DE19835183A1 - Protection circuit for accumulator is based on thyristor principle with two transistors that keep each other conducting or not conducting, and protects against short circuit and excessive discharge - Google Patents

Protection circuit for accumulator is based on thyristor principle with two transistors that keep each other conducting or not conducting, and protects against short circuit and excessive discharge

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Publication number
DE19835183A1
DE19835183A1 DE1998135183 DE19835183A DE19835183A1 DE 19835183 A1 DE19835183 A1 DE 19835183A1 DE 1998135183 DE1998135183 DE 1998135183 DE 19835183 A DE19835183 A DE 19835183A DE 19835183 A1 DE19835183 A1 DE 19835183A1
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Germany
Prior art keywords
conducting
circuit
thyristor
protection circuit
transistors
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Application number
DE1998135183
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German (de)
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Tot Echten Anne Willem Holthe
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to DE1998135183 priority Critical patent/DE19835183A1/en
Publication of DE19835183A1 publication Critical patent/DE19835183A1/en
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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02HEMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/18Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for batteries; for accumulators

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  • Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

The circuit is based on the principle of the thyristor, has two transistors (T1, T2) that keep each other conducting or not conducting, consumes very little current because of the thyristor principle and provides protection against short circuit and excessive discharge. A FET (T3) is protected against excessive current and power so that the conductivity at low drain source voltages can be used to the greatest possible extent.

Description

Akkus koennen grosse Stroeme liefern, sind also potentiell feuergefaehrlich.Batteries can deliver large currents, so they are potential flammable product.

Akkus die aus vielen Zellen bestehen sind auch leicht zu beschaedigen wenn sie zu tief entladen werden.Batteries that consist of many cells are also easy to damage if they are discharged too deeply.

Dann wird die erste Zelle die leer ist oft in die falsche Richtung aufgeladen durch den Strom der produziert wird von den noch nicht leeren Zellen.Then the first cell that is empty often goes into the wrong one Direction charged by the electricity that is being produced from the not yet empty cells.

Darum gilt speziell fuer Ni-Cd- und Ni-Metallhydrid-Akkus die Regel dass sie nicht tiefer entladen werden sollen als 1 Volt per Zelle.That is why it applies especially to Ni-Cd and Ni-metal hydride batteries the rule that they should not be unloaded deeper as 1 volt per cell.

Die hier praesentierte Akku Schutzschaltung bietet eine Loesung fuer diese Probleme, gerade weil die Schaltung in dem Akkubehaelter eingebaut werden kann.The battery protection circuit presented here offers one Solution to these problems, precisely because the circuit in the battery case can be installed.

Komponentenliste bei Bild 5Component list at picture 5

A Mehrzellige Akku, in diesem Beispiel 12 V
S Schmelzsicherung z. B. 10 A flink (nur wichtig wenn die elektronische Sicherung fehlt)
C1 Kondensator (elektrolytisch) 0,47 µF
C2 10 nF (nur gegen Empfindlichkeit fuer Hochfrequenzspannung)
C3 1 nF (ebenso)
C4 100 nF (ebenso)
R1 1,5 MOhm
R2 1,5 MOhm
R3 1,5 MOhm
R4 4,7 MOhm
R5 330 kOhm
R6 10 kOhm
R7 0,05 Ohm
T1 PNP Transistor Silicium z. B. BC557
T2 NPN Transistor Silicium z. B. BC547
T3 Leistungs-MOSFET z. B. BUZ11 auf Kuehlblech montiert
Z Zenerdiode die auch bei 3 µA die gewuenschte Zenerspannung behaelt z. B. ZPD 9,1 V (die meisten kleinen Zenerdioden sind fuer etwa 1 mA bemessen, also dies muss geprueft werden)
D Siliciumdiode z. B. 1N4148

A Multi-cell battery, 12 V in this example
S fuse f. B. 10 A fast (only important if the electronic fuse is missing)
C1 capacitor (electrolytic) 0.47 µF
C2 10 nF (only against sensitivity for high frequency voltage)
C3 1 nF (also)
C4 100 nF (likewise)
R1 1.5 MOhm
R2 1.5 MOhm
R3 1.5 MOhm
R4 4.7 MOhm
R5 330 kOhm
R6 10 kOhm
R7 0.05 ohm
T1 PNP transistor silicon z. B. BC557
T2 NPN transistor silicon z. B. BC547
T3 power MOSFET z. B. BUZ11 mounted on a cooling plate
Z Zener diode which holds the desired Zener voltage even at 3 µA z. B. ZPD 9.1 V (most small Zener diodes are rated for about 1 mA, so this must be checked)
D silicon diode z. B. 1N4148

Beschreibung der WirkungDescription of the effect

In dem Arbeitszustand leitet T3 und haelt seinen Drain auf niedrige Spannung gegenueber den Minuspol des Akkus (Referenzpunkt) Z leitet und haelt T1 leitend. T1 haelt T3 leitend.In the working state, T3 conducts and keeps its drain open low voltage compared to the negative pole of the battery (Reference point) Z conducts and keeps T1 conductive. T1 keeps T3 conductive.

Wenn ein grosser Strom fliesst leitet T2 und begrenzt den Strom auf einen Wert der nicht schaedlich ist fuer T3. T2 schuetzt T3 auch gegen ein zu grosses Strom.Spannungsprodukt. When a large current flows, T2 conducts and limits it Current to a value that is not harmful to T3. T2 also protects T3 against an excessive current.  

Wenn ein (zu) grosser Strom fliesst und nach einigen Sekunden ist T3 noch nicht faehig um seinen Drain auf niedrige Spannung zu bringen, dann sperrt T1 und auch T3. Dann liefert der Akku nur noch einen Strom von ca. 40 µA der durch R5 fliesst. Die Zeitverzoegerung ist notwendig um auch Geraete mit grossen Elkos und Gluehlampen mit niedrigem Widerstand des kalten Gluehfadens betreiben zu koennen.When a (too) large current flows and after some Seconds T3 is not yet able to open its drain bring low voltage, then locks T1 and also T3. Then the battery only delivers a current of approx. 40 µA that flows through R5. The time delay is necessary around devices with large electrolytic capacitors and incandescent lamps low resistance of the cold filament operate too can.

Wenn die Last weggenommen wird von den Anschlusspunkte (+ und -) bringt der Strom durch R5 den Drain des T3 wieder auf niedrige Spannung, Z leitet wieder und T1 und T3 leiten wieder. Die Schaltung ist wieder in dem Arbeitszustand.When the load is removed from the connection points (+ and -) the current through R5 restores the drain of T3 to low voltage, Z conducts again and T1 and T3 conduct again. The circuit is again in the working state.

Mit der Schaltung in Arbeitszustand und eine angeschlossene Last wird der Strom durch Z zu klein werden um T1 leitend zu halten wenn die Akkuspannung unter ca. 10 V herabfallt. T3 sperrt dann und wieder bleibt ein Strom von etwa 40 µA fliessen. Auch wenn der Akkuspannung wieder steigt (unbelastet) bleibt die Schaltung im Schutzzustand. Das wegnehmen der Last wird die Schaltung wieder in dem Arbeitszustand zurueckbringen.With the circuit in working condition and a connected Under load the current through Z will become too small to conduct T1 to hold when the battery voltage drops below approx. 10 V. T3 then blocks and again a current of about 40 µA remains flow. Even if the battery voltage rises again (unloaded) the circuit remains in the protected state. Removing the load will put the circuit back in the Bring back working condition.

In dem Arbeitszustand verbraucht die Schaltung einen Strom von ca. 5 µA.In the working state, the circuit consumes a current of approx. 5 µA.

Das Laden des Akkus kann durch den Anschlusspunkte (+ und -) stattfinden.The battery can be charged through the connection points (+ and -) take place.

Wenn die Anschlusspunkte (+ und -) kurzgeschlossen werden mittels ein Strommessgeraet wird man waehrend einigen Sekunden einen Strom sehen der weniger ist als der Grenzstrom. Das wird dadurch verursacht weil die Schaltung auf Leistungsgrenze des FETs abschaltet.When the connection points (+ and -) are short-circuited by means of an ammeter you become during see a stream less than that for a few seconds Limiting current. This is because the circuit switches off at the power limit of the FET.

Diese Akkuschutzschaltung kann fest eingebaut sein in dem Akkubehaelter, auch bei kleinen Akkus, so dass der Benutzer die Akku nicht ohne Schutzschaltung betreiben kann. Bei Ni-Cd-Akkus will der Benutzer oft die Akku bis zum Ende der Ladung benutzen, um das Memory Effekt zu entgehen. Das wird mit diese Schutzschaltung moeglich. Das Ergebnis ist ein Akku der nur noch durch falsch Laden zerstoert werden kann. Wenn man ein gesichertes Ladegeraet benuetzt, mit begrenzter Strom und automatisch Abschalten des Ladestroms bei maximal zugelassene Ladespannung, hat man ein elektrisch fast unzerstoerbares System.This battery protection circuit can be permanently installed in the Battery container, even with small batteries, so that the user the battery cannot operate without a protective circuit. With Ni-Cd batteries, the user often wants the battery to the end use the charge to avoid the memory effect. This is possible with this protective circuit. The result is a battery that is only wrong Store can be destroyed. If you have a secured Charger used, with limited current and automatically Switching off the charging current at the maximum permitted Charging voltage, you have an almost indestructible electrical charge System.

Stand der TechnikState of the art

In das Europaeische Patent Nr. 85300085.9 "Intrinsically safe miner's lamp" wird eine Schaltung praesentiert mit 2 Komparators und einem FET. Hier ist der FET nicht geschuetzt gegen zu viel Leistung, die Steuerschaltung verbraucht viel Strom (einigen mA), und die Abschaltung bei zu niedrige Akkuspannung ist offenbar basiert auf der Gate-Schwellenspannung des FETs. Das bedeutet das diese Schaltung nur geeignet ist fuer Batterien von 3 bis 5 Ni-Cd- oder Ni-Metallhydrid-Zellen. In European Patent No. 85300085.9 "Intrinsically safe miner's lamp "a circuit is presented with 2 Comparator and a FET. The FET is not here protected against too much power, the control circuit consumes a lot of current (a few mA), and the shutdown at too low battery voltage is apparently based on the Gate threshold voltage of the FET. That means this Circuit is only suitable for batteries from 3 to 5 Ni-Cd or Ni-metal hydride cells.  

Wie man von einem Thyristor nach die Akkuschutzschaltung kommt:
Bild 1 stellt einen Thyristor da, mit Gleichspannungs­ quelle und Lampe. Der Thyristor ist aufgebaut durch 2 Transistoren und 2 Widerstaende. Es gibt 2 moegliche Zustaende: Strom fliesst oder Strom fliesst nicht.
In Bild 2 ist die Lampe auf eine andere Stelle in der Schaltung angebracht. Jetzt gibt es die Moeglichkeit der Steuertransistor (PNP) viel weniger Strom leiten zu lassen als der Ausgangstransistor (NPN).
In Bild 3 kann der Steuertransistor noch viel weniger Strom leiten bei gleichbleibender Ausgangsstrom weil der NPN Transistor ersetzt ist von einem FET.
How to get the battery protection circuit from a thyristor:
Figure 1 shows a thyristor with a DC voltage source and lamp. The thyristor is made up of 2 transistors and 2 resistors. There are two possible states: electricity flows or electricity does not flow.
In Figure 2, the lamp is attached to another location in the circuit. Now there is the possibility of having the control transistor (PNP) conduct much less current than the output transistor (NPN).
In Figure 3 the control transistor can conduct much less current with the same output current because the NPN transistor is replaced by an FET.

Der Zenerdiode und Serienwiderstand (S) in Bild 4 sorgen dafuer dass der umgebaute Thyristor von selbst abschaltet wenn die Spannung der Spannungsquelle unter einen Grenzwert kommt. Die Gate-Schwellenspannung koennte besser nicht dafuer benutzt werden denn der FET soll bei herabsinkender Akkuspannung oder beim Liefern eines grossen Stroms so lange wie moeglich voll offengesteuert sein.The Zener diode and series resistor (S) in Figure 4 ensure that the converted thyristor switches off automatically when the voltage of the voltage source comes below a limit. The gate threshold voltage could not be used better because the FET should be fully open-controlled as long as possible when the battery voltage drops or when a large current is supplied.

T2, R3, R5, R6, R7 hinzufuegen um T3 zu schuetzen, C1 hinzufuegen um zu vermeiden dass die Schaltung zu schnell abschaltet, D hinzufuegen um zu vermeiden dass C1 bei Kurzschluss direkt entladen wird, und man hat Bild 5, die Akkuschutzschaltung.Add T2, R3, R5, R6, R7 to protect T3, add C1 to prevent the circuit from switching off too quickly, add D to prevent C1 from being directly discharged in the event of a short circuit, and you have picture 5, the battery protection circuit.

Gluecklicherweise dient der Strom durch R5 auch noch dafuer um die Schaltung vom Schutzzustand in dem Arbeitszustand zurueck zu bringen wenn die Last abgekoppelt wird.Fortunately, the current through R5 also serves this purpose to switch from the protection state to the working state bring back when the load is disconnected.

Claims (3)

1. Akkuschutzschaltung die auf das Prinzip des Thyristors basiert ist: 2 Transistoren die einander leitend halten oder nicht, die wegen des Thyristorprinzips sehr wenig Strom verbraucht und die Schutz bietet gegen Kurzschluss und Tiefentladung.1. Battery protection circuit based on the principle of the thyristor is based: 2 transistors that keep each other conductive or not, because of the thyristor principle uses little electricity and offers protection against Short circuit and deep discharge. 2. Akkuschutzschaltung wie oben der ausgestattet ist mit einem FET der geschuetzt ist gegen zu viel Strom und gegen zu viel Leistung, so dass die Stromleitungsfaehigkeit bei niedrigen Drain Source Spannungen so gut wie moeglich benutzt werden kann.2. Battery protection circuit as above which is equipped with a FET that is protected against too much current and against too much power, so the power transmission capability at low drain source voltages as much as possible can be used. 3. Akkuschutzschaltung wie oben die einen Zenerdiode benutzt um den Spannungsgrenzwert zu bestimmen, so dass jede Zahl von in Reihe geschalteten Zellen geschuetzt werden kann, die eine Mindestspannung liefern die gross genug ist um den FET voellig leitend zu steuern.3. Battery protection circuit as above the one Zener diode used to determine the voltage limit so that protect any number of cells in series that can provide a minimum voltage which is great is enough to completely control the FET.
DE1998135183 1998-08-04 1998-08-04 Protection circuit for accumulator is based on thyristor principle with two transistors that keep each other conducting or not conducting, and protects against short circuit and excessive discharge Withdrawn DE19835183A1 (en)

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DE1998135183 DE19835183A1 (en) 1998-08-04 1998-08-04 Protection circuit for accumulator is based on thyristor principle with two transistors that keep each other conducting or not conducting, and protects against short circuit and excessive discharge

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DE1998135183 DE19835183A1 (en) 1998-08-04 1998-08-04 Protection circuit for accumulator is based on thyristor principle with two transistors that keep each other conducting or not conducting, and protects against short circuit and excessive discharge

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012007494A1 (en) 2010-07-16 2012-01-19 Magna E-Car Systems Gmbh & Co Og Overcurrent switch, use of an overcurrent switch and electric vehicle with an overcurrent switch
US8207702B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2012-06-26 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US10431857B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2019-10-01 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack
DE10362314B3 (en) 2002-11-22 2023-05-11 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp. Lithium Ion Battery Pack

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US10218194B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2019-02-26 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US10566810B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2020-02-18 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US8269459B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2012-09-18 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a high current draw, hand held power tool
US8450971B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2013-05-28 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US11837694B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2023-12-05 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack
US9379569B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2016-06-28 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-battery pack for a hand held power tool
US8207702B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2012-06-26 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US9673648B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2017-06-06 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US9018903B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2015-04-28 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US10431857B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2019-10-01 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack
US9941718B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2018-04-10 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US10886762B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2021-01-05 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
US10998586B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2021-05-04 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Lithium-based battery pack including a balancing circuit
DE10362314B3 (en) 2002-11-22 2023-05-11 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp. Lithium Ion Battery Pack
US11682910B2 (en) 2002-11-22 2023-06-20 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Method of operating a lithium-based battery pack for a hand held power tool
WO2012007494A1 (en) 2010-07-16 2012-01-19 Magna E-Car Systems Gmbh & Co Og Overcurrent switch, use of an overcurrent switch and electric vehicle with an overcurrent switch

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