DE19929213C2 - Method and device for distilling a liquid substance from a solution - Google Patents

Abstract

The method and device for distilling a liquid substance from a solution are described, the liquid substance being evaporated with the addition of heat by means of a heat carrier at a higher temperature on an evaporator device (101), transported to a condenser device (102) and with the delivery of Heat is condensed to a heat transfer medium at a lower temperature on the condenser device (102). The evaporator device (101) and the condenser device (102) are in each case elongated structures and extend between a first end (A) and a second end (B), the heat transfer medium removing the evaporator device (101) from the first end (A). flows through to the second end (B) and the heat transfer medium flows through the condenser device (102) from the second end (B) to the first end (A). According to the invention, the evaporated substance is conducted in a flow which flows through the evaporator device (101) and the condenser device (102) essentially transversely to the longitudinal direction, the mass transport of the evaporated substance each from a region (A¶V¶) of high temperature of the evaporator device ( 101) to a region (A¶K¶) high temperature of the condenser device (102) or from a region (C¶V¶) low temperature of the evaporator device (101) to a region (C¶K¶) low temperature of the condenser device ( 102) or from a range of medium temperature (B¶V¶) of ...

Description

The invention relates to a method for distilling a liquid substance from a solution according to the generic term of Claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for distilling a liquid substance according to the generic term of claim 20. A preferred one. Field of application of the invention is the distillation of salt-free water from sea water or Brackish water for the production of drinking water and process water and for watering plants. Another application of the Invention is the concentration of in a liquid, especially water, dissolved pollutants, e.g. B. their Facilitate transportation or disposal.

In the field of distillation of a liquid substance from a solution, in particular for the distillation of water from sea water, plants are known in which the liquid substance is evaporated with the addition of heat by means of a heat transfer medium at a higher temperature on an evaporator surface having evaporator device a condenser device having a condenser surface is transported and condensed by releasing heat to a heat transfer medium at a lower temperature on the condenser device, the evaporator device and the condenser device being in each case extended in a longitudinal direction and extending between a first end and a second end, and wherein the heat carrier flows through the evaporator device from the first end to the second end and the heat carrier flows through the condenser device from the second end to the first end. For example from DE 43 40 745 A1 and from Renewable Energy, Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, page 311-318 ( 1998 ), such a distillation device is known.

Fig. 12a) and b) shows a representation of the known device, shown schematically in perspective and in side view. The evaporator device V and the condenser device K are enclosed in a common envelope G. The sea water is supplied at M to the underside of the condenser device K and flows upwards in it, absorbing condensation heat, and leaves the condenser device K at the top thereof at N. After absorbing further heat QE, for example in a solar collector, the sea water becomes at O the top of the evaporator device V, in order to trickle on the evaporator surface of the evaporator device V below, the circulating air absorbing the water vapor evaporating in the evaporator device V. The solution is discharged from the underside of the evaporator device V at P. The liquid substance (water) condensed on the condenser device K is collected as distillate D on the underside of the condenser device K and can be removed from there.

As FIG. 12 b) shows, the air circulating in the housing G can circulate freely between the evaporator device V and the condenser device K at any height. Here, too, the air enclosed in the envelope G rises in the evaporator device V essentially in countercurrent to the solution running from top to bottom and sinks again in the condenser device K essentially as a heat carrier in countercurrent to the flow flowing through it from bottom to top acting solution down, but can take "abbreviations" at different heights between evaporator device V and condenser device K. This is considered essential in DE 43 40 745.

In the evaporator device V of the known device the sea water, which is used as a heat transfer medium, trickles freely an evaporator surface down, taking up part of the water is evaporated. Because of the high latent heat that evaporates the liquid substance contained in the solution is required, the solution used as a heat transfer medium with a mass throughput the condenser device K and the evaporator device V out which is much higher than the amount of the Evaporator device evaporated liquid substance.

A similar system is known from DE-OS 24 59 935. Deviating from DE 43 40 745 A1, it can be found in the housing circulating air is not free at any height between the Circulate the evaporator device and the condenser device, but only in the upper half of the case, in the lower half the housing is a partition between the evaporator device and  Capacitor device arranged. Here too, what needs to be evaporated Sea water absorb all the heat of condensation, so that Flow rate is much larger than the amount of actually evaporated water.

DE 30 10 208 A1 describes a device for extracting Process water known from sea water, being used in one for sunlight permeable housing an evaporator device in the form of a plate-shaped heat exchanger is arranged on which one Fleece for evaporation of sea water is located. Next is in that Housing a capacitor device arranged by that of flows through sea water to be evaporated, which then after heating by absorbing the heat of condensation is distributed on the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger itself will in addition to being heated by solar radiation using a separate solar panel heated. The cycle of Heat transfer medium through the heat exchanger is from the circuit of the Sea water separated by the condenser.  

As a measure of the efficiency of a distillation plant of this type, in which the condensation heat in the condenser device K is recovered and used in the evaporator device V to evaporate the liquid substance from the solution, the latent heat corresponding to the amount of the distillate D obtained can be ins Relation to the amount of heat Q _E used from the outside, which means, graphically speaking, how often the heat Q _E used from outside is used to evaporate the liquid substance. The greater the ratio mentioned, the greater the efficiency of the distillation plant.

The object of the present invention is a method ren to. Distilling a liquid from a solution of the required kind so that a higher one Efficiency is achieved. Furthermore, should be by the de Invention a device for distilling a liquid Substance from a solution of the presupposed kind be detected that a higher efficiency is also achieved becomes.

The object is achieved by the in claim 1 specified method for distilling a liquid substance from a solution. Advantageous further developments of the invention according to the method are given in claims 1 to 19.

In terms of the device, the task is solved by the device for distilling specified in claim 20 of a liquid substance from a solution. Advantageous Next Formations of the device according to the invention are in the claims Chen 21 to 42 specified.

The invention provides a method for distilling a liquid substance created from a solution in which the  liquid substance with the application of heat by means of a heat transfer medium gers at a higher temperature on an evaporator surface having evaporator device is evaporated to a a capacitor device having a capacitor area is transported and giving off heat to a heat slower at a lower temperature on the capacitor device is condensed, the evaporator and the Kon each extended in a longitudinal direction and between a first end and a second end extending structures are and wherein the heat transfer medium Ver flows through the steam device from the first end to the second end and the heat carrier the condenser device from the second end flowed through to the first end. According to the invention, it is provided that the vaporized material is carried in a flow that the evaporator device and the condenser device transversely flows through, the mass transport of the vaporized substance from areas of high temperature of the evaporators towards high temperature areas of the condenser direction and areas of lower temperature of the ver steamer device to areas of lower temperature Condenser device and of areas of medium tempera door of the evaporator device to areas of medium temperature rature of the capacitor device. (It is meant to be the high, medium and low temperature ranges preferably passed continuously into each other both in the evaporator device and in the capacitor device.

A particular advantage of the method according to the invention it is that the flow leading the vaporized matter transversely to the evaporator device or to the condenser device leads and thus essentially transversely to the basic direction of the Temperature change within the evaporator device or Condenser device by releasing heat of vaporization or Absorption of condensation heat in these facilities. In order to be the evaporated substance between the evaporator device and condenser device leading flow and the flow of the heat transfer medium through the evaporator and condensate decoupled so far from each other that the Temperature profiles of the evaporator device and condenser direction along their longitudinal direction as far as possible to the Can approximate equilibrium. Another advantage is it that the mass and heat transfer between the evaporator device  and capacitor device largely according to the height the temperature is ordered, d. H. from high temperature too high temperature, from medium temperature to medium temp temperature and from lower temperature to lower temperature, which in turn is the closest possible approximation to the peer weight condition allows. After all, it is an advantage that in the method according to the invention a course of the ver vaporized flow parallel to the evaporator direction or to the capacitor device essentially ver is avoided because it creates the possibility for Losses due to the mixing of different currents Temperature both on the side of the heat transfer medium and on the side the flow carrying the vaporized substance is reduced.

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the Invention it is provided that the evaporated substance leading flow in a closed loop on one first way from the evaporator device to the condenser direction and is separated from the first path th second way from the capacitor device back to the ver steamer device is guided. The advantage of this is one Improve efficiency because of the flow conditions which improves the flow carrying the vaporized material and "Flow short circuits" can be avoided.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the The method according to the invention provides that the heat carrier the evaporator device and the condenser device flow in countercurrent, and that the evaporated substance leading flow in cross flow through the evaporator device and the capacitor device is guided.

According to a special embodiment of the invention it provided that the longitudinal direction of the evaporator device and the capacitor device runs essentially horizontally.

According to an alternative embodiment of the invention it provided that the longitudinal direction of the evaporator device and capacitor device inclined to the horizontal direction tion, with the first end higher than the second end is arranged. The advantage of this is that due to the higher position of the first end at which the heat transfer medium in  the evaporator device enters or the heat transfer medium from the Capacitor device emerges and which is therefore the higher Has temperature, a stabilization of the evaporated Material flow occurs and thus losses through Mi can be avoided.

It is preferably provided that the evaporated Flow leading material horizontally or transversely to the longitudinal direction vertically through the evaporator device and / or the condensate gate device is guided.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that the heat carrier flows essentially in Longitudinal direction through the evaporator device and / or Capacitor device are performed. The advantage of this is it is that the flow leading the vaporized matter essentially Lichen transversely to the basic direction of the flow of the heat transfer medium through the evaporator device or the condenser device (if you stand out from others, but in the end you stand out the flow directions within the evaporator device or the capacitor device, for example in the case of zigzag shaped or meandering flow within Evaporator device or condenser device) which leads to the emergence of irreversibility prevented and increased efficiency.

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the The method according to the invention provides that the trans port of the vaporized material by free convection in one Flow occurs due to the temperature difference between Evaporator device and condenser device driven becomes. An advantage of this is that no funds are provided and no energy needs to be used to flow as To drive forced flow. Another major advantage Free convection is self-regulating tion of the flow carrying the vaporized substance and the tem temperature profiles of the evaporator device and condenser direction in the sense of reaching the Equilibrium occurs.

According to one embodiment of the method according to the invention rens it is provided that the heat transfer medium within the evaporator device  and / or the capacitor device zag-shaped or meandering.

According to another embodiment, it is provided that the heat transfer medium within the evaporator device and / or the capacitor device in several parallel partial flows to be led.

Preferably, the vaporized substance is in one respect inert gas, especially air or stick fabric transported.

It is preferably provided that the heat carrier after Absorption of the heat of condensation at the condenser device to an elevated temperature using an external heat source brings and the evaporator is supplied.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention it provided that the heat transfer medium in one closed circuit between the capacitor device and the evaporator device is circulated.

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the Invention it is provided that the external heat source by Solar energy is formed, with the heat transfer medium for absorption solar radiation energy from a solar collector device receives.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the heat transfer medium after leaving the evaporator device Delivery of waste heat cooled or with a colder heat transfer medium mixes and supplied to the capacitor device.

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the The method according to the invention provides that the heat carrier one of the ent the liquid to be vaporized ent holding solution is different liquid and in the ver steamer device and in the condenser device each liquid-impermeable, but heat-conducting tub of the liquid substance to be evaporated the solution is kept separate. An advantage of this is that the mass flow rate of the liquid to be evaporated Solution containing substance can be kept low compared to due to the ratio of latent heat to more sensitive Heat necessarily high throughput of the heat transfer medium. On  Another advantage is that the heat transfer medium with regard Corrosion, frost resistance or similar optimally to the needs the components of the distillation plant can be adapted, which is particularly important in the case of seawater ent salting, as hot sea water in continuous operation for metallic System components is extremely corrosive.

According to another embodiment of the invention The method, on the other hand, provides that the heat transfer medium the liquid solder containing the liquid to be evaporated solution itself and at least in the evaporator device is partially passed over the evaporator surface, with a Part of the liquid evaporates from the liquid solution becomes. The advantage here is the simpler structure of the Implementation of the procedure provided.

According to a preferred application, the invention Process for distilling water from sea water or Brackish water applied.

According to another advantageous application, this is used Process for concentrating in a liquid, esp special water, dissolved pollutants.

In terms of the device, the task is performed according to the present invention solved by a device for De Breastfeeding a liquid substance from a solution with a flowed through by a heat transfer medium, an evaporator surface having evaporator device on which the liquid substance is evaporated by supplying heat through the heat transfer medium, and with a condenser through which a heat transfer medium flows capacitor area on which the liquid substance with heat given off to the heat transfer medium is densified, as well as with one on the capacitor device arranged device for collecting the condensed liquid gene substance, and with one the evaporator device and the Enclosure enclosing capacitor means, which a Flow path for a transporting the vaporized substance Flow between evaporator device and condenser device tion forms, the evaporator and the condensate gate device are each elongated structures, each because a first end with a higher temperature and a second  End with a lower temperature, the heat transfer ger the evaporator device from the first end to the second end flows through and the heat transfer fluid from the condenser device flows through the second end to the first end. According to the invention a flow for the flow carrying the vaporized substance away provided, which in the evaporator and the Capacitor device essentially transversely to its longitudinal direction expansion occurs, the mass transport of the vaporized Substance each from areas of high temperature the evaporator Remote device for areas of high temperature of the condensate gate device and areas of low temperature Evaporator device to areas of low temperature Condenser device and of areas of medium tempera door of the evaporator device to areas of medium temperature rature of the capacitor device. (Also here it is meant that the respective areas of high, medium or low temperature continuously into each other can pass, preferably should.)

As with the method according to the invention, the Device according to the invention a significant advantage in the Ver the flow of the vaporized material runs across the Evaporator device or the condenser device, whereby achieved a high efficiency of the distillation device can be.  

According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that means are provided to prevent the vaporized Material flow in a closed loop on one first way from the evaporator device to the condenser device and in a second way separate from the first way from the condenser device back to the evaporator device to lead. The advantage of this is an improvement in efficiency the device because the flow conditions for the evaporated shock leading flow improves and "flow short circuits "can be avoided.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment thereof, it is provided that between the evaporator device and the Capacitor device is arranged a partition, the Means to the flow leading the vaporized substance in a closed loop on the first way from the evaporator device to the capacitor device and on that of the first Path separate second path from the capacitor device again lead back to the evaporator device through the partition are formed around which the flow is conducted.  

According to a preferred embodiment of the fiction According device it is provided that the Verdampfereinrich device and the capacitor device in each case elongated Are structures and run essentially parallel to each other, wherein the first end of the evaporator means the first end is adjacent to the capacitor device and the second end the evaporator device the second end of the condenser device  is adjacent. The advantage of the neighboring and pa parallel arrangement of evaporator device and condensate It is gate device that leading the vaporized substance Flow on the shortest path and therefore with the least resistance stood between the evaporator device and the condenser device can circulate.

According to a preferred embodiment of the fiction The device also has the evaporator device and the enclosure enclosing the capacitor means one lengthways extensive and essentially parallel to the longitudinal extent of evaporator device or condenser device fende form.

It preferably has the evaporator device and the Capacitor enclosing a right kigen or a circular cross section.

According to a preferred embodiment of the fiction According device it is provided that the evaporators direction and the envelope enclosing the capacitor device a flow path for the vaporized substance Flow in the form of a closed loop, the Flow path defines a first path along which the flow from the evaporator device to the condenser device leads, and defines a second path from the first Path is separated and on which the flow from the condensate gate device is guided back to the evaporator device.

The latter embodiment is preferably thereby further developed that the evaporator device and / or the Capacitor device extending transversely to the longitudinal direction Have flow paths through which the evaporator device or the capacitor device from a first side to one flow through the second side and the respective sections of the the vaporized substance in the form of a closed loop leading flow path.

According to one embodiment of the device according to the invention device are the evaporator device and the condenser device straight, elongated, parallel to each other Structure.  

According to one embodiment, the evaporators are in this case direction and the capacitor device with its longitudinal extent voltage arranged substantially horizontally.

According to an alternative embodiment, the evaporators fereinrichtung and the capacitor device with its longitudinal expansion in a direction oblique to the horizontal direction arranged progressively, the first, the higher tempe raturing end located above. As earlier in Connection in connection with the inventive method is explained this is advantageous in terms of stabilizing the vaporized substance leading flow, causing mixing of partial flows of different temperatures and thus one Reduction in efficiency is avoided.

According to an alternative embodiment, which of special advantage and of special independent inventive is the importance of the evaporator and the Capacitor device and the envelope enclosing it wound spirally or helically around a vertical axis arranged, the first having the higher temperature send end of evaporator device and condenser device located above. A first advantage of this embodiment is again in the stabilization of the evaporated substance current in such a way that the helical course of Evaporator device and condenser device following from top down also the temperature of the vaporized substance leading flow decreases and thus a high stability without mutual mixing of partial flows of different Temperature is reached. Another advantage is that the Evaporator device and the condenser device par allel to each other over a relatively large length ken, which largely an operation close to the same state of weight and thus a high degree of efficiency can be achieved are, and on the other hand the device does not have too high a space may shows.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the evaporator device and the condenser device in addition arranged mutually extending, the evaporator device has essentially vertically oriented evaporator surfaces,  where the ent the liquid to be evaporated holding solution under the effect of gravity flows below, and being the flow path for the evaporator flow from bottom to top through the ver steamer and from top to bottom through the condensate Toreinrichtung runs and in between the top of the Ver steamer device with the top of the condenser device connects and the bottom of the capacitor device with the Bottom of the evaporator device connects. The advantage of this it is that there is already little between the evaporators direction and the condenser device existing temperature Differences are sufficient to achieve a high level with free convection Mass transfer between evaporator device and condensate gate device and thus a high degree of efficiency ren.

According to another advantageous embodiment of the Invention it is provided that the evaporator device and the capacitor device are arranged one above the other, the evaporator device being substantially horizontal has aligned evaporator surfaces on which the to solution containing evaporating liquid substance flows along, and the flow path for the evaporated substance current essentially horizontal and transverse to the longitudinal expansion through the evaporator and leads from above leads down through the capacitor device, and the Side on which the flow from the evaporator device occurs, connects to the top of the capacitor device and the bottom of the capacitor device with the side of the Evaporator device connects at which the flow into the Evaporator device occurs. The advantage of this execution It is form that the ent to be evaporated liquid substance holding solution evenly distributed on the evaporator surfaces will remain there for a long time and will only be replaced slowly which keeps losses down.

According to a particularly advantageous practical embodiment The form of the device according to the invention is the evaporator fereinrichtung and / or the capacitor device by a  Number of parallel flows through which the heat transfer medium flows Neten plate-shaped elements are formed.

These are preferably those which form the evaporator device plate-shaped elements arranged vertically or horizontally.

The plate-shaped forming the capacitor device Elements are preferably arranged vertically. This arrangement allows the in the capacitor device due to the Cooling of the circulating flow of output forces to use as "engine".

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that those forming the evaporator device plate-shaped elements are arranged vertically, and that at their top one in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the Plate-shaped elements extending device for evenly ß distribution of the liquid to be evaporated on the upper surface of the plate-shaped elements is provided.

According to a further development of this, it is provided that the device for distributing the liquid to be evaporated is formed by one or more tubes that extend lengthways extend the top of the plate-shaped elements and openings for the liquid to emerge onto the surface of the plate-shaped elements.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the the plate-shaped elements forming the evaporator device arranged horizontally, and there are means for distributing the to the evaporating liquid on the surfaces of the plates intended.

According to a particularly preferred further development of the Erfin is on the surfaces of the evaporator device forming plate-shaped elements a flow layer from a arranged well wettable material, which is the to be evaporated Keeps liquid evenly distributed on the evaporator surface.

According to one aspect of the invention, it is provided that the evaporator device is impermeable to liquids, however Has heat-conducting walls through which the heat transfer medium from the solution containing the substance to be evaporated separately is held, and that means for supplying and distributing the vaporize the liquid to the surface of the evaporator device  are provided, the liquid from which the evaporator Fereinrichtung flowing heat carrier is separated. The particular advantage of this embodiment is that in With regard to the ratio of latent heat to sensitive heat the mass flow rate of the heat transfer medium is much higher can be set as the throughput with which the to ver solution containing steaming liquid substance via the evaporator The surface of the evaporator device is guided. Farther a heat transfer medium can be used with regard to Corrosion behavior, frost resistance or similar for the requirements Nisse the distillation device is advantageous. (In the The heat transfer medium is hermetic anyway of the flow containing the vaporized liquid Cut.

According to another aspect of the invention are means provided to act as a heat transfer medium in the evaporator device used solution containing the liquid to be evaporated to distribute on the surface of the evaporator device. According to This aspect is the liquid substance to be vaporized containing solution itself, used as a heat transfer medium, which Structure of the distillation device simplified.

Finally, according to an embodiment of the invention tion provided, the capacitor device and / or the Ver to form the steamer device through pipes. This allows the Construction of the capacitor device in particular essential be simplified.  

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the The device according to the invention is essentially one closed circuit provided in which the heat transfer medium between the condenser device and the evaporator device is circulated. This enables the in the condenser device in the heat transfer medium Heat of condensation with a high efficiency Evaporator device attributed.  

According to a training that has been special in the past highlighted embodiment in which the Verdampfereinrich device and the capacitor device together with the one closing wrapping spirally around a vertical axis or helically wound, it is provided that inside the helical array of evaporators direction and capacitor device a storage container for Provision of the heat to be supplied to the evaporator device gers is provided at high temperature. The advantage of one such storage container as such is that a constant continuous operation of the distillation device even with intermittent heating of the heat transfer medium  an external heat source, for example through solar energy, is possible, the central arrangement according to the invention of such Storage container within the helical arrangement of heat losses reduced.

It is advantageously provided that the Ver steamer device and the condenser device with their Wrapping and the storage container in a common isolie renden housing are arranged. This reduces heat loss versus an arrangement in the distillation apparatus and Storage containers are arranged in separate housings.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described below the drawing explained. Show it:

Fig. 1a) in a perspective view of a highly schematic representation of a first embodiment of the invention;

Fig. 1b) in front view of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 2 is a sectional view of a schematic representation of a modified flow pattern for the first embodiment shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3a) and b) an embodiment of the invention are realized a schematic representation of a plant for distillation of a liquid substance from a solution, for example for distilling water from sea water or brackish water, in the drive Ver the invention and the apparatus according to .., FIG 3a) shows a perspective view and Figure 3b) is an illustration of the shift pattern;

Figure 4a) and b) are each a cross sectional view of practical embodiments of a first and a two-th embodiment of an apparatus for Destillie ren a liquid substance from a solution.

Figure 5a) and b) are each a cross sectional view of practical embodiments of a third and a fourth embodiment of an apparatus for Destil lose a liquid substance from a solution.

Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a practical exporting approximate shape of a fifth embodiment of an on direction for distilling a liquid substance from a solution;

Fig. 7 is a sectional view of a device for a liquid substance Destil lose according to a further, most sixteenth embodiment of the invention in two variants;

Fig. 8a), b) and c) schematic, sectional views of components from which evaporator device and / or condenser device of the device according to the invention can be constructed according to three different embodiments;

Fig. 9a) to d) cross-sectional views of details of components that can form the evaporator device according to the inven tion inventive device according to four under different embodiments;

Fig. 10a) and b) cross-sectional views through arranged in a common envelope evaporator and condenser devices according to two embodiments, as they can be part of the sixth exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the distillation device according to the invention;

Figures 11a) and b) are sectional views arranged in a common enclosure and evaporator condensate sato devices according to two other embodiments, as part of the shown in Figure 7 the sixth embodiment of the present invention may be stillationsvorrichtung De turn..;

Fig. 11c) to e) are side views of portions of capacitor devices of various designs three approximately examples of how they can be part of the distillation device of the invention; and

FIG. 12a) and b) is a schematic perspective view and a schematic side view of a ande ren distillation apparatus according to the prior art.

Fig. 1a) and b) shows in a highly schematic perspective view and a sectional view of a Destil lationsvorrichtung according to an embodiment of the constricting vorlie invention to purify because the principles of the invention to it. The distillation device, designated as a whole by reference numeral 100 , is used for distilling a liquid substance from a solution, for example for distilling water from sea water or brackish water, or for concentrating substances contained in the solution by removing liquid. The distillation device 100 contains an evaporator device 101 and a condenser device 102 . The evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 are each elongated structures and are flowed through by a heat carrier. In the evaporator device 101 , the liquid substance is evaporated by supplying heat through the heat transfer medium and transported from there to the condenser device 102 , where the liquid substance is condensed with heat being released to the heat transfer medium. The evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 each have a first end A with a higher temperature and a second end B with a lower temperature. The evaporator device 101 is flowed through by the heat carrier from the first end A to the second end B, and the condenser device 102 is flowed through by the heat carrier from the second end B to the first end A. This basic flow direction is shown in Fig. 1 by the arrows drawn with double lines, but the flow within the evaporator device 101 and condenser device 102 does not necessarily have to be guided strictly in this direction, it can also be zigzag-shaped or meandering inside mig be performed, as will be explained later with reference to FIG. 8.

As shown by the arrows drawn with simple lines in Fig. 1a) and b), the evaporated at the evaporator fereinrichtung 101 from the solution liquid substance is guided in a flow that in a direction transverse to the evaporator fereinrichtung 101 and transverse to the condenser device 102 streams. In this case, the mass transfer of the vaporized substance is each of a range A _V high temperature of the evaporation fereinrichtung 101 high to an area A _K temperature of the capacitor device 102, a medium from a region B _V temperature of the evaporator 101 communicates to an area Lerer temperature B _K of the capacitor device 102 and from a region C _V lower temperature of the Verdampfereinrich device 101 to a region C _K lower temperature of the condenser device 102 , wherein of course the temperatures at A _V , B _V , C _V on the evaporator device 101 are respectively higher than the temperatures of the associated areas a _K, B _K and C _K of the capacitor device 102, a material transport from the evaporator 101 to allow the capacitor means 102nd

Preferably, as the cross-sectional illustration in FIG. 2 shows, the flow carrying the vaporized substance leads in a closed loop on a first path I from the evaporator device 101 to the condenser device 102 and on a second path II separate from the first path from the condenser device 102 again led to the evaporator 101 .

As shown in FIG. 2, the evaporator 101 and the condenser 102 by a common sheath 105 are surrounded, defining together with a fereinrichtung between the vapor 101 and the capacitor 102 arranged partition wall 107, the flow paths I and II. In the interior of the evaporator device 101 , the flow leading the evaporated substance is guided transversely to the longitudinal expansion or longitudinal direction of the evaporator device 101 from bottom to top through the evaporator device 101 , in the capacitor device 102 the flow leading the evaporated substance is transverse to the longitudinal direction of the condenser device 102 guided from top to bottom through this, so that overall there is the closed flow path shown by the arrows for the flow leading the vaporized substance.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 are each elongated and substantially parallel to one another, the first end A of the evaporator device 101 being adjacent to the first end A of the condenser device 102 and the second End B of the evaporator device 101 is adjacent to the second end B of the condenser device 102 . The envelope 105 shown in FIG. 2, which includes the evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 , has an elongated shape and substantially parallel to the longitudinal extent of the evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 .

At the bottom of the enclosure 105, a device 106 is arranged to collect the distilled in the capacitor device 102 liquid substance below the capacitor means 102nd

Fig. 3a) and b) shows in a schematic Perspecti vischen view and in a schematic side view of distillation units comprising a distillation apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention was in part as Be. The evaporator device 101 is supplied at its first end A of the heat transfer medium with high temperature T ₂ and flows through the evaporator device 101 in its longitudinal direction, as shown by the arrows. The capacitor device 102 is supplied to the heat transfer medium at lower temperature T ₁ 'at its second end B and flows through the condenser device 102 in countercurrent to the direction of flow of the heat transfer medium in the evaporator device 101 in the direction also indicated by arrows. With the release of heat from the heat transfer medium, the liquid substance is evaporated at the evaporator device 101 from the solution and transported in a flow indicated by the arrows essentially in the direction transverse to the longitudinal direction of the evaporator device 101 and condenser device 102 to the condenser device 102 and there taking up the Kondensati onswärme condensed by the condenser 102 and collected, the latter being not shown in Fig. 3. By giving off heat during the vaporization of the liquid substance at the evaporator device 101, the heat carrier cools from the inlet temperature T ₂ at the first end A to an outlet temperature T ₁ at the second end B. After further heat Q _{A has been given off,} for example in a heat exchanger or by mixing with a colder heat carrier, the heat carrier with a temperature T ₁ ′, which is lower than the temperature T _1, is fed to the condenser device 102 at the second end B and flows through it in counterflow Evaporator device 101 . When flowing through the condenser device 102 , the heat carrier absorbs the condensation heat released during the condensation of the vaporized liquid substance and heats up, the heat carrier leaving the condenser device 102 at the first end A at a temperature T ₂ 'which is lower than the temperature T ₂ with which the heat transfer medium enters the evaporator device 101 at the first end A. Between leaving the condenser device 102 and entering the evaporator device 101 , the heat transfer medium is heated by supplying heat Q _E from the temperature T ₂ 'to the temperature T ₂ , which in the system shown in FIG. 3 by means of a solar collector 120 takes place through which the heat transfer medium is pumped by means of a pump P.

The longitudinal direction of evaporator device 101 and capacitor device 102 extends horizontally or obliquely inclined to the horizontal direction.

. Reference to Figs 4 to 6 will now five practical embodiments of distillation apparatuses based on cross-sectional views illustrated by this are:

FIGS. 4a) shows a distillation apparatus 100 in which an evaporator 101 and a condenser 102 by a common housing or a sheath 105 included. The evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 are each formed by plate-shaped elements 109 , 110 , which are arranged vertically and extend horizontally or obliquely inclined to the horizontal direction with their longitudinal direction. The plate-shaped elements 109 , 110 are flowed through in countercurrent by the heat transfer medium. The heat transfer medium is hermetically sealed by respective walls 119 , 120 of the plate-shaped elements 109 , 110 . Between the evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 , a partition 107 is arranged which, together with the housing 105, forms a flow path for a vaporized liquid substance from the evaporator device 101 to the condenser device 102 leading flow path. The the containing to evaporation fenden liquid material solution by means distri lerröhren 108 supplied at the top of the evaporator means 101 forming plate-shaped members 109 and to an evaporator surface 103 to the surface of the evaporation fereinrichtung 101 forming plate-shaped members 109 ver divides. The liquid substance evaporating from the evaporator surface 103 is taken up by a flow due to the temperature difference between the evaporator device 101 and the condenser device 102 in the evaporator device 101 transversely to its longitudinal direction, from the top of the evaporator device 101 to the top of the condenser device 102 and condenses on capacitor surfaces 104 of the plate-shaped elements 110 forming the capacitor device 102 . In this case, the flow of the evaporated liquid substance in the condenser device 102 decreases transversely to the longitudinal direction thereof and is guided from the underside of the condenser device 102 to the underside of the evaporator device 101 , whereby the flow path leading to the evaporated liquid is closed.

A device 106 for collecting the condensed liquid substance is provided under the condenser device 102 , from where it can be discharged to the outside. Under the evaporator device 101 there is in a similar manner a device 113 for collecting the liquid solution to be evaporated, which is supplied via the distributor tubes 108 and distributed on the evaporator surface 103 of the evaporator device 101 , and which acts on the evaporator surface 103 downward under the action of gravity flows.

Fig. 4b) shows a second embodiment of a distillation apparatus according to the present invention, which is the same as the first embodiment shown in Fig. 4a) in that an evaporator device 101 and a condenser device 102 'are in turn surrounded by a housing or a casing 105 , Also, a collecting device 106 for the distilled substance is arranged under the capacitor device 102 'and a collecting device 113 for the outflowing solution is arranged under the evaporator device 101 . In a departure from the first embodiment shown in FIG. 4a), however, the condenser device 102 'is here formed by a bundle of heat exchanger tubes 112 ' through which the heat carrier flows, the wall 120 of which provides a condenser surface 104 'on its surface. The flow leading the vaporized liquid substance flows transversely through the condenser device 102 'formed by the heat exchanger tubes 112 ', the vaporized liquid substance condensing on the upper surface 104 'of the heat exchanger tubes 112 ' and the heat released thereby by the inside of the Wärmetau shear tubes 112 'flowing heat transfer is released.

In the third and fourth exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS . 5a) and b), distillation devices 100 and 101 'are shown, which in turn have longitudinally extended evaporator devices 101 ' and condenser devices 102 and 102 '. In contrast to the first and second exemplary embodiments shown in FIG. 4, the evaporator devices 101 ', however, have essentially horizontally oriented evaporator surfaces 103 ', which are arranged vertically one above the other at a distance and are essentially horizontal from the flow carrying the vaporized liquid substance, however, again through the longitudinal extent or longitudinal direction of the evaporator device 101 '. As can be seen from the figure, between the evaporator device 101 'and the condenser device 102 or 102 ', in turn, a vertically oriented partition wall 107 is arranged, which, however, continues on its underside in a leg 107 'running essentially horizontally, which under the evaporator device 101 'and runs essentially parallel to the evaporator surfaces 103 '. The condenser devices 102 and 102 'are similar to the first and second exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 4a) and b) in each case in turn by vertically running condenser elements 110 in the form of plate-shaped elements ( FIG. 5a) or by a bundle of heat exchanger tubes 112 '. ( Fig. 5b) formed. The flow leading to the vaporized liquid substance sinks in the condenser device 102 ( FIG. 5a)) or in the condenser device 102 '( FIG. 5b)) transversely to its longitudinal extent and flows under the horizontal leg 107 ' of the partition 107 to the left-hand side of the evaporator elements 109 ', is distributed there into a plurality of partial flows, flows transversely to the longitudinal extent of the evaporator device 101 ' past the evaporator surfaces 103 'to the right and rises at the partition 107 upwards and further to the top of the condenser device 102 or 102 '. Under the evaporator device 102 'and the condenser device 102 and 102 ' are in turn collecting devices for the outflow of the amount flowing out of the evaporator device 101 'solution 113 or for the condenser device 102 or 102 ' condensed liquid substance 106 is provided.

The possible embodiments of the evaporator devices 101 'will be explained later with reference to FIGS. 9b) to d).

In FIG. 6, in a cross-sectional view of a Destilla is tion apparatus 200 according to a fifth embodiment of the invention. An evaporator device 201 and a capacitor device 202 are arranged substantially parallel to one another in a common housing or a casing 205 . The evaporator device 201 contains a plurality of evaporator surfaces 203 which run in the longitudinal direction of the evaporator device 201 and are substantially horizontally oriented and is formed by a number of evaporator elements 209 on which the evaporator surfaces 203 are located. Above the evaporator means 201, the gate means is arranged Kondensa 202 which is formed by a number of capacitor elements 210, which extend in the longitudinal direction of the capacitor device 202, and aligned substantially vertically. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the evaporator elements 209 of the evaporator device 201 and the condenser elements 210 of the condenser device 202 are each formed by plate-shaped elements through which the heat transfer medium flows. The solution containing the liquid to be evaporated is distributed to the evaporator surface 203 of the evaporator device 201 by means of a device (not specifically shown in FIG. 6). Between the evaporator device 201 and the condenser device 202 , a partition wall 207 is arranged, which is oriented vertically and which continues on its underside in a substantially horizontal leg 207 '. The horizontal leg 207 'of the partition separates the underside of the condenser device 202 from the top of the evaporator device 201 and at the same time forms a collecting device 206 for the liquid substance condensing on the condenser device 202 . The flow leading the vaporized liquid substance sinks between the condenser elements 210 in the condenser device 202 downwards, flows to the right side of the evaporator device 201 , is between the individual evaporator elements 209 essentially transversely to their longitudinal direction and essentially horizontally past the evaporator surfaces 203 after guided on the left, rises between the partition 207 and the housing 205 upwards and is guided to the upper side of the condenser device 202 , whereby the circuit for the flow carrying the vaporized liquid substance is closed.

Alternative embodiments of the evaporator elements 209 are explained later with reference to FIGS. 9b) to d), including those in which the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated itself forms the heat transfer medium.

Fig. 7 shows a sixth embodiment of the vorlie invention, wherein in Fig. 7a) on the left side of the double solid dividing line, a first variant and in Fig. 7b) on the right side, a second variant is shown.

In the illustrated embodiment, a total of 300 or 300 'designated distillation device is arranged spirally or helically wound in an insulating housing 314 . Distillation device 300 ; 300 'contains an evaporator device 301 ; 301 'and a capacitor device 302 ; 302 '. A partition 307 is located between the evaporator device and the condenser device ; 307 'arranged. Evaporator device 301 ; 301 'and capacitor device 302 ; 302 'are of a common envelope 305 ; 305 'surround, which extends parallel to these and follows the helical course of the arrangement.

In the two variants shown in FIGS. 7a) and b), the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'by evaporator elements 309 ; 309 'formed which, with its longitudinal direction, corresponds to the helical course of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'arranged and aligned vertically. In the first variant shown in FIG. 7 a), the capacitor device 302 is formed by capacitor elements 310 , which are likewise arranged with their longitudinal direction following the helical course of the distillation device 300 and are aligned vertically. In the exemplary embodiment shown, these capacitor elements 310 are formed by plate-shaped elements flowing in their longitudinal direction. The Verdampferelemen te 309 can also be formed by plate-shaped elements which flow through in their longitudinal direction by the heat transfer medium and have an evaporator surface 303 on their surface. In the second variant of the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7b), the condenser device 302 'is formed by a bundle of heat exchanger tubes 312 ' following the helical course of the distillation device 300 '.

In the helical arrangement of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'are the first end A of the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'and the capacitor device 302 ; 302 'arranged at the top, the second ends B of evaporator device 301 ; 301 'and capacitor device 302 ; 302 'are arranged below. The evaporator device 301 ; 301 'is flowed through from top to bottom from first end A following the helical course towards second end B, the capacitor device 302 ; 302 'is flowed through from the second end B following the helical course from bottom to top towards the first end A, the heat transfer medium of the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'supplied at the first end A with the high temperature T ₂ and discharged at the second end B with the low temperature T ₁ and the heat carrier of the capacitor device 302 ; 302 'at the second end B with the low temperature T ₁ ' and is discharged at the first end A with the high temperature T ₂ ', where: T ₂ <T ₂ ' and T ₁ <T ₁ ', cf. the previous explanation of Fig. 3. The higher temperature first end A of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'is thus at the top, the second end B of the distillation device 300 having the lower temperature; 300 'is below. The evaporated liquid substance from the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'to the capacitor device 302 ; 302 'leading flow runs over the helical course of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'substantially transversely to the longitudinal extent of evaporator device 301 ; 301 'and capacitor device 302 ; 302 'and on a flow path in the form of a closed loop around or through the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'or the capacitor device 302 ; 302 'as explained at the beginning with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the central region of the insulating housing 314 is located within the helical arrangement of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'a storage container 315 , which serves to supply the heat transfer medium to the first end A of the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'available. For this purpose, the heat transfer medium with a temperature T ₂ *, which is higher than the temperature T ₂ , is fed from an external heat source into the storage container 315 and is removed from the top thereof with the temperature T ₂ and the first end A of the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'fed. By switching a three-way valve 325 , the heat transfer medium can optionally also directly from the outside to the first end A of the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'are supplied.

The storage container 315 enables the continuous operation of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'even when the heat transfer medium is heated intermittently by an external heat source, for example by solar energy. The central arrangement within the helical arrangement of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'inside the insulating housing 314 reduces the heat losses compared to an arrangement in which the distillation device and the storage container are arranged in separate housings.

At the bottom of the distillation device 300 ; 300 'are, again following the helical course, a distillate collecting device 306 ; 306 'and a collecting device 313 ; 313 'for those of the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'provided the amount S of the non-evaporated solution. These collectors 306 ; 306 'and 313 ; 313 'can by separate bottom parts of the casing or the housing 305 ; 305 '. The distillate D as well as the collected discharge amount S from the evaporator device 301 ; 301 'S are each led through the insulating housing 314 to the outside.

Fig. 8a) to c) are schematic sectional side views of plate-shaped evaporator Be elements 109 and capacitor elements 110 with different Strömungsverläu fen in the interior, but the effective direction of flow follows the longitudinal profile of the longitudinally extending elements. In Fig. 8a), the evaporator element 109 or condenser element 110 is equipped with individual flow channels which run in the same longitudinal direction and are arranged in parallel, for example in the form of a web double plate. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8b), flow channels with a zigzag shape are formed in the interior of the plate-shaped evaporator element 109 or condenser element 110 . In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8c), flow paths with a meandering course are arranged inside the plate-shaped evaporator element 109 or capacitor element 110 .

9a) to d) shows various embodiments, such as the liquid to be evaporated containing solution on the evaporator surface 103. 103 'of an evaporator element 109 ; 109 'can be distributed. In the example shown in FIG. 9a), the plate-shaped evaporator element 109 is formed by a double web plate which is vertically arranged and is provided on its surface on both sides with a wettable fleece 111 . On the upper end face of the evaporator element 109 and running parallel to this, a distributor tube 108 is provided, which is provided with a number of distributor openings 116 , which are arranged along the longitudinal direction of the evaporator element 109 . Via the distributor tube 108 , the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated is fed and brought from the upper end face of the evaporator element 109 to the wettable fleece 111 , so that the solution can evenly distribute itself on the evaporator surface 103 on the evaporator element 109 . Under the action of gravity, the solution gradually flows downward transversely to the longitudinal direction of the evaporator element 109 .

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 9b), the plate-shaped evaporator element 109 'is aligned horizontally and consists of a web double plate, on the upper wall 119 ' of which a wettable fleece 111 'is arranged. The solution containing the liquid to be evaporated is by means not shown in the figure, z. B. a distribution tube provided with distribution openings, distributed on the wettable tile 111 '. Under the evaporator element 109 'there is a collecting device 113 ' for the outflowing solution in the form of a trough which is adapted to the shape of the evaporator element 109 '.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 9c), the evaporator element 109 'is formed by a flat trough 113 ' in which a wettable fleece 111 'is arranged. The solution containing the liquid to be evaporated is divided by means not shown in the figure at one end of the trough 113 'on the wettable tile 111 ' so that it can flow over the wettable tile 111 'following the longitudinal direction of the evaporator element 109 ', for which the tub 113 'should be mounted with a slight slope in its longitudinal direction.

Fig. 9d) finally shows an embodiment in which a horizontally oriented substantially plate-shaped evaporator element 109 'is formed by a carrier plate 117 ', on the upper and lower surfaces of which a wettable fleece 111 'is attached. The Tr 07964 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285910785300040 0002019929213 00004 07845 support plate 117 'is provided with through holes or openings 118 '. The solution containing the liquid to be evaporated is again distributed by means not shown in the figure on the upper side of the carrier plate 117 'on the wettable tiles 111 ', part of the solution being passed through the through-holes 118 'to the underside of the carrier plate 117 '. passes and wets the flow layer 111 'attached to the underside thereof. The carrier plate 117 'is in turn mounted slightly inclined in its longitudinal direction, so that the solution can flow along the evaporator element 109 ' following the longitudinal direction. Side edges 127 'attached to the side of the carrier plate 117 ' prevent the solution from flowing away laterally from the carrier plate 117 '.

FIG. 10a) and b) shows cross-sections through two forms of exporting approximately distillation apparatus 300; 300 ', as can be used in the sixth exemplary embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 7 in a helical arrangement. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 10 a), an evaporator device 301 and a condenser device 302 'are arranged in a common envelope 305 '. Between the evaporator device 301 and the condenser device 302 'a partition 307 is arranged which, together with the casing 305 ', defines the flow path for the flow carrying the vaporized liquid. The evaporator device 301 is formed by one (or more) vertically aligned evaporator element 309 , which in the embodiment shown is formed by a double-walled plate. On the surface of the evaporator element 309 , layers of a wettable tile 111 are arranged on both sides, which serve to evenly distribute the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated onto the evaporator element 309 . On the upper face and running parallel to this, a distributor tube 308 is formed, which serves to supply the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated and to distribute it through the distributor openings on the side to the wettable fleece 111 . The evaporator element 309 is flowed through in the longitudinal direction by the heat transfer medium. The condenser device 302 'is formed by a number of heat exchanger tubes 312 which are arranged one above the other and parallel to one another and through which the heat transfer medium flows in each case in the longitudinal direction of the condenser device 302 '. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 10b), the evaporator device 301 "is formed by a wettable fleece 311 ", which is provided on the underside of an envelope 305 with a rectangular cross section. The condenser device 302 "consists of a plurality of condenser elements 310 " which are arranged parallel to one another and which, in the exemplary embodiment shown, are formed by double web plates through which the heat transfer medium flows in the longitudinal direction. One side and the underside of the condenser device 302 "is delimited by an L-shaped partition 307 , the lower, horizontally extending leg 307 'of a collecting device 306 " for the distillate flowing off from the condenser elements 310 "is formed. Between the underside of the Capacitor device 302 "forming capacitor elements 310 " and the collecting device for the distillate 306 ", ie the horizontal angle of the partition 307 is a sufficient space provided to allow the sinking flow between the capacitor elements 310 " downward to exit and laterally from the right to the top of the evaporator device 301 "forming wettable tile 311 ". The flow runs across the tile 311 "and then rises laterally between the housing 305 and the vertical leg of the partition 307 to the top of the Capacitor elements 310 "to be distributed.

FIG. 11a) and b) show cross-sectional views through two embodiments of the distillation apparatus as the sixth embodiment shown 7 may be used in a helical arrangement corresponding to that in Fig., In which case the distillation apparatus 300 by a sleeve 305 'of circular cross section, so are surrounded in the form of a tube. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 11 a), the evaporator device 301 and the condenser device 302 each consist of vertically aligned elements which are formed by double-wall sheets. In between is also a vertically aligned partition 307 is arranged. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 11b), the evaporator device 301 "is formed by a layer of a wettable tile 311 " which is arranged in the lower region of the tubular housing 305 'in the longitudinal direction thereof and on which the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated flows in the longitudinal direction of the distillation device 300 . The condenser device 302 "is formed by a heat exchanger tube in the center of the distillation device 300 , underneath which an element 307 " is arranged, which at the same time is a partition between the evaporator device 301 "and the condenser device 302 " and a collecting device for the device at the condenser device 302 "forms condensed liquid. Cooling fins 322 can be arranged on the heat exchanger tube forming the evaporator device 302 ".

FIG. 11c) to e) are side views of cut from a heat exchanger tube, as can be det but for which USAGE in Fig. Condenser device 11B) to other heat exchanger tubes of capacitor devices formed. In Fig. 11c) a smooth heat exchanger tube 302 a is shown. Fig. 11d) shows a heat exchanger tube 302 b, which is provided with cooling fins 321 , which are formed by the Rohrwan extension itself. Finally, in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 11e), the heat exchanger tube 302 c has disc-shaped cooling fins 322 .

In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS . 4a) and b), 5a) and b), 7a) and b), 10a) and b), and 11a), the partition wall 107 or 207 or 307 between the evaporator device 101 or 201 or 301 and the capacitor device 102 or 202 or 302 can also be omitted. The function of the distillation device is also guaranteed, but with free convection, the buoyancy forces due to the missing "chimney effect" and thus probably the efficiency of the distillation device will be smaller.

Claims (46)

1. A method for distilling a liquid substance from a solution, in which the liquid substance is supplied with heat by means of a heat carrier at a higher temperature on an evaporator surface ( 103 ; 103 ';203;303; 303 ') having an evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') is evaporated, transported to a condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') having a condenser surface ( 104 ; 104 ';204;304; 304 ') and released is condensed by heat to a heat transfer medium at a lower temperature on the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 '), the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') are in each case extended in a longitudinal direction and extend between a first end (A) with a higher temperature and a second end (B) with a lower temperature and the heat transfer medium is Ver steaming device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') flows through from the first end (A) to the second end (B) and the heat transfer medium flows through the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') from the second earth (B) to the first end (A), characterized that the evaporated substance is guided in a flow which flows through the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') substantially transversely to the longitudinal direction , The mass transport of the vaporized substance in each case from areas (A _V ) of high temperature of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to areas (A _K ) of high temperature of the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') or from areas (C _V ) of low temperature of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to areas (C _K ) of low temperature of the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') or areas of medium temperature (B _V ) of the evaporator device g ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to regions of medium temperature (Er) of the capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 '). 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the flow of the vaporized substance in a closed loop on a first path (I) from the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is guided and from the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') to the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') is performed. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the heat transfer medium flows through the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 101 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') in countercurrent, and that the flow leading the vaporized substance in cross flow through the Verdampferein direction ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 '; 202 ) is guided. 4. The method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the longitudinal direction of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 '; 201 ) and condenser device ( 102 ; 102 '; 202 ) is substantially horizontal. 5. The method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the longitudinal direction of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') inclined extends to the horizontal direction, the first end (A) being arranged higher than the second end (B). 6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the flow of the evaporated material transversely to the longitudinal direction horizontally or vertically through the Verdampfereinrich device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') or the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is performed. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the heat carrier flows substantially in the longitudinal direction through the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and / or the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') are performed. 8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the transport of the vaporized material takes place by free convection of a flow, the temperature difference between the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is driven. 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the heat transfer medium within the evaporator device (101; 101 '; 201 301; 301') and / or the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is zigzag or meandering. 10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the heat transfer medium within the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and / or the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is performed in several parallel parts. 11. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized characterized in that the vaporized substance in a respect to the Inert gas, especially air or nitrogen, is transported. 12. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the heat transfer medium after receiving the condensation heat on the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') by means of an external heat source (Q _E ) to higher temperature brought and the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') is supplied. 13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the heat transfer medium in a substantially closed circuit between the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') and the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') is circulated. 14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the external heat source (Q _E ) is gebil det by solar energy, the heat carrier absorbing solar radiation energy from a solar collector device ( 121 ). 15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the heat transfer medium after leaving the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') for the emission of waste heat (Q _A ) cooled or mixed with colder heat transfer medium and the capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is supplied. 16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the heat carrier is a liquid different from the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated and in the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and in the condensation device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') by liquid-impermeable, but heat-conducting walls ( 119 ; 119 ';219; 219 ';319; 319 ') from the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated ge separated becomes. 17. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the heat transfer medium is the liquid solution containing the liquid substance to be evaporated itself and in the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 '; 201 ) at least partially via the evaporator surface ( 103 ; 103 '; 203 ) is performed, a portion of the liquid substance being evaporated from the liquid solution. 18. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized characterized in that the method for distilling water from sea water or brackish water.   19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized characterized in that the method for concentrating in a liquid, especially water, dissolved pollutants serves. 20. Device for distilling a liquid substance from a solution, with an evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') through which a heat carrier flows and which has an evaporator surface ( 103 ; 103 ';203;303; 303 '), where the liquid substance is supplied with heat by the. Heat carrier is evaporated, and with a flow through a heat carrier, a condenser surface ( 104 ; 104 ';204;304; 304 ') having condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 '), on which the liquid substance under Release of heat to the heat transfer medium is condensed, with a device ( 106 ; 206 ; 306 ) arranged on the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') for collecting the condensed liquid substance, and with an evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the capacitor ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') enclosing envelope ( 105 ; 205 ; 305 ), which has a flow path for a flow transporting the vaporized substance between evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') forms, the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ' ) and the capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 '; 20 2 ; 302 ; 302 ') are each elongated structures, each having a first end (A) with a higher temperature and a second end (B) with a lower temperature, the heat carrier carrying the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;302; 301 ') flows through from the first end (A) to the second end (B) and the heat carrier flows through the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') from the second end (B) to the first end (A), thereby characterized in that a flow path is provided for the flow of the vaporized substance, which is in the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') runs essentially transversely to the longitudinal extent thereof, the mass transport of the vaporized substance in each case from regions (A _V ) of high temperature of the evaporator device to regions of high temperature of the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') and from regions (C _V ) low temperature of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to areas (C _K ) of low temperature of the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') and from areas of medium temperature (B _V ) the evaporator device caution ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to regions of medium temperature (B _K ) of the capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 '). 21. The apparatus according to claim 20, characterized in that means are provided in order to flow the vaporized material in a closed loop on a first path (I) from the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') Condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 '), and on a second path (II) separated from the first path from the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') back to the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 '). 22. Apparatus according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that between the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') a partition ( 107 ; 207 ; 307 ) is arranged, wherein the means for moving the vaporized material in a closed loop on the first path (I) from the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') and on the second path (II) separated from the first path (I) from the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') back to the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') to be formed by the partition ( 107 ; 207 ; 307 ) around which the flow is guided. 23. The apparatus of claim 20, 21 or 22, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') each have elongated structures and are essentially parallel to one another, the first end (A) of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the first end (A) of the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is adjacent and the second end (B) of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') is adjacent to the second end (B) of the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 '). 24. The device according to claim 23, characterized in that the covering the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 '; 201 ) and the capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 '; 202 ) ( 105 ; 205 ; 305 ) an elongated and substantially parallel to Longitudinal extension to the evaporator or condenser direction has shape. 25. The device according to claim 24, characterized in that the covering ( 105 ; 205 ; the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') 'and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') enclosing. 305 ) has a rectangular or circular cross section. 26. The device according to any one of claims 20 to 25, characterized in that the envelope enclosing the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') 105 ; 205 ; 305 ) forms a flow path for the flow carrying the evaporated substance in the form of a closed loop and defines a first path (I) along which the flow from the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') is led to the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 '), and defines a second path (II) which is separate from the first path (I) and on which the flow from the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') is again led to the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 '). 27. The apparatus according to claim 26, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and / or the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') flow paths extending transversely to the longitudinal direction have, through which the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') or the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') are flowed through from a first side to a second side and are each pieces of the flow path leading the vaporized substance in the form of a closed loop. 28. The apparatus according to claim 26 or 27, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ') and the capacitor gate device ( 102 ; 102 ') are straight, elongated, parallel to each other structures. 29. The device according to claim 28, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 '; 201 ) and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 '; 202 ) are arranged with their longitudinal extent substantially horizontally. 30. The apparatus according to claim 28, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 '; 201 ) and the capacitor gate device ( 102 ; 102 '; 202 ) are arranged with their longitudinal extent in a direction obliquely to the horizontal direction, which is first, the higher temperature is at the pointing end (A) above. 31. The device according to claim 26 or 27, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 301 ; 301 ') and the capacitor Toreinrichtung ( 302 ; 302 ') and the envelope enclosing this ( 305 ; 305 ') wound helically around a vertical axis are arranged, the first end (A) of the evaporator device ( 301 ; 301 ') and condenser device ( 302 ; 302 ') having the higher temperature being located at the top. 32. Device according to one of claims 20 to 31, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 101 ; 201 ';301; 301 ') and the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';302; 302 ') are arranged next to each other, the Verdampferein direction has substantially vertically aligned Verdampferflä surfaces where the solution containing the liquid to be evaporated flows vertically downward under the action of gravity, and the flow path for the flow leading the evaporated material from bottom to top through the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';301; 301 ') and from top to bottom through the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';302; 302 ') and in between the top of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';301; 301 ') with the top of the Capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 ';302; 302 ') connects and the bottom of the capacitor device ( 102 ; 102 ';302; 302 ') with the bottom of the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';301; 301 ') connects. 33. The device as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 31, that the evaporator means (201) and the capacitor means (202) are arranged one above the other extend, said evaporator means (201) comprises a substantially horizon tal aligned evaporator surfaces (203) on which the solution containing the liquid substance to be evaporated flows along and the flow path for the flow carrying the evaporated substance runs essentially horizontally and transversely to the longitudinal extent through the evaporator device ( 201 ) and from top to bottom through the condenser device ( 202 ), and the Side on which the flow exits the evaporator device ( 201 ) connects to the top of the capacitor device ( 202 ) and connects the bottom of the capacitor device ( 202 ) to the side of the evaporator device ( 201 ) on which the flow into the Evaporator device ( 201 ) occurs. 34. Device according to one of claims 20 to 33, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') and / or the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') by a Number of plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ; 309 ; 110 ; 210 ; 310 ) through which the heat transfer medium flows and is arranged in parallel is formed. 35. Apparatus according to claim 34, characterized in that the plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ; 309 ) forming the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') are arranged vertically or horizontally. 36. Apparatus according to claim 34, characterized in that the plate-shaped elements ( 110 ; 210 ; 310 ) forming the capacitor device ( 102 ; 202 ; 302 ) are arranged vertically. 37. Apparatus according to claim 35, characterized in that the plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ' , 309 ) forming the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') are arranged vertically, and that on their upper side there is a direction the longitudinal extension of the plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ; 309 ) extending device ( 108 ; 208 ; 308 ) is provided for uniform distribution of the liquid to be evaporated on the surface of the plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ; 309 ). 38. Apparatus according to claim 37, characterized in that the device for distributing the liquid to be evaporated is formed by tubes ( 108 ; 208 ; 308 ) which extend along the top of the plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ; 309 ) and openings ( 116 ) to exit the liquid on the surface of the plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ; 309 ). 39. Apparatus according to claim 37, characterized in that the plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ) forming the evaporator device ( 101 '; 201 ) are arranged horizontally, and in that means for distributing the liquid to be evaporated are provided on the surfaces of the plates. 40. Apparatus according to claim 37, 38 or 39, characterized in that on the surfaces of the evaporator device (101; 101'201;301; 301 ') forming plate-shaped elements ( 109 ; 209 ; 309 ) a flow layer ( 111 ; 111 ') is arranged from a well wettable material, which keeps the liquid to be evaporated evenly distributed on the surface of the Verdampferein direction (101; 101'201;301; 301 '). 41. Device according to one of claims 20 to 40, characterized in that the evaporator device has liquid-impermeable but heat-conducting walls, by means of which the heat carrier is kept separate from the solution containing the liquid substance to be evaporated, and means ( 108 ; 208 ; 308 ) for supplying and distributing the liquid to be evaporated to the surface of the evaporator device (101; 101 '201;301;301') are provided, the liquid being separated from the heat carrier flowing through the evaporator device. 42. Device according to one of claims 20 to 40, characterized characterized in that means are provided to the in the Ver steamer device (101; 101 '201; 301; 301') ver as heat transfer medium turned and containing the liquid to be evaporated to distribute on the surface of the evaporator device.   43. Device according to one of claims 20 to 42, characterized in that the condenser device (102 '302') and / or the evaporator device ( 101 ) is formed by tubes ( 102 '; 302 '). 44. Device according to one of claims 20 to 43, characterized in that an essentially closed circuit is provided, in which the heat transfer medium between the condenser device ( 102 ; 102 ';202;302; 302 ') and the evaporator device ( 101 ; 101 ';201;301; 301 ') is circulated. 45. Device according to one of claims 31 to 44, characterized in that within the helical arrangement of evaporator device ( 301 ; 301 ') and condenser device ( 302 ; 302 ') a storage container ( 315 ) for holding the evaporator device ( 301 ; 301 ' ) heat transfer medium to be supplied is provided at high temperature. 46. Apparatus according to claim 45, characterized in that the evaporator device ( 301 ; 301 ') and the capacitor device ( 302 ; 302 ') with their sheath ( 305 ; 305 ') and the storage container ( 315 ) se in a common insulating housing 314 is arranged.