DE1589128A1 - Incandescent lamp in which compounds of the fluorine are added to the operating gas filling - Google Patents

Description

5107

Office Test Corporation, North Bergen, Xfew Jersey, U.S.A.

Incandescent lamp, in which the fluorine compounds to the Operating gas filling have been added

The average life of incandescent lamps is relative low, because the tungsten wire usually used for the filament does not have an absolutely uniform cross-section can be produced. This inequality affects the Formation of so-called "hot spots" during operation of the Lamp off. The tungsten evaporates more intensively at such hot spots, which increases the local temperature there even more, so that the filament eventually burns out.

It is known that a tungsten wire can be made more uniform and that hot spots can be avoided or their effect on the life of the lamp can be greatly reduced by adding small amounts of fluorine compounds to the filling gas of the lamp. For example, the addition of 0.1 to 2 ^L / o of the gaseous compound fluorine nitrogen (NF ^) to the lamp filling consisting of argon-nitrogen gas makes the wire cross-section even and eliminates the hot spots or reduces their harmful influence on the following V / iron:

The NP.?- molecules, which are in the immediate vicinity of the filament operated ^{with 2500 0 O}

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to dissociate. These create a certain low concentration of free fluorine gas near the filament. The fluorine molecules react with the tungsten molecules of the Filament accordingly

3 F ₀ + ¥ s & t WF _c

^{1 6} (D

Tungsten fluoride WFg is now a relatively stable compound; which states that it. in a certain, not to exist can vernachlässii'enden concentration which prevails in the immediate vicinity of the Glühdrrhts located at 2500 ⁰ C However, the equilibrium between the components of the reaction given in formula (1) is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature. From this it follows that in the case of the hot spots of hot wire, the equilibrium is shifted more towards the left-hand side of formula (1) when the proportions are compared with the thicker parts of the hot wire, where lower temperatures prevail. As a result, tungsten atoms are removed from the cooler areas of the filament and deposited on the hot spots until the filament has a uniform temperature. This uniform temperature is not disturbed by the tungsten evaporation that always occurs, since the amount evaporating is less responsive to temperature changes than the tungsten-fluorine transport reaction discussed above. The dissociation of 7 / Fg in tungsten and fluorine is much more temperature-dependent than the tungsten evaporation, because the enthalpy of the WFg formation (about 1800 kJ / mol, at 25 ° 0 and normal pressure) is far greater than the evaporation enthalpy of tungsten (etva 800 kj / mol, under the same living conditions).

The process described seems to lead to a theoretically unlimited life of the ends of the filament, which yes are much cooler than the main length of the filament, if they were not exposed to the attack of the fluorine.

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Fig. ' 1 shows schematically the distribution unit ^{31 of} the temperature over the stretched tungsten wire at one end, where it is connected to the supply wire. Bolche iOiscliluiSwires are usually made of nickel, Kunfer or Lickel-plated copper *. Immediately at the point where the jjischluiidrahtea begins , the local temperature falls below a third of the temperature that would otherwise prevail. It follows from this that the described fluorine tranportion reaction will intensely remove tungsten particles from the wire ends and distribute them over the main part of the wire. The result is that the ends of the wire are "etched away", which kills the lamp.

In order to eliminate or even reduce this disadvantageous effect of fluorine on the ends of the glow wire , the following hatreds have hitherto been prevailed: *

1.Protection of the ends of the filament by means of iber ^ -e au ^ material,

All materials for such ^ chutEuberr: ' fte η in hetalle like copper, nickel, aluminum or ! ■ *: - iieoiun iu ßetr · c.-it reso.-en been. These metals are at deeper levels. : »R · t \ ir-jii eiit \. ^for chemically unaffected by Pluo "··. eleven.: he α before. aio Pluor compound * eii or they iberr.i '~ :: e ;..-i aocr. w .hreua ue .; operating with a Ketrll-i-'luoriu ijchicjit, aie further u- grabbed the fluorine prevents Katür.l.?. ^i.'ti: e .- rh "i n..temperatur the Schutsübersüpe choose zn under exwn OECC 0. \ .- eil cie above this Tenrierr-tur iiioht riphr ••:; '- H' r ^{': i ifb:} -r fluorine dind At relatively high Te * ⁺ nirr-; ir - r. Υ.'δι * .en ό &: ritz " '- ~ < ore ¹ Ire -.up high-melting fluorides like O ^r lcinn- r <-? R' .ι«?: - ·! -: -fluori den (Schmelsmm '-te at 1''GO ⁰ G or 1 ^ tO ⁰ O) ~ e- ^: ' lt veroen.However, such over-maturity vrei.-en the T.uri- -ei.cc-i: L- c '. part Mf that they can only be used with relrt-iv · τ. rVeA. Jl ..; r '.Λ -r. -.ϊγ · ^γ end * ·:>? r trir.ä. uer wire nua to .-- t -rif unc et; rr ·; ϊ-, dr .. er -j .ϊ / .er uic: it in Berüiiruii ^ nit ce :, Loercu ". e: .ie :: ke.-ei > -: \ n. : ob ^ lä aer

00981B / 09U _BAD0RielNAl .

If the glow wire touches the protective coating, it would be at this contact point locally cooled to a temperature that makes it the subject of the chemical attack of fluorine machi. Therefore The protective coatings described can only be used with high lamp outputs or with j.iederspamiungsprojection lamps that have strong filaments, used v / ground.

As a result, the best possible protective coating cannot completely protect the wire ends from attack by the Plus. Nevertheless, the attack can be reduced considerably. When using the protective coatings the lifetime of the bulb of the extent to which the free fluorine or FluorverbinduriP ¹ in the ^ e ^ chutzüberzü diffused is determined.

2. Lowering the concentration of the contained in the lamp envelope Transnortgases to an amount roughly on the order of magnitude des Dr, mr> furuc ": es des Wolfram bei der Betriebsteinpe-

This measure cannot be implemented simply by reducing the absolute amount of the transport gas present in the piston. The cover; The need for Pluor would soon no longer be sufficient, as the Pluor would be pulled out via the iianpe due to the '.ietter' effect of the internal components, whereby the circulation of the x-'Fluor would be interrupted. In order to ensure a sufficient supply of fluorine and at the same time to keep the concentration of the fluorine or fluorine compounds in the lamp as low as possible, "solid fluorine-derived substances" are introduced into the lamp. "Solid fluorine-producing substances" are fluorine compounds with more than single-valent elements such as cobalt fluoride, bilber fluoride, manganese fluoride or others that have the property of easily absorbing or releasing fluorine. For example, the inner wall of the bulb and the other inner parts of the lamp can be covered with a thin layer of

009815/0946 bad original

ι \ j υ «j ι c \ j

CoFp coated with cobalt fluoride. This reacts with the excess free fluorine, which has been released by dissociation on the incandescent filter, and binds it to uoF-z. Tungsten particles that are evaporated from the filament are usually bound inside the lamp by the free fluorine to form "JFg" and returned to the wire. If there is not enough free fluorine inside the lamp, the uranium particles will reach the inner wall of the bulb There they are bound by the CoF ,, and then transported back onto the wire. In the process, the GoP- is again _{reduced to UoP 2} , but it is then again converted to GoI ¹ , transformed by the fluorine, which is freely available through the disjociation of the WF, - molecules on the filament. The concentration of the fluorine and the WFg inside the bulb is therefore determined by the degree of evaporation of the hot tungsten core and is only as large as is required for the return transport of the evaporating tungsten If fluorine has disappeared through the circuit of the getter process, there remains a parallel thrust of fluorine in the form of C o F * on the flask wall, the solid fluorine compound Genes, which are introduced as fluorine-er3eu: ^T ende substances in the form of the layers on the inner wall of the piston, can be used together with the fluorine compounds in the gaseous state inside the piston or instead of the gaseous compounds, which are the only ones. ., substances that deliver fluorine for the rt'Pg transport reaction. \ ^ hen the two measures discussed in the foregoing, with which the adverse effect should be eliminated from the rluor Glühdrahtenden are successful to some extent, they aind but subject to notable limitations. For example, the application of Beirut sub he trains is limited to relatively thick tungsten wires. The coatings cannot be made long and close enough to completely prevent the diffusion of the fluorine atoms to the wire ends, precisely because the concentration of the gaseous fluorine is aimed at a minimum.

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The invention proposes using νου. additional fluorine propose new and effective means for an incandescent lamp to protect the filament ends from attack by fluorine. the Measure according to the invention can only be used on incandescent lamps, into which the fluorine is introduced in solid or gaseous form or a combination of both forms, be it that the incandescent lamp is of the vacuum type or the gas filling type. You assist primarily in the following '.

I. The wire ends are ^r coated nit a dense layer of a metal high, having melting point and therefore not attacked by the fluorine is because the fluorides completely or at least far inenr .als d? .C tungsten fluoride dissociates at the operating temperature of Glünarahtenüen are.

II. The temperature of the wire is considerably increased by the use of a new construction of the feed wires and of previously unused material for those enaon eggs: iuf - "- hrvx. -.-- ari-ihte, which are in direct contact with -ien ends Ue ^ Gl'.Uidrp.htci.

Each of these fceiae; -. "5 / -; -}: - ^ i:> itself or in connection with the other --v.;.: - .; ..: ^ ';, ^r .: Ru -elaii-en. Each of them reduces the disadvantage '■ - <? ^T ; / irlr; n ~ öe / fluorine on the ends of the filament in such a manner that the fluorine transport reaction described in the previous paragraph is now suitable for a practical exploitation of the increasing the life of the ^Gl; .üidrähte commercially produced Glühlampei effectively v / ith In the now reached proportions aiea before this is not erfind mg möflich g eve α s ^r j the fluorine can ran.rport-xieaktion utilized...? wero.er: either to increase the energy yield, which is then considerably higher than the amounts that are currently achievable with standard incandescent lamps, or to extend the service life to a multiple of what has been achieved up to now that the beginning ^; '.n ¹ ^ IiCh existing luminous flux occurrence almost with

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its full amount over the total service life. can be obtained, since now no more vaporized tungsten particles at all are deposited on the inner wall of the piston will. In this respect the formation of incandescent lamps with the fluorine transport reaction is similar to that the iodine-quartz light bulbs.

The incandescent lamps with the fluorine transport reaction exhibit crucial Advantages over iodine-quartz lamps. These are"

1. Their lifespan is far greater r.li · the aer iodine wrinkles because the Fluor-Tranuport-Reaction really makes the "ice spots" eliminated and a uniform cross-section of the 3 filament to be maintained in the Lr ge. The iodine-tungsten reaction can never achieve this, except for the T ^ tac-che, that Wolfrain iodide completely at 1 · '+ 00 ° ΰ, well below the operating temperature of the filament is dissociated.

2. By introducing the fluorine cycle, become basic It is the arrangement, the jimiionation, that has to be changed or manufacturing is not required. The changes concern only the heart of the filament, which Lead wires, the supports of the wire interior, the work eyes for wire assembly as well as the introduction of the fluorine compounds in solid or gaseous state. The following are also required: protective layers on the inner piston wall to protect the glass from attack by fluorine or fluorine compounds as well as layers to be applied on the outside Infrared absorption to increase the operating temperature ätö piston. All of these measures are Ibadings or supplements that are addressed as easy

artiesen, if you bring them in relation to the gera-radicals Perfection of the lightbulb that is achieved by it.

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To the size ^(T eiiHt ^ nd der L'rfindun ^ as far as mcv-lich to orl ^{.: T} .utoi'ü, £ ji ".d aer, .ju-iel dun 'c, io J'o] "end i''i ';urej; at ^ e .'- euon, äie nuc-: -J.:·' jJeiü der elbeji puzuseher iiind.

i''i; · '. 1 Kei ^ t the iV'iToer -'- tur- .JU'.tief 'de «G-IiUIdrahta one Gl'Mhl -'- nipe on one of its two ends;

Fi- ". 2a to L'e bewaulicliRii structural" uufiihrunr-: i "ii'ormen der Dr; hteiiden that follow uen xlv : elu uer invent:;. no ^r ;

Pi ". · ^3: -. Biii pe verooutli ολθϊ <^ the onetruktioii of Zafu," jr-v / eil :; iii ϊ; - .: υ · -.υ Γ "iiio, .u .-. 'leitunf i-: ^r -.rt der Er-

I · ¹ ! -, ^ i- / - ibt a, ertj./'-l^ni'i^Lt ojjjer -jifreclit f.üii ^ e jl ^ hl ^ r.pe, the ..io) \ ou ai "r ^ eu ^ rtip-e ri.o; -: ijtruktion · * Θ]. · ρ ~ ΰ der ^ Jrfi ^ nvii ■ ■ vi \ ~ <..: 1 t, v / obei part of their GI- shüin e removed 'tu id a Jeil r..l. ^r : .vuer .-. cnnitt df-r ^ estellt is;

Pi?·. 5 int eir.e einf- before j.nKicht another. · U ^ Führv-jv * der Gl ^ hL ^{0 r} -e, aie iri, berei; - ..: -: ti '. ::. Un / ^T with the - ^ rfind "ίι, ^ auo-; -ei'ULrt ii.it.

..ui; :: e: .r \: ^ r. ^: \ al · "xr: .. :: - 'ifj._ ■,. ■" - uie pr ^r kti ^ chen x-.use * en des je -er.H: taj.de .: aer _, ri'i..G j.:-i- ir: individual ä ^ r -'-

I. ..usctattu :. "aer ^ r- .-. Te .. · e: _ ..it i-berzi-e / i from s metal, α s at aer. R.etrier,;. Te :. ': per · ti3 ^ri eü niont vor. x'luor

! ■ 'ii ·. 1 lä.; T er> e .- :. en, d-; B the temperature of outer wire loads under ■ Ϊ-5.3 äer ± - "var> t ^ eil äe :: - ^ r ·": - ⁴ ".- : ie-rr :: choir - leii! Deeperc-.tür falle :; can, .r.oferr. - ,. L ^c i '0IiC-O- iio ".: En Zuleitunr -'-' droite verve:.: - et v.-eroen. L ^." r. ^ ..-—- t, a ^r - .-. lie wire ends 3ic .- ^ f.uf a terr.per-- ^: 'tur "" -. et '..-- c'fC O are, wen-, uie 7er ^r iOevrtvr about

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the main length of the wire is, for example, 2550 ^. At such a low temperature the equilibrium is the Heaction

on the far right of the equation, wna says that tungsten is removed from the wire ends. Nevertheless, this equilibrium is finally shifted in favor of the left side of the equation, without increasing the temperature, provided that tungsten is replaced, for example, by one of the metallic iridium, usmium or hhenium. The fluorides of these metals are ^{dissociated to a high degree at temperatures of 85O 0} C or more and are therefore non-existent, consequently these metals are not - or only to a much lesser extent - the subject of the. jigriffs of fluorine than tungsten. The fact that the compounds Iri'V, OsPg and Rea'r begin to dissociate at around 800 ⁰ U can be explained by the level of their educational poor. These are approximately 500 kiloJoule / mol for IrPg and OsFg and about 11UO kiloJoule / mol for HeFg. The enthalpy of WFg is around 1800 kj / mol. This illustrates the relatively great stability of the WFg molecules at high temperatures and makes it clear why a dense coating of one of the metals Ir, Os or Re or another metal with comparable properties provides protection against the attack of fluorine on the wire ends will effect. As shown in FIG. 1, the "wire ends" are to be understood as those areas of the wire which, due to the cooling through the connections of the cooling wires, have operating temperatures which are below those of the main part of the heating wire.

iridium, osmium and rhenium are responsible for the task of protection the wire ends are particularly suitable because of their melting points above the usual operating temperatures of wires from annealing

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lamps lie. The vapor pressure of the metals mentioned is at the operating temperature of the wire ends is relatively high and is far higher than the vapor pressure (the evaporation rate) of WoIfrara at the same temperature. Hence the objection could be raised that the protective metal cover «· from the wire ends will evaporate relatively soon and that thereby the protection against the i''''luor-iuifrif f will diminish and go to be found. This is not the case because of the following consideration.

1. The iridium, osmium and rhenium atoms (from now on called "metal atoms" for short), which evaporate from the wire ends, react either inside the lamp barrel or on the walls of the IJo Ib ens η it Fluorine and form metallic fluoride. As metal-fluoride molecules. : Ae to some "parts of the filament ^to: cktr * -: j: i :: ported because i eiiige_.chlot only in the closest neighborhood, aie wire end /; .-. Ei there _i, a Temoeracur, aie high enough to dissociate the "metallic" fluoride molecules.

The regular operation.:te ^r w: r- ~ door eier Xxine-iV; - "- nuuii. ₍ ~ Aeo x.olbens is enough at its coldest point in the Re? El rlw. For üi-j formation of volatile" Hetf ⁱ ll ^ll -ii ¹ luoride.Jie liert around 50 to 150 ⁰ G per nnch the verveii'l ^ n -'-. ^ zv / ecK, the power and the focal length, ofern the ίempor ^; -door of the Iiii ^ eiiV / pndung of the bulb is not high enough for the formation of the "Metn.ll" fluoride, can it be increased to the critical amount by using an ultra-red light absorbing, visible light but transmitting layer on the surface of the surface. Such layers can be applied to the inside or the outside of the wall and consist, for example, of a thin coating of tin oxide or titanium oxide. In lamps to which fluorine or fluorine compounds are added, it is therefore always possible to prevent that tungsten or "metal" particles are deposited on the bulb end or some other part inside the lamp, aui 3 on the glow wire itself.

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? .. The "metal" atoms are · λ \ χϊ ueiri Gl ^ hdr'üit proportion · 'Jiert in the same 6ra.de over its gfinze L; üii? E down ^ e.idil- ^ en because as a result Their relatively low content - »! never, the ΐ <-m ο or," door over the entire length of the wire high renu> - is to shift üp.u UIe! .chrrewicht primarily or even completely in favor of the diuuor, iation.

3. As a result of the temperature drop between the main part of the filament and its ends, deposited "metal" atoms evaporate much more strongly from the ends. Therefore, the concentration of "Met * II" atoms in the immediate vicinity of the wire ends is redder than the rest of the glow wire row. TCs concludes that the "metallic" protective coating of the wire rope remains intact despite the rel. ° ti \ hoi.en evaporation failures. i) ie "Ket-'lj" - .tonie can ..; I do not fall elsewhere within the Lr-mne. "1 :; only on the glow wire, precisely because of the? luor-'j ^l rnuoport-rieaktion. From the main part des Drrüito \ r naern in.e ■ ui '.- rr d the tower keeper;

A fundamental cause of ujni-.es VernO te-, it ii. nerj L ¹ : - stand nu see, u: eat the Verd.-mpfn.i -.-- ivi.ti: ^t j -v! <- .., he "iiet-lle" similar to the enthalpies of their fluorides Fi: ui u ^ u ι S --LIc-. ui '^;;; o values of lower gentlemen a.lp the enti.r-.lnjo voi. W: I: 'r- m (aie VtrdRjniminationa-enthalpy of Ir and Oe is about -'- "" G kJ / l'ol, aie of Re about 720 kJ / mol; the egg.th-; lpie of In 'g and voa is about ROc kJ ⁷ KoI, di- of Κβ? ₆ about 1050 k / KoI).

The filament ends can with a-rr ach ts ^ i.iei. Evaluate the "!! etPll" layer with the help of a kethode, air a dense, relatively thick over ^ u ?: erne-.v't, over which it is easily penetrated by the fluorine. The Drrüitenien koui.en bei !? ielsweise be 'un iberzogen with Rheni \, Osmiura or iridium od ^ -r with one another for NEEI-rneten KETR-11 ertvpäer by electrolytic Kieder chl ^ ^ ^r "or Verarri ^ irai- in Yr-uum or by cathode sputtering in a ^ ieäeraruo. ■. — Jr. sent charge. The

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Wire ends can be prepared by cleaning processes alone, without changing the wire diameter. With such a treatment, the diameter of the wire ends increases by the cross section of the protective layer. The effect is then that the electrical resistance at the wire ends is reduced, as a result of which the operating temperature of the same drops below the level indicated in FIG. This temperature decrease is undesirable because it increases the need for protection against attack by fluorine instead of decreasing it. To prevent this, it is possible to reduce the diameter of the tungsten wire at the wire ends before the protective "metal" layer is applied. Such a reduction in the wire diameter can be achieved either by / 'tzun ?? in a melt of sodium hydroxide or of sodium nitride or by electrolytic erosion in alkali hydroxide or in an acidic solution or with any other ; ^r e suitable procedure. The amount of tungsten removed from the wire ends can be completely or partially restored by the protective "metal" layer. Under "full" Kr. -'- etzen i ;; t to understand that _s_o_ a lot of protective layer has to be applied until the electrical V / ider ^ t -'- and the wire divide the front of the j.btrr ./rung existing amount reached again. Under "partially ;; em" replace should mean · '. men. \ .erueii, ά '\ α uie protective ket ^ ll.ichioht only ;; o aick r. ;; i'retr -.'- eii i.it, ar P, .ie rMi-ranges to protect against the To ensure fluorine attack, wUnrenci the electrical resistance of the wire ends "röi; it remains -Ih before the abrasion of the abrasion-er; i. Bolch eii-R " vx * .rrs.-e of the electrical resistance. ~ Ji ".tv / '.-U. ": Or:; .rv: ert, because .. * ie a h'J-Lere operation: -: internal nature of the wire parts as a result. Aii .-- rif fs'xec Pluor ;;. Kei?; E.; V ^r eo k ' : .r. ?: oer u: .e Temperature of the l »rfi.hte." öe: j arbitrarily ^ e.otei ^- erted. Oberh.-Ib one; -; ev: i; ■■■■: eü i'en ^ err.tur würuen aie ..i-x'ichl ^ ir / e der ZuIe-.t ¹ Tir: -: arfihte (i: i den ■■ / blic '-. rn Lcmoen Ρ.υ: ΐΛΤ'-fer, latch or nickelpl ^c tti -'-: rter.F ^^^ er ce: r ^l ; e-e.-d) ii-rcji ... c'r: elzp nkt

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and lead wire material would be in and out of the Diffuse tungsten wire. This often leads to brittleness or for the crime of the wires in the line of the supply wire connections .

The inside 2a to 2e illustrate the scope of the application of the protective "metal" layer on the wire ends. 2a shows a wire end 12 of the wire 10, the diameter of which is reduced by etching or other methods. I ¹ Xg. 2b shows the wire end after the protective metal layer 14 with partial replacement of the removed tungsten, while FIG. 2c shows a wire end in which the removed tungsten is "completely" replaced by the protective "metal". 16 was replaced. In this case, it is assumed that the protective metal has a higher specific resistance than tungsten. The applied metal layer is therefore thicker than that of the removed tungsten, so that the original amount of electrical resistance related to the unit length is achieved again. FIGS. 2d and 2e illustrate further methods of protecting the wire ends 10 against attack by fluorine. The tungsten wire ends are left unchanged and a short piece of wire 18 made of pure rhenium, osmium or iridium of the same or almost the same diameter is butt-welded to it. In this way, the wire is equipped with ends which are not rough for the grip of the fluorine, with the tungsten seam having an almost uniform temperature over its entire length (FIG. 2d). Parts 14, 16 and 18 occupied just long enough to accommodate those wire ends that work at lower temperatures than the main length of the wire, in order to lower the accounts, the parts that are to be occupied by the pure "metals" (rhenium , Osmium, iridium or metals with almlichen properties), are replaced by pieces 20, which consist of wires of tungsten, tantalum or molybdenum, which with one or some of the "metals"

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? -2 encased or dic.it coated ainci (.Fig. Ae). The resistances of the "parts" can then be chosen in such a way that they work with the highest temperatures that are not contractual with the covering with the material of the connection wire feed lines.

A much simpler but practical iiethode of producing the "Met ^ .ll" -Schicnten on the wire ends int the following: The wire is covered with a thin layer of the "metal" on my full lungs - this uülle kpnn applied are eletrolytic or by vacuum evaporation or by catoa atomization or in some other way. In this case, it is not crucial that the wire is evenly or tightly covered with this "I-ietrll" . The only thing that matters is that the tinted layer applied to the wire is sufficient to cover the ends with a layer, and is dense and thick enough to provide protection against the exterior ? luor -. ». n-? riif to represent. The prepared in such a way is mounted in the lamp, before the lamp is evacuated and filled with the usual argon stickatoff-uarj ^ eni.jch and other addition; ¹ · the fluorine connection is filled, after completing the lamp, the wire is used for a rel? siv short years (between 30: Jek. and 15 to 30 min.) call (tie for your,. .. .schrieb he v * urde,-jnOft dilute dan "metal" agile from the main length of the wire and is transported to the wire ends, which aie single r.ereici.e within the lamp constitute where e ";^jt:; . .iidig can remain on all of the interior of otellen Lai.me which.! metal "by aie Pluoriteaktion" are tilter, al;.; o rm j'olben and the pn Zuleitun '\ 3ürähten that is "eliminated w -You have to remove it from the hot parts of the main length of the drainage by means of low pressure.

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All of the methods described for producing the 'metal' protection on the wire ends can be applied in the same way to straight, coiled and double-coiled wires. The methods which involve etching and coating the ends or joining pieces of 'metal "-Wire based on the ends, presuppose that the outer part of the wire is stretched. This processing place is inconvenient and not compatible with the usual manufacturing methods. The last described (" automatically "acting) method of covering the whole wire "under j.unnutzung the temperature drop associated with the fluorine-transport reaction is likely, the most suitable for coiled wires Hein, etnen a-about protecting ends in motion below. Then it is not necessary, the last turns to It must be said, however, that if the "automatic" method is used with ends that are peatrecfct, it is more easily possible to diagonally divide the ends evenly not to be covered.

II. Increase in the operating temperature of the wire ends by rf-ail

This second, in compliance with the 3r £ indunr au .- 'f' yr :. ^r -re \ .ρ.ύΐ ^ ύν.β can nit. aer above be.cnri ^ bn ^ H protective "Ket ^ l3" layer • ai '- ew-.nt v.eraer: r-'t, nep Liin]. _f the adverse influence of the fluorine · i \:. ^reduce% uie _r "htenden su or prevent, as in *. 'ig 1 seen k' nn the temperature of the Glühdralits unirittelb-r to eggs point at which he with the junction of the r.uleitur .-. dr-uites zuss-i ^ eiits and at the supply line under '::> ^ the operating lock door of the main part of the vrlühcirrihts Fluorverbinaun · - at 'erin - he concentration anrreift the wire ends, h; n.-t voi: aer Temperr.turdifferenz between the wire ends and aer; main part aea filament from Polglich τχχχύ the disadvantageous effect of fluorine-e abschwäch-.

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bar by raising the temperature of the wire ends.

For a given diameter of the tungsten wire and, in the case of re-coiled wires, “given helix data” (pitch and mandrel diameter), the temperature of the wire ends can be increased by reducing the heat capacity of the lead wire clips. This can be achieved by reducing the wire diameter generally. The lead wires, however, have to be as thin as possible in order to be able to adequately support the filament. For example, if pure ihi'cliel is used as the material of the lead wire, the reduction in diameter soon leads to a point at which the end of the wire heats the clamps of the lead wire and the material of the lead wire diffuses into the glow wire. This causes changes in the crystal structure of the wire ends, r.ü; The outer pole becomes brittle and breaks at the slightest shock or shock.

Au; - · for this reason the supply lines were ' ^? :; wires, in compliance with the existing lirfinduii '' ge ^T obonen Rerein, with extensions aun I> tall ru.:^e.,tatt no-.oh aen follow signs:

1. The Schmelzpun / t aer Ket-lle we must ri ent lent higher are the r-.lr, ienire of I; ic ^v el.

2. Diffusion de; · Metal into the filament ends dr-rf the Influence the crystal structure of the '"/ olfrsrifi only relatively little.

3. The Ilet'ir. nu.V v.ntrrf inalich be against the attack of PIuOr ninde.; ter. "bit. HOO ⁰ O.

009816/0946

A good example of such a metal is thorium, üein melting point is about 1845 ° 0 (melting point of nickel: 1455 ⁰ C). It does not cause any undesirable change in the crystal structure of tungsten to any significant extent. Every fluorine compound is an extremely stable compound (enthalpy of ThJ ¹ ^: 1996 kJ / mol) with relatively little evaporation up to 1100 G. In this connection it must be pointed out that nickel fluoride is also a relatively stable compound with relatively little Vapor pressure up to 800 ⁰ O is. For this reason, the usual connection wires made of nickel can be used in incandescent lamps that work with the addition of fluorine, provided that the operating temperature of the clamps is kept below this limit.

TJm the operating temperature of the wire ends \ on their standard value of about 30 to 35 / ^ the temperature of the main part of the glow wire (Pig. 1) to, for example, 50 to 3 60 ^c ; 4 of the same or even more, is according to this invention before ge It is decided to construct the feed wire according to Pig. 5 -. to 3e. Corresponding to ^ i ~. 3a a feed line 24 (liic ^ el or Hickel-plated copper of for example / a 0.51 m .-. i diameter) -u ¹ ^ eJt -ttet with einan. ■ jisrtsbtücli 26.Voi. substantially, lesser: ι Dur ei bad ..; er (zJ with thorium from 0.20 nm to 0.3o imn), which is stuouf-slipped on it. Jas ^ nsatsstück with the geriu-reri Durchinesner is short (e.g. about 3.8 mm long) and is shaped as a clip hook 26, as in i'iir.3b shown as i'rMgorgrn and electrical -iV / isc'nlui-J of the vllilhdraht.

ule WV.rmeknpar.itfat- des ... leramiia ^ ens 2b, der c.wj einejii .urn.ht

voii. be::; iKmtern diameter is au-formed, takes at least

v / ie än.ri, ufdr- t of the diameter. This statement clarifies

the riinflul 'aerge; .It de3:> connection shark .enti on the temperature

the ώηΊοϋ of the ülühdrahti-j. With the cable twisted

009815/0946 ^ ⁰ original

cling as they do in the: 'ig. 3a and 3b are shown, the temperature of the G-Iuhdrahtenden can be raised by about 30 ^c . ·; on 5½ to 60 ':'■> der JJetriebatemper ^ tur ües: launtteils des iiliihdrflitij. This means that the filament ends of a glow wire whose operating temperature is ζ.ή. 250o ⁰ is O, may be at 1250 ° bi & 15üO u instead of at 75O ⁰ C, provided by the new Lrahthalte-jriordmrng according to the invention made use v / ith.

In order to increase the rigidity of the connecting wires, the di.iiinformed, narrowed together; et: z \ en .. connecting leads can be produced in a ratchet manner using the method described in the ^ ¹ Xg. 3c to 3e shown int. The Kauptzuf .L-ruiu'sdr ^ iit aun llickel (or nickel-plated-, copper) is first equipped by welding with ai.ie "i short ^ tab 26a (e.g. from i'horium), which has the same relatively large diameter (? ir. oc). lifü! » v.'i ^ a d ^ s ^c Jtüc3: 26a etched off to a conical J-est; -It (, Fig. 3d) through! 'search in ge-scraolzenea natriumliitrite or through ele'rtrolyti ^ che J'tzung. finally v The thin IZlai ..: ner is formed around the υ-glow wire according to the υ-glow wire with a high-threat honing machine.

The Pig. 4- and 5 show-in .dei.? O many of glow-wire lamps, assembled, completed and filled according to the rules of this invention, x ^ both lamps contain double-turned green bulbs 40 and 52. the invention can also be applied to julilanpen with straight, single or triple-stitched gl'ih. threads. ^ ig. 4 shows a lamp with a: bulb from nßhesu usual j'orm uuü horizontally (verti ^v : pl to the ixvioenB.chse) mounted aonoelt coiled em: 'iliüidrs-hb. The opening is advantageous for a large area of the pipeline, e.g. 3. for services sv / i: vcli.en 40 and 500 Viatt. The .abmessungen the piston can ABPR v; ince low pe _t be wilhlt than ea currently is gebrauchlich for the usual Lamnen because the Pluor- Cran3 0ort- ^ e ^o ction a low-!

009815 / 094Ö

blow out of darkening tungsten on the inner wall of the lamp prevented. The piston 32 is on the inside with a relatively thin, but completely transparent to visible light layer 34, which consists of a single fluorine compound or a mixture of several of these. Also the surface of the crin- ^ tiels 36, the extension tube 38 and its head part 35 are coated in the same way. The covering of all inside u «Glass surfaces with fluorine compounds serves the following

Purpose:

1. The attack of free fluorine on glass surfaces impede;

2. Maintain the fluorine concentration inside the flask, to ensure the minimum concentration required for the one described above.

In order to meet the final requirements, the t'bersu'T TUf pluor compounds must consist of the polyvalent elements such as obnlt-pluoride, silver-fluoride, Haiiftan-pluoride or others, which easily absorb fluorine as well as at the same time. Covering with the internal bondings will in some pulls also prevent the attack of the non-bonded x-luor on the ul-ical surfaces and meet all the other requirements. But if this nicnt the F-ill i:. * T, ir- in a Unterbeschichtunp by one or more Weni rer volatile and more stable fluorine-ν erbindun ^T s ago ^ eno.-iime.i veruen, z ^ ,, with. Oalcium-Fluorid, Mp.irne ^ ium-Ji'luorid or uithium-Fluorid.

The glow wire 40 is a Donpelweuuel. Trotzaeri became that. The process of turning the spiral through in such a way that a pr-rtio '4-2 * with a simple' .. 'endelunr * is maintained \ .vrde. ^ hese r ^ with simple "Jen · elunrr oowie the ends of the filühdr ^ hts were covered with a üchio / .t rir ei..en"I'et ^ ll "(v: ie rhenium, osmium, iridium) for protection the attack of

00981 B / 0946 Bad üftiG

Fluorine within the meaning of the rules of this invention. The various methods of applying the protective "metal" coatings are i. previous shown in Ueta.il. The middle part of the filament is provided with a coating against the fluorine attack in the same way, since the piece 44 that supports the central part of the filament cools it at the point of contact and ηνΐ this is short, but by no means A negligible stretch of the ultra-hot wire can arise on which the temperature is locally reduced. To reduce this AbkuhLungseffekt as far as possible, and to meet to the fluorine-.u2igriff, serving as Glühdrahtträger wire commonly-iolybdün I, or tungsten, is prepared similarly as the supply wires of the previous reference to 3b to 3e are described. Their main parts consist of Uickel with a relatively large diameter. A very small attachment of thorium, just long enough "to form the carrier loop, is deceptive.

.! I "inside befinaliehen feed" wires 24 are made of i.ickel or ickel-plated copper;. They are, in Lbereinstimmung with the invention, equipped with thin lugs ¹ 26 of thorium, grasp the Glühdrahtendenzu, like! shown in Fig. 3b The incandescent lamp has the usual screw base 46, but can be fitted with any other type of base.

Fig. 5 shows another embodiment of an incandescent lamp, the designed, manufactured and filled according to the rules of the invention i.; t. It has an almost ku-egg-shaped piston 48 rus. hard glass for ^ nwenduii ':, un it possible to make the The temperature to which the inner wall of the bulb can be increased above the temperatures that are required for soft glass and the Licher design of the piston can be trc-.rbar. This is important when the temperature of the interior walls is raised so high

009815/0946

to be that the continuous formation ensured by "metal" fluorides iut _o To the flask temperature to achieve a still further improvement, a layer 50 is applied to the outer wall of the piston, which absorbs the infra-red, the visible light but through. Such a layer can consist, for example, of a thin layer of tin oxide or titanium dioxide.

In addition to this outer coating, the inner wall gets dea Piston has a coating 34 of one or more fluorine compounds. The purpose and operation of this coating are above described. The lead wire 24 is made of nickel or Fickel-plated copper; 3 They are, according to the invention, equipped with thin approaches 26 made of thorium. The filament 52 consists of one arranged vertically in the lamp Double helix. The ends of the filament are covered with a protective metal layer made of lüienium, iridium, osmium or coated with a "metal" acting within the meaning of the invention.

The screw base 54 of the - ^ arnpe i ^ t made of brass or aluminum manufactured and v / eist a relatively run cylindrical extension 56, which serves to the Ppssung in front of the unusual to protect the high operating temperature of the tolben 48. The cement used in the plinth has a high content of silicone compounds in order to be able to absorb the high temperature without any disadvantages and in spite of the same a firm connection between the piston and the base over the long service life to maintain the lamp.

Both exemplified in the Pig. 4 and 5 shown Lamp types are filled with argon, krypton, nitrogen or a mixture of these gases when it is cold measured Pülldrucl: from 600 to 700 Torr. In compliance with the Rule of the invention int a fluorine compound such as Jtiokatoff-

QQ9816 / 0946 BAD ORJGiNAL

Fluoride IfF. * In a gaseous state is added to a filling gas in a low concentration (0.1 to 2 [■> of the filling gas pressure). However, the lamps can also be dimensioned for operation as vacuum lamps, since the fluorine transport reaction is effective even without the presence of a filling gas under high pressure. In such cases the lamp filling consists only of the above-mentioned small amount of the fluorine compound indun; in pj- >^c; shaped states. The addition of the fluoro compound in the gaseous state can be used in gas-filled lamps ? .L? ^ uch in lamps of the vacuum-type condition that they an over to "v.us polyvalent fluorine compounds ir" solid state nn? ebr ^ cht is in de λ wu forward verlfxsaen l '^ inn that dr * s Fini-ium the concentration of free fluorine is present, i.e. it must be absent in order to maintain the fluorine transport reaction described in this report.

009815/0946 bathroom

Claims (1)

Claims 1. Electric incandescent lamp with a lamp bulb, a filament arranged in this and with an addition of fluorine, which is introduced into the interior of the bulb and dissociates into fluorine molecules, which combine with a material of the filament and this on the last eu 'or transport away from him, characterized in that at least one of the ends of the filament (10, 40, 52) has a material (14, 16, 18, 20, 22) which, at the operating temperature, is aes filament ^r <dej: F! is not attacked by fluorine. 2. Incandescent lamp 11 ¹³ Ch -. Nspruch 1, thereby ρ eke η η ζ calibrate η et, d ΰ the limaterial, et- μ is not attacked by the r'luor, '- ¹ Ir. ordered a "üet .-. ll", α? a rAt that of the glow wire is not identical i.; t, and ds with aer ^ etrie:; s- "fc temperature of the glow wire is attacked by the fluoride. 3. Incandescent lamp according to claim 2, d η d u r c h ρ e k e η ii se It is worthwhile that the "Met-ill" is at least partly v, 'ei- ^ e consists of substances which the jrup ^ en des leriodincxaen Systems include Iridium, Cswiun and Rhenium belong. ^ t-. Incandescent lamp after'eineu der ..ns ^ back 1 to 3, d "characterized by daü dr.s ge? En the -in ^ riff of fluorine resistanceKf" .hi > -e irteriel in Gest-It of. It is designed to extend outwardly (18, 20, 22), which are firmly connected to the filament at the end of the filament. 009815 / 09AG -2A- [5. G 1 ^; lh In me after a ¹ · ¹ egg ..n ... v ^ che 1 to 3, thereby β eke η η ζ eic Ii η et that the ^ e ^ en den .in ^ ril'f of i'luor widerBtMjidsfiiii · β r.material in Porn eines ärmelförmi-; en therzw ",; I Vl-, 16) dicj äi: u <-m de. '· (τ1 \' ΰΛτκΙΛα u 6. Gl'ihlanpe after eii.er. the claim 1 to 3 »thereby ρ · e ] ■ ' e η η ζ ei without t, cir, .i3 das ^ e ^ en the attack of - ■' üuor v / iuerstnnd; ji ' ^:: - hi '"e limaterial in Gestrlt of a coating : n den -nclei. des iil" .hdrr ^: ' ht.j an-ebracht ii.; t. 7. Gli'.Ll'TT) e after one of the preceding npr'iche, α r by r eke .ι η ζ eic ii η et that Iiittel (? Ip ·. 3a bi.? 'E), the. jo gev / ^: 'r: lt siii-d, är-ß der Jernnnr · tur ^v tj ⁱ "rll (.- ¹ I-. 1) '-! Iride.jtent at the one of the Gir.' - urriiio v / ^.: S.Tev-Ä deo ^ etri ^». · The bulb ^ ert :: i rä. ti. Gin:.!; ^{5: "r} e: ..'- cl · \ * i .; yT iö.i 7, u ^ pe By J η] · e η e ζ jj ic :: η c I., ^Ί-; α J ^r - '..1 "to i.ilrleruij t'jl - dea ^ bfi dor Τ <" - _xth: - ·:;:.''V.ir: n .0I ₁ .i.iueii ue. ·; ^ r-nt j die means (.24) to 1! .'-. ItOr ¹ J-: · ae.j 'Ϊΐ'·; .αΐ- ··: ΐ: eL., c ^: -J.ieeJi. "·. Y ±"j.l'- ^: .y: h : .- ^: cr! . :, .-- ruc.-. ^: i,:.; ^r - ä urc ji reke η η "ei ο '·. 2x et,. · ..; aie"I'l-eru.-.'-. n.iittel a l'nr-.r from I / i: . "it" *: .- or ■ ".;."':üii; .- ^ - i :. .. ^: i--. '' ^ uj.ap; en +. ■ '..-' I ⁴ ; en, ^ e of an ei. '. e. ..- r ^r hto.-.- ie riu-ev. ^r : <-;> · .e.-i, and that ninde.jten. ¹ =: one of the ZuIe ".tv.ix - .. ar- ^ ^J ; e ei. O: -i ^ ereic. 'Ό, i. ·. Äem jein." ■ xer ^ ch. verri -.- a-rt iz, ■ i; '' .. "= i - fc, '.er f.- to äient, both the ber'. 'lrlicl'.e ujy ^^ te ^, e to h'·." * · '; · :. -.I- *; uc- den L'ernn ^ r ^ .tur- οΓ · .1 ". · .- '.-: · .Ί e re: ^ r ^r -.:te .; ν -.r» nd uea .- e π drove the Lamv: - EU _·;; 1λ " ^: ^ ι. '"00 9 8 15 / 0-9 4 6 BAD OBiGiNAL 10. Incandescent lamp, equipped with a lamp bulb, with a filament arranged in this and with an addition of jj'luor, which is introduced into the interior of the bulb is "and which dissociates into fluorine atoms, which combine with the material of the filament and this on the transport the last to or away from him, marked by Ilittel (.Piss. 3a to 3e), which are intended to both the. To hold the filament at least at one of its ends as well as the waste the temperature over the .ünde of the filament during the To mitigate the operation of the lamp. 11. Incandescent lamp according to.-Mspruch 10, characterized in that the means for holding the filament have a l ^J aar of Zuleitungsdri'.hten (24-), one for each end of the filament, an area (26) with a reduced cross-section has, which is to serve both to hold the related wire end and to mitigate the temperature drop at the end of the wire during operation of the lamp. 12. Incandescent lamp according to claim 10, characterized that the lead wires contain nickel. 13. Incandescent lamp according to one of claims 11 or 12, characterized in that the areas the lead wires, whose cross-sections are reduced, are made of thorium. 14. Incandescent lamp according to one of claims 1 to 13 »thereby characterized in that this incandescent lamp is designed so that it contains all of those features or combinations of features that are described in the description uind. 009815/0946