DE19854391A1 - Prism system for light deflection, converting solar radiation into thermal, electrical energy has prism arrangement in region exposed to solar radiation depending on daily course of sun - Google Patents

Abstract

The prism system has at least one autofocusing, mechanically static lens (1) or reflector (50) or two lenses or reflectors mechanically moved by two counter-coupled thermal elements (49) that deflect the light either onto an absorber (26) and/or photovoltaic cells or in spatial dimensions for further focusing or scattering. The energy concentrator has a prism or prism arrangement consisting of an optically transparent material in a region exposed to solar radiation depending on the daily course of the sun. The prisms are arranged axially, parallel or radially about a circle center and peripherally distributed adjacent to or offset wrt. each other to conc. solar or artificial light onto an absorber and/or photovoltaic arrangement or to scatter the light when required.

Description

The present invention relates to an optical, partly auto-focusing, partly with thermal Control elements tracked devices, both for the extraction of thermal and / or electrical energy from sunlight, as well as for directing or focusing light or light scattering can be used in the desired directions.

The optical device is used for thermal and / or electrical energy generation to the solar collector, which is either an elongated absorber along its length extensive or at least partially enclosing or a round surface Absorber that has sunlight on the absorber concentrating prism concentrator.

Solar concentrators with optical energy concentrators are known. These said Explanations are based either on the principle of a Fresnel lens, a collecting lens or a scattering lens (see the publications US-A-4-022 186, US-A-4-069 812 and US-A-4-337 759) with which solar concentrations of max. 1: 1.9 can be achieved. In the case of European Patent No .: 076 7889, prisms used, which are derived from reversal lenses in their structure. You are in hers Cross-section isosceles and their lens tips are the absorber facing. Their outer surfaces facing the sunlight are convexly curved. The Solar concentration factor is 1: 2.5 and is without mechanical tracking - so autofocusing - achieved.

The present invention makes a solar concentration factor autofocusing reached at least 1: 6. It is therefore higher than all of the auto-focusing models that have been achieved so far Solar concentration factors. Concentration factors of 1: 7 and more are used in the present invention through the use of control of the lenses or reflectors reached. This eliminates the otherwise usual controls using servomotors or actuators the necessary associated electronic controls. This fact is particularly in Countries with weak or severely underdeveloped infrastructure or severely limited Funding critical to the use of renewable and ecologically effective energy. Repairs that occur with highly complex technology are only possible with highly trained and therefore cost-intensive personnel. This, and their follow-up costs are difficult or impossible at all in underdeveloped regions be applied. The consequences are: decaying, no longer usable technical Systems.

The present invention either knows no mechanically moving parts, or if one A present sees maximum energy yield of solar radiation to be achieved Invention a lens tracking by means of thermal actuators.

Becomes a line or point focusing, to the north-south direction Axially symmetrical collector system oriented towards the midday position of the sun does not track the sun, it moves through with increasing distance from the Middle position increasingly blurring focus within a day one to the middle level symmetrical orbit. Are the photovoltaically relevant and normally cooled Elements designed for correct function around the midday position of the sun, so only in a significant proportion of the incident radiation energy is dissipated in this time range. In In the remaining periods, the energy remains in the collector system and is therefore available in principle available for tracking the collector system and that until exactly  the system collimates the radiation again on the cooled photovoltaic. For conversion the radiant power into a mechanical force driving the tracking can Expansion of thermal control elements can be used. Also are Conversion of radiation power into mechanical power via a system with one Phase transition (e.g. lifting the safety valve in the pressure cooker) is quite conceivable. After the optimal tracking, the energy supply breaks off for tracking reasons described above together again, so that the collector system now would stop or swivel into the rest position specified by spring elements. In fact, the system would continue to irradiate in the latter and however, adjust the practical case so that a small proportion of the radiation power is used Maintaining the position on the tracking system falls and the main part is the photovoltaic or absorber operated.

A major disadvantage of such a tracking system, however, is the lack of it Selectivity of energy supply for the drive system can be seen. So z. B. a bimetal Strip in the same way on heating by radiation energy or by the React environment and would therefore have different tracking properties in a hot desert than in an ice landscape.

The basic idea, which is to be protected by patent law, is to remedy this circumstance through the use of two similar, but opposite in their direction of reaction thermal control elements so that the resulting system temperatures are identical Forces cancel each other out and the collector at all outside temperatures in the Leave at rest. Both drive systems are also symmetrical to the central axis of the collector is positioned in such a way that the non-incident or Absorber radiation primarily the drive element leading to correct tracking heated, so a very inexpensive and low-maintenance tracking can be achieved. This technology of lens and / or reflector control can, according to the present Invention also for shading and thus protection against overheating of the photovoltaic and serve the absorber. Will be in strong sunlight and the high Concentration factor of the lenses - both with auto-focusing mechanically not tracked as with mechanically tracked system - the thermal energy once not dissipated, overheating will result. To prevent this, in Dependency of a limit temperature not to be exceeded, a reflector via photovoltaics and / or absorber pivoted.

Notwithstanding the advantages for underdeveloped countries, the present invention uses the incident solar radiation even in temperate zones is much stronger and is therefore more economical than previously offered solar collectors. The Concentration factor is also a measure of the reduced use of space by Photovoltaics without reduced energy gain. The concentration factor thus determines the reduction of photovoltaic costs. In a hybrid network - Thermie and Photovoltaic energy - reduce energy costs to the extent that they can conventional conservative energy costs are competitive.

The lens systems described in the present invention are both as single lenses as in the interconnection of bayonet-like plug devices to large areas Solar collectors or light control systems can be plugged together. So for everyone individual A customized system can be installed. Only with sufficiently high ones A lens system can be installed from a single piece using the extrusion process be produced to lower prices. So are on roofs of listed houses Single lenses do not disturb the overall picture, while in weakly or uninhabited Opposite collectors can be designed according to their desired effectiveness.  

The basis of this invention presented here is once a collecting lens with two main planes in a biconvex symmetrical design, secondly a converging lens in asymmetrical Biconvex version with a larger distance between the two main levels. Third, a biconcave-convex lens that is both in one piece and two parts can be manufactured. Which lens system is used must be determined Purpose and location. This determines the necessary generation of process heat another lens system with a high concentration factor than a lens system for a low-temperature collector with a lower concentration factor.

This variability also enables the construction and use of transparent roof tiles Material as part of a roof covering and at the same time as a solar collector. The dimensions to the conventional roof tiles remains. The arched of the sunny side facing round part of the roof tile is then optically transparent and with prisms provided, while the rest of the roof tile in color the conventional roof tiles can be adjusted.

While flat-plate collectors only follow a movement angle of the sun of 120 ° can, non-autofocusing tube collectors slightly more solar movement The auto-focusing lens technology proposed here can be effective According to the invention, follow the sun at least 160 °. That results in an annual Additional yield of solar energy of 974 hours.

As a light guide system, a lens arrangement can both focus and scatter light. This Lawfulness makes the use of lens systems not only possible as a solar collector, but can also be used for light control - referred to as light architecture - in small as also used in multi-storey houses or halls to illuminate rooms become.

The outer surfaces of the prismatic bodies, which are exposed to the weather, vary depending on Region and purpose with a dirt-repellent or with a scratch-resistant and provided with a dirt-repellent coating. This coating does not change the optical properties of the lens system. Prismatic bodies in areas of application with danger of sandstorms with the scratch-resistant and dirt-repellent coating and in the remaining regions, such as B. in temperate climates, the prismatic bodies only provided with a dirt-repellent coating.

Further advantageous design features of the invention and special Embodiments are in the subclaims and the following description of preferred embodiment and application examples included.

The invention will now be explained by way of example with reference to the drawing. Show:

Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional drawing of a biconvex converging lens with two main planes located close to each other.

Fig. 2 shows an alternative design of the converging lens from Fig. 1 with the additional possibility of expanding the converging lens by plugging it together with the bayonet-type plug connections in any number.

Fig. 3 is a schematic sectional drawing of a biconcave convex converging lens.

Fig. 4 shows an alternative design of the converging lens from Fig. 3 with the additional possibility as described in Fig. 2.

Fig. 5 is a schematic end view of an asymmetrical biconvex converging lens with two main planes located at a greater distance from one another with two side reflectors.

Is a schematic perspective view of an asymmetric double-convex lens of FIG. 5. FIG. 6 with the additional possibility of expansion of the condenser lenses as shown in FIG. 2 and the analogous thereto perspective view of the two reflectors of FIG. 5.

Fig. 7 is a schematic end view of an asymmetrical biconcave-convex converging lens with two main planes located at a greater distance from one another.

Fig. 8 is a sectional drawing of an arrangement of asymmetrical biconvex converging lenses formed into a hemisphere.

Fig. 9 is a schematic end view of four lying in a straight plane asymmetrical bi-convex lens as an example of a possible arrangement.

Fig. 10 is a schematic end view of a plurality of asymmetrical bi-convex lenses which are arranged to form a circular cutout and act as a diverging lens in its entirety.

Fig. Act 11 in a schematic sectional drawing of a plurality of asymmetrical bi-convex lenses which are cascade arranged excessively added to a spherical cap as converging lenses in their entirety.

Fig. 12 is a sectional drawing of a hybrid collector prism pipe having a double-convex lens, a rectangular absorber tube and an absorber tube lying above this photovoltaic cell, and a reflector. The prism tube is made of a one-piece, optically transparent material.

. 13 optically transparent in a sectional drawing of a hybrid collector prism pipe having a bikonkavkonvexen lens system, said outer lens half and the tube from a single piece of material is Fig manufactured, and the lower lens half manufactured separately and subsequently in the prism pipe with the appropriate Bracket is inserted. Furthermore, the square absorber tube with an overhead photovoltaic cell and a reflector.

Is a schematic end view of three asymmetrical biconvex lenses obtained by adding further identical lenses by mating to a semi-circle (dashed line) and has been supplemented with a lower semi-circular shell for a collector tube prisms Fig. 14. In the middle of the pipe system is a square absorber pipe. With the photocell, the collector has been expanded to a hybrid collector.

Fig. 15 is a schematic end view like Fig. 14, however, the lenses and the lower half-shell are made in one piece. In addition, reflectors are installed for directing the light beam.

Fig. 16 in a sectional drawing of the assembled lenses, a biconcavo-convex converging lens with two asymmetrical biconvex lenses being combined to form a lens system together with a housing. Furthermore, a square absorber with overhead photovoltaics and a reflector.

17 is a perspective view in which the lenses are Fig. A roof tile made of optically transparent material integral part. The lenses may also according to FIG. 1 to FIG. 6, or a combination thereof.

Fig. 18 is a schematic drawing of a solar collector having an outer non-patterned optically transparent protective tube having an inner focusing prism pipe which is tracked by a negative feedback thermal actuator of the sun.

Fig. 19 in a cross-sectional drawing of the collector according to Fig. 18.

Fig. 20 in a cross-sectional drawing of the collector of Fig. 18 with negative feedback thermal control elements.

Fig. 21 like Fig. 19.

Fig. 22, in a sectional drawing, a collector-pipe prism as shown in FIG. 12 with a double-convex lens but two thermal actuators for negative feedback control, a U-shaped reflector and a circular absorber tube.

Fig. 23 in a sectional drawing like Fig. 22, wherein the right thermal control element has expanded to the right due to more intense solar radiation, the reflector followed this expansion. The left thermal control element causes its shape to contract due to the lower solar radiation. The dashed lines show the opposite extent of the thermal control elements when the sun is shining in from the opposite side and the resulting succession of the reflector to the left.

FIG. 24 shows a detail of a sectional drawing like FIG. 22 for a hybrid collector but with a square absorber tube and a photovoltaic cell.

Fig. 25 is a representation of a semi-circular protective reflector, controlled by a thermal control element, which prevents the overheating of the absorber and the photovoltaic by solar radiation and not dissipated thermal energy due to the temperature-related expansion change of the thermal control element by the semi-circular reflector controlled by the thermal control element over the Photovoltaic and the absorber sets (dashed line).

Fig. 26 is a schematic drawing for lighting control in a 4-storey building with a halo. Above the atrium is a roof made of converging lenses to capture and redirect the sunlight with subsequent distribution of the beam path on the individual floors.

In the different figures of the drawings, the same parts are always the same Provide reference numbers so that each only once with reference to one of the Drawings of the description of a part analogous to the Other drawing figures apply by this part with the appropriate reference numbering can also be seen.

As initially appears from Fig. 1, a lens (1) has a biconvex lens having two closely spaced lying main planes (2 and 3). The drawing Fig. 1 and all subsequent drawings are highly schematic, ie not to scale drawings. The lens ( 1 ) captures the incident sun rays and reproduces them strongly bundled on the other side of the lens, the focal point moving at a smaller distance from the lens analogous to the uniaxial sun movement but at a smaller angle.

Fig. 2 shows the same lens as in Fig. 1. However, additionally has a groove (4) and a so-called spring (5), in order to permit assembly of the lens with other lenses. For the sake of a better overview, the groove ( 4 a) and the so-called tongue ( 5 a) are shown enlarged in the outline.

Fig. 3 shows a sectional drawing of a biconcavo-convex converging lens ( 32 ) which has a focal point comparable to that of the lens in Fig. 1, but has about 8% radiation loss due to optical laws.

In Fig. 4 groove ( 6 ) and tongue ( 7 ) are also available and also shown for reasons of clarity as groove ( 6 a) and tongue ( 7 b) enlarged in the tear.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic representation of an asymmetrically biconvex converging lens ( 8 ) with two reflectors ( 9 ) arranged on the side. The two main levels ( 10 and 11 ) are at a greater distance from each other. The two reflectors ( 9 ) have the task of additionally bundling the emerging light portion, which is not bundled.

As in FIGS. 2 and 4, the lens ( 12 ) in FIG. 6 can be plugged together with other lenses on the groove ( 13 ) and tongue ( 14 ). The reflectors ( 9 ) also have the same task here as in FIG. 5.

Fig. 7 shows a one-piece, asymmetrically biconvex converging lens ( 15 ) with its two main planes ( 16 and 17 ). With this lens, the outer surfaces ( 18 and 19 ) can be provided with an inwardly reflective coating and have no external reflectors.

Can now be made of the lenses of FIG. 1 FIG. 7 is logical groups of lenses together axially or radially constructed as in Fig. 8 and act like a large single lens. The lenses ( 8 ) are joined together radially to form a hemisphere. This can also be carried out with the lenses of Fig. 2, Fig. 4 and Fig. 7. Here shows the angle of inclination of lenses ( 8 ) on a single focal point ( 21 ). However, this concentrated focus is not essential. The lenses can also be aligned such that there is an annular focal point to the respective lens layer and that the next lens layer adjoins the outer circumference of the annular focal point. An annular focal point is also conceivable, each with a height offset position. The hemisphere shape formed by the lenses ( 8 ) follows the sun auto-focusing on its biaxial course of the east-west and the north-south orbit.

A else example of an interconnection of the lenses (8) shown in FIG. 9. The lenses are here in one plane, wherein they are shown representative of the other lenses of Fig. 1-Fig. 7.

Fig. 10 shows another possibility of arranging lenses ( 8 ), also representative of the lenses of Fig. 1- Fig. 7. The arrangement of these lenses is axial and in its entirety act like a diffusing lens, the incidence of light ( 22 ) scattered at outlet ( 23 ).

In Fig. 11 lenses ( 8 ) are constructed to form a ball cap-like structure. The lenses ( 8 ) are offset from one another in a cascade fashion. Their focal point ( 24 ) lies far outside the lens area in order to prevent thermal effects on the lenses ( 8 ). Again, the lenses (8) are representative of the lenses of FIG. 1 FIG. 7.

Fig. 12 shows a one-piece prism tube, wherein the converging lens ( 1 ) undergoes a tube-like extension ( 25 ). With the absorber ( 26 ) and the photovoltaic ( 27 ), this is an example of a hybrid collector. For reasons of manageability, the photovoltaic ( 27 ) is drawn somewhat away from the absorber. In reality, however, it is connected to the absorber ( 26 ) with a highly heat-resistant and heat-conductive adhesive. The reflector ( 28 ) has the task of directing scattered radiation in the direction of the absorber ( 26 ) and photovoltaic ( 27 ). In addition, the radiation energy converted by the absorber and the photovoltaic is thrown back into heat radiation and thus heat emission is reduced.

Another possibility of inserting a lens into the hybrid collector is shown in FIG . The upper part of the biconcavo-convex lens ( 32 ) is produced in one piece with the tube part ( 25 ). The lower part of the lens ( 30 ) is manufactured separately and subsequently inserted into the holder ( 31 ). Here too, ( 26 ) represents the absorber, ( 27 ) the photovoltaic and ( 28 ) the reflector.

In Fig. 14 is a hybrid collector shown, the lenses have been added (8) to a semi-circular and with the half shell (25) to form a prismatic tube. Absorber ( 26 ) is shown wider than photovoltaic ( 27 ). The solar radiation concentration is set to the width of the photovoltaic ( 27 ). For safe cooling of the photovoltaics, however, a wider absorber with a larger cross section can flow through a larger amount of heat transfer fluid for cooling the photovoltaics. For the sake of clarity, the photovoltaic ( 27 ) is also shown separately from the absorber ( 26 ). As lenses also here, the lenses according to Fig. 1 Fig. 7 may be used. The dashed line ( 33 ) shows the maximum extent that the lenses ( 8 ) can be put together.

Fig. 15 shows a similar structure of a hybrid collector as Fig. 14, but this is made of one piece including the half-shell ( 25 ). The dashed line ( 33 ) also shows the maximum extent to which the lenses ( 8 ) can be assembled. The reflectors ( 9 ) serve the larger solar concentration radiation on the photovoltaic ( 27 ).

Fig. 16 shows a hybrid collector with a lens (32) according to Fig. 4 mated with two lenses (8) according to Fig. 6. It is also possible combinations of lenses according to Fig. 2, Fig. 4, Fig. 6 and Fig . 7 are combined with each other. The purpose of this combination is a maximum adapted auto-focusing sun succession according to the purpose and location. The absorber ( 26 ), the photovoltaic ( 27 ) and the reflector ( 28 ) are components of the hybrid collector. The housing ( 34 ) can be made of a different material, e.g. B. steel sheet, as the lenses are made.

Fig. 17 shows a solution of the insert incorporated in the form of roof tile (35) comparable with the same dimensions of conventional roof tiles to use them to replace the conventional roof tiles as inexpensive variant of a collector. The lenses (8) can also take the form of FIG. 1 FIG. 6 have. The roof tile ( 35 ) consists of an optically transparent material, but only the lens part of the roof tile will remain optically transparent. The remaining part can be colored with colors that are conventional for roof tiles. A thermal insulation ( 36 ) is attached between the absorber ( 26 ) and the roof batten ( 37 ). To hold the roof tile with the roof batten ( 37 ), holding elements are inserted into the device ( 38 ), which are connected to the roof batten ( 37 ). The roof tile can be expanded on the left and right, as well as in their axial extension, with further suitable roof tiles according to FIG. 17 or the end can be integrated with conventional roof tiles.

Fig. 18, Fig. 19. Fig. 20 and Fig. 21 describe a collector pipe with a tracked by means of thermal actuators lens system, the Fig. 19-Fig. 21 represent the cross-sectional drawings of FIG. 18.

The solar collector has an outer, non-structured and, as far as possible, translucent protective tube ( 39 ) in which a suitably coated and sufficiently cooled inner tube as energy absorber ( 26 ) is fixed along the axis of the collector by means of corresponding bores in the end plates ( 41 ). With bearings ( 42 ) plugged onto the energy absorber ( 26 ), a tubular lens ( 44 ) (e.g. Fresnel lens), which is balanced with respect to the collector axis, is easily rotatably mounted about the absorber ( 26 ) via the two lens end plates ( 43 ). For any position of the sun, the lens ( 44 ) of the collector installed in the north-south direction should be able to be rotated so that the focus line comes to lie directly on the absorber tube ( 26 ) and thus a high energy concentration impinges on this element.

So that this lens rotation automatically adjusts depending on the position of the sun, two identical thermal control element screws ( 45 and 46 ) of a suitable design are rotated by 180 ° and placed on the absorber tube ( 26 ). B. thermally isolated from each other by two simple, also on the absorber ( 26 ) attached metal discs ( 47 ). The outer tongues of the two counter-rotating thermal actuators screw end, one in the cross section Fig. 20 and Fig. 21 can be seen in each case in a groove of the tubular Fresnel lens (44), whereby each of the two thermal actuators worm (45 and 46) the Lens ( 44 ) tries to turn when a temperature change occurs. As a result of the opposite direction of rotation of both screws ( 45 and 46 ), the torques acting on the tubular lens ( 44 ) equalize at the same temperature changes on both screws, so that a resulting torque only arises when the two thermal actuating element screws ( 45 and 46 ) are heated differently and the lens ( 44 ) is set in motion. In order to be able to use this effect for autofocusing, the areas of the lens lying above the thermal control element screws ( 45 and 46 ) are equipped with two reflective 270 ° rings ( 48 ), which are rotated by approx. 90 ° to each other (see cross section Fig. 20 and Fig. 21), and each look exactly half of the solar radiation from the direction 51 , which is optimally focused on the absorber tube ( 26 ) by the tube lens ( 44 ). As for the sun incident from direction 51 will be the symmetrical radiation conditions, both thermal actuators screw (Fig. 20 and Fig. 21) equally heated, so that the lens (44) is not rotated. On the other hand, if the light falls B. from direction 52 to the collector, the light only reaches the screw ( 45 ), whereas the screw ( 46 ) is shadowed by the mirror ring ( 48 ). There is therefore a very rapid temperature difference between the two thermal actuator screws, which leads to a rotation of the lens ( 44 ). By using a suitable thermal control element with a sufficient number of turns and good thermal insulation of the two screw chambers from one another, this movement only stops again when the incidence of light in both chambers FIG. 20 or FIG. 21 is practically the same. However, this is only the case if the lens ( 44 ) is rotated "optimally" into the light and thus auto-focusing is achieved.

Fig. 22 shows a solar collector for the thermal energy. The solar radiation is concentrated in the focal point depending on its uniaxial solar movement via the lens ( 1 ). The aim of the reflector ( 50 ) is to capture the maximum solar radiation offered by the lens and to direct it onto the absorber ( 26 ). This is only possible with a movable reflector ( 50 ), since the focal point moves along with the movement of the sun. Uniform heating of the thermal actuating elements ( 49 ) is only achieved when the sun shines perpendicularly onto the center of the lens ( 1 ) and the cosine theta is therefore zero. At this time, the thermal control elements ( 49 ) receive the same heating and thus the same shape. You thus hold the reflector ( 50 ) vertically as shown in Fig. 22.

In Fig. 23 the right thermal control element ( 49 a) is heated up more and thus expands to the right. The left thermal control element ( 49 b) now receives less solar radiation, cools down and contracts. So press ( 49 b) to the right and ( 49 a) give way. The reflector ( 50 ) is pushed to the right of ( 49 b) as far as ( 49 a) yields. If a certain tilting movement is carried out by the reflector ( 50 ), it follows the expansion of ( 49 a) due to its own weight. The same process now takes place when ( 49 a) cools down. He pushes the reflector back and the reflector now follows the movement of ( 49 b).

If the collector is expanded to a hybrid collector, a square absorber tube ( 26 ) is used instead of a round tube because the photovoltaic ( 27 ) can only be positioned on a straight surface and good heat dissipation is only possible in this case. The rest of the process is as described in FIGS. 22 and 23.

To avoid overheating of the photovoltaic ( 27 ) and possibly the absorber ( 26 ) in strong sunlight and insufficient heat dissipation through the heat transfer fluid flowing through the absorber ( 26 ), a thermal control element ( 53 ) is provided which controls the reflector ( 54 ) for shading . In the rest position at a critical temperature, the reflector ( 54 ) lies under the absorber ( 26 ). When a critical limit temperature is reached, the reflector ( 54 ) is rotated into the position ( 55 ) shown in dashed lines by means of the thermal control element ( 53 ) and photovoltaic ( 27 ) and absorber ( 26 ) are connected.

Fig. 26 shows a basic drawing of a possible use of the prisms Fig. 1- Fig. 7 for light control for a 4-story house over an atrium. An optically transparent dome (56) 1 is assumed embroidered with lenses of FIG. To FIG. 7 in combination of different lenses or lens system consisting of only one. The light rays ( 57 ) fall on two mirrors ( 58 and 59 ) and are deflected according to the law of light refraction. A scattering lens ( 60 ) scatters the deflected light from the mirror ( 59 ) into a small angle, while the scattering lens ( 61 ) has a large scattering angle.

Claims (25)

1.Device for obtaining thermal and / or electrical energy from sunlight as well as for directing light from sunlight or artificial light with at least one auto-focusing lens that is not mechanically moved or mechanically moved by means of two negative-coupled thermal elements ( 45 , 46 and 49 ) (according to FIG. 1- Fig. 7) or reflector ( 50 ) which direct the light either onto an absorber ( 26 ) and / or photovoltaic cell ( 27 ) or in rooms ( Fig. 26) for further bundling or scattering of the light, characterized in that the energy concentrator has at least in a circumferential area irradiated with sunlight in accordance with the daily course of the sun a prism or prism arrangement consisting of optically transparent material with an axially, parallel or radially extending and circumferentially distributed prisms arranged side by side or offset one above the other, which has the sunlight on one Absorber ( 26 ) and / or concentrate photovoltaics ( 27 ), concentrate or scatter as required when illuminating rooms with sunlight or artificial light ( Fig. 26). 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the converging lenses ( Fig. 1 to Fig. 7) can be designed such that they laterally by means of bayonet-like plug devices ( 4 a, 5 b, 6 a, 7 b, 13 and 14 ) can be put together. 3. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the converging lenses ( Fig. 1 to Fig. 7) can also be produced without plug devices. 4. Apparatus according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the converging lenses ( Fig. 1 to Fig. 7) can be produced in combination without a plug device. 5. Apparatus according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that the lenses ( Fig. 1 to Fig. 7) can be put together into a hemisphere-like shape ( Fig. 8). 6. The device according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that the converging lenses ( Fig. 1 to Fig. 7) to a straight plane ( Fig. 9) can be put together in one piece or individually. 7. The device according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that the converging lenses ( Fig. 1 to Fig. 7) can also be combined to form a diffusing lens ( Fig. 10). 8. Apparatus according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that the converging lenses ( Fig. 1 to Fig. 7) can be cascaded to a spherical cap-like shape ( Fig. 11) and aligned so that the common focus ( 24 ) outside of the lens system. 9. The device according to claim 1 to 8, characterized in that the converging lenses ( Fig. 8 and Fig. 11) are aligned so that each lens layer has its own focal point ( 24 ) in a ring next to each other or offset one above the other. 10. The device according to claim 1 to 9, characterized in that the converging lens ( 1 ) in Fig. 12 with the shell ( 25 ) form a common tubular body. 11. The device according to claim 1 to 10, characterized in that the tube-like body can also be formed with converging lenses according to Fig. 2 to Fig. 7. 12. The apparatus according to claim 1 to 11, characterized in that the tubular body has the upper part of a biconcave-convex lens ( 32 ). Two side brackets ( 31 ) for the insertion of the lower part ( 30 ) to complete the biconcave-convex lens. 13. The apparatus of claim 1 to 12, characterized in that the converging lenses ( 8 ) with their bayonet-like plug connections in Fig. 14 connected to each other to form a semicircle and here representative of the remaining converging lenses of Fig. 1- Fig. 7 are shown. 14. The apparatus according to claim 1 to 13, characterized in that the converging lenses ( 8 ) of Fig. 15 can also be made in one piece with the lower shell ( 25 ) and are equipped with reflectors ( 9 ). 15. The apparatus of claim 1 to 14, characterized in that two different lenses can be mated with each other as shown in FIG. 16 by means of bayonet-type plug-in connections (32 and 8) and is representative of other combinations of Fig. 1 to Fig. 7 as required are possible. 16. The apparatus according to claim 1 to 15, characterized in that roof tiles ( 25 ) are made of optically transparent material with conventional dimensions and can have lenses ( 8 ) or according to Fig. 1 to Fig. 7. The rest of the roof tile is colored with conventional colors. 17. The apparatus according to claim 1 to 16, characterized in that an outer, non-structured, made of optically transparent material tube ( 39 ) receives a balanced lens system ( 44 ) in its interior, which via two counter-coupled thermal control elements ( 45 and 46 ) tracking the sun and directing the sun's rays onto the absorber ( 26 ). 18. The apparatus according to claim 17, characterized in that the negative feedback thermal actuating elements ( 48 ) can consist of a temperature-dependent solid substance. 19. The apparatus according to claim 17 to 18, characterized in that the negative feedback thermal control elements ( 48 ) with their temperature-dependent portion can consist of a fluid substance. 20. The apparatus according to claim 17 to 19, characterized in that the negative feedback thermal control elements ( 48 ) with their temperature-dependent portion can consist of a gaseous substance. 21. The apparatus of claim 1 to 20, characterized in that two negative feedback thermal elements ( 49 ) expand or contract by heating the concentrated solar radiation analogous to the heating and so the reflector ( 50 ) track the solar radiation to the maximum. 22. The apparatus of claim 1 to 21, characterized in that a prism system for the hybrid collector with absorber ( 26 ) and photovoltaic ( 27 ) can be equipped if it is equipped by means of negative-coupled thermal actuators ( 49 ). 23. The device according to claim 1 to 22, characterized in that a thermal control element ( 53 ) connected to a reflector ( 54 ) upon reaching a critical temperature for the photovoltaic ( 27 ) and possibly for the absorber ( 26 ), the thermal control element ( 53 ) brings the reflector ( 54 ) from its rest position into the shading position ( 55 ) and thus prevents overheating and thus destruction of 27 and 26 . 24. The device according to claim 1 to 23, characterized in that a dome equipped with lenses according to Fig. 1 to Fig. 7 ( 56 ) for deflecting light in combination with reflectors ( 58 and 59 ) and diffusing lenses ( 60 and 61 ) for illuminating Buildings or premises can be used. 25. The device according to claim 1 to 24, characterized in that the outer surfaces facing the sunny side the lenses with scratch-resistant and / or dirt-repellent coating without Impairment of the optical properties of the lenses can be provided.