DE19600756A1 - Fuel-cell with solid electrolyte e.g. for motor vehicle - Google Patents
Fuel-cell with solid electrolyte e.g. for motor vehicleInfo
- Publication number
- DE19600756A1 DE19600756A1 DE19600756A DE19600756A DE19600756A1 DE 19600756 A1 DE19600756 A1 DE 19600756A1 DE 19600756 A DE19600756 A DE 19600756A DE 19600756 A DE19600756 A DE 19600756A DE 19600756 A1 DE19600756 A1 DE 19600756A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- electrolyte
- heat exchanger
- tape
- liquid
- cell
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0693—Treatment of the electrolyte residue, e.g. reconcentrating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
- H01M10/39—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34 working at high temperature
- H01M10/3909—Sodium-sulfur cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04276—Arrangements for managing the electrolyte stream, e.g. heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/22—Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elements; Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
- H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1231—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1233—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/182—Regeneration by thermal means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/249—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells comprising two or more groupings of fuel cells, e.g. modular assemblies
- H01M8/2495—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells comprising two or more groupings of fuel cells, e.g. modular assemblies of fuel cells of different types
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
1 kg H2 = 33,26 KWh und nimmt unter Normaldruck ein Volumen von 11,09 m³ ein. Mit Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzellen lassen sich davon 60% in Elektroenergie umwandeln, mit einer keramischen Thermoelementebatterie lassen sich aus der Abwärme (40%) nochmal 40% gewinnen, so daß der Gesamtwirkungsgrad etwa 76% sein kann. Ein H2 Speicher für Normaltemperatur muß für sehr hohen Druck ausgelegt sein und wird deshalb schwer. Auch in einem Hydritspeicher steht H2 unter Druck. Als Hydritbildner ist Mg gut geeignet. Im Ergebnis wiegt der Hydritspeicher für 1 kg H2 mehr als 4 kg, wenn er leer ist. 1 kg Speicher kann also maximal 6,6 KWh speichern. Es kommt hinzu, daß H2 sehr leicht entzündlich ist, es genügt oft ein Ausströmen, und auch beim Tanken Probleme bereitet. Die H2- Brennstoffzelle ist für private Kfz ungeeignet.1 kg H2 = 33.26 KWh and takes a volume of under normal pressure 11.09 m³. With high-temperature fuel cells, this can be done Convert 60% into electrical energy with a ceramic thermocouple battery can be again 40% from the waste heat (40%) gain so that the total efficiency can be about 76%. A H2 storage for normal temperature must be designed for very high pressure be and will therefore be difficult. Also in a hydrite storage H2 is under pressure. Mg is well suited as a hydrite generator. As a result, the hydrite storage for 1 kg H2 weighs more than 4 kg, when it is empty. 1 kg of storage can therefore store a maximum of 6.6 KWh. In addition, H2 is very flammable, it is often enough an outflow, and also causes problems when refueling. The H2 Fuel cells are unsuitable for private vehicles.
1 kg H2 11,09 m³ (bei Normaldruck) 33,26 KWh, 1 kg Benzin entspricht 12,5 KWh, 1 kg Mg 8,55 KWh.1 kg H2 11.09 m³ (at normal pressure) 33.26 KWh, 1 kg petrol corresponds to 12.5 KWh, 1 kg Mg 8.55 KWh.
Mg gegen Normalwasserstoffelektrode - 2,38 V gegen Gold oder Kohleelektrode - 3,88 V aber nur unter der Voraussetzung, daß sich auf keiner Elektrode eine Schicht mit geringerer Spannung befindet, z. B. wenn sich H2 auf der Gold- oder Kohleelektrode ablagert, sinkt die Zellenspannung von 3,88 V auf 2,38 V ab. Lagert sich H2 auf der Mg Elektrode ab, so sinkt die Zellenspannung auf 1,5 V. Der Wirkungsgrad sinkt auch, wenn die Zellenspannung vermindert wird.Mg against normal hydrogen electrode - 2.38 V against gold or carbon electrode - 3.88 V but only on the condition that on no electrode has a layer with a lower voltage, e.g. B. if H2 is deposited on the gold or carbon electrode, it drops Cell voltage from 3.88 V to 2.38 V. H2 is on the Mg electrode, the cell voltage drops to 1.5 V. The efficiency also decreases when the cell voltage is reduced.
1 = Deckel mit Hohlraum 6 für 02-Zufuhr; 2 = Deckel mit Hohlraum 7 zur Brennstoffzufuhr für H2 oder flüssiges Metall; 3 = Verschluß, damit Dampf (auch Metallsalze oder Oxide können verdampfen) nur von C in Richtung D strömen kann, 44 = poröse Elektrode (möglichst n-p-Eigenhalbleiter oder -leiter); 5 = poröse Elektrode (n-p-Leiter für H2) oder Metallelektrode besteht dann aus dem Metallbrennstoff. 5 kann auch mit flüssigem Metall getränkte poröse Keramik sein. 1 = lid with cavity 6 for 02 feed; 2 = cover with cavity 7 for supplying fuel for H2 or liquid metal; 3 = closure, so that steam (also metal salts or oxides can evaporate) can only flow from C in direction D, 44 = porous electrode (if possible np-own semiconductors or conductors); 5 = porous electrode (NP conductor for H2) or metal electrode then consists of the metal fuel. 5 can also be porous ceramic impregnated with liquid metal.
An 4: 02 → 2 O ⁻ - 2 e⁻; an 5 z. B. Na → Na⁺ + e-. Der Stromkreis wird über den Verbraucherwiderstand geschlossen.On 4: 02 → 2 O ⁻ - 2 e⁻; on 5 z. B. Na → Na⁺ + e - . The circuit is closed via the consumer resistor.
Der Stromkreis wird über den äußeren Verbraucher geschlossen. Die Oxide reagieren mit den Elektrolyten, es werden Salze gebildet außer bei H20 denn das verdampft und verläßt den Elektrolyten. Bei Metallen als Brennstoff verbleiben die Oxide im Elektrolyten, wenn sie nicht verdampfen oder Salze bilden, die bei Betriebstemperatur verdampfen. Der Elektrolyt verliert seine Aufnahmefähigkeit für Metallionen, wenn die Oxide oder Salze nicht entfernt werden. Die Aufnahmefähigkeit des Elektrolyten für Oxide und Salze ist begrenzt, steigt aber mit der Temperatur. Bei Salzschmelzen als Elektrolyt wird bei über 300 C H20 und H2 aus dem Elektrolyten verdampft, deshalb kann sich kein H2 an eine Elektrode anlagern und die Zellenspannung herabsetzen. Es sollen keramische Elektroden verwendet werden, da diese sich leicht porös herstellen lassen (Hochtemperatursupraleiter keramische), Elektrode 4 soll wegen p- Leitfähigkeit aus Keramik bestehen, Elektrode 5 kann aus dem Brennstoff (Metall) bestehen.The circuit is closed via the external consumer. The oxides react with the electrolytes, salts are formed except for H20 because this evaporates and leaves the electrolyte. With metals as fuel, the oxides remain in the electrolyte if they do not evaporate or form salts that evaporate at operating temperature. The electrolyte loses its ability to absorb metal ions if the oxides or salts are not removed. The absorption capacity of the electrolyte for oxides and salts is limited, but increases with temperature. In the case of molten salt as an electrolyte, H20 and H2 are evaporated from the electrolyte at over 300 C, so no H2 can accumulate on an electrode and reduce the cell voltage. Ceramic electrodes are to be used, since they can be easily produced in a porous manner (high-temperature ceramic superconductors), electrode 4 should consist of ceramic because of p-conductivity, electrode 5 can consist of the fuel (metal).
Der verbrauchte Elektrolyt muß aus der Brennstoffzelle entfernt werden. Ein flüssiger Elektrolyt und ein flüssiges Metall (Na oder K, ist in für Fahrzeugbrennstoffzellen ungeeignet. Der feste Elektrolyt wird mit einer dem Strom I proportionalen Geschwindigkeit durch die Brennstoffzelle befördert (gezogen oder/und geschoben). Der kalte unverbrauchte Elektrolyt wird mit der Abwärme des heißen Elektrolyten vorgewärmt um die nötige Betriebstemperatur zu erreichen. Pasten und mit flüssigem Elektrolyt getränktes Material sind hierbei feste Elektrolyte.The used electrolyte must be removed from the fuel cell. A liquid electrolyte and a liquid metal (Na or K, is unsuitable for vehicle fuel cells. The solid electrolyte with a speed proportional to the current I. transported through the fuel cell (pulled or / and pushed). The cold, unused electrolyte becomes with the waste heat of the hot Preheated electrolytes to reach the required operating temperature. Pastes and material soaked with liquid electrolyte solid electrolytes.
1 = Deckel für Luftraum 8, sauerstoffreiche Luft (notfalls mit Gaszentrifuge auf 9 über 30 bis 95% O2 angereichert) strömt von A nach E und gibt über die Elektrode 4 (poröser Leiter) O2 an Elektrolyt 6 ab. Die ausströmende Luft enthält weniger O2 als die einströmende; 2 = Gefäß beidseitig offen aus Isoliermaterial (Keramik); 5 = Metall, das durch Deckel auf den Elektrolyten gedrückt wird, ist das Metall flüssig (Na oder K), so soll ein poröser mit flüssigem Metall getränkter Isolator 20 zwischen Metall 5 und Elektrolyt 6 sein, damit Metall nicht aus der Zelle fließt, wenn Elektrolyt 6 aus der Zelle gezogen ist. 5 wird mit Verschiebekolben 9 auf 6 gedrückt. 1 = cover for air space 8 , oxygen-rich air (if necessary enriched with 9 to 30 to 95% O2 with a gas centrifuge) flows from A to E and releases O2 to electrolyte 6 via electrode 4 (porous conductor). The outgoing air contains less O2 than the incoming; 2 = vessel open on both sides made of insulating material (ceramic); 5 = metal that is pressed onto the electrolyte by a lid, if the metal is liquid (Na or K), there should be a porous insulator 20 soaked with liquid metal between metal 5 and electrolyte 6 so that metal does not flow out of the cell when Electrolyte 6 is pulled out of the cell. 5 is pushed to 6 with the piston 9 .
6 = Elektrolyt in Band oder Scheibenform wie Schallplatte. 6 = Electrolyte in the form of a tape or disc, such as a record.
8 = Luftraum für O2 Zufuhr; 9 = Preßkolben; 10 u. 11 = Gegenstromwärmetauscher mit den Räumen 12 und 13 für den flüssigen oder gasförmigen Wärmeüberträger; 16 = Rohr für den heißen Wärmeüberträger; 15 = Rohr für den kalten Wärmeüberträger; 14 = Pumpe für Wärmeüberträger. Die Heizung 20, nicht eingezeichnet, kann sich an beliebiger Stelle zwischen E und F befinden oder an beliebiger Stelle zwischen E und F befinden oder an beliebiger Stelle in den Wärmetauscherkreislauf eingebaut sein. 8 = air space for O2 supply; 9 = plunger; 10 u. 11 = counterflow heat exchanger with rooms 12 and 13 for the liquid or gaseous heat exchanger; 16 = pipe for the hot heat exchanger; 15 = pipe for the cold heat exchanger; 14 = pump for heat exchanger. The heater 20 , not shown, can be located anywhere between E and F, or anywhere between E and F, or can be installed anywhere in the heat exchanger circuit.
Zwischen der Thermoelementebatterie und dem Verbraucher wird der Vorschubmotor für 6 geschaltet.The feed motor for 6 is connected between the thermocouple battery and the consumer.
Das Elektrolytband ist wie ein Film auf einer Rolle aufgespult und wird auf die zuerst leere Rolle aufgespult.The electrolyte tape is wound on a roll and like a film is wound onto the first empty roll.
2 und 1 werden auf beide Seiten der Scheibe aufgelegt, die Scheibe dreht sich, und 1 und 2 werden wie beim Plattenspieler in Radiusrichtung bewegt. 2 and 1 are placed on both sides of the disc, the disc rotates, and 1 and 2 are moved in the radius direction as with the turntable.
Es werden mehrere voneinander el getrennte Elektrolytstreifen und mehrere Teile 2 u. 1 mit Inhalt verwendet. Bei Platten befinden sich auf einer Platte mehrere voneinander isolierte Elektrolytstreifen und zu beiden Seiten die Teile 1 u. 2 mit Inhalt, außerdem werden mehrere Platten verwendet.There are several separate electrolyte strips and several parts 2 u. 1 used with content. In the case of plates, there are several mutually insulated electrolyte strips on one plate and parts 1 u on both sides. 2 with content, more plates are used.
Das Elektrolytband braucht nur abgespult werden nach dem Verlassen von 12, also nach G kann es zerschnitten werden. Es kann auch unbiegsames Band verwendet werden, wenn die Quader in einem Magazin gestapelt sind und der Brennstoffzelle automatisch zugeführt werden.The electrolyte tape only needs to be unwound after leaving 12 , so after G it can be cut. Rigid tape can also be used if the cuboids are stacked in a magazine and automatically fed to the fuel cell.
Na und K flüssig, Mg fest 8,56 KWh/kg (Benzin 12,5 KWh/kg) H2 33,26 KWh/kg, der nötige leere Speicher wiegt mehr als 5 kg für 1 kg H2, Metall kann durch S Schwefel ersetzt werden, möglich ist auch O2 durch Schwefel zu ersetzen.Na and K liquid, Mg solid 8.56 KWh / kg (gasoline 12.5 KWh / kg) H2 33.26 KWh / kg, the necessary empty storage weighs more than 5 kg for 1 kg H2, metal can be replaced by S sulfur, it is also possible to replace O2 with sulfur.
Überflüssige Prozeßwärme wird an Wärmekraftmaschine 21 für hohe Eingangstemperatur oder und an Wärmekraftmaschine 22 für niedrige Eingangstemperatur abgegeben. Günstig ist eine Thermoelementebatterie mit keramischen Thermoelementen als Wärmekraftmaschine (Wärmeüberträger strömt durch Batterie). Hinter 10 auf Seite G kann sich noch eine Wärmekraftmaschine befinden.Unnecessary process heat is given off to heat engine 21 for high inlet temperature or and to heat engine 22 for low inlet temperature. A thermocouple battery with ceramic thermocouples as a heat engine is favorable (heat exchanger flows through the battery). A heat engine may be located behind 10 on side G.
Claims (38)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19600756A DE19600756A1 (en) | 1996-01-11 | 1996-01-11 | Fuel-cell with solid electrolyte e.g. for motor vehicle |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19600756A DE19600756A1 (en) | 1996-01-11 | 1996-01-11 | Fuel-cell with solid electrolyte e.g. for motor vehicle |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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DE19600756A1 true DE19600756A1 (en) | 1997-07-17 |
Family
ID=7782506
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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DE19600756A Withdrawn DE19600756A1 (en) | 1996-01-11 | 1996-01-11 | Fuel-cell with solid electrolyte e.g. for motor vehicle |
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DE (1) | DE19600756A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2095452A2 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2009-09-02 | Wesley Martin Lang | Sulfur fueled electrochemical cell |
-
1996
- 1996-01-11 DE DE19600756A patent/DE19600756A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2095452A2 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2009-09-02 | Wesley Martin Lang | Sulfur fueled electrochemical cell |
EP2095452A4 (en) * | 2006-10-31 | 2010-09-22 | Wesley Martin Lang | Sulfur fueled electrochemical cell |
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