DE19640555A1 - Use of isoxazole-amide or croton-amide derivatives to modulate apoptosis - Google Patents

Abstract

Use of compounds of formula (I) or (II) and their salts is claimed for the modulation of apoptosis. R1 = 1-4C alkyl, 3-5C cycloalkyl, 2-6C alkenyl or 2-6C alkynyl; R2 = CF3, OCF3, SCF3, OH, NO2, halo, benzyl, phenyl, CN or phenoxy (optionally substituted by 1-4C alkyl, halo, OCF3 or OCH3); R3 = 1-4C alkyl, halo or H; and X = CH or N.

Description

In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is genetic controlled (programmed) cell death, the essential component of the Life of multicellular organisms.

Contrary to this normal and vital apoptosis process numerous forms of the disease or their symptoms express an abnormal, d. H. a) widespread or b) suppressed apoptosis [a): infarction, stroke or Neurodegeneration, b) hypertrophic diseases]. Healing processes of Diseases can thus be suppressed or activated by apoptosis be possible (e.g. paraplegia, immune defense, etc.). Apoptosis proceeds after induction of defined death signals, for example by stimulation certain receptors (e.g. Fas receptor), via a secondary induced complex cascade of interlocking biochemical events at their End the intact cell dissolution to membrane-packaged units that from the body with little or no damage to the surrounding cells (Contrary to necrosis) can be disposed of. In some cases the transitions between necrosis and apoptosis are fluid; so there are cases where Necrosis leads to apoptosis (or vice versa) (e.g. infarction, stroke, etc.).

Cofilin, a 19 kDa actin-binding protein, plays as a costimulatory Factor in T cells plays a crucial role in the immune response. Cofilin is in the Cytosol phosphorylates before and is dephosphorylated into the cell nucleus transported. Here it apparently serves as a tug molecule for the protein actin, which has no nuclear recognition sequence and as a DNAse-I inhibitor is known. This mechanism allows the degree of phosphorylation of the cytosolic cofilins have a regulating and modulating influence on the Take apoptosis from cells.

It has now been found that compounds of the formulas I and II are suitable which To inhibit dephosphorylation of cofilin and thus they have one modulating influence on apoptosis.

The invention therefore relates to the use of at least one compound of Formula I or II

and / or an optionally stereoisomeric form of the compound of formula I or II and / or a physiologically tolerable salt of the compound of formula I, wherein
R¹ for

• a) (C₁-C₄) alkyl
• b) (C₃-C₅) cycloalkyl,
• c) (C₂-C₆) alkenyl or
• d) (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,

R² for

• a) -CF₃,
• b) -O-CF₃,
• c) -S-CF₃,
• d) -OH,
• e) -NO₂,
• f) halogen,
• g) benzyl,
• h) phenyl,
• i) -O-phenyl,
• k) -CN,
• l) -O-phenyl, substituted one or more times with
• 1) (C₁-C₄) alkyl,
• 2) halogen,
• 3) -O-CF₃ or
• 4) -O-CH₃,

R³ for

• a) (C₁-C₄) alkyl,
• b) halogen or
• c) is a hydrogen atom, and

X for

• a) a -CH group or
• b) a nitrogen atom,

for the production of drugs for modulating apoptosis.

Preference is given to using a compound of the formula I or II and / or an optionally stereoisomeric form of the compound of the formula I or II and / or a salt of the compound of the formula I, where
R¹ for

• a) methyl,
• b) cyclopropyl or
• c) (C₃-C₅) alkynyl,

R² represents -CF₃ or -CN,
R³ represents hydrogen atom or methyl, and
X stands for a -CH group.

The use of N- (4-trifluoromethylphenyl) -2-cyan is particularly preferred. 3-hydroxy-crotonic acid amide, 2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxy-acrylic acid- (4- cyanophenyl) amide or N- (4-trifluoromethylphenyl) -2-cyan-3-hydroxy-hept-2-en-6- in-carboxamide.

The compounds of the formula I and II are prepared in accordance with known methods Processes as described in EP 484 223, EP 529 500, US 4 061 767, EP 538 783 or EP 551 230 can be described.

The term alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl is understood to mean residues whose Carbon chain can be straight or branched. Furthermore, the alkenyl or alkynyl radicals also several double bonds or several Triple bonds included. Cyclic alkyl radicals are, for example, 3 to 5-membered monocycles such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl or cyclopentyl. Under "Modulation of apoptosis" is the inhibition or induction of apoptosis Understood.

The starting materials for the chemical reactions are known or can be easy to manufacture using methods known from the literature.

The invention also relates to methods for producing a medicament for Modulation of apoptosis, which is characterized in that the compound of formula I or II with a physiologically acceptable carrier and others suitable active ingredients, additives or auxiliary substances in a suitable dosage form brings.  

The pharmaceuticals according to the invention become parenteral, oral, rectal or optionally also applied topically.

Suitable solid or liquid pharmaceutical preparation forms are, for example Granules, powders, coated tablets, tablets, (micro) capsules, suppositories, syrups, Juices, suspensions, emulsions, drops or injectable solutions as well Preparations with protracted release of active ingredients, which are common in their manufacture Auxiliaries, such as carriers, explosives, binders, coating, swelling, sliding or Lubricants, flavors, sweeteners or solubilizers, Find use. As commonly used auxiliaries such. B. titanium dioxide, Magnesium carbonate, lactose, mannitol and other sugars, talc, milk protein, Gelatin, starch, cellulose and its derivatives, animal and vegetable oils, Polyethylene glycols and solvents such as sterile water and one or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. B. Glycerin called.

Because of the pharmacological properties of the compound of formula I or II these compounds can be used for targeted modulation of apoptosis will. Therefore, diseases with widespread apoptosis such as infarction, stroke, Transplants, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, neurodegeneration Fibroids, muscular atrophy, muscular dystrophy, cachexia, systemic inflammation Response Syndrome (SIRS), Infarction, Stroke, Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), cerebral malaria, infarction, stroke, lung sarcosidosis, intestinal inflammation, Reperfusion damage, scarring, burn damage, acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), cancer, diseases with increased protein loss, Neurodegeneration, chronic renal failure or hypertrophic Diseases are treated.

The preparation is preferably produced in dosage units and administered, each unit as an active ingredient a certain dose of the compound of formula I and / or II and / or physiologically acceptable salts contains the compound of formula I. For the treatment of a patient (70 kg) are intravenous infusion treatment of up to 350 mg in the early phases indexed per day. In the later rehabilitation phase, two to three doses are in  an amount of 2 mg to 250 mg, preferably 5 mg to 150 mg, in particular 10 mg up to 50 mg, particularly preferably 10 mg to 20 mg, of the compound of the formula I. and / or II and / or the corresponding salts of the compound of formula I. indicated. The dosage to be used is of course dependent on various factors such as the living being to be treated (i.e. human or Animal), age, weight, general health, severity of Symptoms, the illness to be treated, possible concomitant illnesses (if available), the type of concomitant treatment with other medicinal products, or frequency of treatment. The doses are generally multiple administered per day and preferably once to three times a day. The used Amounts of compound of formula I are based on the recommended Daily dose of the respective compound of formula I or II and the solubility of the Compound of formula I or II.

Furthermore, the compounds of formula I or II can also be used together with others suitable active ingredients, for example antiuricopathics, analgesics, steroidal or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, platelet aggregation inhibitors or immunosuppressive compounds such as Cylosporin A, FK 506 or Rapamycin be used.

example 1 Pharmacological testing 1.1 cell culture

The murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was developed by ATCC (Rockville, MD) obtained and in DMEM (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) with 4.5 g glucose / l, 110 mg Sodium pyruvate / l, 10% heat inactivated FCS (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) and Cultivated penicillin / streptomycin (50 U / 50 mg / ml). The macrophages were Passaged 3 days and one day before the start of the experiment to 2 10⁶ cells in Tissue culture bottles (75 cm², Falcon, Becton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). The cells were supplied with fresh medium and the Preparations added in the appropriate concentrations.

N- (4-Trifluoromethylphenyl) -2-cyano-3-hydroxy-crotoxamide sodium alz (Compound 1) was dissolved in 12 mM in cell medium. Of these, 100 µl  (60 µM final concentration), 33 µl (20 µM final concentration) and 16.7 µl (10 µM Final concentration) pipetted into 20 ml medium. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; E. coli, Serotype 0127: B 8; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) in a concentration of 10 ng / ml was performed 1 hour after preincubation with the preparation.

Aliquotes of a stock solution of lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 1 mg / ml in 10% DMSO) were diluted with medium to a concentration of 1 µg / ml and stored at -20 ° C. The cells were for 24 hours (h) at 37 ° C in 10% CO₂ incubated.

1.2 Sample preparation

All chemicals used were analytically pure or in electrophoresis quality and were obtained from Millipore Co. (Bedford, MA) or Sigma (St. Louis, MO), unless other sources of supply are specifically mentioned.

2-D electrophoresis (2-DE) was performed with the Investigator System® (Millipore) and the samples were run according to the manufacturer's instructions using small Processed changes. The adherent murine macrophages were found on Washed ice-cream three times with 60 ml ice-cold PBS for 60 seconds.

The cells were then in 1 ml of boiling lysis buffer consisting of 0.3 g SDS, 3.088 g DTT, 0.444 g TrisHCl and 0.266 g Tris Base, lysed in 100 ml. The Cell lysate was scraped off and placed in a 2 ml sample vessel for 10 minutes (min) boiling water heated.

Polynucleotides were obtained by adding Benzonase® (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) split in 30 min at 37 ° C. At this point the An aliquot was taken from the sample preparation and the protein content after the Method determined by Popov.

For the 2-DE, the proteins of the sample were added dropwise ice-cold acetone (80% v / v) precipitated. The sample was chilled on ice for 20 min and then centrifuged at 240 g for 10 min. The dried pellet was in one part of lysis buffer and four parts of a sample buffer to a protein content  of 5 mg / ml. The sample buffer consists of 59.7 g urea, 4.0 ml NP-40, 1.54g DTT, 5.5 ml carrier ampholytes (pH 3-10, 2-DE optimized) in 100 ml. Undissolved material was removed prior to electrophoresis by centrifuging the samples separated at 16000 × g.

1.3 2-DE gel electrophoresis

The high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed after the O′Farrell's method with modifications as described by Garrels carried out. For this purpose, the Millipore Investigator® 2-D electrophoresis system (Millipore Co., Bedford, MA).

The isoelectric focusing was carried out in glass capillaries (1 mm in diameter) with a 0.08 mm thick thread that allows the stick to stretch and tear prevented, carried out. The IEF gel consists of 4.1% T, 2.4% C Polyacrylamide matrix made from a 30.8% T, 2.6% C stock solution was, 9.5 M urea, 2.0% (v / v) NP-40, 10 mM chaps and 2% (v / v) Carrier ampholytes (pH 3-10, 2-DE optimized).

0.01 M H₃PO₄ was used as the anode buffer, 0.1 M NaOH as the cathode buffer. Before the pre-focusing to form the pH gradient, 15 µl of one Sample overlay buffer consisting of 0.5 M urea, 0.2% (v / v) NP-40, 0.1% (v / v) carrier ampholytes and 50 mM DTT, applied. The voltage maximum of 1500 volts was within 90 minutes at a maximum current of 110 µA / gel reached. After prefocusing, 20 µl of the sample was taken (100 µg protein) and another 15 µl overlay buffer.

The isoelectric focusing of the proteins took place within 18000 Vh. After electrophoresis was completed, the sticks were cooled on ice and equilibrated in a buffer consisting of 0.3 M Tris base, 0.075 M Tris HCl, 6% SDS, 50 mM DTT and 0.01% bromophenol blue. The stick gels were transferred directly to the surface of the second dimension vertical gel or stored at -20 ° C until use. The second dimension was carried out in an SDS gradient gel (10-17%) without a collection gel. The gradient was created by mixing two gel solutions.
A: 100 ml acrylamide (30.5% T, 1.64% C), 73 ml Tris (1.5 M, pH 8.8), 123 ml H₂O, 3 ml SDS (10%), 150 µl TEMED and 750 µl ammonium peroxodisulfate (10%).
B: 170 ml acrylamide, 73 ml Tris, 66.78 g glycerol, 3 ml SDS, 150 µl TEMED, 750 µl ammonium peroxodisulfate.

The electrophoresis was carried out overnight at constant temperature in one Running buffer consisting of 25 mM Tris base, 192 mM glycine and 0.1% SDS, until the bromophenol blue front is about 1 cm from the end of the gel was. After electrophoresis was complete, the proteins in the gel were replenished Heukeshoven and Dernick stained with silver reagent.

The analysis of the 2-D gels and the production of synthetic images was carried out with the Biolmage System (Biolmage Systems Co.) performed. The received Protein pattern was scanned by a Kodak Megaplus Camera Model 1.4 and the data was processed by a HAM station.

1.4 results

The results of the unstimulated control were set to 100%. The Addition of LPS (10 ng / ml) resulted in 50% dephosphorylation of cofilin. The simultaneous application of LPS (10 ng / ml) and compound 1 (60 µM) led however, no dephosphorylation of cofilin. Hence in Presence of Compound 1 a 100% inhibition of dephosphorylation of cofilin in the macrophages compared with the inhibition found in those with only LPS treated macrophages was achieved.

The addition of LPS (10 ng / ml) and 20 µM compound 1 or 10 µM compound 1 gave the same dephosphorylation of cofilin as without addition of compound 1. Therefore 20 µM or 10 µM of compound 1 no longer lead to inhibition dephosphorylation of cofilin.

Claims (9)

1. Use of at least one compound of the formula I and / or II and / or an optionally stereoisomeric form of the compound of formula I or II and / or a physiologically tolerable salt of the compound of formula I, wherein
R¹ for

• a) (C₁-C₄) alkyl
• b) (C₃-C₅) cycloalkyl,
• c) (C₂-C₆) alkenyl or
• d) (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,

R² for

• a) -CF₃,
• b) -O-CF₃,
• c) -S-CF₃,
• d) -OH,
• e) -NO₂,
• f) halogen,
• g) benzyl,
• h) phenyl,
• i) -O-phenyl,
• k) -CN,
• I) -O-phenyl, substituted one or more times with
• 1) (C₁-C₄) alkyl,
• 2) halogen,
• 3) -O-CF₃ or
• 4) -O-CH₃,

R³ for

• a) (C₁-C₄) alkyl,
• b) halogen or
• c) is a hydrogen atom, and

X for

• a) a -CH group or
• b) a nitrogen atom
  for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating apoptosis.

2. Use according to claim 1, characterized in that a compound of formula I and / or II and / or an optionally stereoisomeric form of the compound of formula I or II and / or a salt of the compound of formula I, wherein
R¹ for

• a) methyl,
• b) cyclopropyl or
• c) (C₃-C₅) alkynyl,

R² stands for CF₃ or CN,
R³ represents a hydrogen atom or methyl, and
X represents a -CH group,
starts. 3. Use according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that N- (4-trifluoromethylphenyl) -2-cyano-3-hydroxy-crotonic acid amide, 2-cyano-3-  cyclopropyl-3-hydroxyacrylic acid (4-cyanophenyl) amide or N- (4-trifluoro methylphenyl) -2-cyan-3-hydroxy-hept-2-en-6-in-carboxamide. 4. Use according to one or more of claims 1 to 3 for Treatment of infarction, stroke, transplants, autoimmune diseases, Inflammation, neurodegeneration fibroids, muscle atrophy, cachexia, Muscular dystrophy, systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS), Infarction, stroke, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cerebral Malaria, infarction, stroke, lung sarcosidosis, intestinal inflammation, Reperfusion Damage, Scarring, Burn Damage, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), cancer, diseases with increased Protein loss, neurodegeneration, chronic renal failure or hypertrophic diseases. 5. Use according to one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized characterized in that one additionally Cylosporin A, FK 506 or Rapamycin starts.