DE19545165A1 - Open cell poly:urethane foams for mouldings - Google Patents

Abstract

Preparation of open cell polyurethane foams comprises reacting the following components: (A) (modified) organic di- and/or polyisocyanates; (B) high molecular weight compounds with at least two reactive hydrogen atoms; (C) fatty chemical, cell-opening polyols obtained by the addition of nucleophilic compounds to triglycerides containing epoxy groups; and (D) optional chain extenders and/or cross-linking agents, in the presence of (E) propellants, (F) catalysts and (G) optional additives. Also claimed are (i) foams prepared by this method, and (ii) the use of (C) for the preparation of open cell polyurethane foams.

Description

The invention relates to a method for producing open-celled cells Polyurethane foams with an optimal open cell.

Flexible polyurethane foams have been known for a long time and in the Literature described many times.

Their mechanical properties, especially their elasticity, are described in strongly influenced by the proportion of open cells in the foam flows.

For opening closed cells in flexible polyurethane foams Various possibilities are known in the prior art.

So it is possible to mecha the cells in flexible polyurethane foams African way by milling the corresponding molded parts according to the To open the mold. This procedure is common, however both time and energy consuming and only in the manufacture of Molded parts applicable.

The cell opening is more often carried out chemically.  

For example, in US-A-3 405 216 and US-A-3 405 217 the treatment of Flexible polyurethane foams with solutions of certain inorganic Salts suggested. This procedure is also additional Step time consuming.

The addition of additives for cell opening is of great importance. So will in FR-A-1,461,357 the use of monoolefin polymers as Cell opener suggested. In US-A-4,826,883 and US-A-4,863,975 who the oxynitrate salts used for the same purpose, while in EP-A- 0 068 281 poly-N, N-hydroxyalkylamides of organic polyacids are used will. DE-A-39 28 867 and EP-B-0 000 761 describe the uses formation of polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers and defin silicon compounds as cell openers.

Another way to open-celled polyurethane soft Influencing foams is the chemical structure of poly oil component used polyetherols. So by adding specifically constructed polyetherols to the polyol component also open-cell Flexible polyurethane foams are produced.

According to DE-A-12 48 286, low molecular weight polyglycols or Polyester and according to US-A-4 596 665 polyoxyalkylene oxides based on α, β-alkylene oxides with at least 4 carbon atoms, e.g. B. 1,2-butylene oxide Production of open-cell flexible polyurethane foams can be used.

EP-A-0 339 369 describes an at least 4-functional cell opener Proposed polyetherol with a molecular weight of at least 5000 gen. The use of such polyetherols in flexible polyurethane foam systems leads to relatively hard foams, which is not for everyone Applications is desired.  

In EP-A-0 380 993 polyetherols with a Ge velvet ethylene oxide content of 25 to 80 wt .-% in combination with Koh Lens acid diamide, thiocarbonic acid diamide or their derivatives proposed. Here, however, the cell opener polyetherol must be used in a large amount, at least 50% by weight of the total amount of polyol can be used. In order to the flexible polyurethane foam systems produced in this way are well known ten disadvantages of foams with high ethylene oxide-containing polyether alcohol len on.

The highly polar polyetherols with high ethylene oxide content are compatible with Non-polar poly commonly used for polyurethane production etherols and isocyanates are difficult to mix. To separate the poly Avoiding etherol components is a constant and efficient homogeneity sation of the finished polyol component necessary. As this is often not the case foam disorders often occur.

All cell opening additives proposed in the prior art Common is that disturbances in even with a small excess of the foam structure and thus the mixing of the polyurethane Components is very difficult. Even small inaccuracies like them cannot always be ruled out in practice. Soft foam for insufficient cell opening or for the formation of cavities clearing, so-called blowholes, lead.

EP-B-0 141 882 relates to a process for the production of open cells Polyurethane flexible foams that are used on the ventilation Shape at a specific time during foam curing is based. EP-A-0 418 039 discloses polyurethane and / or polyurea dispersions that are produced by reacting polyisocyanate with a co-reagent with a large number of active hydrogen atoms  in the presence of a preformed polyurethane and / or polyurea dispersion. The dispersions are suitable for the production of a poly urethane foam with improved cell opening characteristics.

Find renewable raw materials as raw materials for the production of Polyurethane parts widely used. So serve sucrose, sorbitol, methyl glucoside, glycerin and other polyols based on renewable raw materials substances as initiators for the production of polyether polyols. Castor oil found as a fat chemical polyol, especially in polyurethane coatings gene and polyurethane potting compounds use. Fatty acid derivatives are used as catalysts and release agents. About epoxidation and hydroxylation unsaturated; oleochemical compounds are numerous other hydrox Polyols containing yl groups are available based on native oils. Oleochemical Polyols have always been part of polyol components available for the development of polyurethane systems. they draw compared to the widespread petrochemical polyether and polyester polyols mainly characterized by their hydrophobic character. In particular polyurethane systems for CASE (Coating, Adhesive, Sealing, Elastomer) applications only get them through oleochemical polyols characteristic property profile.

Petrochemical-based polyurethane raw materials are only used for limited, already foreseeable time (inexpensive) will be available. target For this reason, long-term research work must Develop alternatives to existing polyurethane formulations which re-wax the highest possible proportion of raw materials sender ("Bio") basis and new areas of application for follow-up send raw materials, especially in polyurethane formulations conclude.  

The production of modified triglycerides and especially known from fatty acid derivatives. Epoxidation olefini shear double bonds and subsequent ring opening describe z. B. DE-A-32 46 612 and DE-A-41 28 649. DE-A-41 28 649 discloses the like epoxy ring opening products as multi-functional polycondensation building blocks, such as those used for the development of polyurethane foams are important, but says nothing about cell opening Properties of these products. The use of such preserved Ring opening products of epoxidized triglycerides for the production of Polyurethane materials are known for two-component polyurethane adhesive material from DE-A-33 47 045, for polyurethane prepolymers from DE-A-36 26 223, for solid, cast materials made of polyurethane EP-B-0 259 722 and to improve the hydrolysis stability of poly urethanes from DE-A-40 41 119. DE-C-41 25 031 and DE-A-42 03 077 describe a process for the preparation of hydroxyl-containing Fatty acid compounds by reacting epoxidized fatty acid ver bonds with medium-sized oxirane groups with water or active Hydrogen containing compounds in the presence of acid activated alumina and / or silicates and / or activated carbon as a catalyst. These publications disclose as an area of application for such hydroxylated fatty acid compounds in general technical auxiliaries and Plastics such as B. polyurethane amides and polyester urethanes. However nothing about cell opening properties of these fatty acid derivatives testified.

The object of the invention was to provide a method for manufacturing position to develop open-cell polyurethane foams, which as cell-opening component a polyol based on renewable raw materials should contain.  

Surprisingly, it was found that the DE-C-41 25 031 and DE-A-42 03 077 prepared fatty acid containing hydroxyl groups compounds, which are also called oleochemical or oleochemical polyols, show cell opening properties in polyurethane systems. Are general such oleochemical polyols obtainable by adding nucleophilic Connections to triglycerides containing epoxy groups. By use The proportion of such oleochemical polyols as cell openers renewable raw materials in polyurethane formulations further increased will.

The invention thus relates to a method for producing open cells lige polyurethane foams by implementing

• a) organic and / or modified organic di- and / or poly isocyanates with
• b) higher molecular weight compounds with at least two reactive Hydrogen atoms,
• c) cell opener polyols and
• d) optionally low molecular weight chain extension and / or crosslinking average,

in the presence of

• e) blowing agents,
• f) catalysts and
• g) any additives,

which is characterized in that the cell opener polyols (c) from fat chemical polyols exist, which are obtainable by addition of nucleophilic compounds on triglycerides containing epoxy groups.

The invention further relates to those produced by this method open-celled polyurethane foams, especially hard polyurethane  foams and flexible foams, and their use. Further Embodiments of the invention are defined in the claims.

Components a) to g) are defined as follows.

• a) For the production of open-cell polyurethane foams, preferred as the polyurethane foam moldings, the known organic, e.g. B. aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, arali phatic, cycloaliphatic-aromatic and preferably aromatic rule di- and / or polyisocyanates. In particular, are exemplary called: alkylene diisocyanates with 4 to 12 carbon atoms in Alkylene radical, such as. B. 1,12-dodecane diisocyanate, 2-ethyl-tetramethylene 1,4-diisocyanate, 2-pentamethylene-1,5-diisocyanate, 2-ethyl-2-butyl pentamethylene diisocyanate 1,5, tetramethylene diisocyanate 1,4 and preferably 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate; cycloaliphatic Diisocyanates such as B. cyclohexane-1,3- and 1,4-diisocyanate and any mixtures of these isomers, 1-isocyanato-3,3,5-trimethyl 5-isocyanatomethyl-cyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate), 2,4- and 2,6-hexahydrotoluylene diisocyanate and the corresponding isomers mixtures, 4,4'-, 2,2'- and 2,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and the corresponding mixtures of isomers, and preferably aromatic Di- and polyisocyanates, such as. B. 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate and the corresponding mixtures of isomers, 4,4'-, 2,4'- and 2,2'-diphe nylmethane diisocyanate and the corresponding isomer mixtures, Mixtures of 4,4'- and 2,4'-dipherylmethane diisocyanates (MDI), Polyphenyl-polymethylene polyisocyanates, mixtures of 4,4'-, 2,4'- and 2,2′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates and polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates (raw MDI) and mixtures of raw MDI and Tolylene diisocyanates. The organic di- and polyisocyanates can be used individually or in the form of their mixtures.

Mi have proven to be excellent as organic polyisocyanates mixtures of diphenylmethane diisocyanates and polyphenyl polyme ethylene polyisocyanates, preferably those with a diphenylme than diisocyanate content of at least 35% by weight, e.g. B. from 45 to 95 % By weight and in particular from 48 to 60% by weight, so that such Raw MDI compositions particularly preferred application Find.

Mixtures of 4,4'- and 2,4'-diphenyl are particularly preferred methane diisocyanates, mixtures of MDI isomers and polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates (raw MDI), advantageously with a content of MDI isomers of at least 50% by weight, preferably example, from 60 to 90 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the Mixture, 2,4- and 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate and the corresponding commercial isomer mixtures, mixtures of 2,4- and 2,6- Tolylene diisocyanate and MDI, preferably 4,4'- and 2,4'-MDI, and / or raw MDI, for example those with an MDI content from 30 to 90% by weight, preferably 40 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the raw MDI's.

So-called modified polyvalent isocyanates, ie. H. Products by chemical conversion of organic di- and / or Polyisocyanates can be obtained. Examples include ester Urea, biuret, allophanate, isocyanurate and preferably carbo di-, uretonimine and / or urethane groups containing di- and / or polyisocyanates. In detail, for example, come in Consideration: propolymers containing urethane groups with an NCO Content from 14 to 2.8% by weight, preferably from 12 to 3.5% by weight or quasi-prepolymers with an NCO content of 35 to 14% by weight, preferably from 34 to 22% by weight, with urethane groups  modified polyisocyanates from tolylene diisocyanates, in particular an NCO content of 34 to 28% by weight and those of 4,4′-MDI, 4,4'- and 2,4'-MDI isomer mixtures or crude MDI, in particular an NCO content of 28 to 14 wt .-%, particularly preferred from 28 to 22% by weight, based on the total weight and are produced by reacting diols, oxalkylene glycols and / or polyoxyalkylene glycols with molecular weights from 62 to 6000, preferably from 134 to 4200 with tolylene dii socyanates, 4,4'-MDI, MDI isomer mixtures and / or crude MDI z. B. at temperatures from 20 to 110 ° C, preferably from 50 to 90 ° C, being as oxalkylene and polyoxyalkylene glycols, individually or can be used as mixtures, for example: Diethylene, dipropylene, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene and poly oxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycols, carbodiimide groups and / or Polyisocyanates containing uretonimine groups, e.g. B. on MDI isomes ren and / or tolylene diisocyanate base.

Urethane groups containing are also preferably used Polyisocyanate mixtures with an NCO content of 28 to 14 % By weight, based on the total weight, produced from MDI and / or crude MDI and polyoxypropylene glycols with a molecular weight weight from 134 to 4200 or polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene-polyols with an ethylene oxide content of at most 35% by weight and a Molecular weight from 134 to 4200, preferably from 1800 to 4200.

• b) Higher molecular compounds suitable as components (b) zen usually have a functionality of 2 to 8 and a molecule lar weight from 500 to 8000, whereby for the production of flexible Polyurethane polyhydroxyl compounds with a functionality of preferably 2 to 3 and a molecular weight of preferably  2200 to 7200 and especially 3200 to 6000 and for production of hard polyurethane polyhydroxyl compounds with a radio tionality of preferably 3 to 8 and in particular 4 to 6 and a molecular weight of preferably 500 to 2200 and ins particular 600 to 1800 are appropriately used. As Polyhydroxyl compounds are preferably linear and / or branched polyester polyols and especially polyoxyalkylene polyols used. However, polymer-modified ones are also possible Polyoxyalkylene polyols, polyoxyalkylene polyol dispersions and others hydroxyl-containing polymers and polycondensates with the before mentioned functionalities and molecular weights, for example Polyesteramides, polyacetals and / or polycarbonates, in particular those made from diphenyl carbonate and 1,6-hexanediol Transesterification or mixtures of at least two of the above higher molecular weight polyhydroxyl compounds.

Suitable polyester polyols can, for example, from organic Dicarboxylic acids with 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably alipha table dicarboxylic acids with 4 to 6 carbon atoms and more valuable alcohols, preferably alkane diols, with 2 to 12 carbons atoms, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and / or dial kylene glycols are produced. Come as dicarboxylic acids Examples include: succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, Suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, decanedicarboxylic acid, mal Acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid re. The dicarboxylic acids can be used both individually and in Mixture can be used with each other. Instead of the free Dicar bonic acids can also be the corresponding dicarboxylic acid derivatives, such as B. dicarboxylic acid esters of alcohols with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or dicarboxylic anhydrides are used. Preferably  Dicarboxylic acid mixtures of amber, glutaric and Adipic acid in proportions of, for example, 20 to 35:35 to 50: 20 to 32 parts by weight, and especially adipic acid. Examples of dihydric and polyhydric alcohols, especially alkane diols and dialkylene glycols are: ethanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, dipropylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6- Hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol, glycerin and trimethylolpropane. Preferential ethanediol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol or mixtures of at least two the alkane diols mentioned, in particular mixtures of 1,4-butane diol, 1,5-pentanediol and 1,6-hexanediol. Can be used also polyester polyols from lactones, e.g. B. ε-caprolactone or Hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. B. ω-Hydroxycapric acid.

To produce the polyester polyols, the organic, for. B. aromatic and preferably aliphatic polycarboxylic acids and / or derivatives and polyhydric alcohols and / or alkylene glycols catalyst-free or preferably in the presence of esterification catalysts, suitably in an inert gas atmosphere sen, such as B. nitrogen, helium, argon and. a. in the melt at Temperatures from 150 to 250 ° C, preferably 180 to 220 ° C if necessary under reduced pressure to the desired acid number, the is advantageously less than 10, preferably less than 2, be polycondensed. According to a preferred embodiment is the esterification mixture at the above-mentioned. Temperatures up to an acid number of 80 to 30, preferably 40 to 30, under Nor painting pressure and then under a pressure of less than 500 mbar; preferably 50 to 150 mbar, polycondensed. As Vereste tion catalysts come, for example, iron, cadmium, cobalt, Lead, zinc, antimony, magnesium, titanium and tin catalysts in  Form of metals, metal oxides or metal salts into consideration. The However, polycondensation can also be in the liquid phase in the presence of diluents and / or entraining agents, such as. B. benzene, toluene, Xylene or chlorobenzene, for azeotropic distillation of the condensate tion water can be carried out.

To produce the polyester polyols, the organic poly carboxylic acids and / or derivatives and polyhydric alcohols partially in a molar ratio of 1: 1 to 1.8, preferably 1: 1.05 up to 1.2 polycondensed.

The polyester polyols obtained preferably have a function nality of 2 to 4, in particular 2 to 3 and a molecular weight from 800 to 3600, preferably 1200 to 3200 and especially 1800 up to 2500.

However, they are used in particular as polyhydroxyl compounds Polyoxyalkylene polyols by known methods, for example by anionic polymerization with alkali hydroxides, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide or alkali alcoholates, such as sodium methylate, Sodium or potassium ethylate or potassium isopropylate as a catalyst ren and with the addition of at least one starter molecule, the 2 to 8, preferably contains 2 to 3 reactive hydrogen atoms bound for Production of polyoxyalkylene polyols for flexible polyurethanes and preferably contains 3 to 8 reactive hydrogen atoms bound for Production of polyoxyalkylene polyols for semi-hard and hard Polyurethanes, or by cationic polymerization with Lewis acid ren, such as antimony pentachloride, boron fluoride etherate and the like. a. or bleacher de as catalysts from one or more alkylene oxides with 2 up to 4 carbon atoms in the alkylene radical.  

Suitable alkylene oxides are, for example, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3- Propylene oxide, 1,2- or 2,3-butylene oxide and preferably ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide. The alkylene oxides can be used individually, alternately can be used in succession or as mixtures. As a Startermo For example, glasses are considered: water, organic dicar bonic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, phthalic acid and Te rephthalic acid, aliphatic and aromatic, possibly N-mono-, N, N- and N, N'-dialkyl-substituted diamines with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the Alkyl radical, such as optionally mono- and dialkyl-substituted ethylenediamine, Diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 1,3-propylenediamine, 1,3- or 1,4-butylenediamine, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5- and 1,6-hexamethylene diamine, Phenylenediamines, 2,3-, 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediamine and 4,4′-, 2,4′- and 2,2'-diamino-diphenylmethane.

Other suitable starter molecules are: alkanolamines, such as e.g. B. ethanolamine, N-methyl and N-ethylethanolamine, dialkanol amines such as B. diethanolamine, N-methyl and N-ethyl-diethanola min and trialkanolamines such as B. triethanolamine and ammonia. Polyvalent, in particular two to, are preferably used eight-valent alcohols and / or alkylene glycols such as. B. ethanediol, Propanediol-1,2 and 1,3, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, butanediol 1,4, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sorbitol and sucrose and mixtures of at least 2 polyvalent ones Alcohols.

The polyoxyalkylene polyols, preferably polyoxypropylene and poly oxypropylene-polyoxyethylene-polyols, have a functionality of 2 to 8 and molecular weights of 400 to 8000, whereby as already was set out for flexible polyurethanes with polyoxyalkylene polyols a functionality of 2 to 3 and a molecular weight of  2400 to 7200 and for hard polyurethanes with polyoxyalkylene polyols a functionality of 3 to 8 and a molecular weight of 400 to 3600 are preferred, and suitable polyoxytetramethylene glycols have a molecular weight of 400 to about 3500.

Polymer-modified polyols are also suitable as polyoxyalkylene polyols Polyoxyalkylene polyols, preferably graft polyoxyalkylene polyols, especially those based on styrene and / or acrylonitrile in situ polymerization of acrylonitrile, styrene or preferably Mi mixtures of styrene and acrylonitrile, e.g. B. in a weight ratio of 90: 10 to 10: 90, preferably 70: 30 to 30: 70, more convenient as the aforementioned polyoxyalkylene polyols analogous to the information German Patent 11 11 394, 12 22 669 (US-A-3 304 273, 3 383 351, 3 523 093), 11 52 536 (GB 10 40 452) and 11 52 537 (GB 987 618) are produced, as well as polyoxyalkylene-polyoldis persions, as a disperse phase, usually in an amount of 1 to 50% by weight, preferably 2 to 25% by weight, contain: e.g. B. Contain polyureas, polyhydrazides, tert-amino groups bound de polyurethanes and / or melamine and the z. B. described who those in EP-B-011 752 (US-A-4 304 708), US-A-4 374 209 and DE-A-32 31 497.

The polyoxyalkylene polyols can, like the polyester polyols used individually or in the form of mixtures. Further you can use the graft polyoxyalkylene polyols or polyester polyols and the hydroxyl-containing polyester amides, Polyace tal and / or polycarbonates are mixed. Proven excellently for flexible polyurethanes, for example, mixtures with a functionality of 2 to 3 and a molecular weight of 2400 to 8000, which contain at least one polyoxyalkylene polyol  and at least one polymer-modified polyoxyalkylene polyol the group of graft polyoxyalkylene polyols or polyoxyalkylene polyol dispersions, the disperse phase polyureas, polyhydrazi de or tertiary amino groups containing bound polyurethanes contain.

As polyacetals containing hydroxyl groups such. B. from Glyko len, such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 4,4'-dihydroxyethoxy-diphe nyldimethylmethane, hexanediol and formaldehyde producible Ver ties in question. Also by polymerizing cyclic acetals suitable polyacetals can be produced.

Polycarbonates containing hydroxyl groups are those of known type into consideration, for example, by implementation of diols, such as. B. propanediol (1,3), butanediol (1,4) and / or Hexanediol (1,6), diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol with diaryl carbonates, e.g. B. diphenyl carbonate, or phosgene can be produced.

The polyester amides include e.g. B. the polyvalent, saturated ten and / or unsaturated carboxylic acids or their anhydrides and polyhydric saturated and / or unsaturated amino alcohols or mixtures of polyhydric alcohols and amino alcohols and / or polyamines, predominantly linear condensates.

As higher molecular weight compounds with at least two reactive Find hydrogen atoms (b), especially polyether polyols moderately those with an average functionality of 2.0 to 8.0, preferably 2.0 to 3.0 and in particular 2.0 to 2.6 and a molecular weight of an average of 500 to 8000, preferably  wise 3600 to 6500 use. Mixtures are also suitable from polyether polyols, and polyether polyamines with a poly ether polyamine content of at most 35% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 12 wt .-%, based on the total weight. Are also suitable Polyether polyols with molecular weights below 2200, for example from 250 to 2200. However, these are expediently only in such amounts and in a mixture with higher molecular weight polyether polyols used, so that mixtures with molecular weights of result in an average of at least 2200.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the polyurethane han rigid foams are produced, have the higher molecules ren connections a functionality of preferably 3 to 8, in particular 4 to 6 and a molecular weight preferably of 500 to 2200, especially 600 to 1800. Preferred in another embodiment in which flexible polyurethane foams are used the higher molecular weight compounds have one Functionality of preferably 2 to 4, in particular 2 to 3, in particular preferably 2.0 to 2.6 and preferably a molecular weight from 2200 to 8000, especially 2200 to 7200 and most preferably from 3200 to 6000.

• c) Particularly suitable for the production of the oleochemical polyols Triglycerides containing epoxy groups are fatty acid derivatives that differ from Rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, trans-oil, cottonseed oil, Rape oil, peanut oil, palm oil, beef tallow, lard, fish oil, coconut oil, Derive Euphorbia Lathyris oil, castor oil, tall oil or claw oil. The Epoxidation of these triglycerides is due to the above pressure writings known.

According to the invention particularly suitable nucleophilic compounds for Addition to the epoxy group-containing triglycerides are hydroxyl groups nucleophiles containing pen, especially water, linear and branched chain alkanols with 1 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms Atoms, such as B. methanol, ethanol, n- and iso-propanol, n- and sec-butanol, pental, hexanol; linear and branched chain alkane diols with 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 3 carbon atoms, such as. B. Ethanediol, 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, 1,5- Pentanediols, 1,6-hexanediols; Alkanetriols such as B. glycerin and Trimethylolpropane, dialkylene glycols such as e.g. B. diethylene, dipropylene and dibutylene glycol, and trialkylene glycols; substituted alkanolami no such as B. N, N-dialkylalkanolamine, such as. B. N, N-dialkyl ethanol min, dialkanolamines, such as. B. N-alkyl diethanolamines and Trialka nolamines such as B. Triethanolamine. The amount of added nucleophilic compound is preferably 0.3 to 10 mol, ins particularly 0.5 to 2.0 mol, particularly preferably 0.9 to 1.1 mol nucleophilic compound, each based on 1 mole of epoxy groups.

Cell opener polyols suitable according to the invention preferably have a hydroxyl number from 10 to 500, in particular from 50 to 400 and more preferably from 100 to 200; an acid number of 0.1 to 3, in particular from 0.5 to 1.5; a residual oxirane content of <3% by weight, in particular of <1% by weight; and an average hy Droxyl functionality from 2 - 9, especially from 3 - 6. The epoxy group content of the hydroxyl group-containing triglycerides preferably 2 to 10% by weight, preferably 4 to 8.5% by weight, in each case based on 100 wt .-% triglyceride. The amount of too polyurethane Cell opener polyol added to foam is preferably 5 to 80 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of component (b). Ins it is particularly preferred for rigid polyurethane foams  10 to 80 parts by weight, more preferably 40 to 60 parts by weight, each based on 100 parts by weight of component (b). For polyurethane Flexible foams are preferably used from 5 to 20 parts by weight, in particular 7.5 to 15 parts by weight, in each case based on 100 parts by weight Parts component (b).

• d) The polyurethane foams can according to the invention Procedure in the absence or presence of chain extension and crosslinking agents (d) are produced. In the preparation of flexible, compact or cellular polyurethanes can become Modification of the mechanical properties, e.g. B. the hardness of Addition of chain extenders, crosslinking agents or, if necessary mixtures of these also prove to be advantageous. In the preparation of of rigid polyurethane foams can usually be based on ver use of chain extenders and / or crosslinking agents (d) to be dispensed with. As a chain extender, difunctional le compounds, tri- or higher functional as crosslinking agents Compounds each with molecular weights less than 400, before preferably used from 62 to about 300. As chain ver extenders are exemplified by alkanediols, e.g. B. such the 2 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkylene radical, such as. B. ethane, 1,3- Propane, 1,4-butane, 1,5-pentane and 1,6-hexanediol, and dialkylene glycols such as B. diethylene, dipropylene and dibutylene glycol and as crosslinking agents alkanolamines, e.g. B. ethanolamine, dialkanol amine, e.g. B. diethanolamine, and trialkanolamines, e.g. B. Triethanola min and triisopropanolamine and trihydric and higher alcohols, such as B. glycerol, trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol. As chains extenders or crosslinking agents are also suitable molecular ethoxylation and / or propoxylation products, e.g. B.  those with molecular weights up to about 400 of the aforementioned polyhydric alcohols, alkylene glycols, alkanolamines and diamines.

Alkane is preferably used as the chain extender diols, especially 1,4-butanediol and / or 1,6-hexanediol, alkylene glycols, especially ethylene glycol and propylene glycol and as Crosslinking agents trihydric alcohols, especially glycerin and Trimethylolpropane, dialkanolamines, especially diethanolamine and Trialkanolamines, especially triethanolamine.

The chain extender and / or crosslinking agent, the preferred wise for the production of flexible, compact or cellular polyu rethanes can also be used, for example in amounts of 2 to 60 wt .-%, preferably from 10 to 40 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the structural components (b) and (d) will.

• e) Before as a blowing agent (s) for the production of cellular polyurethanes preferably the rigid polyurethane foams, in particular Use water that forms with isocyanate groups Carbon dioxide reacts. The amounts of water that are convenient are used, 0.1 to 8 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 5 parts by weight and in particular 1.5 to 3 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the compounds (b).

Also suitable as blowing agents are liquids which are opposed to the liquid polyisocyanate modified with urethane groups compositions (a) are inert and boiling points below 100 ° C, preferably below 50 ° C, in particular between -50 ° C and 30 ° C have at atmospheric pressure so that they are under the influence of  evaporate exothermic polyaddition reaction and mixtures of such physically acting gaseous and liquid propellants and water. Examples of such, preferably usable Liquids are alkanes, e.g. B. propane, n- or iso-butane, Heptane, hexane, n- and iso-pentane, preferably industrial mixtures from n- and iso-pentanes, n- and iso-butane and propane, and cyclo alkanes, such as cyclopentane and / or cyclohexane, ethers, e.g. B. how Furan, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and methyl isobutyl ether, ketones, such as B. acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, carboxylic acid alkyl esters, such as Methyl formate, dimethyl oxalate and ethyl acetate and halogenated Hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, dichloromonofluoromethane, Difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, difluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, chlorine difluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethane, monochlorotrifluoroethane, monochlorotetrafluoro ethane, pentafluoroethane, and heptafluoropropane. Mixtures of these low-boiling liquids with each other and / or with others substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbons be used. Organic carboxylic acids are also suitable, such as B. formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, ricinoleic acid and compounds containing carboxyl groups.

Can also be used as blowing agent (s) at room temperature Powdery compounds, which are characterized by increased temperature Elimination of gases, such as B. water vapor, carbon dioxide, Koh decompose lenmonoxide, oxygen or nitrogen. Named as an example are silica gels, bicarbonates, ammonium formate, oxalic acid derivatives, Urea and derivatives, peroxides and preferably azo compounds, such as B. azoisobutyronitrile and azodicarbonamide, hydrazines, such as B. 4,4'-oxy-bis (benzenesulfohydrazide) and diphenylsulfone-3,3'-  disulfohydrazide, semicarbazides, such as. B. p-Toluenesulfonylsemicarba zid, and triazoles such. B. 5-Morpholyl-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole.

Chlorodifluoromethane is preferably used as blowing agent, Chlorodifluoroethanes, dichlorofluoroethanes, linear and cyclic alkanes with 5 to 7 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, in particular pentane mixtures, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and especially water as well Mixtures of at least two of these blowing agents, e.g. B. Mixing gen from water and cyclopentane, mixtures of chlorodifluorme than and 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethane and optionally water. As a blowing agent Chlorofluorocarbons are not used, which the ozone damage the layer.

The required amount of physically active blowing agents can depending on the desired foam density and the amount of water used experimentally determined in a simple manner and is about 0 to 25 parts by weight, preferably 0 to 15 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the compounds (b). Give if necessary, it may be appropriate, the optionally urethane groups bound polyisocyanate composition (a) with a to mix inert physically acting blowing agents and thereby reduce their viscosity.

• f) If the compact or cellular polyurethanes are also used tion of catalysts are preferred wise compounds used the reaction of the hydroxyl group pen-containing compounds of the structural components (b) and optionally (d) bound with the liquid, optionally urethane groups containing MDI-based polyisocyanate compositions (a) speed up hard. Organic metal compounds come into consideration  gene, preferably organic tin compounds, such as tin (II) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g. B. tin (II) acetate, tin (II) octoate, Tin (II) ethylhexoate and tin (II) laurate and the dialkyltin (IV) salts of organic carboxylic acids, e.g. B. Dibutyltin diacetate, Dibu tyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate and dioctyltin diacetate and strong basic amines, for example amidines, such as. B. 2,3-dimethyl 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine, tertiary amines, such as. B. triethylamine, Tributylamine, dimethylbenzylamine, N-methyl, N-ethyl, N-cycloh exylmorpholine, N, N, N ', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, N, N, N', N'-tetra methyl-butanediamine, N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethyl-hexanediamine-1,6, di- (4- dimethylaminocyclohexyl) methane, pentamethyl-diethylenetriamine, tetra methyl-diaminoethyl ether, bis (dimethylaminopropyl) urea, dime thylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 1-azabicyclo (3,3,0) octane and preferably 1,4-diaza-bicyclo (2,2,2) octane and alkanolamine compound such as triethanolamine, triisopropanolamine, N-methyl and N- Ethyl diethanolamine and dimethylethanolamine.

Other suitable catalysts are: tris (dialkylaminoal kyl) -s-hexahydrotriazines, especially tris- (N, N-dimethylaminopropyl) s-hexahydrotriazine, tetraalkylammonium hydroxides such as tetramethylam monium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and alkaline alcoholates such as sodium methylate, sodium, potassium ethylate and potassium isopropylate and alkali salts of long chain fatty acids with 10 to 20 carbon atoms and possibly pendant OH groups and combinations from the organic metal compounds and strongly basic Amines. Preferably 0.001 to 5 wt .-%, ins particularly 0.05 to 2% by weight of catalyst or catalyst combination tion based on the weight of the compound (b).

• g) The reaction mixture for producing the compact and cellular If necessary, polyurethanes can also contain additives (g) will. Examples include surface-active substances, Foam stabilizers, cell regulators, fillers, dyes, pigments, Flame retardant, hydrolysis protection, fungistatic and bacterio static substances.

As surface-active substances such. B. Connections in Consider which to support the homogenization of the Aus Serving materials and, if necessary, are also suitable for the cell structure regulate. Examples include emulsifiers such as Natri salts of castor oil sulfates or of fatty acids and salts of Fatty acids with amines, e.g. B. oleic acid diethylamine, stearic acid Diethanolamine, ricinoleic acid diethanolamine, salts of sulfonic acids, e.g. B. alkali or ammonium salts of dodecylbenzene or di naphthylmethane disulfonic acid and ricinoleic acid; Foam stabilizers, such as siloxane-oxalkylene copolymers and other organopolysilos xanes, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, paraffin oils, Castor oil or ricinoleic acid esters, Turkish red oil and peanut oil and Cell regulators such as paraffins, fatty alcohols and dimethylpolysiloxanes. For Improvement of the emulsifying effect, the cell structure and / or stabilizers sation of the foam are also suitable with oligomeric polyacrylates Polyoxyalkylene and fluoroalkane residues as side groups. The upper Surfactants are usually used in amounts of 0.01 up to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of compound (b), applied.

As fillers, in particular reinforcing fillers, are known, conventional organic and inorganic fillers and understanding reinforcing means. In particular, are exemplary  called: inorganic fillers such. B. silicate minerals, for example layered silicates, such as antigorite, serpentine, hornblende, Amphiboles, chrysotile, zeolites, talc; Metal oxides such as B. Kaolin, aluminum oxides, aluminum silicate, titanium oxides and iron oxides, Metal salts such as B. chalk, heavy spar and inorganic pigments, such as cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide and glass particles. As organic Fillers can be considered, for example: carbon black, melamine, collo phonium, cyclopentandienyl resins and graft polymers.

The inorganic and organic fillers can be used individually or are used as mixtures and are the reaction mixture advantageously in amounts of 0.5 to 50% by weight, preferably 1 to 40% by weight, based on the weight of components (a) to (d).

Suitable flame retardants are, for example, tricresyl phosphate, Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate, tris (1,3- dichloropropyl) phosphate, tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and tetrakis (2-chloroethyl) ethylene diphosphate.

In addition to the halogen-substituted phosphates already mentioned, inorganic flame retardants such as red phosphorus, Alumina hydrate, antimony trioxide, arsenic oxide, arninonium poly phosphate, expandable graphite and calcium sulfate or cyanuric acid derivatives, such as B. melamine or mixtures of at least two flames protective agents such as B. ammonium polyphosphates and melamine and / or expanded graphite and possibly starch for flame retarding the Polyurethane foams produced according to the invention are used will. In general, it has been found to be useful to 5 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 5 to 25 parts by weight of the above  Flame retardants or mixtures for 100 parts by weight of each Components (a) to (d) to use.

More information about the above other common tools the specialist literature, for example the monograph by J.H. Saunders and K.C. Fresh "High Polymers", Volume XVI, Polyurethanes, Part 1 and 2, publisher Interscience Publishers 1962 and 1964, or the Plastic manual, polyurethane, Volume VII, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Vienna, 1st and 2nd editions, 1966 and 1983.

To produce the polyurethane foams, they can be modified if necessary ten polyisocyanates (a), high molecular weight compounds (b) and, if appropriate Chain extender and / or crosslinking agent (d) in the absence or preferably the presence of catalysts (f) and additives (g) and in the presence of blowing agents (e) to form cellular polyurethanes Temperatures from 0 to 100 ° C, preferably 15 to 80 ° C in such Ratios are brought to reaction that per NCO group pe 0.5 to 2, preferably 0.8 to 1.3 and in particular approximately one reactive hydrogen atom (s) bound to the starting components (b), (c) and optionally (d) are present and, if water ver as a blowing agent is used, the molar ratio of equivalents of water to equivalents NCO group 0.5 to 5: 1, preferably 0.7 to 0.95: 1 and in particular re is 0.75 to 0.85: 1.

The cellular polyurethanes can be prepolymer or preferred by the one-shot method by mixing two com Components (A) and (B) are prepared, with the starting components ten (b), (c) and possibly (d), (e), (f) and (g) to the so-called. Polyhydroxyl Kom component (A) are combined, and as the polyisocyanate component (B) optionally modified polyisocyanates (a), optionally in a mixture with (g) and inert  th, physically acting blowing agents are used. Since the Polyol component (A) and polyisocyanate component (B) very well are stable in storage, they must be produced before the cellular polyurethanes are produced only be mixed intensively. The reaction mixture can be in open or closed molds at temperatures of expediently brought to reaction at 15 to 80 ° C.

For the production of cellular polyurethanes, such as. B. flexible, semi-hard ten or preferably hard polyurethane foams, preferably Polyurethane molded foams can be the foamable reaction mixture with a temperature of e.g. B. 15 to 80 ° C, preferably 18 to 45 ° C, in a suitably metallic, open or temperable closed mold are introduced. The molding tool temperature is usually 20 to 90 ° C, preferably 35 to 70 ° C. The reaction mixture is left in the closed mold with compression, e.g. B. with degrees of compaction from 1.1 to 8, preferably cure 2 to 6 or in particular 2.5 to 4. That invented The method according to the invention is also suitable for the production of polyurethane ethane block foams.

Cellular elastomers and integral polyurethane foams are more common wise densities from 240 g / l to less than 1000 g / l, densities from 400 g / l to 600 g / l are preferred. The flexible, semi-hard and preferably hard polyurethane foams advantageously have densities of 30 g / l to 80 g / l, preferably from 35 g / l to 60 g / l.

The cellular poly produced by the process according to the invention urethane elastomers are used for. B. as damping elements, Sun visors, armrests, inner shoe and shoe soles and the Polyu  rethane foams e.g. B. as upholstery materials, safety covers, Furniture housing and for foaming refrigeration cabinet housings.

The polyurethanes produced by the process according to the invention Foams are characterized by a high open cell and have hardly any closed cells. In addition to the high level of open cells the rigid polyurethane foams also have a significantly lower level Tendency to shrink, and thus their dimensional stability increases on. In addition, polyurethanes produced according to the invention have Soft foams have a high elasticity and better load capacity create.

The invention is illustrated by the following examples, which are preferred Represent embodiments of the invention, explained in more detail.

EXAMPLES I. Cell opener polyols

In the following experiments, a fiction as cell opener polyols appropriate oleochemical polyol and for comparative tests on the one hand two commercially available polyether polyols, polyol A and polyol B, both based on sucrose, and the other used castor oil, which like are defined as follows.

The Harburger Fettchemie, Hamburg, VP6507 distributed and obtained from rapeseed oil used. Here, rapeseed oil is first epoxidized and the epoxidized Intermediate then reacted with butanol. At this  Implementation occurs predominantly to the opening of the epoxy rings Formation of secondary alcohols. However, since subsequent reactions of the Ringöff tion products or side reactions to the triglyceride ester can not be excluded, VP6507 contains numerous By-products and is a complex, in its composition, ins particular determined by the process parameters of the manufacturing process mixture.

Castor oil is the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid and the only natural one occurring oil, which contains hydroxyl groups. Because castor oil doesn't contains only esters of ricinoleic acid, but also small amounts of Esters of other fatty acids, the effective functionality of the Rici nut oil not exactly 3, but about 2.7.

Polyol A is produced by polyaddition of propylene oxide (PO; 1,2- Epoxypropane) to a sucrose / glycerin / H₂O starter mixture, polyol B by polyaddition of PO to a sucrose / pentaerythritol / diethylene glycol Starter mix.

The data of the VP6507 used according to the invention and the comparison polyols are as follows:

II. Foaming experiments on rigid polyurethane foams

All foaming tests were carried out with rigid polyurethane foams, which consists of a polyol component, a basic polyol, a cell opener Polyol, a catalyst, a stabilizer and water contained, as well an isocyanate component, an isocyanate mixture. VP6507 was used as cell opener polyol according to the invention and for Comparison was castor oil, polyol A and polyol B, all as above defined, used. Are Polyol A or Polyol B used as cell openers If polyol was used, it also served as the base polyol.

The polyol component consisted of a mixture of one of the above mentioned cell opener polyols and a base polyol or a base / Cell opener polyol (if the base polyol also functions as cell opener polyol served) according to the table below, a silicone as foam stabilizer sator (Polyurx® SR 321, BP Chemicals; hereinafter referred to as SR 321), N, N, N ', N'-tetramethylhexamethylene diamine 1.6 (TMHDA) as a catalyst and water as a blowing agent, the parts by weight of the individual com components can be found in the tables below.

The isocyanate component consisted of a mixture of diphenylme thane diisocyanates and polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates with one NCO content of 31% by weight and a viscosity of approx. 200 mPa · s 23 ° C, the ratio of the number of NCO groups (the Iso cyanate component) to the number of OH groups (the polyolcom component) (NCO / OH), the so-called index, was 100.  

1st series of experiments

In a first series of experiments, the polyols, which were heated to 23 ° C, were and isocyanate components with stirring at 23 ° C for 10 seconds at 1200 rpm, then the reaction mixture in filled a polystyrene cup with a volume of 1.1 l and there let froth up.

On the rigid polyurethane foam produced in this way were determined: the start and setting times, the total density (loading density) according to DIN 53420 and the climbing behavior (climbing time) with a Airborne sound distance measuring device LAM 80 from Krautkrämer, Großburg, Frond.

In the same series of tests, the fluidity in one Flow form, as is usually used in polyurethane chemistry is determined (pipe diameter 42 to 45 mm, weight A + B = 100 g). For this purpose, the flow time, the foam and theoretical length and the gas loss in% (gas%) are determined.

The results are shown in Table 1 below.  

TABLE 1

Foaming tests with comparative and cell opener polyols according to the invention

As can be seen in Table 1, using the Cell opener polyols VP6507 Polyurethane hard produced according to the invention foam (test 4) compared to the comparative polyurethane hard foam (tests 1 to 3) a greatly increased viscosity, an increased  Start time, a lower foam and theoretical length, and one significantly higher gas loss (higher open cell foam).

Furthermore, the proportion of closed cells in this series of experiments determined according to ASTM D 2856. This was in the comparison tests 1 to 3 more than 80% while in the experiment according to the invention 4 was only about 3%, so that this rigid foam was open-celled.

2nd series of experiments

In a second series of experiments, four times the amounts of same as the polyol and iso used in the first series of experiments cyanate components in the same ratio and to the same Way intensely mixed as in the first test series, and the reak tion mixture was then in a box with the dimensions 20 x Let 20 × 20 cm³ foam freely.

On the rigid polyurethane foam produced in this way were determined after storage for 24 hours at room temperature: the Bulk density according to DIN 53420 and the proportion of closed cells ASTM D 2856.

The results of these determinations are shown in Table 2.  

Table 2

Results of the foam tests

As can be seen in Table 2, with the invention according to the polyol (VP6507) produced foams hardly closed Cells and are therefore open-celled, while in the comparative ver looking for the open cell was very low.

III. Foaming tests on flexible polyurethane foams

A glycerin was started to produce the polyol component (Trifunctional) propylene oxide-ethylene oxide block polyetherol with one Content of primary hydroxyl end groups of greater than 80%, a hydrox yl number of 35 mg KOH / g polyol and a viscosity of 850 mPa · s at 25 ° C used. In this basic polyetherol according to table 3 below VP6507 in amounts of 5, 7.5 and 10 parts by weight, a Stabilisa tor (B8686 from Goldschmidt), and diazobicyclo (2.2.2) octane, bis (Di methylaminoethyl) ether and dimethylaminodiglycol as catalysts and Water used as a blowing agent in the amounts listed in Table 3 brings. This mixture served as the polyol component. In comparison experiment, a polyol component without VP 6507 was used.  

A polyisocyanate mixture was used as the isocyanate component from diphenylmethane diisocyanates and polypheryl-polymethylene-polyisocya naten with an NCO content of 32.6%, produced by mixing of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and a mixture of diphenylme than diisocyanate isomers (monomer MDI) and polyphenyl polymethylene polyisocyanates (raw MDI or polymer MDI) in a ratio of 2: 1.5, used.

To produce the flexible polyurethane foams, the polyol and the isocyanate components in the ratio NCO / OH = 90 (number of NCO groups of the isocyanate component to the number of OH groups the polyol component) and the reaction mixture was placed in an open cup (determination of the start, setting and Rise time and the free foam density) and in a heatable Molding tool (mold temperature 50 ° C) with the dimensions 400 × 400 × 100 mm³ (determination of the open cell) filled in and foam there calmly.

The open-cell nature of the polyurethane soft obtained in this way Foams were subjectively based on shrinkage or blowholes on a scale from 1 to 5 (1 = very open cell, 5 = very closed cell lig) assessed. The results are shown in Table 3.  

Table 3

Open-celled structure of flexible polyurethane foams

As can be seen from Table 3, the addition of fiction according to VP6507 too light to very open-celled polyurethane soft foam, the open cell with the amount added Polyol increases (1 = very open cell).

Claims (15)

1. Process for the production of open-cell polyurethane foam materials by the implementation of

• a) organic and / or modified organic di- and / or polyisocyanates with
• b) higher molecular weight compounds with at least two reactive hydrogen atoms,
• c) cell opener polyols and
• d) optionally low molecular weight chain extenders and / or crosslinking agents, in the presence of
• e) blowing agents,
• f) catalysts and
• g) any additives,

characterized in that the cell opener polyols (c) consist of oleochemical polyols which can be obtained by adding nucleophilic compounds to triglycerides containing epoxide groups. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the epoxide group-containing triglycerides have an oxirane content of 2 to 10% by weight have.   3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it the triglyceride is rapeseed oil. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in net that the nucleophilic compounds containing hydroxyl groups Compounds are made in particular of water, alkanols, alkane diols, alkanetriols, dialkylene glycols, trialkylene glycols and sub substituted alkanolamines are selected. 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the nucleophilic compound in an amount of 0.3 to 10 moles based on 1 mole of the epoxy groups of the triglyce rids, is used. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the oleochemical polyols have a hydroxyl number from 100 to 200, an acid number from 0.5 to 1.5, a residual oxy range hold less than 1 wt .-% and an average hydroxyl radio have at least 3 functionality. 7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the addition of the nucleophilic compounds the epoxy group-containing triglycerides in the presence of acid acti fourth clays and / or silicates and / or activated carbons has been conducted. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that for the production of rigid polyurethane foam substances, the fat-chemical polyols in an amount of 10 to 80  Parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the higher molecular weight Compounds (b) can be used. 9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in net that for the production of flexible polyurethane foams oleochemical polyols in an amount of 5 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the higher molecular weight compounds (b) be used. 10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that the higher molecular weight compounds (b) a Functionality from 2 to 8 and a molecular weight from 500 to Own 8000. 11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized characterized in that water is used as blowing agent (s). 12. Polyurethane foams made by a process of previous claims. 13. Use of the polyurethane foams according to claim 12, for Manufacture of molded parts. 14. Use of the oleochemical polyols according to one of the claims 1 to 7, in the manufacture of open-cell polyurethane foam substances as cell opener polyols.