DE202022101290U1 - A system to study the erosion wear behavior of four different high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) coatings - Google Patents

Abstract

A system to study the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen (HVOF) coatings, the system includes:
a preparation unit for preparing the substrate material and the sample, wherein the substrate material is prepared using 410 stainless steel and the nominal chemical composition of the material used, which is 410 stainless steel, is accurately measured using an optical emission spectrometer,
a coating unit for applying WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coating powders onto the prepared SS410 substrate material using a commercial thermal spray gun, depositing a 180-330 µm thick coating onto the substrate material is applied;
a PSD unit for determining the particle size distribution of erosive particles by performing a British sieve analysis using fly ash as the erosive material and also removing its moisture content using a microwave oven; and
a test unit for conducting mud erosion wear tests using a mud erosion pot tester, the mud erosion pot tester containing a cylindrical container called a pot, a rotating spindle and a screw jaw and the capacity of the tester close to 2000 ml is what is used to pour the slurry into the tester.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to a system for studying the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen coatings (HVOF).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Erosion wear can be defined as the deterioration of the material suspended in the soil resulting from the interaction between the target surface and the solid particles in the slurry. Many engineering applications such as pipelines, pumps, impellers and turbines face this problem. This erosion wear has been found to depend on many variables such as: B. on the speed of the particles, the size and shape of the particles, the mud concentration, the hardness of the mud particles and the hardness of the target material. Erosion also depends on the type of material, which indicates that a material with higher hardness has a exhibits better erosion wear resistance in which it is suggested that the hardness of the material can be improved by some surface hardening techniques.

Stainless steel is one of the best materials for constructing pump impellers due to its incredible mechanical properties and increased resistance to erosion. However, they cannot be used in the long term because of their inability to resist erosion wear due to their low hardness. However, this problem can be alleviated by increasing the hardness of the stainless steel using various thermal spray coatings, with one of the most recommended spray coatings being the High Velocity Oxygen (HVOF) technique, which provides good adhesion between the coating layer and the substrate surface.

Various investigations have shown that WC and Cr coatings provide higher erosion wear resistance compared to uncoated substrates and also the use of Ni-Cr coatings provides excellent protection against erosion wear, finding that the hardest element, Colmonoy-88 Nickel-based, which offers the highest erosion and abrasion resistance.

Much research focuses only on comparing the erosive wear characteristics of uncoated and coated surfaces and does not examine the effects of various parameters that affect erosive wear, such as speed, particle size, duration, solids concentration, and the angle of impact of erosive wear. It is necessary to study the effects of various parameters in order to choose the right coating for increasing the hardness of the exposed target material and improving erosion resistance.

In view of the foregoing discussion, it is clear that a system to study the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen (HVOF) coatings is required.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to a system for studying the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen coatings (HVOF). The proposed system aims to compare and analyze the erosive wear characteristics of four different HVOF sprayed coatings, namely WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr. These four coatings are applied to stainless steel pump impellers ( SS410) applied to evaluate the erosion wear behavior of the four different coatings. The various deposited micrometer layers on the pump are characterized using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness and microroughness. After characterization, the microcoatings are subjected to an erosion wear test using the Ducomslurry pot tester with fly ash as the erosive agent. In this paper, the effects of four process parameters - rotation speed, average particle size, solids concentration and time duration - on the erosion of SS410 by sludge are examined. The results of the erosion wear study show that the erosion resistance of the coatings increases in the order WC-10Co-4Cr>Colmonoy-88>stellite-6>and Ni-Cr. This order indicates that the sprayed WC-10Co-4Cr coating has the highest erosion wear resistance, which may be due to the higher hardness of the coating compared to other coatings. The results also showed that the erosion wear of the WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coatings is maximum at impact angles of 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°, respectively.

The present disclosure aims to provide a system for studying the erosion behavior of four different high-speed Provide oxygen coatings (HVOF). The system comprises: a preparation unit for preparing the substrate material and the sample, wherein the substrate material is prepared using 410 stainless steel and the nominal chemical composition of the material used, which is 410 stainless steel, is accurately measured using an optical emission spectrometer;a Coating unit to apply WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coating powders to the prepared SS410 substrate material using a commercial thermal spray gun, applying a 180-330 µm thick coating to the substrate material a PSD unit for determining the particle size distribution of erosive particles by performing a British sieve analysis using fly ash as the erosive material and removing its moisture content also using a microwave oven; and an experimental unit for performing of manure erosion wear tests using a manure erosion pot tester, where the manure erosion pot tester contains a cylindrical container called a pot, a rotating spindle and a screw jaw, and the capacity of the tester is close to 2000 ml, which is used for pouring the manure into the tester .

An object of the present disclosure is to provide a system for studying the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen (HVOF) coatings.

Another object of the present disclosure is the coating of 4 different coatings, namely WC-1 0Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr.

Another objective of the present disclosure is to characterize the coatings applied to the stainless steel (SS410) pump impeller.

Another objective of the present disclosure is to study the effects of various parameters on erosive wear.

Another objective of the present disclosure is to compare the erosion wear of four different coatings.

In order to further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more detailed description of the invention is provided by reference to specific embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying figures. It is understood that these figures represent only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered as limiting the scope thereof. The invention is described and explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures.

character list

• 1 ein Blockdiagramm eines Systems zur Untersuchung des Erosionsverhaltens von vier verschiedenen Hochgeschwindigkeits-Sauerstoff-Beschichtungen (HVOF) gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung zeigt;
• 2A, 2B, 2C und 2D die Auswirkungen von vier verschiedenen Parametern auf den Erosionsverschleiß des Substratmaterials gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung veranschaulichen; und
• 3A und 3B die Auswirkung der Auftreffwinkel auf den Erosionsverschleiß bei den maximalen Werten der Drehzahl (1500 U/min), der Feststoffkonzentration (65 %), der Partikelgröße (150-250 µm) und der Zeitdauer (210 min) gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung zeigen.

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying figures, in which like characters represent like parts throughout the figures, wherein:

• 1 Figure 12 shows a block diagram of a system for studying the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen (HVOF) coatings according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
• 2A , 2 B , 2C and 2D illustrate the effects of four different parameters on erosive wear of the substrate material according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
• 3A and 3B show the effect of impact angles on erosive wear at the maximum values of speed (1500 rpm), solids concentration (65%), particle size (150-250 μm) and time duration (210 min) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the elements in the figures are presented for simplicity and are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the flow charts illustrate the method of key steps to enhance understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Furthermore, one or more components of the device may be represented in the figures by conventional symbols, and the figures may show only the specific details relevant to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure, so as not to obscure the figures with details, which will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For a better understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the figures and described in specific language. It should be understood, however, that no limitation on the scope of the invention is intended, with such modifications and others Modifications to the illustrated system and such further applications of the principles of the invention illustrated therein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not to be taken as limiting.

When this specification refers to "an aspect," "another aspect," or the like, it means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is present in at least one embodiment included in the present disclosure. Therefore, the phrases "in one embodiment," "in another embodiment," and similar phrases throughout this specification may or may not all refer to the same embodiment.

The terms "comprises," "including," or other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a method or method that includes a list of steps includes not only those steps, but may also include other steps that are not expressly stated or pertaining to any such process or method. Likewise, any device or subsystem or element or structure or component preceded by "comprises...a" does not, without further limitation, exclude the existence of other devices or other subsystem or other element or other structure or other component or additional device or additional subsystems or additional elements or additional structures or additional components.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail below with reference to the attached figures.

1 12 shows a block diagram of a system for studying the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen (HVOF) coatings according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system 100 includes a preparation unit 102 for preparing the substrate material and sample, wherein the substrate material 104 is prepared using 410 stainless steel and the nominal chemical composition of the material used, which is 410 stainless steel, using an optical Emission spectrometer is measured accurately.

In one embodiment, a coating unit 106 is used to apply WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6, and Ni-Cr coating powders to the prepared SS410 substrate material (104) using a commercial thermal spray gun (108). , whereby a 180-330 µm thick layer is applied to the substrate material.

In one embodiment, a PSD unit 110 is used to determine the particle size distribution of the erosive particles by British sieve analysis using fly ash as the erosive and its moisture content is also removed with a microwave oven.

In one embodiment, an experimental unit 112 is used for conducting manure erosion wear experiments using a manure erosion pot tester 114, the manure erosion pot tester including a cylindrical container called a pot 116, a rotating spindle 118 and a screw jaw 120 and capacity of the tester is about 2000 ml, which is used to fill the slurry into the tester.

In one embodiment, the prepared substrate material (104) has a dimension of 50 mm x 25 mm x 5 mm with a concentric hole of Ø 8 mm.

In one embodiment, the surface of the substrate samples is blasted with either sand or other abrasive particles prior to application of the coating powders, which improves the strength between the surface of the substrate sample and the coating layer.

In one embodiment, the fly ash has a spherical shape with no sharp edges and sieve analysis for particle size distribution is performed using British sieves of varying mesh counts ranging from 350 µm to 53 µm.

In one embodiment, the fly ash sample contains about 7.33% particles below 53 microns and almost 90.83% particles in the range 53-250 microns, the fly ash particles being very fine and therefore the amount of large particles in the fly ash is very small.

In one embodiment, an impeller 122 is attached to the bottom of the rotating spindle 118 by means of screw jaws 120, which aids in the movement of the manure particles and prevents the manure from settling at the bottom of the pot during the experiment. The specimen is attracted by the impeller at various impact angles from 0 to 90°, causing both the specimen and the impeller to rotate at the same speed.

In one embodiment, the loss of eroded material is considered to be the difference between the mass before and after the erosion test, where the mass of the specimen is measured at both times.

In one embodiment, the erosive wear experiment is performed in different stages in which parameters such as solids concentration, speed, particle size, impact angle, and time duration are varied and the effects of these parameters on erosive wear are studied.

Dabei steht Mi für den Siebstandardmultiplikator, Σmi für die Summe der Masse, die in jedem der Siebe zurückgehalten wird, und in der Gleichung steht g für die Gravitationskonstante.In one embodiment, the mean fly ash particle sizes are measured using the following equation: $$\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{l}\text{average}\\ \text{fineness number}\end{array}& =\end{array}\begin{array}{c}\frac{\mathrm{\Sigma }\left(\text{wed}\left(\text{wed X g}\right)\right)}{\mathrm{\Sigma }\left(\text{wed X g}\right)}\end{array}$$

Where Mi is the sieve standard multiplier, Σmi is the sum of the mass retained in each of the sieves, and in the equation g is the gravitational constant.

In one embodiment, scanning electron microscopy of WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coating powders is performed using a scanning electron microscope with the results showing that Colmonoy-88 and Stellite-6 are zenospheric and have clustered spherical particles, while the WC-10Co-4Cr powder has mixed ellipsoidal particles and the Ni-Cr compound has coarser and uniform particles. This powder is made by mixing 80% nickel with 20% chromium using a ball mixer. The EDS spectrum of the WC-10Co-4Cr powder showed the presence of C, Co, Cr and W, the percentage of these elements being 17, 2, 5 and 76%, respectively. The EDS spectrum of Colmonoy-88 powder shows the presence of C, Si, Cr, Fe and Ni with a percentage of 4.47, 4.79, 14.58, 3.28 and 72.88, respectively. The EDS spectrum of Stellite-6 powder showed the presence of C, Si, Cr, Fe, Co and W in percentages of 5, 1.16, 29.41, 1.60, 55.96 and 6.28%, respectively, and the EDS spectrum of Ni -Cr powder showed the presence of Ni, C and Cr, the percentage being 76, 5 and 19%, respectively.

In one embodiment, the SEM cross section of the coated WC-10Co-4Cr substrate shows that the interface between the substrate and the coating is uniform, compact, and defect-free. However, some unfused particles can be seen in the coating structure. Higher gloss areas represent the suspension of the WC phase in the binder phase, which is usually related to the decarburization of these areas. The thickness of the coating is about 180-330 µm and the WC-10Co-4Cr coating contains W, Co, Cr and C in proportions of 78.46, 9.27, 3.61 and 4.27%. XRD diffraction of this coating showed the presence of the W ₂ C phase due to the decarburization of WC to W ₂ C particles. The cross-sectional SEM image of the Colmonoy-88 coating on the substrate material shows that the layer of the coating has a dense appearance has a lamellar microstructure and contains fully fused splat lamellae along with some unfused particles within the splats. The dark area seen in the Colmonoy-88 plating is rich in either nickel (Ni) or cobalt (Co) along with chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe), and the light area that is in the plating of Colmonoy-88 indicates the presence of chromium or tungsten carbides or boride phases. The EDS plots of the Colmonoy-88 coating show the presence of W, Cr, Co, Ni, Al, Si, B and C in a percentage of 13.32, 11.28, 0.12, 61.12, 3.23, 3.34 and 5.14%. The XRD pattern of Colmonoy-88 shows that the nickel phase is present in the coating along with WC, Cr ₂₃ C ₆ , Ni3B and Ni3Si peaks. The SEM cross-section of the Stellite-6 coating on the substrate material showed that the coating has a dense, uniform, and layered microstructure. The coating structure has various impurities such as inclusions, oxides and porosity. The SEM examination showed a perfect interface between the Stellite 6 coating and the substrate material and a uniform coating of both materials. A few unfused particles can also be seen in the coating areas. The EDS plots of the spectrum of the Stellite-6 coating showed the presence of Cr, W, Co, Ni, Si and C in percentages of 28.34, 3.47, 57.92, 0.9 and 5.17%. That XRD pattern of the Stellite-6 coating shows the presence of nickel phases, Co, FeC and Cr ₂₃ C ₆ . The cross-SEM of the Ni-Cr coating with the substrate material showed that the coating has a fine and splat-wise stratified lamellar structure with the presence of exceptional unfused particles. The EDS of the N-Cr coating showed the presence of Ni, Cr and C with a percentage of 78.32, 18.23 and 3.45%. XRD diffraction of the Ni-Cr coating showed that the nickel phase, NiO, Cr and Cr ₂ O ₃ are present.

In one embodiment, analysis of the coating revealed that the WC-10Co-4Cr coating on the substrate has the highest average microhardness and the Ni-Cr coating on the substrate has the lowest microhardness. The porosity values for the different coatings vary in the range of 1.2% to 2.8%.

the 2A , 2 B , 2C and 2D 10 illustrate the effects of four different parameters on erosive wear of the substrate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The four parameters are the in 2A RPM shown in 2 B Solids concentration shown, which is shown in 2C shown particle size and in 2D shown duration. This erosion wear evaluates the performance of WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coatings. The final result of the erosion test showed that the WC coating has the highest erosion resistance compared to all other coatings because it has higher hardness. It has been found that the mass loss of the coated parts is higher throughout the first cycles. The effects of speed, sludge particle concentration, particle size and time are shown below, where the maximum speed is 1500 rpm, the maximum solids concentration is 65%, the maximum time is 210 min and the maximum particle size is 150-250 µm.

Effect of rotation speed:

The test is carried out at four different speeds, namely 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 rpm. The test is carried out at maximum values for time, concentration and particle size. The results of this experiment show that the specific erosion rate increases with increasing speed because as the speed increases, the movement of the slurry particles also increases, resulting in higher erosive wear. The order of specific erosion rate versus RPM is: Ni-Cr coating > Stellite 6 coating > Colmonoy 88 coating > WC-10Co-4Cr coating. The results are in 2A shown

Effects of Solids Concentration:

This experiment is performed with four different concentrations of fly ash, which are erosive particles, and the concentrations are 35, 45, 55, and 65%. The test is carried out at maximum values for the time, particle size and rotation speed. The results of these experiments show that the specific erosive wear rate does not increase linearly with increasing slurry concentration. The influence of the suspension concentration is greatest for the Ni-Cr coating and least for the WC coating. The results are in 2 B shown.

Influence of particle size distribution:

This test is carried out with four different particle size ranges, namely 150-250 µm, 106-150 µm, 75-106 µm and <75 µm. This test is carried out at maximum values for the speed, the particle concentration and the duration. The results of these experiments have shown that the specific erosion wear increases with increasing particle size of the Eodent fly ash, since the larger particle size has large effects on the substrate material due to the higher kinetic energy. The order of the influence of the average particle size of the eodent on the specific erosion wear rate is: Ni-Cr coating > Stellite-6 coating > Colmonoy-88 coating > WC-1 0Co-4Cr coating. The results are in 2C shown.

Effects of Time Duration:

This test is conducted at four different time periods, namely 75, 120, 165 and 210 minutes. This test is carried out at maximum values for concentration, particle size and speed. The results of this experiment show that as time increases, the specific erosive wear rate also increases. The results are in 2D shown.

In one embodiment, a surface morphology of the eroded surfaces is performed to analyze the erosion of the coatings. The coating samples are exposed to the fly ash particles to perform an erosive wear test in an erosive wear tester. The SEM examination of the WC-coated substrate material after erosion wear test revealed the presence of elements such as C, Cr, Co, W and Fe with the proportions of 24.63, 2.04, 13.92, 55.02 and 4.39%. The SEM micrograph of the eroded surface of the WC coating showed the presence of voids due to plowing of the 10Co-4Cr binder. It also shows that the WC coating is cracked by repeated impacts of fly ash particles. The SEM images of the eroded Colmonoy-88 coating substrate showed more erosion than the Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coatings due to the higher hardness of 776 HV. The coating contains borides and carbides as well as tungsten/chromium increases the erosion resistance of the Colmonoy-88 coating. The EDS spectrum showed the presence of the elements W, Cr, Co, Ni, Al, Si and Fe in 4.3%, 14.28%, 5.06%, 8.34%, 0.32%, 3.53% and 18.9%, respectively. The SEM images of the support material coated with Stellite-6 show that craters and lips have formed after the erosion of the target surface due to strong plastic deformation. SEM examination revealed broad streams of plastic with a series of indentations in the coating. There is no indication of splat pull out. The EDS spectra showed the presence of Cr, W, Co, Ni, Si and Fe with the proportions of 26.37, 4.20, 37.92, 0.95 and 4.20%. The SEM image of the Ni-Cr coated substrate showed that the Ni-Cr coating has a higher wear rate than other coatings due to its lower hardness. The larger damaged areas show up as the lamellae continue to be pulled out and the microstructure shows some oxides and inclusions on the SEM images. The oxides in the Ni-Cr coating increase porosity and reduce splat to splat bonding, resulting in a higher wear rate. The EDS spectra of Ni-Cr coated substrate material showed the presence of Ni, Co, Cr, Si and Fe with a percentage of 74.89, 8.23, 5.19, 0.78 and 3.59%.

3A and 3B illustrate the effect of impact angle on erosive wear at maximum values of speed (1500 rpm), solids concentration (65%), particle size (150-250 µm) and time (210 min) in accordance with an embodiment of the present Epiphany. The Erosion Wear experiments use the Ducom TR-41 pot tester, but this has the limitation that the work piece can be placed in a horizontal position that displays Erosion Wear at a low impact angle (0°). To overcome this limitation, various pitch angle assemblies are made using 1/2×1/2 inch (ie, length×width) square bar. The threads on these pitch angle assemblies were cut with a conventional GNM-22 lathe. 3A shows the different angular configurations of the tool, the angles being 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.

3B shows the effects on erosion wear at different angles. The results show that the erosive wear rate of the WC sprayed coating increases with increasing impact angle. The maximum erosive wear rate is observed at 30° and as the angle of impact is further increased, the erosive wear rate decreases and reaches its minimum at 90°. For the Colmopnu-88 spray coating, the results showed that the erosive wear rate increases with increasing impact angle, peaking at 45°; thereafter, further increasing the angle results in a decrease in the erosive wear rate, which reaches the minimum value at 90°. For Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coatings, the erosive wear rate peaks at 60° and 90°, respectively. Cratering and oxide formation is the main cause, with oxides reducing splat bonding and increasing porosity, which is the main reason for the higher erosion rate of the Ni-Cr coating.

The figures and the preceding description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will understand that one or more of the elements described may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements can be broken down into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, the order of the processes described herein may be changed and is not limited to the manner described herein. Also, the acts of a flowchart need not be performed in the order shown; also, not all actions have to be performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of the embodiments is in no way limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations are possible, regardless of whether they are explicitly mentioned in the description or not, e.g. B. Differences in structure, dimensions and use of materials. The scope of the embodiments is at least as broad as indicated in the following claims.

Advantages, other benefits, and solutions to problems have been described above with respect to particular embodiments. The advantages, benefits, problem solving and components that can lead to an advantage, benefit or a solution occurs or becomes more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required or essential feature or component of any or all claims.

Reference List

100

A system to study the erosion behavior of four different high-velocity oxygen (HVOF) coatings

102

A prep unit

104

Carrier material (SS410)

106

A coating plant

108

Commercial thermal spray gun

110

A PDS entity

112

An experimental device

114

Mud Erosion Pot Test Equipment

116

A cylindrical container (pot)

118-

A rotating spindle

120

screw jaws

122

an impeller

202

Unsprayed SS410

204

Ni-Cr

206

Stellite-6

208

Colmonoy-88

210

WC-10Co-4Cr

Claims (9)

A system to study the erosion behavior of four different high velocity oxygen (HVOF) coatings, the system includes: a preparation unit for preparing the substrate material and the sample, wherein the substrate material is prepared using 410 stainless steel and the nominal chemical composition of the material used, which is 410 stainless steel, is accurately measured using an optical emission spectrometer, a coating unit for applying WC-10Co-4Cr, Colmonoy-88, Stellite-6 and Ni-Cr coating powders onto the prepared SS410 substrate material using a commercial thermal spray gun, depositing a 180-330 µm thick coating onto the substrate material is applied; a PSD unit for determining the particle size distribution of erosive particles by performing a British sieve analysis using fly ash as the erosive material and also removing its moisture content using a microwave oven; and a test unit for conducting mud erosion wear tests using a mud erosion pot tester, the mud erosion pot tester containing a cylindrical container called a pot, a rotating spindle and a screw jaw and the capacity of the tester close to 2000 ml is what is used to pour the slurry into the tester. system after claim 1 , wherein the prepared substrate material has a dimension of 50 mm × 25 mm × 5 mm with a concentric hole of Ø 8 mm. system after claim 1 , in which the surface of the substrate samples is blasted with either sand or other abrasive particles prior to the application of the coating powders, which helps to improve the strength between the surface of the substrate sample and the coating layer. system after claim 1 , where the fly ash has a spherical shape of the particles with no sharp edges and the sieve analysis for particle size distribution is carried out using British sieves with different mesh sizes ranging from 350 µm to 53 µm. system after claim 1 , where the fly ash sample contains about 7.33% particles below 53 µm and almost 90.83% of the particles are in the range 53-250 µm, the fly ash particles are very fine and therefore the amount of large particles in the fly ash is very small. system after claim 1 , in which an impeller is attached to the bottom of the rotating spindle by means of the screw threads, which helps the movement of the slurry particles and prevents the slurry from settling to the bottom of the vessel during the experiment. system after claim 6 , in which the specimens are attracted at different impact angles from 0 to 90° by means of the impeller, which rotates both the specimens and the impeller at the same speed. system after claim 1 , where the loss of eroded material is considered as the difference between the mass before and after the erosion test, measuring the mass of the specimen at both times. system after claim 1 , in which the erosive wear experiment is carried out with the slurry in different stages in which the parameters such as solid concentration, rotation speed, particle size, impact angle and time duration are varied, and the effects of these parameters on the erosive wear are studied.

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