DE202010010199U1 - Layer construction for energy-efficient building envelope - Google Patents

Abstract

Exterior wall construction of new and existing residential and non-residential buildings, characterized in that it consists of four groups of layers from the inside to the outside
a) for the delivery and distribution of radiant heat and
b) a kapillarwasserrückführenden insulation layer and
c) a massive, heat-storing component and
d) an outer coating with endothermic and protective properties.

Description

 Object of the invention

Of the Invention is based on the object, a layer structure for exterior walls with to train such qualities, with those beside the basic needs of the people like health and wellbeing climate especially the energy efficiency of the building Fulfills and structural engineering, building physics and economic criteria considered as possible become.

 description

The The invention relates to the arrangement and mode of action of an outer wall structure with four main layer elements. It meets the requirements for hygienic and healthy use, adhering to the laws of building physics and to contributes to high energy efficiency. The component layers can with their material properties varies and optimized depending on the objective be enhanced by adding benefits or fully exploited and disadvantages reduced or eliminated become. So z. B. superficial the heat flow minimized, condensation prevented, solar thermal Energy stored, pollutant inputs reduced, the sound insulation increased.

• • Dämmstoffanordnung auf der Innenseite,
• • Abgabe von Strahlungswärme von den Innenflächen mit Temperaturen von ~22–25°C,
• • und in Folge damit eine um ca. 4 bis 8°C wesentlich geringere Raumlufttemperatur,
• • fehlende Dampfdiffusionsdichtbahn im Bereich des Tauwasseranfalls im Wandaufbau,
• • sich bis auf Ausgleichsfeuchte einstellende trockene massive Wandmaterialien.

It is a seemingly completely outlandish and compared to constructions with ever thicker outer wall insulation slender layer combination presented. It is characterized by others

• • insulation arrangement on the inside,
• • emission of radiant heat from the inner surfaces with temperatures of ~ 22-25 ° C,
• • and consequently a considerably lower ambient air temperature by approx. 4 to 8 ° C,
• • missing vapor diffusion sealing membrane in the area of the condensation water build-up in the wall structure,
• • Dry solid wall materials that adjust to balance moisture.

• • Die Reihenfolge der Baustoffanordnung ist falsch, der Dämmstoff gehört auf die kalte Wandseite, um die Wandkonstruktion und damit das Gebäude vor Kälte zu schützen.
• • Mit Vorlauftemperaturen unter 30°C für die obigen Wandoberflächentemperaturen kann nicht ausreichend warm und gemütlich aufgeheizt werden.
• • Bei niedrigen Raumtemperaturen und damit zwangsläufig ansteigender Luftfeuchte muss sich Schimmel bilden.
• • Wenn schon in Ausnahmenfällen eine Innendämmung erforderlich wird, muss an ihr zur kalten Außenseite eine vollkommen dichte Dampfsperre angeordnet werden. Es kann erfahrungsgemäß nicht sein, dass sie entfallen kann.
• • Durch Wasser- und Wasserdampfbewegungen im Schichtenaufbau stellt sich in Abhängigkeit von den Innen- und Außentemperaturen eine dazu gehörende Sorptionsfeuchte und intensiv bei Schlagregen eine beträchtliche Durchfeuchtung ein, die deutlich höher ist als die Ausgleichsfeuchte und eine zumindest zeitweise nasse Wand verursacht.

These features contradict first the common knowledge and the rules of architecture such as:

• • The order of the building material arrangement is wrong, the insulation belongs on the cold side of the wall to protect the wall construction and thus the building from cold.
• • With flow temperatures below 30 ° C for the above wall surface temperatures can not be heated sufficiently warm and comfortable.
• • Mold must form at low room temperatures and thus inevitably rising air humidity.
• • If internal insulation is required in exceptional cases, a completely tight vapor barrier must be arranged on the cold outside. Experience has shown that it can not be that it can be dispensed with.
• • Due to water and water vapor movements in the layer structure, depending on the indoor and outdoor temperatures, there is an associated sorption moisture and intensive heavy rainfall, which is significantly higher than the equilibrium moisture content and causes an at least occasionally wet wall.

With The invention solves these contradictions. It can be almost all new and belated in all existing buildings be applied. Even in buildings with almost arbitrarily high spaces such as in churches or listed massive buildings she can do it later be installed, what else for The architect, energetic and hygienist is insoluble and not energetically more acceptable.

In order to it becomes possible Build or renovate buildings in which humans are involved its requirements and not the energy saving in the center stands without the energy consumption being neglected. The invention allows that with renewable energy the previous passive house standard has been reached and in its use and quality characteristics outbid can be.

With Low-energy houses over passive houses up to the energy plus construction method one tries the energy requirement voluntarily and also with state pressure to lower. Of the many approaches and individual solutions for the reduction of building energy consumption is the reduction of transmission losses through the building envelope in the foreground.

With new buildings becomes increasingly lighter and denser built and with passive houses becomes with Dämm Fabric layers 30-40 cm extremely thick insulated. The insulation and airtight layer must be placed on the outside as free of thermal bridges as possible. This is usually done in old buildings as well, unless it is prohibited by the monument protection or in buildings with high rooms such as sports halls, churches, halls, etc. cost is no longer justifiable. If it were insulated on the inside, there are building physics problems: condensation!

Especially In old buildings, the dilemma is obvious, there was none commonplace and safe approach, the transmission heat losses without problems too reduce.

Usually must be at an interior insulation inevitably one everywhere absolutely tight water vapor diffusion barrier can be installed. The was theoretically correct and possible on paper, but in practice it is out of touch with reality and usually fails earlier or later. The episode are soaked Components, mold, construction failure in the worst case Death consequences.

A Solution, the back to the Romans is going to be offered more often in recent years: wall heating. However, this poses a problem by passing through the warm wall too a lot of energy escapes to the outside. At least this seems obvious. In fact, this solution is better as suspected, even if she is not sufficiently satisfied and convinced. The practice shows at meanwhile many old and new buildings that the heat loss is much lower [Egger09]. Mold growth through condensation on the inner wall is so everywhere no longer possible there, where the wall temperature is warmer as the indoor air is.

In front especially with old buildings with too high heat transfer as with thin outer walls of only approx. 16 cm of half-timbered houses was this solution not justifiable. As long as there is no emphasis from an energetic point of view (mostly financial compulsion) to dam gave, you have resigned yourself to it. The rising energetic constraints however, demand a solution without such disadvantages: It must be installed a thermal insulation, the the special property has accumulating condensation from the inside the cold outer wear layer back inside again respectively. This has been intensively researched in recent years. Now offers the market offers several materials [conluto10, Isocell10, Homatherm10, redstone10, Remmers09, Schomburg09, Unger09]. This can the condensation problem for interior insulation at Altbausanierung be considered largely solved. research reports for long-term measurements are available, calcium silicate insulation [TUDresden02], ISOCELL material [Hengsberger04], wood fiber insulation panels [Fraunhofer08].

In In a further step, the wall heating is "lowered" for wall temperature control and it The room air is not warmed up so much that you are familiar Kind feels good, but primarily radiant heat is introduced into the room. This requires a much larger heat-emitting Area as so far: entire floor, Outer walls, partly also interior walls and blankets. The capital expenditure is greater than with previous heating systems and suggests without computational proof that a bad investment is made. This was and is by no means obvious, this To pursue thoughts further.

 Solution of the task

For old buildings and new buildings will be a multi-layered structure with four main features for walls of inside out intended.

(1) Layer Group 1: Tempering

supporting warm (plaster) layer with special surface coating for tempering of the room, approx. 10 to 50 mm thick, permeable to diffusion. The room surface temperature control starts from this layer. The infrared heat radiation from this layer can on their incoming radiant heat from a separate radiation source be or by heat supply done in her.

(2) Layer group 2: dams

damp course with good thermal insulation, after possibility also with good heat storage, usually 40 to 120 mm thick; she has to be able to work inside the wall construction condensed water vapor to the plaster layer and with it to the inner wall surface due.

(3) Layer Group 3: Store + Wear

supporting massive outer layer with high heat storage capacity, usually 200 to 400 mm thick in new buildings or as available in old buildings; preferably Solid masonry, preferably wood; the minimum permissible thickness is determined by the static, the optimal thickness by the desired storage capacity.

(4) Layer Group 4: Drying + Protecting

coating the base layer with a protective, water-repellent, variably vapor-permeable material with endothermic Operating properties [SICC06].

On summarized a single sentence: the most common, from the history handed down wall construction with only one authoritative Supporting layer is extended by three special layers, All requirements for a healthy and energy efficient Use can meet.

• a) Vor insbesondere 2008/2009 mit der extremen Steigerung des Ölpreises bestand aus energetischer Sicht keine zwingende Notwendigkeit anders als bauphysikalisch üblich vorgegeben zu denken. Energie war noch kein drängendes Problem.
• b) Effiziente und kostengünstige Systeme für Oberflächentemperierung waren nicht bzw. nur vereinzelt entwickelt und kaum bekannt.
• c) Innenseitige Dämmstoffe mit der Fähigkeit, kondensierten Wasserdampf nach innen zurück zu leiten, waren nicht bekannt, sie wurden in den letzten Jahren erst entwickelt. Gegenwärtig werden etwa 7 Materialien, darunter Holzfaserprodukte angeboten.
• d) Ideologisches Problem mit vier Hürden: (1) Es gilt von der allgegenwärtigen Doktrin der Heizung mit Erwärmen der Raumluft weg zu kommen und es als ein Relikt zu betrachten. (2) Strahlungswärme der Sonne begründet und begleitet seit Urzeiten die menschliche Existenz. Strahlungswärme zum Heizen von Gebäuden wird jedoch durch radioaktive, Röntgen- und UV-Strahlung negativ assoziiert. (3) Die Möglichkeit mit Strahlungswärme nicht zu heizen, sondern nur die Raumoberflächen auf menschliche Bedürfnisse zu temperieren, ist im Wohnungsbau kaum bekannt und steht im Widerspruch zur Dämm- und Heizungsindustrie. (4) Energieeinsparen mit dicken Dämmschichten ist massiv verwurzelt und verhindert ein Umdenken, zumal durch sehr niedrige Transmissionswärmeverluste wie beim Passivhaus sogar das Paradoxon als Zielstellung existiert, allein mit Luft als den schlechtesten Wärmeträger das Gebäude zu beheizen [Feist00].
• e) Wozu sollte ein neues System gesucht werden? Es gibt doch eine Lösung mit dem Passivhaus. Selbst das Passivhaus ging und geht noch nicht selbstverständlich in die Köpfe der Architekten, die zudem kaum in der Lage sind, die erdrückende Informationsflut auf dem Wärme- und Energiesektor zu bewältigen und den behördlichen Anordnungen/Vorschriften richtig nachzukommen.

In 1 the wall structure is shown. In addition to the above-mentioned ideas and opinions on a "correct" wall construction, such a layer structure was not obvious until now for the following reasons:

• a) Especially in 2008/2009, with the extreme increase in the price of oil, there was no compelling need, from an energy point of view, to think differently from what is customary with building physics. Energy was not an urgent problem yet.
• b) Efficient and cost-effective systems for surface temperature control were not or only occasionally developed and hardly known.
• c) Interior insulating materials with the ability to recirculate condensed water vapor inside were not known, they have been developed in recent years. There are currently about 7 materials, including wood fiber products.
• d) Ideological problem with four hurdles: (1) It is important to get away from the omnipresent doctrine of heating by heating the room air and to regard it as a relic. (2) Radiant heat from the sun has been the foundation and accompaniment of human existence since time immemorial. However, radiant heat for heating buildings is negatively associated with radioactive, x-ray and UV radiation. (3) The ability to heat not with radiant heat, but only the room surfaces on human needs to temper, is hardly known in housing and is in conflict with the insulation and heating industry. (4) Saving energy with thick layers of insulation is rooted in a massive way and prevents any rethinking, especially as the paradox as a goal exists through very low transmission heat losses, as with the passive house, to heat the building with air alone as the worst heat carrier [Feist00].
• e) Why should a new system be sought? There is a solution with the passive house. Even the passive house was not and can not naturally go into the minds of the architects, who are also barely able to cope with the overwhelming flood of information in the heat and energy sector and to properly comply with official regulations / regulations.

So you come in usually with every housewife at first on complete lack of understanding, in an apartment with warm walls, but "uncomfortable cold "room air to live. With factual explanations and with physical arguments, it's almost hopeless, women and also men from a soothing heat radiation and fresh (cooler) Convince room air. In contrast, women are almost spontaneous (men less fast) all the way to inspire enthusiasm, if they know one another without knowing the real air temperature just tempered room or come into such an apartment and that feel pleasant room climate. So the mental background and the experience, to think in that direction and become active.

Such a new layer construction is therefore under discussion Architects and building physicists as seriously disadvantageous, yes wrong and inadmissible felt and judged because he was at odds with the prevailing ones Regulations and calculation rules. "Interior insulation should in principle only planned for buildings be, from those of structural engineering, monument preservation or aesthetic Reasons one External insulation not possible or not desired is. "[conluto09, P. 2].

If it were easy to consider this layer construction as least acceptable and secondary There should have been a few representatives in the field for a long time. The opposite is more the case, because the passive house was declared as the solution for future building in Germany standard [Ramsauer09].

on the other hand grows in the most recent Time intuitively the discomfort caused by extremely thick with insulating material wrapped building envelopes of the outside world and the warmth-giving Solar radiation to be isolated. To find a new, better solution to be able to It is best not to be an architect, but an outsider, the former Dare to question planning rules and new, largely "unknown" developments (Radiant heat, kapillarwasserführende Insulation, solar storage, endothermic surfaces), recognizes their advantages and creates a common layer structure merges.

 State of the art

Above, the current situation and the individual components of the new layer structure were briefly presented. The new layer arrangement will be described below. Very important is the difference between tempering and heating. The temperature difference, which should be expressed in both terms, is only a few degrees in the room air, which may seem negligible, but very significant. The decisive difference is the type of heat transfer and the temperature differences between wall surface and air at the wall surfaces inside and outside: Old: small area convection heating → warm room air, cooler surfaces thick outer insulation → solar heat is shut off New: large area radiation temperature control → cooler room air, warm surfaces no external insulation → solar heat is fully utilized.

Alone by a temperature of the inner wall surface that is greater than the temperature the room air, the main hygiene problem becomes mold growth eliminated.

The new solution contains always inside and / or outside a coating with endothermic effects. In the search a restriction to this feature can be made. It proves to be an advantageous coincidence that it is a CD with a comprehensive compilation of research and practical reports, diverse Descriptions and illustrations of coating materials with endothermic effects as well as direct and tangential ones There are technical problems. It contains 306 MB and 851 files, created 07.02.2010 [SICC10]. If here No examples with all 4 layers can be found, it should be with greater Probability do not exist. A demand for control when Author of the CD to newer information was negative.

• (a) (1) + (2) + (3) + (4): Es wurde beim Recherchieren kein Beispiel gefunden, das in der Praxis alle vier Schichtengruppen umfasst oder auch nur theoretisch beschreibt.
• (b) (1) + (2) + (3): Die Aussage von (a) gilt insoweit auch hier, wenn in (1) auch eine Beschichtung mit endothermischen Effekten einbezogen wird. Ohne diese sehr vorteilhafte Beschichtung kann auf Temperieren in [concludo09 S. 6] verwiesen werden: „Hier sollte eine Wandheizung bzw. Wandtemperierung mit einbezogen werden.”
• (c) (1) + (3): Wird mehrfach erwähnt. Die Vorteile von innenseitigem Dämmen (2) und Trocknen (4) werden nicht erkannt oder unterschätzt.
• (d) (2) + (3): Wäre der klassische Fall von Innendämmung. Neu sind hier jedoch Dämmstoffe mit kapillarer Leitfähigkeit von Wasser und ohne Einbau einer Dampfbremse.
• (e) (3) + (2) + (4) Diese verdrehte (bisherige) Reihenfolge bedeutet Dämmung auf der Außenseite und die Möglichkeit, durchnässte Wände mit einer endothermischen Schicht zu sanieren bzw. wieder zu trocknen [SICC06a].

For comparison, the four layer groups are shortened to catchwords:
(1) Tempering (2) Damming (3) Saving + Carrying (4) Drying + Protecting

• (a) (1) + (2) + (3) + (4): No example was found in the search that in practice covers all four strata groups or even describes them theoretically.
• (b) (1) + (2) + (3): The statement of (a) also applies here, if in (1) also a coating with endothermic effects is included. Without this very advantageous coating, reference can be made to tempering in [concludo09 p. 6]: "Here, wall heating or wall tempering should be included."
• (c) (1) + (3): Mentioned several times. The benefits of inside damming (2) and drying (4) are not recognized or underestimated.
• (d) (2) + (3): Would be the classic case of interior insulation. New here, however, insulation materials with capillary conductivity of water and without the installation of a vapor barrier.
• (e) (3) + (2) + (4) This twisted (previous) order means insulation on the outside and the ability to rehabilitate or re-dry soaked walls with an endothermic layer [SICC06a].

In [DIMaGB09] an energetic building refurbishment with a thermal insulation board made of wood fiber insulation boards, ThermoShield, basement ceiling insulation and baseboard heating from a kindergarten is described. All four layers are used here, but with two restrictions: a) The baseboard heating should be regarded as fully-fledged internal tempering, which it can not be; b) the wood fiber insulation was applied externally, thus preventing the solar energy gain. It should be emphasized that with several layers also different functions and characteristics are to be achieved and that in particular ThermoShield interior (inside) and exterior (outside) with the respectively specific, under different product properties was used.

• • die ersten geeigneten Materialien mit kapillaraktiver Feuchterückführung gibt: Faserdämmstoffe etwa ab dem Jahr 2000; als jüngstes Produkt aus dem Jahr 2010 kann verputzte Innendämmung Isocell genannt werden [ISOCELL10]).
• • ein Wärmeversorgungssystem mit nahezu konstanter Temperatur in der Fläche gibt: Vor- und Rücklauf des Warmwassers im Fußboden oder der Wand sollen nur um 1 bis 3 K differieren. Das erfordert einen hohen Wasserdurchsatz, was mit einem bekanntermaßen schlaufenförmig verlegten Rohrsystem nicht oder nachteilig nur mit höherem Druck möglich ist. Die technische Lösung ist mit einem Tichelmann-System machbar [Egger06], [SERA10].
• • spezielle Beschichtungsmaterialien mit endothermischen Eigenschaften gibt: ThermoShield [SICC06], etwa seit 2003 auf dem Markt.
• • den finanziellen und staatlichen Nachdruck für wesentlich stärkeres Dämmen mit Verordnungen und Gesetzen wie Wärmeschutzverordnungen, Pflicht für Einsatz Erneuerbarer Energien gibt: [EnEV07, EnEV09, EEG09, EEWärmeG09].

A layer construction with the additional specific properties was at least realistic, since it for it

• • the first suitable materials with capillary-active moisture recirculation are: fiber insulation materials from about the year 2000; the most recent product from 2010 is plastered interior insulation called isocell [ISOCELL10]).
• • a heat supply system with almost constant temperature in the area gives: flow and return of the hot water in the floor or the wall should differ only by 1 to 3 K. This requires a high water flow rate, which is not possible with a known looped pipe system or disadvantageously only with higher pressure. The technical solution is feasible with a Tichelmann system [Egger06], [SERA10].
• • special coating materials with endothermic properties: ThermoShield [SICC06], launched on the market since 2003.
• • The financial and public emphasis for much greater insulation with regulations and laws such as heat protection regulations, obligation for use of renewable energies are: [EnEV07, EnEV09, EEG09, EEWärmeG09].

 description

• (1) Schichtgruppe Temperieren Sie besteht aus a) der stabilen Deckschicht 1 und wahlweise b) einem Wärmeversorger 2 und c) einer speziellen Wärmeverteilerschicht 3.
• (1a) Die stabile Deckschicht 1 kann üblicher, mineralischer Putz oder auch anderes Trägermaterial wie beim Trockenbau oder eine Holzverkleidung sein. Gern wird, um ein besonders gutes Wohlfühlklima zu erreichen, „gesunder” Lehm empfohlen. Dieser hat sehr vorteilhafte Eigenschaften, jedoch in aller Regel hohe bis extrem hohen Exhalationsraten von dem radioaktiven Edelgas Thoron. Diese Thoron- und auch die Radonexhalation lässt sich vermeiden bzw. wenigstens mindern. Vorteilhaft ist eine sehr diffusionsoffene Materialstruktur, um die zurückgeführte kapillare Feuchtigkeit von der Dämmschicht 4 weiter zu verteilen und an die Raumluft verdunsten zu lassen. Die Schichtdicke soll gering sein, um Masse zu reduzieren und die Wanddicke klein zu halten. Die Wärmstrahlung und die Stabilität sind sicher zu gewährleisten. In der Deckschicht enthaltenes Material mit Latentwärmespeicherwirkung wie Paraffin ist kostenintensiver und kann die gewünschten Effekte negativ beeinflussen.
• (1b) Der Wärmeträger 2 kann verschiedenster Art aus Rohren (Kunststoff, Metall) mit Wärmeträgermedium (Wasser), wandflächengroße Infrarotstrahler oder Leitungsnetze für elektrische Wärmeleistung usw. sein. Die Wärmequelle kann auch ein intensiver regelbarer bzw. durch Innenraumkenngrößen geregelter Wärmestrahler sein, der die Raumoberflächen anstrahlt. Von dort verteilt sich die Strahlungswärme mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit nach den Gesetzen der Planckschen Physik sowie den Strahlungsgesetzen von Stefan und Boltzmann im gesamten Raum. Die Wärmeabgabe kann für die Temperierungsflächen einzeln regelbar sein, sie kann der Raumgröße und -nutzung angepasst werden. Obwohl eine flächige Wärmeabgabe als träge eingeschätzt wird, trifft dies hier nur bedingt zu: a) Es liegt eine allgemeine Wärmespeicherung und -beharrung bei allen weiteren Raumoberflächen vor, b) die Luft ist diatherm und wird nicht wie üblich auf rd. 22°C erwärmt. Die Wärmestrahlung spürt man sofort bei ca. 23°C auf der Fußboden- und Wandoberfläche, während andere Heizungssysteme mit Vorlauftemperaturen ab 35°C und höher träge sind und darunter nicht wirksam werden.
• (1c) Die Wärmeverteilerschicht 3 kann zusätzlich aufgebracht werden und erweist sich als sehr vorteilhaft. Sie kann aus winzigen Keramikteilchen (Bubbles aus hohlen Glaskügelchen). bestehen und bildet eine endothermisch wirkende Schicht. Sie unterstützt den Effekt der Wärmestrahlungsverteilung im Raum (1b), die Temperaturschichtung und die Konvektion in der Raumluft wird zusätzlich gemindert. Weitere positive Wirkungen sind reduzierte Schmutzablagerung (Fogging-Effekt), die Oberfläche bleibt diffusionsoffen. Die Wirkung der Wärmeverteilerschicht ist physikalisch sehr vielgestaltig und umfasst 11 verschiedene Effekte [SICC05]. Sie bewirkt, dass eine ankommende Strahlung nur teilweise in die Wand eindringt und sofort wieder zurückgestrahlt wird. Damit kann auch nur ein Bruchteil der ankommenden Energie durch die weiteren Schichten bis nach außen gelangen. Der Wert der Oberflächentemperatur ist somit nicht die maßgebliche Temperatur, die für die Berechnung der Transmissionswärme anzusetzen ist. Auch wenn die Wärme dazu aus einem Warmwassernetz kommt, geht sie in erster Linie sofort zur Wandinnenoberfläche und strahlt in den Raum hinein. Der Wärmewiderstand zur Wandoberfläche ist wegen des kurzen Weges nur sehr gering. Dagegen ist der Widerstand zur Außenwandoberfläche sehr groß wegen des vielfach (rd. 10 bis 50 mal) längeren Weges und wegen der anschließenden Wärmedämmung von der Dämmschicht. Der Wärmeverlust zur Außenwand ist damit nur ein Bruchteil ca. 2 bis max. 10%.
• (2) Schichtgruppe Dämmen Sie besteht aus a) der eigentlichen Dämmschicht 4 und in der Regel einer b) Kontaktschicht 5.
• (2a) Die Dämmschicht 4 muss eine gute kapillare Leitfähigkeit (kapillaraktiv) besitzen und an der kalten Außenwand anfallendes Kondenswasser zur Schichtgruppe Temperierung (1) zum Raum nach innen zurück transportieren, wo es an der warmen Oberfläche verdunstet. Vorteilhaft sind weitere Eigenschaften wie hohe Wärmespeicher- und Schalldämmfähigkeit. Gut geeignet sind Holzfaserdämmplatten (sehr gute Wärme- und Schalldämmwerte, sehr gute Wärmespeicherfähigkeit, gut anpassungsfähig bei Verformung), weniger gut sind Calcium-Silikat-Materialien, die leicht brechen können und damit schwieriger zu verarbeiten sind. Bei ihnen besteht die Gefahr von senkrechten Spaltfugen, die leicht Luft führend sein können. Die Dicke der Dämmschicht sollte etwa zwischen 4 bis 10 cm liegen. Je dicker sie ist, um so geringer ist wegen des Hyperbelverlaufs der zusätzliche Dämmnutzen.
• (2b) Die Kontaktschicht 5 soll gewährleisten, dass die Dämmschicht 4 vollflächig an der Tragschicht 6 aufliegt. Sie muss ebenfalls diffusionsoffen sein, damit Wasserdampf leicht durch sie hindurchgehen kann. Sie muss mit ihren Eigenschaften einen sicheren, dauerhaften und vollflächigen Kontakt zwischen Dämmschicht und Tragschicht 6 gewährleisten. Ein nur örtlicher Kontakt durch handtellergroße Patzen, einen umlaufenden Randstreifen bei Plattenelementen oder dergleichen würde zu Hohlflächen führen, in denen sich Kondenswasser bilden und ablaufen kann. Bei größeren Wandunebenheiten ist vor dem Auftragen der eigentlichen Kontaktschicht die Oberfläche auszugleichen, evtl. in mehreren Lagen. Die Kontaktschicht kann entfallen, wenn die Dämmschicht selbsthaftend und so kompressibel ist, dass sie geringe Unebenheiten der Tragschicht selbst ausgleichen kann. Ebenso vorteilhaft kann modellierbares Dämmmaterial sein, dass wie Putz aufgetragen oder aufgespritzt wird, gut haftet und gute obige Kennwerte der Wärmedämmung, Wärmespeicherung und kapillaraktiver Feuchtetransport entgegen der Dampfdiffusionsrichtung aufweist.
• (3) Schichtgruppe Speichern + Tragen Sie besteht aus a) der eigentlichen Tragschicht 6 und meist b) einer üblichen Wetterschicht 7.
• (3a) Die Tragschicht 6 kann aus allen gängigen Baustoffen wie Mauerwerk, Beton, Holz, Lehm und deren Kombinationen bestehen. Sie gewährleistet die statische Tragfähigkeit, soll durch ihre Masse schalldämmend wirken, vor Einbruch schützen usw. Die Hauptanforderung ist nach der statischen Funktion die Wärmespeicherung von Solarenergie besonders im Winterhalbjahr, was mit der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung durch immer stärkere Außendämmung verhindert wird. Gut geeignet sind Vollholz- und (Leicht-)Lehmwände. Vollziegelwände oder vorgesetzte Verblender- oder Klinkerschichten, dickes Natursteinmauerwerk von bestehender Bausubstanz können problemlos in diesen Schichtenaufbau einbezogen werden. Beton ist erst bei größeren Dicken (ab ca. 50 cm) vorteilhaft. Porotonziegel- und Gasbetonwände sind weniger gut geeignet. Leichte Ständerkonstruktionen mit dicken Außenschichten von mineralischen, PU- oder ähnlichen Dämmstoffen sind nicht, bestenfalls wenig geeignet, sie wirken bauphysikalisch kontraproduktiv.
• (3b) Die Wetterschutzschicht 7 ist abhängig von der Tragschicht, Standort, Gebäudeausrichtung (Wetterseite), gestalterischen Anforderungen usw. Bei Mauerwerk ist sie meist ein Außenputz, bei Naturstein kann sie fehlen, bei Holz und Beton kann sie ein entsprechender Farbanstrich sein. Sie soll vor allem das Eindringen von Feuchte verhindern und darf ein Austrocknen nicht behindern.
• (4) Schichtgruppe Trocknen + Schützen Sie besteht aus einer multifunktionalen Hightech-Oberflächenbeschichtung 8 und kann Voranstriche, Primer und Zusätze haben. Sie geht über die Funktion und Wirkung der Schicht 7 beträchtlich darüber hinaus. Eine derartige Schicht ist in der Praxis noch weitgehend unbekannt. Sie ist weniger als 1 mm dick und wird leicht „übersehen” oder unterschätzt. Man traut ihr ihre Wirkungen wie analog Schicht 3 nicht zu und wird wie folgt angewandt: a) Sie soll zusätzlich aufgebracht werden, wenn Schicht 7 fehlt, b) sie soll eine bisherige Wetterschutzschicht 7 in ihrer Wirkung verstärken und c) sie kann sie zudem auch farblich ersetzen, ohne dass der Farbton (selbst schwarz oder weiß) sich thermisch auswirkt [SICC07]. Sie hat keine Wärmedämmfunktion, wirkt aber energiesparend wie eine Wärmedämmung. Hauptaufgabe ist die Minderung des Feuchtegehalts in der Tragschicht bis auf die Ausgleichsfeuchte. Das geschieht, indem sie unterschiedlich diffusionsoffen ist: a) Wasserdampf geht sehr gut und leicht hindurch und b) Nässe durch Regen, Nebel, Spritzwasser usw. kann nicht eindringen. Dieser Vorgang unterschiedlicher Wirkweise wird hygrische Diode genannt [Bumann07]. Damit kann die Tragschicht vor allem im Winterhalbjahr austrocknen, ihr Wärmeleitwert sinkt, wodurch die Wärmedämmung verbessert wird. Der Heizenergieverbrauch wird nach [SICC06] um bis zu 30% spürbar reduziert. Die Tragschicht 6 dämmt besser und heizt sich im Sommer auch weniger auf, weil durch Sorptionsfeuchte ein zusätzlicher Kühleffekt eintritt. Weiterhin soll sie die elektrostatische Aufladung verringern und die chemische Verbindung mit Schmutzpartikel unterbinden. Damit verringert sich ein Bewuchs durch Algen, Moos, Pilze; die Farbbrillanz wird stärker, die Farbbeständigkeit wird erhöht.

The above briefly sketched layer structure is in 1 contained and will be described in more detail.

• (1) Layer group tempering It consists of a) the stable cover layer 1 and optionally b) a heat provider 2 and c) a special heat spreader layer 3 ,
• (1a) The stable topcoat 1 may be common, mineral plaster or other support material as in drywall or a wood paneling. Gladly, to achieve a particularly good feel-good climate, "healthy" clay is recommended. This has very advantageous properties, but usually high to extremely high exhalation rates of the radioactive noble gas thoron. These thoron and also the radon exhalation can be avoided or at least reduced. A very permeable material structure is advantageous for the return of capillary moisture from the insulating layer 4 to distribute further and evaporate to the room air. The layer thickness should be low in order to reduce mass and to keep the wall thickness small. The heat radiation and the stability are sure to be ensured. In the cover layer material containing latent heat storage effect such as paraffin is more expensive and can negatively affect the desired effects.
• (1b) The heat transfer medium 2 can be of various types of pipes (plastic, metal) with heat transfer medium (water), wall-sized infrared radiators or networks for electrical heat output, etc. The heat source can also be an intensively controllable heat radiator controlled by interior parameters, which illuminates the room surfaces. From there, the radiant heat is distributed at the speed of light according to the laws of Planck's physics and the radiation laws of Stefan and Boltzmann throughout the entire space. The heat output can be individually controlled for the Temperierungsflächen, it can be adapted to the room size and use. Although a surface heat release is considered to be sluggish, this applies only to a limited extent: a) There is a general heat storage and retention in all other room surfaces, b) the air is diatherm and is not as usual on approx. Heated to 22 ° C. The heat radiation is immediately felt at approx. 23 ° C on the floor and wall surface, while other heating systems with flow temperatures above 35 ° C and higher are sluggish and do not become effective.
• (1c) The heat spreader layer 3 can be applied additionally and proves to be very beneficial. It can be made of tiny ceramic particles (bubbles made of hollow glass beads). exist and forms an endothermic layer. It supports the effect of the heat radiation distribution in the room (1b), the temperature stratification and the convection in the room air is additionally reduced. Other positive effects are reduced dirt accumulation (fogging effect), the surface remains permeable to vapor. The effect of the heat spreader layer is physically very diverse and comprises 11 different effects [SICC05]. It causes an incoming radiation to penetrate only partially into the wall and is immediately reflected back. Thus only a fraction of the incoming energy can reach the outside through the other layers. The value of the surface temperature is therefore not the relevant temperature to be used for the calculation of the transmission heat. Even if the heat comes from a hot water network, it primarily goes immediately to the inside wall surface and radiates into the room. The thermal resistance to the wall surface is only very small because of the short path. In contrast, the resistance to the outer wall surface is very large because of the multiple (about 10 to 50 times) longer way and because of the subsequent thermal insulation of the insulating layer. Of the Heat loss to the outer wall is thus only a fraction of about 2 to max. 10%.
• (2) Layer group insulation It consists of a) the actual insulation layer 4 and usually a b) contact layer 5 ,
• (2a) The insulating layer 4 must have a good capillary conductivity (capillary active) and condensation water accumulating on the cold outer wall for the temperature control group ( 1 ) back to the room where it evaporates on the warm surface. Advantageous are other properties such as high heat storage and Schalldämmfähigkeit. Well-suited are wood fiber insulation boards (very good thermal and sound insulation, very good heat storage capacity, well adaptable to deformation), less good are calcium silicate materials that can break easily and are therefore more difficult to process. With them, there is the danger of vertical gap joints, which can easily lead the air. The thickness of the insulating layer should be between 4 and 10 cm. The thicker it is, the lower is the additional Dämmnutzen because of the Hyperbelverlaufs.
• (2b) The contact layer 5 should ensure that the insulation layer 4 over the entire surface of the base course 6 rests. It also has to be permeable so that water vapor can easily pass through it. It must with their properties a safe, permanent and full-surface contact between the insulating layer and the base layer 6 guarantee. Only local contact by palm-sized paws, a circumferential edge strip in plate elements or the like would lead to hollow surfaces in which condensation can form and drain. For larger wall unevenness, the surface should be leveled off before application of the actual contact layer, possibly in several layers. The contact layer can be omitted if the insulating layer is self-adhesive and so compressible that it can compensate for minor unevenness of the support layer itself. Modelable insulating material can be just as advantageous that, like plaster, is applied or sprayed on, adheres well and exhibits good above characteristics of thermal insulation, heat storage and capillary-active moisture transport counter to the direction of vapor diffusion.
• (3) Layer group Save + Wear It consists of a) the actual base layer 6 and usually b) a usual weather layer 7 ,
• (3a) The base course 6 can consist of all common building materials such as masonry, concrete, wood, clay and their combinations. It ensures the static load-bearing capacity, is intended to sound-proof by its mass, protect against burglary etc. The main requirement is the static function, the heat storage of solar energy, especially in the winter months, which is prevented by the current development by increasing external insulation. Well suited are solid wood and (light) clay walls. Solid brick walls or facing bricks or clinker layers, thick natural stone masonry of existing buildings can be easily included in this layer structure. Concrete is only for larger thicknesses (from about 50 cm) advantageous. Poroton brick and gas concrete walls are less well suited. Lightweight stand structures with thick outer layers of mineral, PU or similar insulating materials are not, at best, not very suitable, they are physically counterproductive.
• (3b) The weather protection layer 7 depends on the base course, location, building orientation (weather side), design requirements, etc. For masonry, it is usually an exterior plaster, with natural stone may be missing, in wood and concrete, it may be a corresponding coat of paint. Above all, it should prevent the ingress of moisture and should not hinder drying out.
• (4) Dry + Protect Layer Group consists of a multifunctional high-tech surface coating 8th and may have primers, primers and additives. She goes over the function and effect of the shift 7 considerably beyond. Such a layer is still largely unknown in practice. It is less than 1 mm thick and is easily "overlooked" or underestimated. One trusts her effects like analogous layer 3 not and is applied as follows: a) It should be additionally applied when layer 7 missing, b) it should be a previous weather protection layer 7 strengthen their effect and c) they can also replace them in color, without the hue (even black or white) has a thermal effect [SICC07]. It has no thermal insulation function, but is energy-saving as a thermal insulation. The main task is to reduce the moisture content in the base course to the equilibrium moisture content. This is done by being differently diffusion-open: a) steam passes very well and easily and b) wetness through rain, fog, splash water, etc. can not penetrate. This process of different modes of action is called a hygric diode [Bumann07]. Thus, the support layer can dry out, especially in the winter months, their thermal conductivity drops, whereby the thermal insulation is improved. The heating energy consumption is noticeably reduced by up to 30% according to [SICC06]. The base course 6 Insulates better and heats up less in the summer, because sorption moisture an additional cooling effect occurs. Furthermore, it should reduce the electrostatic charge and the chemical compound with Schmutzp prevent articles. This reduces the growth of algae, moss and fungi; the color brilliance becomes stronger, the color stability is increased.

 Effects of the invention and under claims

The four groups of layers condition and complement each other. Just together she beside the fundamental and indispensable human demand for a healthy feel-good climate ensure a minimum energy consumption. That depends a lot the moisture and temperature behavior of the entire layer structure from. The advantages of this layer system are manifold.

(1) Pleasant interior climate

at low room temperature feels the body well, the air gets less dry in winter, mucous membranes of Throat / nose / mouth are less stressed. The temperature of the wall surface should average 23 ° C lie, because at this temperature, the human can deliver just as much radiant heat, that he neither felt has to freeze or sweat. The surface temperature is correct when he feels no temperature differences and his sensation of warmth seems to be gone. Then he is in thermal balance, there is no thermal stress. The surface temperatures in the room are in Winter half-year about 6 ° C lower than the skin surface temperature of man, what is between women and men and for the respective body part (Head, body, Feet) something can differ. They sink to summer, while the room air temperature by warmer outside air increases. The mean of surface temperature and air temperature should be in the warm season then at about 20 ° C.

(2) cooling

in the Summer can be the flow temperature of the water and thus the floor temperature via a separate Cooling circuit in the soil down to <18-20 ° C be managed. Surface regulation in wall or ceiling plaster can the cooling strengthen. The cooler ones surfaces act less as direct cooling surfaces, rather can the body Radiate heat, which is pleasant in the summer, even if the temperature the room air at 25-30 ° C and lie should.

(3) Lower wall thicknesses

They mean more usable space and / or lower costs. The passive house trend goes to wall thicknesses of 60 to 70 cm. In the new system, the wall thickness should not exceed 40 cm for new buildings, although with more mass more solar energy can be stored. A 20 cm smaller wall thickness (especially a lower cost-intensive insulation thickness) corresponds to a house of 100 m ² (about 10 m × 10 m base dimensions, 40 m circumference) a larger floor space of 40 · 0.2 = 8 m ² . At assumed costs of approx. 1,250 EUR / m ^{2 of} floor space can be saved 10,000 EUR.

(4) No mold

The The main problem of dense construction and energy saving is mold. That's 25 to 40% of the buildings in the countries the European Community, in Germany was in about every third apartment Mold detected [Bunte08], tendency rising. By the warm interior surfaces and the always lower air temperature can not cause condensation on the wall surface to form more. Thus, the mold problem without consuming eliminating / avoiding of thermal bridges and more intensive ventilation as supposed causes or use of chemistry to kill the Schimmel, but burdening the indoor air with poisons, not anymore necessary.

(5) No extra moisture-related minimum ventilation

There no mold can emerge, no longer has a moisture-related minimum ventilation guaranteed be. Thus, it is conceivable that only a very small leakage ventilation acts. The user might be inclined be not to air any more, to save even more energy.

However, because of other pollutants such as radon and thoron from the building materials, possible sources of moisture or because of exhaled CO ₂ , a minimum hygienic ventilation must always be guaranteed and demonstrably secured.

(6) Solar thermal energy

she can be better utilized. The quest for self-sufficient energy supply can support be when solar heat is applied more efficiently. Solar thermal will be beneficial with underfloor heating used with low flow temperature of 30-35 ° C. With a surface temperature of the floor or the walls from only 23 ° C can the solar heat down to approx. 25 ° C be used. This means that the sun has energy for a longer period of the year to disposal.

(7) No hazardous waste

in the Interior built-in natural insulation materials cellulose or wood fiber insulation are more environmentally friendly, better recyclable and not exposed to the harsh outdoor climate. You can her preserve valuable properties constantly and for longer. insulation materials mostly petroleum-based are to be disposed of at additional cost. If they are due to long-term chemical processes how weathering due to UV radiation must change its properties with hazardous waste be counted. All the more so, if by gradual drenching itself Mold forms or Veralgungen take place in it.

(8) Soundproofing is improved

With interior insulation on wood fiber basis are excellent Soundproofing values achievable. In contrast, thick Layers of external insulation the ETICS like amplifiers to act with resonance system. [Pietruschka & al10, Meier09]

(9) Fire protection fully effective

By the static bearing mineral building materials such as brick, loam can the fire protection regulations are fully met. special constructions like fire bars in the ETICS against dripping of melting organic Substances or toxic fumes are eliminated. Firefighting by Outside or in staircases is not complicated or even prevented.

(10) Lower ventilation heat losses due to lower ones Room air temperature

The less a house loses transmission heat or can only lose, the more significant are the losses due to convection heat. Since it must be controlled to maintain compliance with the CO ₂ content and pollutant concentrations, it is also necessary to provide or already have an appropriate, manually adjustable technology. This allows for correct setting that no more than required warm air is ventilated away. Moisture-related basic ventilation is no longer necessary. With highly efficient heat recovery can be held back to over 90% of the heat contained therein. Now, if the room heat is significantly reduced, the ventilation heat loss can be approximately halved again, how big this is in the specific case, still depends on the number of people and the tightness of the building.

(11) Less effective thermal bridges

Have thermal bridges a high priority and must considered in detail be, if you ensure a low transmission heat loss want. As shown above, the temperature of the wall surface is not decisive for the Transmissionswärmfluss, but the directly massively pending air with its much lower Temperature. Thus, if only about 15 ° C warm air touches the wall, can through a thermal bridge too less heat flow away.

Even On north sides and in winter, solar energy can turn into an uninsulated wall invade and warm up [Bumann09a]. This is the thermal bridge effect further reduced. On a south side can make an inward reaching brick or concrete layer because of more Mass even strengthened Absorb heat and the heat loss partially to completely eliminate and turn into the opposite.

If otherwise according to calculation specification on a 17 ° C warm wall still with drain of heat can be expected due to linear static view, can because of the cooler Interior temperature of 15 ° C now even heat to flow inward. As measured temperatures on the sunlit outer wall far higher lie (30 to 50 ° C and more), is all the more likely to heat input. Have thermal bridges thus, in contrast to ETICS, a significantly lower significance [Meier09].

(12) Lower number of thermal bridges

at internal insulation are less thermal bridges too note than with external insulation. One Room could inside completely insulated become. Significant are the outer walls. wall integrations in the outer wall Although form a thermal bridge, the are as mentioned above but less / hardly effective. The same applies to interior walls on the floor slab. at New buildings can rising or bounding walls also largely decoupled.

All Thermal bridges of supporting exterior construction to soil, where otherwise KIM-stones or foam glass required are, and the insulation is led far to the foundations in the soil. For external insulation occur because of the thermal bridges Attachments and installations (such as balconies or even just a lamp and a bell) the well-known problems.

(13) Long-term resistant surface

Natural mineral Cleaning colors, clinker or natural stone are durable. she can with a special surface coating to be upgraded. Normal colors usually have to be done after a few years be renewed and thus cause higher maintenance costs. The The physical mode of action of this protective layer is very diverse. So it is dirt-repellent and brilliant with a consistent color gloss. Whether black or white, the color has no effect on the heat permeability [SICC07]. The emergence of algae, mosses, mushrooms and rot is reduced [SICC06].

(14) Dry outer walls

ever according to temperature difference and thus direction of the vapor diffusion stream between inside and outside (Winter or summer period) may be the surface protective layer with endothermic Warming effects or cooling Reinforce effects. When it rains, this layer absorbs a limited amount of water, swells and closes yourself. So no more water can penetrate into the wall. The wall acts like a hygric diode [SICC06, p. 10]. It always dries more, until it reaches equilibrium moisture. This condition is otherwise in a wall construction as by condensation and Driving rain is not possible. The drier wall has a much better thermal insulation. The lowers the annual Heating energy consumption by up to 30 percent [SICC06, page 2].

In The literature has different values for transmission heat loss through walls like Case A 12% [Wienerberger09, p. 21] and Case B 40% [baumit10, P. 3]. At only 12% heat loss the walls are very well insulated, the other components then worse. The higher value with 40% should be as Normally considered. If instead of up to 30% only 20% for an annual lower Heating energy consumption are set, then it will be apparent which enormous improvements can still be achieved. at Case A is likely no energy is lost anymore, in case B only half the 20%. Even if Case B requires only half, the outer walls must be in a very bad Have been in condition. This can easily on too high humidity back guided become. It makes clear how effective and important, indeed indispensable the thin one Coating outside is.

If the massive outer wall drier and therefore warmer is and since the air temperature inside is lower, the interior insulation can on an economic thickness of about 5 to 10 cm can be reduced.

(15) Low air movements

Radiation heat needs no air for the heat transport. The temperature differences are almost zero in the room air. Of the with the radiant heat resulting convective heat component is very low (<10%). Thus there is almost no air turbulence and consequently less dust. Air movements by airing are only required in the context of hygienic or pollutant loads.

(16) Mineral outer surface

A massive outer wall with diffusion-permeable mineral plaster is durable and robust against mechanical stress. In the case of border building, an endothermic protective layer up to 3 mm thick can be easily applied externally. The neighboring property does not need to be overbuilt with insulation layers, lateral connections omitted. Fortifications of balconies, shutters, lamps, advertising, etc. are on the outside wall as ever directly and almost without problems in the static supporting building fabric possible.

(17) Lower radon load

One House acts like a carrier Chimney. Warm air rises in the building and escapes in the roof area. Windows and exterior doors are almost completely airtight. The escaped air is now in a tight vertical envelope through the mostly leaky bottom plate (if it is there) through high Radon-containing air from the ground replaced. On average up to 3 times, occasionally even up to> 10 times higher Radon concentrations have been measured. At a lower Air temperature, the suction power in the house is smaller. This will be less radon-containing air is drawn in from the ground and the danger reduced by radioactive radon gas.

• 1. Geringere Unterhaltungskosten für Oberflächenbehandlung, -erneuerung. Die höheren Materialkosten für die Beschichtungen innen und außen werden durch ihre Langzeitbeständigkeit und endothermischen Effekte mehrfach ausgeglichen.
• 2. Geringere Dämmstoffkosten infolge geringere Dicke. Dicke innen minimal 4 cm bis maximal 10 cm; außen minimal 20 cm bis maximal 40 cm. Verhältnis etwa bei 1:5 bis 1:4. Bei angenommen doppelt so hohen Kosten für die Innendämmung kann die Hälfte der Dämmstoffkosten eingespart werden.
• 3. Durch geringere Außenwanddicken sind Kostenreduzierungen oder größere Nutzflächen erreichbar.
• 4. Ganzjährig unterschiedlich hohe Speicherung von solarer Wärme in der Außenwand, damit fließt weniger Wärme ab. Das kann durch einen U_eff-Wert rechnerisch berücksichtigt werden [Bumann06]. Die nicht erforderliche Wärme braucht a) nicht gekauft werden oder b) die Anlagentechnik kann kleiner dimensioniert werden.
• 5. Geringere Wärmeverluste durch a) mengenmäßig und b) wirkungsmäßig weniger Wärmebrücken.
• 6. Höhere Effizienz bei solarer Wärme durch a) verlängerte Nutzungszeit im Winterhalbjahr und b) Ausnutzung der gespeicherten Wärme vom Wassers bis auf 25°C.
• 7. Geringerer Energiebedarf infolge abgesenkter Raumlufttemperatur durch a) geringere Raumlufterwärmung und b) geringere Transmissionsverluste durch Außenbauteile.
• 8. Geringere Energieverluste durch Wegfall des Lüftungsanteils für Feuchteschutz.
• 9. Da Lüftungstechnik wegen Schadstoffen bzw. CO₂ ohnehin erforderlich ist, ist der Mehraufwand für Wärmerückgewinnung gering. Durch Rückgewinnung der Energie aus der wärmemäßig abgesenkten Raumluft werden die Lüftungswärmeverluste damit nahezu bedeutungslos.
• 10. Keine Entsorgungskosten bei der Außendämmung als Sondermüll, was sonst einer Wertminderung des Gebäudes gleich kommt.

Compilation of the factors that are energy-efficient and / or cost-reducing:

• 1. Lower maintenance costs for surface treatment, renewal. The higher material costs for the coatings inside and outside are compensated several times by their long-term stability and endothermic effects.
• 2. Lower insulation costs due to smaller thickness. Thickness inside minimal 4 cm to a maximum of 10 cm; outside minimal 20 cm to maximum 40 cm. Ratio approximately at 1: 5 to 1: 4. With twice as high the cost of interior insulation, half of the insulation costs can be saved.
• 3. Lower outer wall thicknesses can be achieved cost reductions or larger floor space.
• 4. Throughout the year different levels of storage of solar heat in the outer wall, so less heat flows. This can be mathematically considered by a U _eff value [Bumann06]. The non-required heat needs a) not be purchased or b) the system engineering can be made smaller.
• 5. Lower heat loss due to a) in terms of quantity and b) less thermal bridges in effect.
• 6. Higher efficiency of solar heat through a) extended usage time in the winter half-year and b) utilization of stored heat from the water up to 25 ° C.
• 7. Reduced energy consumption due to reduced room air temperature due to a) less room air heating and b) lower transmission losses due to external components.
• 8. Lower energy losses by eliminating the ventilation component for moisture protection.
• 9. Since ventilation technology is required anyway because of pollutants or CO ₂ , the additional expense for heat recovery is low. By recovering the energy from the heat lowered room air, the ventilation heat losses are thus almost meaningless.
• 10. No disposal costs for external insulation as special waste, which otherwise equals a depreciation of the building.

Claims (7)

Exterior wall structure of new and existing residential and non-residential buildings, characterized in that it consists of four outward groups of layers a) for the emission and distribution of radiant heat and b) a kapillarwasserrückführenden insulation layer and c) a solid, heat-storing component and d) an outer coating with endothermic and protective properties. An external wall structure according to claim 1, characterized that the massive, heat storage Component 1.c) 2.1 of at least one layer and 2.2 the layer of good heat-storing Building material exists, 2.3 itself static bearing or stiffening is or 2.4 by supporting or supporting or stiffening components is secured. An external wall structure according to claim 1 and 2, characterized that the outer coating 1.d) 3.1 is between 0.1 and 3 mm thick, 3.2 endothermic Has effects, 3.3 by different water content is variable open to diffusion and represents a hygric diode. External wall structure according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the kapillarwasserrückführende insulating layer 1.b) 4.1 between about 30 and 200 mm, preferably about 60 to 100 mm thick, 4.2 has a good thermal insulation, 4.3 advantageously has a good sound insulation, 4.4 preferably consists of cellulose as a base material. An external wall structure according to claim 1 or 4, characterized that the capillary water returning insulating layer 1.b) 5.1 by elastic behavior even unevenness of the Can compensate storage layer and lumen-free rests on it, or 5.2 on a leveling vapor-permeable intermediate layer to the storage layer 1.c) is applied, and 5.3 itself with the storage layer or the leveling intermediate layer is arrested or 5.4 by adhesive or binder with the Memory layer 1.c) is firmly connected. An external wall structure according to claim 1 to 5, characterized that the capillary water returning insulating layer 1.b) 6.1 as an insulating mortar, or multilayered, all unevenness compensates and Stable with the memory layer 1.c) is connected or 6.2 prefabricated and combines a solid component of the storage layer material is. An external wall structure according to claim 1 to 6, characterized that the layer group 1.a) for the delivery and distribution of radiant heat 7.1 from a protective layer with a thickness of advantageously 2 mm to 50 mm for the insulating layer 1.b) with a room air requirements durable and permeable material, 7.1.1 the as a carrier for preferably Hot water contains a pipe system, or for electric heat generation self-conductive is or an electrical conductor or an electrically conductive heat-emitting material contains 7.1.2 is distributed by the radiant heat generated in the room, or 7.1.3 as the reflection surface for a radiant heat source serving in the room, and 7.2 on a heat and radiation distributing Coating can be applied, 7.2.1 which has a thickness of 0.1 to 3 mm, 7.2.2 has endothermic effects, 7.2.3 warmth- and moisture-compensating and variable diffusion open.