DE19905131A1 - Building material, especially for building elements or for mortars and plasters, is based on mechanically activated fine silicate-containing material particles - Google Patents

Abstract

A building material is based on mechanically activated fine silicate-containing material particles. A building material contains \-50 wt.% of a silicate-containing material of less than 0.1 mm particle size which has been mechanically pre-activated by washing with coarse particles of more than 0.1 mm particle size. Independent claims are also included for the following: (i) production of the above building material; and (ii) a building element produced by the above process and comprising mechanically activated silicate-containing material and binder.

Description

The invention relates to a building material and component and to methods for their production the preambles of claims 1, 14 and 22.

Different requirements are placed on building materials and components. You should be at low manufacturing costs and proven long-term usability depending on the intended Purpose of use in particular the requirements of statics, fire safety, thermal conductivity ability, impact sound insulation as well as ecological and building physiological requirements chen. There are increasing demands on building materials and building elements that increase human well-being. A particularly suitable building material is clay its manifold building physiological advantages.

DE 41 32 009 A1 describes a building material consisting of a dry mixture of clay as a binder with sawdust and shavings as heat insulators, with chopped straw as Fiber reinforcement, a small amount of cement as hardener and a small amount of gypsum as Setting accelerator and water. The building material is pumpable and sprayable and is used in the body shop applied to a suitable plaster base. The job is supposed to be a homogeneous clay coating form.

DE 41 40 093 A1 also discloses the production of light clay blocks made of straw and Clay. The light clay brick is made with little water and extensive chopping and pelleting of the raw materials. The advantages of earth building are said to be with those of brick construction.

DE 195 42 593 A1 discloses a method for preparing clay for production Earth building tiles and other earth building elements as well as a heat-storing earth building tile known. The process involves fermentation for one to several days after mixing Water and the mixing in of organic components ahead.  

In order to achieve certain properties for building materials and building elements, especially for reinforcement To achieve within components, clay has for example been used as Ar straw, reeds, coconut fibers, sisal fibers, grain chaff and other natural substances mixed in different states and lengths. These are admixtures essentially organic waste or by-products.

However, with the use of organic natural substances in components, there is also one There are a number of disadvantages. On the one hand, some of the organic products do not combine with the surrounding raw materials or binders, so that the required pressure and Bending / tensile strength is usually not given, and on the other hand, the use of or ganic waste products when exposed to moisture on the finished component to Verrot signs of decay and putrefaction.

Swiss patents 182 058 and 182 059 from 1936 already include be became known that by impregnation of pulp or fiber material binder stick to the fibers or particles adhering to the fibers coagulate on them themselves become. This fact has been used again in recent times in order to signs of rotting and putrefaction of components provided with organic fiber material to avoid. For example, PCT / EP93 / 01413 describes an insulation material in which by means of pressure impregnation of a moist mass, which among other things also consists of shredded lum pen and / or shredded straw, a higher moisture resistance should be given.

DE 195 41 119 C1 describes a method for producing a light clay plate, which is characterized in that straw is crushed in a known manner in several stages by chopping and grinding and then mixed in a pan mill with the earth-moist, grated clay. The further simultaneous crushing and mixing of the rolled clay-straw mixture then takes place in a roller system and in a twin-shaft mixer. The now largely homogeneous clay-straw fiber mixture is pressed in an extruder to form an endless strand with a defined width and height. The subject of this patent is also a lightweight clay building board consisting of 47 to 70 parts by weight of bentonite or bentonite-like clays with a binding force of at least 250 g per cm ² and a high final strength, 10 to 35 parts by weight of straw with a fiber length of 0.5 to 35 mm, 17 to 19 parts by weight of water or an aqueous sodium water glass solution with a sodium water glass to water ratio of 1:15 to 1:25.

In addition to the use of organic waste and waste materials in the manufacture of building materials and components have also been known to find inorganic waste products and waste waste materials such as ashes are used as binders, fillers or additives. The gypsum industry is increasingly using flue gas desulphurization waste as a raw material for Building materials. The brick and tile industry endeavors to incorporate sewage sludge into building materials.

The disadvantages of the known components and building materials are very different. Some know do not have sufficient moisture resistance, the others do not meet the required requirements dimensions and do not contribute to the building physics and building physiology requirements in promoting human wellbeing in building shells, or are not considered to be more ecological Classify building material, that is, they are not in the natural cycle in the event of disposal traceable. The known components and building materials are jointly liable Lack of, they are costly to manufacture. Long transport routes for the exit materials and elaborate treatment processes as well as high energy consumption make the Pro more expensive products. Known components and building materials using ash, sewage sludge and Waste from the flue gas desulphurization is only after in certain circumstances Years of outgassing are not without problems.

It is therefore an object of the invention to dispose of waste materials and by-products which are expensive to dispose of Products can be used as main components for the production of building materials and components the building physics and building physiology requirements for the intended purposes meet the requirements of these building materials and building elements of this type, are moisture-resistant, promote human well-being, disposed of easily and for the same purpose purposes can be reprocessed. Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to manufacture a to propose a treatment process with which the previously expensive waste to be disposed of Fe and by-products are processed and processed into building materials and components.

According to the invention, this task with the in the characterizing part of the claims 1, 15 and 28 solved features, the features of the invention except from the Claims 1, 15 and 28 also emerge from the subclaims and from the description hen, the individual features alone or in groups in the form of sub-combination formations of the components represent advantageous protectable products and applications for which protection is requested with this writing.  

Slurrable fine silicate structures with a grain size <0.063 mm are considered mortar-damaging Liche constituents of aggregates for the construction industry because they shrink, swell and Fe Impermissibly influence the stability values. For this reason, various standards set limits values for the content of these fine structures in main components and aggregates. At for example, a value of <4% by weight was fixed in DIN 4226 Part 1. So it turns out for Mortar aggregate producers the task of separating the required construction sands and gravel of the finest components. This treatment is carried out using suitable washing systems. In effective working gravel washers, the wash water used is circulated. It chemical aids are used for this purpose to control the sedimentation accelerate and economically enable the separation of solids from the water. The This process is ended by sedimentation tanks, centrifuges or chamber filter presses. The Ab Sludge products have so far been a non-usable fraction for the construction industry but occurs in orders of magnitude worldwide.

It was found that these wastes or settling and blowdown products from Bo washing plants, gravel washing plants and concrete aggregate washing plants with appropriate preparation act as a starting material and the highest mass fraction for the production of building materials and Components are suitable. Non-contaminated waste products from a wide variety of washing systems are the starting material for the production of building materials and components according to the invention. Each Depending on the type of extraction and the extraction location, there is a corresponding sludge as the starting material available for the production of building materials and components. A chemical and physi This is based on a calic analysis and an examination based on environmental hygiene criteria position for the pretreatment cycle to make the material suitable for building materials. In the following The process steps for the production of building materials and components and described these themselves.

To carry out the process for the production of the building material according to the invention with portions of mineral fine constituents, mortar-damaging, slurrable fine silicate structures, resulting as a by-product in gravel, concrete aggregate, mortar aggregate and soil washing plants, with at least a volume fraction of 75%, a grain size of ≦ 0.063 mm processed as the main component in the following technological steps:

• a) Weathering phase with mechanical and / or chemical and / or biological Activation of the main component
• b) Beading in connection with mechanical activation of the main component
• c) Fine rolling in connection with mechanical activation and homogenization of the main ingredient
• d) mixing with the addition of
  • - Water
  • - hydraulic binders of mineral origin
  • - 0.2 to 15 parts by weight of inorganic, organic and / or one or more biological additives
  • - and optionally adding up to 25 parts by weight of finely shredded wood fibers and / or wood chips
• e) separation of the batch of mix to buffer and ripen the mix
• f) pre-compression and homogenization of the mix
• g) pressing the mixture and shaping it into a structural component strand
• h) cutting the molding strand into segments
• i) Drying the segments
• j) trimming the segments into components.

It is within the scope of the invention, after process step c) "fine rolling", the resultant Intermediate product to dry and to clean, glue, spatula, screed and molds for Re to process and hollow body. According to the invention, it is provided during the process step d) "mixing" other fibers, for example glass fibers, polypropylene fibers, coconut fibers, Add sisal or hemp fibers to the mix. Hydraulic binders are used with 3 to 20 parts by weight, preferably as cement and / or lime and / or gypsum and / or ash admitted.

The fiber length and the fiber diameter depend on the type of fibers used. So For example, for wood fibers, a fiber length of up to 20 mm with a diameter of up to provided to 3 mm.  

The main constituent of the building material produced by this process consists of mortar harmful, slurried fine silicate structures, which are used as blowdown and / or ab washing products can be obtained from gravel, concrete aggregate and / or floor washing systems. The Fine silicate structures are in the main component of the building material with 75% with a grain size of <0.063 mm included. The main component of the building material is mechanical and / or biological and / or have been surface-activated chemically, and will be used during manufacture In addition to hydraulic binders, other additives are added to the process, especially additives to improve the processability of the mix and secure the desired building material properties, such as high molecular weight polyelectrolytes, silica, soda, high polymer polywax se, glycol, alkolates, glycerin, casein, urea, sugar derivatives, tanin, lignin, whey, manure u. a. These additives of inorganic and organic origin are depending on the nature of the mortar-damaging, slurrable fine silicate structures and the desired building material interchangeable and are added individually or in combination.

From the building material according to the invention, components, fire protection agents, adhesives, heat insulation and impact sound insulation or from its intermediate products plasters, adhesives, spatulas, Screeds and molds made for relief and hollow bodies.

In order to significantly expand the application of components, the invention proposes seen the process steps outlined by edge profiling of the components, grinding to expand their surface and / or surface coating. The components are from plate-shaped, cubic, cylindrical, strip, angular and panel-shaped shape, can Have voids and profiled surfaces.

The invention is illustrated below using several exemplary embodiments:

example 1

According to the waste products from aggregate washing plants with subsequently in described individual physical and chemical properties used.

The waste products are defined according to their mineral contents, which are mainly in quartz, Divide feldspar, calcite and clay minerals. The clay minerals are divided into  Three-layer clay minerals and two-layer clay minerals. The cation exchange is also used here like. In addition, the grain size distribution of the waste products is determined.

Our own knowledge, confirmed by various studies, showed that mineral Very fine constituents of concrete aggregate washing systems due to their high specific Washing process also activated surfaces have a specific high reactivity Zen. Ideally, direct processing without the aid of high molecular weight Polyelectrolytes possible. Simple practical laboratory tests make it possible to carry out an Ent to make a decision on the chemical pretreatment that may be required. Usually is this is only necessary once for each source of supply of waste products.

A storage of the raw material as the future main component of the building material in the Ensures adequate mechanical decomposition due to changing humidity and Temperatures. The raw material is weathered. With the ingress of water or water steam in the starting material is a so-called pre-activation. This is done once by mecha nically through decomposition and comminution and secondly through biological activation. Wed Croorganisms and algae break down organic components of the starting material into humic acids and increase the binding forces considerably with the existing structure of the starting material. Like this with mechanical as well as biological activation there is a certain opening closure of the starting material and a decomposition process of structures such. B. of mica and quartz conglomerates.

After this so-called weathering phase, the raw material is made using the appropriate technology conveyed, for example, into a box feeder with a coarse crumbling roller. About Known To the starting material is converted into a pan mill in roughly earth-moist condition brings and high molecular weight polyelectrolytes are added. Using known col ler technology, larger constituents still present in the starting material are placed on one of the The existing sieve plate was broken to a maximum grain size of 10 mm.

However, the essential task of beating is that mainly in the raw material to subject existing fine components to a further mechanical activation and the effective potentials over the particle surface to a technologically-specific optimum offset. If necessary, water is preferred to the starting material in the pan mill wise rainwater.  

Coarser components that are still present are added in a subsequent to the pan mill Fine rolling mill crushed to a maximum grain size of one millimeter. Depending on the grain size The size and proportions of coarser constituents in the raw material become several fine rolling mills arranged one after the other and so there is a gradual crushing of coarser components and at the same time a further mechanical activation was achieved. In the fine rolling mill next to the crushing of any coarse constituents still present a homogenization of the end brought about. The now completely homogeneously mixed starting material is fed to a batch mixer. Mixing is done with the addition of water preferably rainwater, hydraulic binders of mineral origin, preferably ze ment and / or ash, 0.2 to 3 parts by weight of additives, preferably high polymer Poly waxes to improve the processing ability of the mix and secure it desired building material properties, inorganic additives, preferably silica and / or Soda, and glycol and / or alkolates as well as sugar derivatives and optionally up to 25 weight share finely shredded wood fibers and / or wood chips. The compulsory batch mixer must be off sufficient shear forces are transferred to the mix to ensure optimal agglomeration guess and cause conglomerates. Furthermore, depending on the nature and composition of the starting material and depending on the desired building materials For example, temporary binders and methyl cellulose are added.

For example, a frost and dew-stable thermal insulation board with a dry bulk density (28 d) of 0.9 kg / dm ³ with a standard compressive strength (28 d) of 6 N / mm ² , a standard tensile strength (28 d) of 3 N / mm ² and one To obtain thermal conductivity of 0.2 W / mK without loss of mass or a compressive and bending tensile strength of up to 80 cycles / 12 h from -30 ° C to + 30 ° C, 90 parts of washing off fine material from a concrete aggregate are used in the batch mixer washing plant as starting material 10 parts of cement mixed sustainably with water (with a water-solid ratio of 0.45), 20 parts of finely shredded wood chips (based on the starting material-cement mixture) added. Only after sufficient mixing of the hydraulic binders and additives with the starting material are the wood chips in a fiber length of up to 10 mm and a diameter of about 0.3 mm to 2 mm added. The addition of these fibers essentially serves to increase the standard bending tensile strength and to reduce the material density of the end product. Wood chips are preferred for certain purposes over the addition of straw fibers, because on the one hand wood chips have a higher standard tensile strength and on the other hand they do not tend to mold like straw, because it has been shown that even impregnated straw fibers due to mechanical stress and the associated abrasion during of the manufacturing process still tend to rot and mold to a small extent. Instead of wood chips or a part of these, other fibers, in particular glass fibers, polypropylene fibers, coconut, hemp or sisal fibers, can also be added.

After thorough mixing, the batch is emptied out of the batch mixer. A phase of buffering follows the passage through the batch mixer calm and maturity of the mix. The calming or buffering phase of the mix lasts as long as a new batch was added in the previous technology step was mixed. Overall, however, the technology is coordinated with one another in such a way that closing process steps are continuously supplied with the mix.

The mix is pre-compressed and homogenized in a pre-press. Which follows ß working press is divided into a pre-press stage with double shafts known per se mixing system and the actual press in the form of a screw press. Through this, the Mixed material is pressed into a subsequent press head for final shaping. To the For better compaction and to achieve a smooth surface of the mold the components can be used for shaping after the prepress stage under vacuum work.

The exchangeable press head of the working press gives the component the desired contour or the inner plate shape (air channels). Is the production speed of the by the ar mix to be conveyed constantly, this results in a plate production speed depending on the panel cross-sectional area. The usual production speed lies in the range between 4 and 15 running meters per minute.

After the press head of the working press, the molded component arrives on a roller conveyor. By means of a moving cutting device, a segment is made from the continuous molding strand separated and preferably on a conveyor belt stabilized at higher speeds transported on a subsequent roller conveyor. So-called called blank carrier inserted, which take up the individual cut segments and thus serve as a transport and at the same time as a dry pallet.  

Sufficiently spaced apart, the moldings dry within two to six days depending on the ambient temperature and ambient humidity. With technical Drying, i.e. forced heating, is drying in about six hours give.

Following the drying process, the molding is cut to the desired length cut the desired molded parts. The sections are cut up accordingly fed back to the starting material.

For particularly demanding purposes, the moldings are used as a surface subjected to the action using an abrasive belt machine. The grinding dust can lead to new ones Building materials are processed.

With a corresponding design with channels and extending in the longitudinal direction of the moldings Depending on the dimensioning of the channels in the components, the components are used for Wall, ceiling and floor construction. The finished elements for floor heating are special tongue by the underfloor heating through the channel-like profiles in the components is passed through, and provided with appropriate profiles as a holder for Leitun suitable for the media transport.

Example 2

Using the process steps listed in Example 1, it is within the scope of the invention to produce a frost- and thaw-stable light board with the following characteristics:
In this example, washing products and cement are used as the main component for the production of the board.

90 parts of activated mineral fine components with a low water content are made a concrete washer with 10 parts cement (e.g. CEM I 42.5 R) and water ver mixes. The water / solids ratio should be 0.38. This mass is 12.5 Parts (based on the raw material-cement mixture) wood chips of the type described above mixed.

A lightweight board with a dry bulk density (28 d) of 1 kg / dm ³ is made from this material with the following parameters: standard compressive strength (28 d) of 6 N / mm ² and a standard tensile strength (28 d) of 3 N / mm ² without Loss of mass or a pressure and bending tensile strength up to 80 cycles / 12 h at temperatures from -30 ° C to + 30 ° C.

Example 3

Using the process steps listed in Example 1, it is within the scope of the invention to produce a frost and thaw stable component in the form of a prism of high flexural strength with the following characteristics:
Mineral washing-off fines are again used as the main component for the production of the component in this example. There are 65 parts of the mechanically activated starting material with little water content from a concrete aggregate washing system with 23 parts of clay with little water content and 12 parts of cement mixed with water so that a water / solids ratio of 0.40 arises. This mass is mixed with 6.2 parts (based on the starting material-clay-cement mixture) short-cut coconut fibers with a length of 0.5 to 3 cm.

A prism with the following parameters is made from this material: dry bulk density (28 d) 1.2 kg / dm ³ ; Standard compressive strength (28 d) 7.5 N / mm ² ; Bending tensile strength of 7.5 N / mm ² . At temperatures from -30 ° C to + 30 ° C, such a component has a compressive and bending tensile strength without loss of mass up to 80 cycles / 12 h.

Example 4

Using the process steps listed in Example 1, it is within the scope of the invention to produce a frost- and thaw-stable component in the form of a cube of high compressive strength with the following characteristics:
As the main component for the production of the cube, a starting material is used in this example that is particularly marl-containing. There are 85 parts of the chemically and biologically activated starting material with little water content from a concrete aggregate washing system, mixed with 15 parts of cement and water. The water / solids ratio is 0.25. A cube with a standard compressive strength of 48 N / mm ^{2 is} made from this material using an extrusion press. At temperatures from -30 ° C to + 30 ° C, such a cube has a compressive and bending tensile strength without loss of mass up to 80 cycles / 12 h.

Example 5

Using the process steps listed in Example 1, it is in the range of Er to produce a building material that can be used as interior dry plaster. As the main component for In this example, the production of the internal dry plaster is made from a washing-up product Concrete aggregate washer and cement used. 85 parts of a particularly mechanical ak tivated raw material with little water content are with 10 parts of mine clay, 5 parts Cement and mixed with rainwater. The water / solids ratio should be 0.25 This mass is mixed with 0.7 parts (based on the mineral mixture) of wood shavings sets and mixed well.

The interior plaster has the following parameters: dry bulk density (28 d) of 1.6 kg / dm ³ ; Standard compressive strength (28 d) 3.0 N / mm ² , standard bending tensile strength (28 d) of 1.4 N / mm ² and with a reversible water absorption and decrease of 30 M .-%.

Claims (32)

1. Building material with proportions of fine mineral constituents, characterized in that the building material contains mortar-damaging, slurrable fine silicate cat structures as the main constituent. 2. Building material according to claim 1, characterized in that the fine silicate structures from slurry and / or washing products from gravel, concrete aggregate and / or floor washing plants are. 3. Building material according to claim 1, characterized in that the main component 50 parts by weight is contained in the finished product. 4. Building material according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that Feinsili cat structures with a grain size of 0.063 mm at least to a volume proportion of 75% are contained in the main component. 5. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that the main component contains traces of sedimentation aids. 6. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, thereby ge indicates that the particles of the main component are partly mechanical and / or are biologically and / or chemically surface activated. 7. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that the building material hydraulic binders of mineral origin, preferably contains cement and / or lime and / or gypsum.   8. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that the building material contains inorganic additives, preferably silica and / or soda. 9. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that the building material fillers, preferably brick powder and / or stone flour, contains. 10. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that the building material organic additives, preferably glycol and / or Alkolate and / or glycerin contains. 11. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that the building material preferably one or more biological additives Casein, urea, sugar derivatives, tannin, lignin compounds, whey, molasses, Liquid manure, wood chips and / or wood fibers. 12. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that rainwater is added to the building material during its manufacture has been. 13. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, thereby ge indicates that components, fire protection agents, adhesives, thermal insulation and impact soundproofing agents as well as molds for relief and hollow bodies can be produced. 14. Building material according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized ge indicates that the main constituent is ≧ 25 parts by weight in the finished product is to be kept and plasters can be produced therefrom.   15. A method for producing a building material with parts of mineral Feinbe components as characterized in the preceding claims 1 to 13, characterized in that mortar-damaging, slurried fine silicate structures, resulting as a product in gravel, concrete aggregate, mortar aggregate and floor washing systems, with at least a volume fraction of 75% with a grain size of 0.063 mm as the main component for the production of a building material in the following technological steps:

• a) Weathering phase with mechanical and / or chemical and / or biological activation of the main component
• b) Beading in connection with mechanical activation of the main component
• c) Fine rolling in connection with mechanical activation and homogenization of the main component
• d) mixing with the addition of
  • - Water
  • - hydraulic binders of mineral origin
  • - 0.2 to 15 parts by weight of additives to improve the processability of the mix and ensure desired building material properties
  • - inorganic additives
  • - organic additives
  • - one or more biological additives
  • - and optionally adding up to 25 parts by weight of finely shredded wood fibers and / or wood chips
• e) separation of the batch of mix to buffer and ripen the mix
• f) pre-compression and homogenization of the mix
• g) pressing the mixture and shaping it into a structural component strand
• h) cutting the molding strand into segments
• i) Drying the segments
• j) trimming the segments into components.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that depending on the nature of the mortar-damaging, slurrable fine silicate structures to be added organic, organic and biological additives can be used interchangeably are. 17. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that during the process step "b) rolling" and / or during process step "d) mixing" water, preferably rainwater, and additives, preferably high molecular weight polyelectro lyte, can be added. 18. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that during the process step "d) mixing" glass fibers, polypropylene fibers, coconut, sisal or hemp fibers be added to the mix. 19. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that during the process step "d) mixing" as a hydraulic binder cement and / or lime and / or Gypsum and / or ash in a proportion of 3 to 20 parts by weight who added the. 20. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that during the process step "d) mixing" stone powder and / or brick powder added as filler become. 21. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that during the process step "d) mixing" as inorganic additives, preferably silica and / or So be added there. 22. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that during the process step "d) mixing" as organic additives, preferably high polymer poly waxes and / or glycol and / or alkolates and / or glycerin are added.   23. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that during the process step "d) mixing" one or more biological additives, preferably casein, Urea, sugar derivatives, tanin, lignin compounds, whey, molasses and / or gül le, are added. 24. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the finely comminuted Wood fibers and / or wood chips preferably in a fiber length of up to 20 mm and a diameter of up to 3 mm can be added. 25. The method according to one or more of claims 15 to 24, characterized in that after the method step "j) trimming the segments to form components" further method steps

• 1. Edge profiling of the elements and / or
• 2. grinding the surface and / or
• 3. Surface coating

connect. 26. The method according to one or more of claims 15 to 24, characterized in net that after process step "c) fine rolling ..." the intermediate project received product is dried and used for cleaning, gluing, spatulas, screeds and molds for Relief and hollow body is processed. 27. The method according to one or more of claims 15 to 26, characterized in net that residues from the implementation of the process and use of building materials in ge ground state returned to the starting material at the beginning of the technology become or a new building material, preferably for the production of spatulas and / or glue and / or molds for relief and hollow bodies are processed. 28. Components with parts of mineral fine components, manufactured according to Method according to claims 15 to 27 from the building material as in the preceding characterized gene claims 1 to 14, characterized in that these of plate-shaped, cubic, cylindrical, strip, angle and panel-shaped are.   29. Components according to claim 28, characterized in that these cavities, before preferably have air channels. 30. Components according to claim 28 and 29, characterized in that the surfaces of plate-shaped, cubic, cylindrical, strip-shaped, angular and panel-shaped Elements and the surfaces of cavities, preferably air channels, profiles exhibit. 31. Building materials and components and processes for their manufacture according to the claims 1 to 30, characterized in that the mortar-damaging, slurrable fine silicate structures, contained in building materials and components as the main component, not are contaminated. 32. Building materials according to claims 1 to 14 and components according to claims 28 to 31, characterized in that they are easily disposed of and for the same one are reprocessable.