni-doped QDs are still very limited.

In view of the foregoing, it is clear that a system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals is needed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

und diese Halbleiter-Nanokristalle werden mittels hydrothermaler Methode und chemischer Fällung synthetisiert, wobei die nasschemische Fällung zur Synthese verwendet wird. Die hergestellten QDs haben eine sehr hohe Affinität und können für die Durchführung des Bioimagings von Zellen und Anwendungen im Zusammenhang mit der Zellsortierung verwendet werden. Die Isolierung der nanokristallinen Phase der vorbereiteten Nanostruktur wird durchgeführt und anschließend wird die Röntgenbeugung (XRD) zur Charakterisierung der Struktur und eine EDS-Analyse zur Bestätigung der elementaren Zusammensetzung der vorbereiteten Quantum Dots (QDs) durchgeführt. Die mittlere kristalline Größe des dotierten Kern/Schale-Ni-Dotierstoffbereichs beträgt 9.0 ± 2.0 mm. Das magnetische Verhalten der hergestellten QDs wird durch die ferromagnetischen Daten gezeigt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die vorbereiteten QDs optische Absorptionsmessungen im UV-visuellen Bereich von 200-800 nm aufweisen, was dem Wert der Bandlücke von 2.11 eV für die vorbereiteten ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

entspricht. Dies zeigt, dass sowohl das reine ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

als auch das ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

eine Rotverschiebung im Vergleich zum massiven CdSe erfahren haben. Es wurde herausgefunden, dass ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

erfolgreich von Zelllinien wie HeLa und MCF-7 aufgenommen wird, um Bioimaging und Anwendungen im Zusammenhang mit der Sortierung durchzuführen.The present disclosure relates to a system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals. The present disclosure proposes a synthesized Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS quantum dot with red emission and active physical properties including optical and magnetic properties. The synthesized Quantum Dots have the chemical composition ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

and these semiconductor nanocrystals are synthesized by hydrothermal method and chemical precipitation using wet chemical precipitation for synthesis. The produced QDs have a very high affinity and can be used to perform cell bioimaging and cell sorting applications. Isolation of the nanocrystalline phase of the prepared nanostructure is performed and then X-ray diffraction (XRD) is performed to characterize the structure and EDS analysis to confirm the elemental composition of the prepared quantum dots (QDs). The average crystalline size of the doped core/shell Ni dopant region is 9.0 ± 2.0 mm. The magnetic behavior of the fabricated QDs is shown by the ferromagnetic data. The prepared QDs were found to exhibit optical absorption measurements in the UV-Visual range of 200-800 nm, which corresponds to the band gap value of 2.11 eV for the prepared ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

is equivalent to. This shows that both the pure ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

as well as that ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

experienced a redshift compared to bulk CdSe. It was found that ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

successfully taken up by cell lines such as HeLa and MCF-7 to perform bioimaging and sorting-related applications.

wobei zuerst die Cadmiumvorläufer mit den Lösungsmitteln beladen werden und dann Se-Vorläufer zugegeben werden, was zur Bildung von $\text{Kern}-{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

führt, und dann die Dotierung durch Zugabe von Ni-Vorläufer erfolgt, wonach schließlich die Zn- und S-Vorläufer zugegeben werden, um mit Nickel dotierte ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

mit Kernhülle zu bilden; und eine Oberflächenliganden-Präparationseinheit zur Herstellung wasserlöslicher Quantenpunkte, in der verschiedene Oberflächenliganden unter Verwendung von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

und monodentaten hydrophilen Liganden wie MPA (3-Mercaptopropionsäure) hergestellt werden, DPA (D-Penicillamin) und DL-CYS (DL-Cystin), wobei die hergestellten wasserlöslichen Quantenpunkte ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{und QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

sind.Das System umfasst ferner: eine Beurteilungseinheit zur Durchführung einer Lebensfähigkeitsbeurteilung der zubereiteten wasserlöslichen Quantenpunkte, wobei die HeLa- und MCF-7-Zellen zur Durchführung von MTT-Testmessungen verwendet werden, bei denen die Zellen mit verschiedenen Dosen von zubereiteten wasserlöslichen Quantenpunkten behandelt werden; und eine Sortiereinheit zur Durchführung des Zellsortierassays, wobei die MCF-7-Zellen auf einem Glasdeckglas mit 24 mm Durchmesser in einer Sechs-Well-Kulturplatte kultiviert werden.The present disclosure aims to provide a system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals. The system includes: a quantum dot synthesis unit for synthesizing Ni ²⁺ -doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs), ie ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

first loading the cadmium precursors with the solvents and then adding Se precursors, resulting in the formation of $\text{core}-{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

and then the doping is done by adding Ni precursor, after which finally the Zn and S precursors are added to be doped with nickel ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

to form with nuclear envelope; and a surface ligand preparation unit for preparing water-soluble quantum dots using various surface ligands from ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

and monodentate hydrophilic ligands such as MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid), DPA (D-penicillamine) and DL-CYS (DL-cystine), whereby the produced water-soluble quantum dots ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

are.The system further comprises: an assessment unit for performing a viability assessment of the prepared water-soluble quantum dots using the HeLa and MCF-7 cells to perform MTT test measurements in which the cells are treated with different doses of prepared water-soluble quantum dots ; and a sorting unit for performing the cell sorting assay, wherein the MCF-7 cells are cultured on a 24 mm-diameter glass coverslip in a six-well culture plate.

The aim of the present disclosure is to provide a system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals.

Another goal of the present disclosure is the development of high affinity QDs that can be used for bioimaging and sorting applications.

Another objective of the present disclosure is to perform energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to confirm the elemental composition of the fabricated QDs.

Another objective of the present disclosure is to perform XRD analysis to characterize the fabricated QDs.

Another aim of the present disclosure is to study the magnetic behavior of the fabricated QDs.

Another objective of the present disclosure is to perform optical absorption measurements on the fabricated QDs.

In order to further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more detailed description of the invention is provided by reference to specific embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is understood that these figures represent only typical embodiments of the invention and therefore should not be considered as limiting its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail with the accompanying figures.

character list

• 1 ein Blockdiagramm eines Systems zur Synthese von Ni-dotierten CdSe/ZnS-Halbleiternanokristallen gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung zeigt; und
• 2 das Schema zur Synthese der ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$
  
  -Quantenpunkte gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung zeigt.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying figures, in which like characters represent like parts throughout the figures, wherein:

• 1 Figure 12 shows a block diagram of a system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
• 2 the scheme for synthesizing the ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$
  
  shows quantum dots according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the elements in the figures are presented for simplicity and are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the flow charts illustrate the method of key steps to enhance understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Furthermore, one or more components of the device may be represented in the figures by conventional symbols, and the figures only show the specific details relevant to an understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure, not to encircle the figures with details to overload, which are easily recognizable for the person skilled in the art with the descriptions contained herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the figures and specific language will be used to describe the same. It should be understood, however, that no limitation on the scope of the invention is intended, and such alterations and further modifications to the illustrated system and such further applications of the principles of the invention set forth therein are contemplated as would occur to those skilled in the art invention would normally come to mind.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be limiting.

When this specification refers to "an aspect", "another aspect" or the like, it means that a particular feature, structure or particular characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Therefore, the phrases "in one embodiment,""in another embodiment," and similar phrases throughout this specification may or may not all refer to the same embodiment.

The terms "comprises," "including," or other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion such that a method or method that includes a list of steps includes not only those steps, but may also include other steps that are not expressly stated or pertaining to any such process or method. Likewise, any device or subsystem or element or structure or component preceded by "comprises...a" does not, without further limitation, exclude the existence of other devices or other subsystem or other element or other structure or other component or additional device or additional subsystems or additional elements or additional structures or additional components.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail below with reference to the attached figures.

wobei zuerst die Cadmiumvorläufer mit den Lösungsmitteln beladen werden und dann Se-Vorläufer hinzugefügt werden, was zur Bildung von $\text{Kern}-{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

führt, und dann die Dotierung durch Hinzufügen von Ni-Vorläufern erfolgt, wonach schließlich die Zn- und S-Vorläufer hinzugefügt werden, um mit Nickel dotierte ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

mit Kernhülle zu bilden. 1 12 shows a block diagram of a system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system 100 includes a quantum dot synthesis unit 102 for synthesizing Ni ²⁺ -doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs), ie ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

first loading the cadmium precursors with the solvents and then adding Se precursors, resulting in the formation of $\text{core}-{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

leads, and then the doping is done by adding Ni precursors, after which finally the Zn and S precursors are added to be doped with nickel ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

to form with nuclear envelope.

und monodentaten hydrophilen Liganden wie MPA (3-Mercaptopropionsäure) hergestellt werden, DPA (D-Penicillamin) und DL-CYS (DL-Cystin), wobei die hergestellten wasserlöslichen Quantenpunkte $${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{und QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$$

sind.In one embodiment, a surface ligand preparation unit 104 is used to fabricate water-soluble quantum dots, wherein various surface ligands are prepared using ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

and monodentate hydrophilic ligands such as MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid), DPA (D-penicillamine) and DL-CYS (DL-cystine), whereby the produced water-soluble quantum dots $${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$$

are.

In one embodiment, the system 100 further comprises: an assessment unit 106 for performing a viability assessment of the prepared water-soluble quantum dots using the HeLa and MCF-7 cells to perform MTT test measurements in which the cells are treated with different doses of prepared water-soluble quantum dots be treated; and a sorting unit 108 for performing the cell sorting assay, wherein the MCF-7 cells are cultured on a 24 mmφ glass coverslip in a six-well culture plate.

unter Verwendung von Methanol und anschließendes Zentrifugieren bei maximaler Drehzahl und anschließendes Dispergieren in n-Hexan, nachdem die Dispersion von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

unter Verwendung eines Spritzenfilters mit einer Porengröße von 0.22 µm Porengröße filtriert wird, um den nicht umgesetzten Vorläufer vollständig zu entfernen; und das gereinigte ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

in einer n-Hexan-Lösung bei Raumtemperatur in einer inerten Umgebung gehalten wird, wobei die Reinigung von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

noch zweimal durchgeführt wird.In one embodiment, the synthesis of Ni ²⁺ -doped CdSe quantum dots comprises preparing a 1 M Se solution A in 5 mL of tri-n-butylphosphine (TBP), which is then maintained at room temperature under inert gas;preparing a B solution by Combine 4 mM CdO and 0.2 M stearic acid (STA) in a multi-necked round bottom flask which is then kept in an oil bath and then heated at a temperature of 120°C for a period of 20 minutes to produce a colorless cadmium stearate solution and this Solution is then cooled to room temperature and heated again under inert gas at a temperature of 280°C with 1mM C ₁₀ H ₁₄ NiO ₄ and 0.2M trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) added later and then the temperature increased to 310°C; Add Solution A to the hot reaction of Solution B along with 1 mL of 1M TBP:Se; then the mixture is stirred continuously and the temperature of the reaction mixture is lowered to 230°C for 5-10 minutes to achieve particle growth;Slowly injecting 1 ml of IM oleylamine sulfur solution into the reaction mixture at a temperature of 250°C and then cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature after stirring for 1 hour; then 5 ml of toluene is added to prevent TOPO from solidifying at room temperature; precipitation of the produced quantum dots, ie ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

using methanol and then centrifuging at maximum speed and then dispersing in n-hexane after the dispersion of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

under use a syringe filter having a pore size of 0.22 µm pore size is filtered to completely remove the unreacted precursor; and the cleaned ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

in a n-hexane solution at room temperature in an inert environment, the purification of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

is carried out twice more.

verwendet, der Oberflächenligandenaustausch mit DL-CYS (DL-Cystin) wird verwendet, um ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

wasserlöslich zu machen, und der Oberflächenligandenaustausch DPA (D-Penicillamin) wird zur Herstellung von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

verwendet.In one embodiment, MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid) surface ligand exchange is used to produce MPA-capped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

used, the surface ligand exchange with DL-CYS (DL-cystine) is used to ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

to make water soluble, and the surface ligand exchange DPA (D-penicillamine) is used to produce ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

used.

als auch der dotierten ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

-Quantenpunkte mit Hilfe der UV-Spektralanalyse, des Photolumineszenzspektrums, des XRD-Musters und der Molekülmorphologie unter Verwendung eines hochauflösenden Transmissionselektronenmikroskops durchgeführt.In one embodiment, the morphological characterization of both the undoped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

as well as the endowed ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

-Quantum dots performed using UV spectral analysis, photoluminescence spectrum, XRD pattern and molecular morphology using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope.

als auch von dotierten ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

-Quantenpunkten mit Hilfe der Analyse supraleitender Quanteninterferenzgeräte für das magnetische Moment gemessen.In one embodiment, the magnetic field dependencies of the magnetization of both undoped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

as well as from endowed ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

-Quantum dots measured using superconducting quantum interference devices magnetic moment analysis.

In one embodiment, a Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis of the doped quantum dots and the fabricated water-soluble quantum dots is performed.

In one embodiment, the biocompatible application of the prepared water-soluble quantum dots is investigated by examining the photostability in physiological buffers and cellular growth medium.

In one embodiment, an in vitro toxicity test of the produced water-soluble quantum dots is performed to check their toxicity.

-Quantenpunkte in Übereinstimmung mit einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung. Figur (a) stellt dar, dass die Cadmiumvorstufe zusammen mit den Lösungsmitteln geladen wird. Figur (b) stellt dar, dass undotierte Quantenpunkte durch Zugabe von Se-Vorläufern hergestellt werden, was zur Bildung von ${\text{''QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}\text{'}\text{'}$

führt. Figur (c) stellt die Verarbeitung der Dotierung dar, bei der ein Nip-Vorläufer hinzugefügt wird, und schließlich stellt Figur (d) die Bildung von nickeldotierten ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

dar, wobei Zn- und S-Vorläufer hinzugefügt werden, um die Kernschale der dotierten Quantenpunkte zu bilden. 2 illustrates the scheme for the synthesis of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

- Quantum dots in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure (a) shows that the cadmium precursor is loaded along with the solvents. Figure (b) represents that undoped quantum dots are produced by adding Se precursors, resulting in the formation of ${\text{''QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}\text{'}\text{'}$

leads. Figure (c) represents the processing of the doping where a nip precursor is added and finally figure (d) represents the formation of nickel-doped ones ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

where Zn and S precursors are added to form the core shell of the doped quantum dots.

Once the Ni ²⁺ -doped quantum dots are fabricated, they undergo biophasic ligand exchange to make them biocompatible and reduce cytotoxicity. It does this by making them water soluble by using hydrophilic ligands such as MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid), DPA (D-penicillamine) and DL-CYS (DL-cystine).

wird zunächst 1 ml MPA in Methanol zu 1 ml ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

in Chloroform gegeben und ein Gemisch mit einer Endkonzentration von 1mg/ml hergestellt, wobei der pH-Wert des MPA unter Verwendung von TMAH (Tetramethylammoniumhydroxid-Lösung) in Methanol in einem begrenzten Verhältnis auf 12 eingestellt wird.Die vorbereitete Mischung aus MPA und ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

wird 90 Minuten lang bei einer Temperatur von 4 °C in einem MPA-Oberflächenaustauscher beschallt, dann wird 1 ml doppelt destilliertes Wasser (DDW) in die Mischung gegeben und erneut 30 Minuten lang beschallt. Nach der Beschallung wird ein Fläschchen verwendet, um die oberste Schicht der beiden nicht mischbaren Lösungsmittel aufzufangen, die nach der Beschallung entstanden sind, wobei in diesen beiden Lösungsmitteln ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}}$

verteilt wird.Die erhaltenen ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/MPA}$

werden dann mit Isopropanol gereinigt und der Niederschlag wird dreimal mit Chloroform gewaschen, um sicherzustellen, dass der Überschuss an Tensid entfernt wird. Nach der Reinigung und dem Waschen werden die erhaltenen ligandspezifischen ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/MPA}-$

Präzipitate in 1 ml bidestilliertem Wasser gelöst und bei 4 °C aufbewahrt.To make the MPA-capped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

First, add 1 mL of MPA in methanol to 1 mL ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

in chloroform and preparing a mixture with a final concentration of 1mg/ml, adjusting the pH of the MPA to 12 using TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution) in methanol in a limited ratio.The prepared mixture of MPA and ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

is sonicated for 90 minutes at a temperature of 4°C in an MPA surface exchanger, then 1 mL of double distilled water (DDW) is added to the mixture and sonicated again for 30 minutes. After sonication, a vial is used to collect the top layer of the two immiscible solvents formed after sonication, in which two solvents ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}}$

is distributed.The received ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/MPA}$

are then cleaned with isopropanol and the precipitate is washed three times with chloroform to ensure that excess surfactant is removed. After purification and washing, the obtained ligand-specific ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/MPA}-$

Dissolve precipitates in 1 mL bidistilled water and store at 4 °C.

-Quantenpunkten wird ein Oberflächen-Ligandenaustausch mit DL-CYS verwendet, wobei bei diesem Verfahren zunächst 1 ml TBP-verkapptes ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

zu 1 ml CHCl₃ gegeben wird und diese Mischung dann zu 1 ml 1g/ml DL-CYS in phosphatgepufferter Kochsalzlösung (PBS) gegeben wird, um einen biphasischen Ligandenaustausch zu erzeugen.Das erhaltene zweiphasige Gemisch wird dann bei Raumtemperatur gerührt, und nach einer Zeitspanne von zwei Stunden findet ein Phasenwechsel von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/CYS}$

statt, bei dem die Phase von der organischen in die wässrige Phase übergeht, was zu einer farblosen CHCl₃-Schicht führt.Die erhaltenen ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/CYS}$

werden zweimal mit Ethanol ausgefällt und dann zur Analyse in 1 x PBS redispergiert. 1 µl Dithiothreitol (DTT) wird der erhaltenen Lösung zugesetzt, um die Bildung von Cystein-Dimeren zu vermeiden, wobei das DTT im Dunkeln bei 4 °C gelagert wurde.For the production of water-soluble ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/CYS}$

-Quantum dots, a surface ligand exchange with DL-CYS is used, with this method first 1 ml of TBP-capped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

is added to 1 ml CHCl ₃ and this mixture is then added to 1 ml 1g/ml DL-CYS in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to create a biphasic ligand exchange. The resulting biphasic mixture is then stirred at room temperature, and after a period of two hours there is a phase change of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/CYS}$

takes place, in which the phase transitions from the organic to the aqueous phase, resulting in a colorless CHCl ₃ layer. The obtained ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/CYS}$

are precipitated twice with ethanol and then redispersed in 1×PBS for analysis. 1 µl of dithiothreitol (DTT) is added to the obtained solution to avoid the formation of cysteine dimers, the DTT was stored in the dark at 4 °C.

-Quantenpunkten wird DPA-Ligandenaustausch verwendet, wobei in diesem Verfahren zunächst 0.2 M wässrige DL-DPA-Lösung in Gegenwart von TCPH (Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphinhydrochlorid) hergestellt wird und dann der pH-Wert dieser hergestellten Lösung unter Verwendung von TMAH auf etwa 9 eingestellt wird, wobei der Prozess der Herstellung dieser Lösung in Gegenwart von TCPH die Deprotonierung der Thiolgruppen gewährleistet. 0.5 ml der vorbereiteten DL-DPA-Lösung werden mit 1 ml ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/CYS}$

verdünnter Dispersion in Chloroform mit einer Konzentration von 1 mg/ml kombiniert, und nach dem Kombinieren beider Lösungen wird die Mischung zwei Stunden lang gerührt. Dann wird der Phasenwechselprozess durchgeführt, bei dem die vorbereiteten ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/DPA}$

aus der organischen Phase in die wässrige Phase überführt werden. Anschließend werden sie getrennt und mit doppelt destilliertem Wasser und Ethanol gereinigt, und die erhaltenen ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/DPA}$

werden erneut in doppelt destilliertem Wasser (DDW) dispergiert.For the production of water-soluble ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/DPA}$

-Quantum dots uses DPA ligand exchange, in which method 0.2 M aqueous DL-DPA solution is first prepared in the presence of TCPH (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride) and then the pH of this prepared solution is adjusted using TMAH about 9, the process of preparing this solution in the presence of TCPH ensures the deprotonation of the thiol groups. 0.5 ml of the prepared DL-DPA solution is mixed with 1 ml ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/CYS}$

diluted dispersion in chloroform having a concentration of 1 mg/ml, and after combining both solutions, the mixture is stirred for two hours. Then the phase change process is performed, in which the prepared ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/DPA}$

be transferred from the organic phase into the aqueous phase. Then they are separated and cleaned with double distilled water and ethanol, and the obtained ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/DPA}$

are redispersed in double distilled water (DDW).

zur Behandlung der Zellen verwendet. Für die Bestimmung des Prozentsatzes der Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen wird ein MTT-Testkit verwendet.In one embodiment, to assess the viability of the prepared water-soluble quantum dots (QDs), the HeLa and MCF-7 cells are maintained in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FSB) and a solution of 1% penicillin /streptomycin with the cells maintained at a temperature of 37°C and 5% CO ₂ in a humidified incubator. Then the cells are used for MTT measurements, where the cells are seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 1×10 ⁵ and then incubated for 18 hours. After 12 hours, various doses from 0.1 µg/ml to 100 µg/ml of the prepared water-soluble quantum dots ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

used to treat the cells. An MTT test kit is used to determine the percentage of cell viability.

In other words, in this method, each well is first filled with a solution of 1 × PSB containing 10 mL of MTT solution and then incubated for 4 hours, adding 90 µL of MTT solution to each well after mixing. resulting in the formation of violet colored formazan crystals which are then dissolved in acidic isopropanol. The optical density of the solvent is measured using a microtiter plate reader, reading at 570 nm.

In one embodiment, to perform the cell sorting assay, 1×10 ⁵ MCF-7 cells are seeded on a 24 mm diameter glass coverslip in a six-well culture plate. Incubation takes place overnight at 37°C and 5% CO ₂ in a humidified incubator. Then the medium is removed and the cells are washed twice with 1× PBS solution. The water-soluble quantum dots at a concentration of 10 µg/ml are introduced into the washed cells and then incubated for 2-4 hours. The cells are then removed from the surface by trypsinization, suspended in DMEM medium and transferred to a 2.0 ml Eppendorf microcentrifuge tube. Cell sorting is now performed by placing the microcentrifuge tube on the side wall of the 1.2 Tesla magnet for a period of 5-10 minutes. The unsorted cells are then pipetted out of the supernatant and plated onto a culture disc after sorting. Then the magnet is removed and the sorted cells are collected as a pellet on the side wall of the microcentrifuge tube and then resuspended in the medium and plated onto a culture disc. The cells are then cultured for a period of 6 hours to re-adhere to the surface of a coverslip. A confocal microscope is then used to acquire the fluorescence images for cell sorting, the microscope having an a × 40 objective lens and excitation at 488 nm. The cells are then treated with 5-102 µg/ml of quantum dots at a temperature of 37°C, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution diluted in 1 × PBS, and then the treated cells are washed with 1 × PBS and then under a confocal microscope for the localized quantum dots on the cell surface.

und der dotierten Quantenpunkte ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

ein Absorptionsmaximum bei 580 nm für die undotierten Quantenpunkte, während für die dotierten Quantenpunkte das Absorptionsmaximum bei 650 nm zu sehen ist, was auf die Anregung der Probe hinweist. Es zeigt sich, dass die Absorptionskante sowohl bei den undotierten QDs als auch bei den dotierten QDs im Vergleich zum bilk CdSe bei 630 nm bei einer Temperatur von 300k eine Rotverschiebung erfährt. Die Ergebnisse weisen eindeutig auf das Phänomen des Quanteneinschlusses zwischen den dotierten und undotierten Quantenpunkten hin. Bei der Ni-Dotierung wird festgestellt, dass sich die Bandlücke vergrößert, was auf die Änderung des Energieniveaus der QDs nach dem Eintritt der Ni²⁺-Ionen in das CdSe-Wirtsmaterial zurückzuführen ist.In one embodiment, the UV spectral absorption spectra showed the undoped quantum dots ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

and the doped quantum dots ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

an absorption maximum at 580 nm for the undoped quantum dots, while for the doped quantum dots the absorption maximum is seen at 650 nm, indicating excitation of the sample. It turns out that the absorption edge of both the undoped QDs and the doped QDs compared to bilk CdSe undergoes a redshift at 630 nm at a temperature of 300k. The results clearly indicate the phenomenon of quantum confinement between the doped and undoped quantum dots. With Ni doping, it is found that the band gap increases, which is attributed to the change in the energy level of the QDs after the Ni ²⁺ ions enter the CdSe host material.

In one embodiment, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the doped and undoped quantum dots showed that both the doped and undoped quantum dots have a significant peak at 585 nm and 650 nm, and these peaks correspond to the orange and red colors in the visible spectrum, and this Range could be caused by the emission related to surface defects. These defect states are the reason for the luminous behavior of the doped quantum dots. The defect status is increased by the Cd ²⁺ and Se ²⁺ vacancies and the dangling bonds. It can be seen that the PL peak intensity of the Ni-doped quantum dots increases to 6% and then increases for the next 3-5% after the growth of the ZnS shell. The optimal emission peak intensity is therefore observed at 6% Ni-doped quantum dots. Furthermore, the PL properties of the undoped and doped quantum dots are investigated by performing a time-resolved photoluminescence analysis (TRPL) using a single exponential curve-fitted , normalized decay curve can be seen, and from the results of the fitted curve, the lifetimes of 19.72 ns and 42.31 ns are calculated, and it is found that the lifetime increases as the inorganic shells such as ZnS, CdS, and CdSe grow over the nuclear quantum dots , indicating a decrease in the nanoradiative contribution to exciton decay.

In one embodiment, the XRD pattern of both undoped and doped quantum dots shows three primary diffraction peaks corresponding to the zincblende cubic structure (101), (110), (103), (202), and (300). The pattern showed no peaks for Ni, NiSe and no secondary phase, indicating that all samples are single phase and the broadening of the diffraction peaks indicates that the material produced is nanoscale.

eine Kerngröße von 6.0 ± 3.0 nm und die dotierten ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

eine Kern- oder Schalengröße von 9.0 ± 2.0 nm haben. Die Bilder des SAED-Musters (Selected Area Electron Diffraction) zeigen sowohl für die dotierten als auch für die undotierten Quantenpunkte einen breiten diffusen Kreis, was auf Ergebnisse hindeutet, die mit den Ergebnissen des XRD-Musters übereinstimmen.In one embodiment, molecular morphology characterization of both the undoped and the doped quantum dots is performed using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), showing that both quantum dots are mostly spherical and the undoped ones ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

a core size of 6.0 ± 3.0 nm and the doped ones ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

have a core or shell size of 9.0 ± 2.0 nm. Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) pattern images show a wide diffuse circle for both the doped and undoped quantum dots, suggesting results consistent with the XRD pattern results.

In one embodiment, the magnetic field dependence (H) of the magnetization of undoped and doped quantum dots is measured using the analysis of superconducting quantum interference devices for the magnetic moment in both doped and undoped quantum dots in powder at room temperature. The measurement results show that a weak ferromagnetism phase ( Fm) is present because the Cd ²⁺ and Se ² ions are nonmagnetic and therefore the diamagnetism becomes very evident at H > 5 kOe with a magnetic susceptibility value of 6 × 10 ⁷ emu/gOe. After Ni doping, it is found that the Fm order of both the doped and undoped quantum dots has changed significantly and the magnetic moments reach saturation at H > 5 kOe. These results show that the Ni doping is responsible for the magnetism in the quantum dots. At a temperature of 300 K, Fm is observed in the nickel-doped quantum dots.

In one embodiment, an EDS element characterization is performed, confirming the success of the doping, with the results showing a single coding for nickel (Ni) with 8.10% atomic weight in the CdS/ZnS_Ni along with 28.27% cadmium (Cd), 21.48% selenium (Se ), 21.02% sulfur (S) and 32.28% zinc (Zn).

entfernt und dann durch die monodentaten hydrophilen Liganden wie MPA, DPA und CYS ersetzt, was zur Bildung von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}},$

und ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

führte. Die Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-Spektren (FTIR) von ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{und QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

stimmen mit den nativen organischen Liganden überein, einschließlich der Carbonyl (-C=O)-Charakteristiken, die sich bei 1242 cm^-1 und 1646 cm^-1 strecken, welche spezifisch für die basischen MPA-, DPA- und CYS-verkappten QDs sind.Nach dem Austausch der Liganden wird eine starke Bande bei 2901 cm^-1 und 2901 cm^-1 gefunden, die spezifisch für das Amid (C-N) und das Sulfid (-SH) ist. Der Schwingungspeak von -OH bei 3339 cm^-1 deutet auf das Vorhandensein von Wassermolekülen hin, und aufgrund des hohen Oberflächen-Volumen-Verhältnisses von CdSe-Quantenpunkten wird eine große Menge an Wassermolekülen auf ihrer Oberfläche absorbiert. Das Fehlen der C-H-Streckungsbanden bei 900 cm^-1, 2922 cm^-1 und 2960 cm^-1 nach dem Ligandenaustausch auf der Oberfläche der ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

zeigt, dass die TBP-Liganden vollständig ersetzt sind.In one embodiment, the weak surface ligand TBP is doped onto the Ni ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

removed and then replaced by the monodentate hydrophilic ligands such as MPA, DPA and CYS, resulting in the formation of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}},$

and ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

led. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

are consistent with the native organic ligands, including the carbonyl (-C=O) features stretching at 1242 cm ^-1 and 1646 cm ^-1 , which are specific to the basic MPA, DPA, and CYS-capped QDs .After swapping the ligands, a strong band is found at 2901 cm ^-1 and 2901 cm ^-1 specific to the amide (CN) and the sulfide (-SH). The vibrational peak of -OH at 3339 cm ^-1 indicates the presence of water molecules, and due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of CdSe quantum dots absorb a large amount of water molecules on their surface. The absence of CH stretching bands at 900 cm ^-1 , 2922 cm ^-1 and 2960 cm ^-1 after ligand exchange on the surface of the ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

shows that the TBP ligands are completely replaced.

In one embodiment, UV spectra and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are used to characterize the physical properties of the nanoparticles. The absorption and fluorescence spectra indicate the quantum yield of the quantum dots after the ligand exchange and are found to have a hydrodynamic diameter of 15-20 nm, which is reasonable for the core/shell diameter. The zeta potential of the quantum dots after Ligand exchange is indicated by the hydrophilic nature of the ligands and the statistical distribution of the dithiol, carboxyl, and amine anchoring groups, with MPA and CYS having a net negative charge and DPA having a net positive charge.

In one embodiment, the MPA, CYS, and DPA capped quantum dots are further examined to verify their photostability in physiological buffers and cellular growth medium. To do this, the quantum dots are first dispersed in Millipore water, 1×PBS buffer and DMEM for 7 days, and the minimal decrease in fluorescence is observed for the water-soluble quantum dots. To study the effects of pH, 1X PBS is used to adjust the pH from 4, which is acidic, to 12, which is basic, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored over a 7 day period. The observation revealed that the maximum fluorescence at pH 12 and the decreased fluorescence at pH 4 for the ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}.$

In one embodiment, the toxicity of the manufactured quantum dots is counteracted by coating the core of the quantum dots with an inorganic material that prevents oxidation and photofading of the cadmium core, the well-coated core of the quantum dots in the in vitro tests is used and no evidence of significant toxicity is observed.

behandelten HeLa- und MCF-7-Zellen zeigten, dass die maximale Toxizität bei einer Konzentration von 100 µg/ml für HeLa-Zellen 41 %, 64 % und 86 % beträgt, und 86% Toxizität und für MCF-Zellen eine maximale Toxizität von 48%, 63% und 88%, wobei die Daten für die Zeiträume 1, 41, 12, 24, 48 und 72 Stunden gesammelt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten jedoch auch, dass bei den niedrigeren Konzentrationen der Dosen keine wesentliche Toxizität vorhanden war.In one embodiment, the MTT assays for analysis of cell viability are performed after treatment of HeLa and MCF-7 cells with various doses of MPA, DPA, and CYS-capped water-soluble quantum dots, with the dose ranging from 0.1 to 100 µg/ ml for different periods is enough. The results of the cytotoxicity test with ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}$

treated HeLa and MCF-7 cells showed that the maximum toxicity at a concentration of 100 µg/ml for HeLa cells is 41%, 64% and 86%, and 86% toxicity and for MCF cells a maximum toxicity of 48%, 63% and 88%, with data collected for periods of 1, 41, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. However, the results also showed that there was no significant toxicity at the lower concentrations of the doses.

mit HeLa- und MCF-7-Zellen über einen Zeitraum von 4 Stunden inkubiert wird, bevor die Zellsortierung zur Prüfung der ferromagnetischen Eigenschaften durchgeführt wird. Die konfokale Ansicht zeigt, dass die Zellen durch das Magnetfeld (H) getrennt werden und eine rote Fluoreszenzemission aufweisenIn one embodiment, cellular sorting is performed using a 1.2 Tesla magnet, the synthesized water-soluble quantum dots have shown strong red fluorescence emission and selective and weak ferromagnetic properties, with a 10 µg/ml solution of each ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}$

incubated with HeLa and MCF-7 cells for 4 hours before performing cell sorting to examine ferromagnetic properties. The confocal view shows that the cells are separated by the magnetic field (H) and have red fluorescence emission

In one embodiment, based on the results, it can be concluded that the synthesized quantum dots with different surface ligands, i. H. MPA, DPA, and CYS Coating Quantum Dots, best suited for selective imaging and sorting applications.

The figures and the preceding description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand that one or more of the elements described may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements can be broken down into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, the order of the processes described herein may be changed and is not limited to the manner described herein. Also, the acts of a flowchart need not be performed in the order presented; also, not all actions have to be performed. Also, the actions that are not dependent on other actions can be performed in parallel with the other actions. The scope of the embodiments is in no way limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations are possible, regardless of whether they are explicit in the description are listed or not, e.g. B. Differences in structure, dimensions and use of materials. The scope of the embodiments is at least as broad as indicated in the following claims.

Advantages, other benefits, and solutions to problems have been described above with respect to particular embodiments. However, the advantages, benefits, problem solutions, and components that can cause an advantage, benefit, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or component of any or all claims.

Reference List

100

A system for the synthesis of Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals

102

A facility for the synthesis of quantum dots

104

A facility for the production of surface ligands

106

A rating unit

108

A sorting unit

Claims (9)

A system for synthesizing Ni-doped CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals, the system comprising: a quantum dot synthesis unit for synthesizing Ni ²⁺ -doped CdSe quantum dots (QDs), ie ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

first loading the cadmium precursors with the solvents and then adding Se precursors, resulting in the formation of $\text{core}-{\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

leads, and then the doping is done by adding Ni precursor, after which finally the Zn and S precursors are doped to form core-shell nickel ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

to be added; and a surface ligand manufacturing unit for manufacturing water-soluble quantum dots, wherein various surface ligands using ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

and monodentate hydrophilic ligands such as MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid), DPA (D-penicillamine) and DL-CYS (DL-cystine), whereby the produced water-soluble quantum dots ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{MPA}},$

${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{CYS}}{\text{and QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650/\text{DPA}}$

are. The system after claim 1 , the system further comprising: an assessment unit for performing a viability assessment of the produced water-soluble quantum dots, wherein the HeLa and MCF-7 cells are used to perform MTT test measurements in which the cells are treated with different doses of the produced water-soluble quantum dots ; and a sorting unit for conducting the cell sorting test, wherein the MCF-7 cells are cultured on a 24 mmφ glass coverslip in a six-well culture plate. system after claim 1 wherein the synthesis of Ni2+-doped CdSe quantum dots comprises the following steps performed by the system: preparing a solution A containing 1M Se in 5 ml of tri-n-butylphosphine (TBP) and maintaining it under inert gas at room temperature; Prepare a solution B by combining 4 mM CdO and 0.2 M stearic acid (STA) in a multi-necked round bottom flask which is then kept in an oil bath and then heated at a temperature of 120°C for a period of 20 minutes to give a colorless cadmium stearate solution and this solution is then cooled to room temperature and heated again under inert gas at a temperature of 280°C with 1 M MC ₁₀ H ₁₄ NiO ₄ and 0.2 M trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) added later and then the temperature is increased increased to 310°C; Add Solution A to the hot reaction of Solution B along with 1 mL of 1M TBP:Se; then the mixture is continuously stirred and the temperature of the reaction mixture is lowered to 230°C for 5-10 minutes to induce particle growth; slowly injecting 1 ml of 1M oleylamine sulfur solution into the reaction mixture at a temperature of 250°C and then cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature after stirring for 1 hour; then 5 ml of toluene is added to prevent TOPO from solidifying at room temperature; Failure of the produced quantum dots, ie ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650},$

using methanol, then centrifuging at maximum speed and then dispersing in n-hexane after the dispersion of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

was filtered using a syringe filter with a pore size of 0.22 µm to completely remove the unreacted precursor; and holding the cleaned ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

in a n-hexane solution at room temperature in an inert environment, the purification of ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

is carried out twice more. system after claim 1 , where the MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid) surface ligand consists of Swap to make MPA-capped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

is used, the surface ligand exchange with DL-CYS (DL-cystine) is used to ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

to make water soluble, and the surface ligand exchange DPA (D-penicillamine) is used to ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}.$

to manufacture. system after claim 1 , where the morphological characterization of both the undoped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

as well as the endowed ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

-Quantum dots using UV spectral analysis, photoluminescence spectra, XRD pattern and molecular morphology using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. system after claim 1 , where the magnetic field dependencies of the magnetization of both undoped ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe}}^{650}$

as well as from endowed ${\text{QD}}_{\text{CdSe/ZnS\_Ni}}^{650}$

-Quantum dots are measured using superconducting quantum interference device analysis for the magnetic moment. system after claim 1 , in which Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis of the doped quantum dots and the fabricated water-soluble quantum dots is performed. system after claim 1 , investigating the biocompatible application of the fabricated water-soluble quantum dots by verifying the photostability in physiological buffers and cellular growth medium. system after claim 1 , in which an in vitro toxicity test is carried out on the produced water-soluble quantum dots to check their toxicity.

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