DE1558735A1 - Method and device for activating an electrolytic cell - Google Patents

Description

Dr. Ing. E. BERKENFELD, patent attorney, COLOGNE, Universitätsstrawe

system

for entering ^ c 4 <■ 1 9 C 7 ~ K '&

File number

Name d. Note I ^ AA'J IC ^ T OliJj U

oo Park Avenue

iavi?: n.ven and Torriet: tun-5 sum activating an electrolytic cell =

In an older annelduaj it is already described that an electrical isld, v / oicnes has a sufficient power and amount of energy that can be left under an aziüium and ei ': 3ii peak i ^ rt aat , which has the permeation of the melting height nicat ^: ioerst3X; 3t, una ν clones has a short period of rest, can activate a; / 33cniri0lzeaen electrolyte, which in solution contains a large amount of Aluinini'Uiiioxyd borrowed, so that the Melt can be electrolyzed with much lower span, with less inertia per yield and with much higher concentration of crystalline residues Aone electric fields ^2'9: - door and there will be a jiin ^ rjie state ^ escjnvffen, which leads to 3iidun >; from additional ^: itzlichen loae ·. f'iiirt, to the Biiauav of Oji.y-'iadik'-j.len and au a K ^ tten-

uin 'ji-3 ii'fekte der el i / A.v'v .-' ia ^ a ^ '. lder .'ieusrnoit ' -.vz / L ^ Liü zu. -iünne ^ c, uiese ^ iT-üite de: ^ Hi ^^ hrlz ^ win both L'dnrea 'iu -jineru ai'jrkoar ^ n increase in productive ijtro.iaes pro riiei'troi. / uler-

55I υ 52/1

I lies in the / · roer'.erun-- u <bü fjiiS and the '/ orrion t> xn-i to the anti / ioreo' l '-,' r ο :: ϊΐ / ίΐ ^ 1ζβ.

00Ö830 / 038S _BAD

uie ■ JMuptg.af.i'abe der Wrfi

In particular, the ürfindun ^ an activisruu "· aer ocmnel / .i aurch creation of eieKuri ^ cnen impulses with aoaer ij: <.: - gie, vi 9? De reit: - · before" ^- e ^c cnla ^ en "".'was hairy comparison ?; ^ iee ei: ie higher Ini-ulsfolj / e-i're-iaenz, Impaieo <rit comparing visiise shorter D-juer or impulses with remaining manner higher ifan related '-

The Erfinaun ^: concerns' -eiter a 7sroesserim ^; dee ^ / iriiLui ^ vraaes at the investor, the ünpalt-e uaa although only cn the ^ 'orm and the arrangement of the electrodes.

The invention, oeiter dij An-iennu-i- of ^! I ^ r ^ is iu from electromagnetic ^ trsnlun ^ to AKtivierua ^, uer Schi ;; el ^

In addition, the ürin ^ uny aie re ^ ewitmuu ^; from V'. ^; ru, eenergie from the melt v / ia also aiks Elei-ctrischen LoertrHgun ^ ever losses in Sezu ^ on the Schiuelze and the use of recovered iner ^ 'ie the'! irzeugun ^ of together ^r it ^ lionur el. ¹ "triti. ' .ier energy,

The invention concerns .oiter eitie improvement of the o-iviti- vorgeüchla. ^ Onen vaccination-jennik duren -preparation of sictive ¹ l ·. material at normal ambient temperatures through the Atrvpadung von Strahiunv ;, niecti mitTcher breakthrough and the, -; le iotiep., and the adjoining V> r-endun · '; des akLivlerten ^ tf rials .. to inoculate a melt ·

The Wrfindun ^; further concerns eitie Very ro ^ serutv :; dej H /, wL ^ üneii the unto run ochwellwert and your maximum to with

BATH O «GINA |. _;

aer AnitivieravVi eiaeii. greater leeway ζλ rr-ieiten «

Γ ... -sirier eriindua.; J ⁱ ; left design horn: the device Uii-ΐί des 7er-.anrens '.-.' is an Ak. t! crossing under l · ^ c-ewyau ^ from '/■•-\\?l9iciiG".-.'eiss non-en impulses obtained from Sasryie -aelleia, crJe a veröleicne ^ ei3e low Speicnerisapa ^ ixit aab = ·. ! » -iusHtsj.icn laso-en themselves fir ο ie impulses eriidiite 'i ^ ennLmgeri use the aie des Tor ^ onlT-res oei •' ■ / eixen ¹ over; i: ei je.:, ^ ahre-ic die livvulsäaaer ^ ieicaieitig strong geicürst-IRDO. / "Aiter leave; icn short Aüicnnitte the jferioö.e a Ii .-- palsas durcn" iehslter or the like i'Jr aie iktivieru-ig ^ eini tiieiis.

lii one; -? niex'en execution of ssf orm of the invention veräeii riiliseL's ^ troden. ^ um iiÄtivieren der a ^ ihiuelze ir., before _: .swebens ^ iformen ■ -. t ^ eLi ± d? t, 'lii- jie .. inr ^ an-binlicnneio rsaa ^ ieren, α ·; ε & aie i- ^ r ^ iegrerisen De im Aitiivieren aer "iann> rlz3 Uoei'3 ridden ■ - ■ r -raen * iuskitzlicn lets sicn ale construction ^ iion aer eriindungsr-s: ii ^: ^ 3en gate direction; in oestinurtea i ^ ilien united-ü-ieü, inde: - ^{..: -!} jn lilxH ^ .o ^ eleA. ¹ .roaen d / .u ^ rnaft in the ^ eIIe einoaao una

ie ώ ·.-1ΐν · ^ ηί j

I: j ίί'ί'ϊΓ ii, ^ '^;Lalic.e-'a. JUif inr in ^ oform der erii i; .a T. ^ K ^ s /orric.--.tun ^{i; i;} wm de->«x'iiauu-i ■ s'fe'r / 'v ΐ-'ο /-L".:-; λ Reuter' ^v ix"'"i si-L. λ \ vo ^r h --x ΐύ / ίΧ, ϊ :. ο.Ίβ Otrar: Lui /, -.Le: ö _o ; "ei-e -.itri.mltWk · Dei / re i'a- ^ nzeij, 'j ie ev. -zy 1 · ΐ · l-jii ro · u Leni '"ivi ^r " i de. · - ^ lt.-vt LOiia- ^ x ¹ ι. -o.'i ^ n ^ trsnLa ^ y ^v ei; tr "j.u'3 lj e ---.» · '!, ^ <». ·.;', f. livi ^ uj ¹ · tier o 7; r "· ':?.'. J Ό t '' .J ·: 1. ''., I.!. 'ji, i - ■■ -'.Si", U ¹ I,, .1. -i.ii :: ti ' ¹ i "r ^ Liont, ..; ^r : ·,',:; ii ¹ , j'- ·. · ^{;! 1} α.π!, '-. ·, i. t '■ t, ·, ·. ^,' if.-lj -.-, 1-r .. „τ ·· ■ - ... ■ ■ 1-xü

BATH

009B30 / 03GS

devices, optical measles, lasers and the like. «To activate the melt, radiation from neutron sources, gram radiation and X-rays can also be used _e

In another embodiment according to the invention 7 / poor exchanger for the recovery of ■ λ arnie energy from the Related to melt and electrical transmission lines, which are assigned to the cell, and the low energy is then returned to the thermal energy source, which generates the electrical energy for the cell.

In a further cavity shape according to the invention, material which is activated at ambient temperature by mechanical breakage, radiation and the like is orphaned as essential for activating an interface, ν / ο τα the activated! ■■ '- teri '?. I ia this one-e; your: ^T -ircu

In ei μ ir sMerer. z ^ f i ^ lun y - ^ enaäoaen Au-3f 'inraa ^ siOE ^: ira ^ e: ¹ ^ chveil. ert uurcn Zae'itze for the .iiluiitro ^ yt, di "whose λχ ~ electrical ii.a ^v i2ta" te emönen, a-3re.O ~ _e: ^ tzt, orw ·? '^ r.- :. oie I 'sxima dacei eniijirecnena rierocgeaetit -.- ^ L ^ en.

At Jeiöjiisl the in der., Eicnnuag y; ei.ei ~ ien A ^ t ^: - £ ".l · .: ¹ J ^- Ji ..-; 3Γοι - ^. Eii becomes the .airfinduu« · uau waiter ceschri ^ L-ca. In aer .ieic.i.ua ^ is:

figure 1 a scheme ti ;? ehe ΰ ^j r «tellurium -; · a t ¹ /-.irricituu^: to

.i'a oinar '. * c.i.riol; je iti -'i? r ^ .L ^ .t-'olyti -.M ^ ι -Lie, fiOfiflStWAa * «BAD ORIGINAL

Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a device having an auxiliary starting electrode for activating a melt located in a cell eleKtrolytisciisn _s

3 shows a section through a ode 'Ausfdhrungsform a Hilfselekti _"? · Configured to activate a melt of geschmolze nem Balz related i ^ i

Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a Vorricntung for ■. Activating a melt with an .öinricntung for extraction of VJariaeenergy from the device,

- Figure 5 is a schematic .Darstellung of a device according to the iürfindung with several auxiliary electrodes and with one electrode divided into segments, "

FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of the device for activating a melt with a high frequency energy source,

FIG. 7 shows a senematic representation of the device for activating a melt with a radiation energy source,

Figure 8 is a graphical representation of the effect of a pulse on the conductivity of the melt during the few seconds immediately following the 'application of the pulse and f with further illustration of the optimum ignition ^timing: ir the Naeen ^ th pulse,

FIG. 9 is a partial horizontal section showing two Z's ^; indelectrodes _? both of which are practically consistent and aligned towards each other,

Fig. 10 is a partial vertical section of an electric troly table ■ Cell showing the cylinder electrodes from Fig. 9 in "relation to the melt and the cell,

FIG. 11 shows a vertical cross section through a cell under illustration the auxiliary ignition electrodes built into the interior,

Figure 12 is a vertical section through the auxiliary ignition electrodes fig. .11,

FIG. 15 is a side view of an additional embodiment an auxiliary ignition electrode and

Figure 14 is a graphical representation of the level of relative Activated in relation to the value of nuclear power »

According to the suggestion already mentioned, a melt can under Use of the in fig. 1 can be activated.

The electrolytic cell is shown schematically in FIG. 1 and bears the reference number 10. The cell 10 is of conventional design and has a lining 11 made of carbon. It contains the heated bath 12 of molten cryolite aluminum oxide, the

is kept at a temperature of about 1000 ° 0 . This group

BATH

The temperature is generated by the combustion of the carbon anode and by the 'losses which occur when the current passes through the bath' * The carbon electrode 13 is located in the bath 12 «The carbon lining of the cell IQ. "forms the second electrode 11" Both electrodes 11 and 13 are connected to a source with a low direct voltage of about 5 T, "Z ₀ Be to the generator shown in FIG

A pulse generator circuit 15 is connected to the cell 10 and its electrical circuit connected »a step-up transformer 16 is connected with its primary winding 17 to a conventional (not shown) voltage source 'connected An. der - secondary since e ' 18 of the transformer 16 is a rectifier I9o to the Output terminals 20 and 21 thus produce a half-wave voltage «Between the output terminals 20 and 21 there is a capacitor 22» The capacitance of this capacitor is sufficient for the To store the energy of an impulse ”, For every square inch The area of the electrode can have a capacitance between approximately one and acnt microfarad lie ·.

The rheostat 23 limits the charging speed Capacitor 22 * This capacitor has a low internal

An ignitron 26 is provided. The cathode 11 is on 7erbirj.dungspunkt between resistance. 23 and capacitor 22 « The cathode is optionally via the primary winding 27 of the output

v / UrüStransformators 28 to the other pole 21 of the capacitor BAD O? ”GINAt

connected The grid 24 of the Ignitron 26 is by usual. "Means placed on a suitable bias, for example with the help of the relay or the ignition device 31" is a neon lamp 32 over the primary winding and indicates when the primary winding pulses "The following is a detailed description of how this "The secondary winding 33 of the step-down transformer 28 is connected to the electrodes 11 and 13 of the bath VZ ." A filter choke 35 is located in the low-voltage circuit uno "In general, the generator and the generator circuit have sufficient inductances,

According to the suggestion mentioned, the melt can be used activated by the device shown in Pig * 2 *

A pulse generator circuit 15B similar to that described above is approximately equivalent, is also used in this embodiment. Through settings in the circuit; 1 5B and on the Step-down transformer 28B is pulsed in the bath 12B about 1000 to 3000 V generated »Electrodes 40 and 41 are over the transformer 2ÖB connected to the oscillator circuit 15B » The electrodes are small and portable and can be removed from bath 12B if necessary ». If the crystal effect in of the cell 10B to be improved, auxiliary electrodes can be used These auxiliary electrodes are related to electrodes 40 and 41 similar «Each auxiliary electrode pair has its own im-

00983Ö / Ö3H BAD ORIGINAL * * ·

Pulse energy source ο Likewise, an entire auxiliary electrode arrangement can be fed from a single energy source ". An independent source with low DC voltage is required to feed the electrolyte current to the cell 10B." The generator 14B generates the required EMF ₀ It is connected to the anode 15B ■ and the lining 111B of the cell 10B connected, which represents the ■ cathode «The electrodes 40 and 41 are designed as strands to achieve better -surface conductivity» for minimal reactance, they are twisted (as in FIG. 2) or - · coaxial (Pig, 3) "The ignition tips consist - preferably of tungsten, nickel and brass alloys, such as nickel-chromium" - they can also consist of another, conductive, infusible material such as platinum, carbon, titanium boride or the like ". Oxidizable substances are oevorzugt, but particularly at the anodes ₀ The electrodes 40 and 41 are even with einem.Isoliermaterial 42, such as boron nitride, insulated except at the Stromabgatieflächeno The insulating material 42 extends to above "the bath 12B" This prevents Kar ζ No more hot gases above the bath "The current output surfaces are preferably created in a way that allows easy exchange". z ₀ B "by screwing *

The general operation of the apparatus described above for obtaining either mobility or crystal effects can be as described as follows, - y / obei should be noted that the invention is not limited to this mode of operation * In terminal of the primary winding \ 'j of the Trans format or s 16 to a

BAD OTOINAL _AAAi

Voltage source of 440 V, a very high voltage is generated in the secondary winding 18 «This voltage is generated by the Rectifier 19 rectified and via the variable resistor fed to the capacitor 22 in the form of half-wave pulses ο The resistor 23 is set, for example, so that the capacitor 22 charges sufficiently quickly that the .meon lamp 32 To achieve the mobility effect described below, emits one flash every 0.5 seconds, or six flashes in 5 seconds, In order to achieve the crystal effect, also described below, the ignition can be set so that it always when the capacitor is charged to full voltage, »For this purpose, the bias voltage on the igniter is set accordingly ' or by regulating the discharge by igniting the igniter via the timer 31

As a result of the succession of these half-wave pulses, the capacitor 22 is charged to a preselected voltage at which the operating potential of the ignitrone 25 is reached, d:> e is determined by the bias voltage _? which is applied to the igniter 24 via the ignition switch 31. This causes the ignition or conduction of the ignitron 26, so that the capacitor discharges via the ignitron 26 and the primary winding 27 of the step-down transformer 2ö, whereby a high-voltage pulse is generated Secondary winding 33 and from there to electrodes 11 and 13 or 40 and 41 (see Fig. 4). In a modified embodiment, transformer 28 is omitted or bridged and the current delivered by capacitor 22 is passed to the electrodes 11 and 14 or 40 and 41 immediately

BATH

0QiÖ30 / ö3de -ic-

The alternating charging and discharging of the capacitor 22 takes place at a 3-speed, which is determined by setting the control resistance 23 and the time mechanism 31 o The impedance of the discharge path is such that a sharp impulse can be achieved, so that about 90 φ of the energy stored in the concencers is released in about one microsecond (egg-sized 2), "The capacitor 22 is dimensioned so that it provides the i3aa 12 with that current _s the i'dr a xiocnspannungsauslaüurig Due to the extremely low resistance of the woodier salt baaes required

In the JüJLegerjerator circuit Jionrien inductive or magnetic 3x. "'in accordance with the provisions for inehrers ele ^ troly ciscae cells, u'-r-in üi? .ri ^ irien xleicnspannungsgener ^ tor and avoid a Sch' / 'ungradocasltvorric-itun ^ (tdcirt äar>'" estel-Lt), uai aaaiittel'beir to fence the stream aen Scnaitruiiren. Temporally ^ arias these; rit eiae: ü 'ioz-i tioa-s-sc'. · .L ^ sr oO (· ί ¹⁴ ·. »6) s./ncaroaiiiert e ^ i'n» "JiV Jen ·. ] t3r oü i.-rt, *. 'le di ^ e in the following th.'. '. o ^ ii nah sr. is explained .; to nie /.ilLen-iü aageschlossen

-i- £ ° 4 zei'-it a .3o: ialt ¹ JLiJ ^ ₉ die sur .docnspa-iiTun; -; - ⁵ ignition of an auxiliary anode 140 ' ^: * .eiut «The, lilfsanoae i-st not immediately the λieaerspannungequelle angescnlosseiic oie \ Ί ± τά of the Seitundärseite of Impulstränsformators 12 NC _s gekündet although they "can be used in the a.uch -icnqltung of Fig ₆ 7 in use of the .Prior ricntung of .jj ¹ I * .. 9A η at turns out

~ 11 -

states that it is never necessary to use aie iieaerspannangs -./aelle isolate from pulse transformer 133 «

The auxiliary electrode 148 in Mg »4 is preferably sheathed with an insulator 142. The h-iterial of the auxiliary electrode 148 can be amorphous carbon, while the material of the insulator 142 can be boron nitride. The jfcterial of the electrode may also be a metal such as tungsten, the oxide of which will sublime at the temperature of the melt, or nickel, which is more effective, or any other suitable conductor, preferably a conductor that is oxidizable. The cell 110 is made with frozen cryolite 163 shows what is used to insulate the side walls of the cell. It is ensured that the gap between the auxiliary electrode 148 and the zatriode 111 is maintained. The shroud 142 also prevents over propose in the ionized G-ases unmittelDar above the melt β In another embodiment of the invention icann the auxiliary electrode 148 in the form of a transformer have that supplies the melt the required energy Akkustis cne _a

In July 5, the auxiliary electrode 14Ca is surrounded by an insulator 142a covered and separated * It is, however, in close proximity to the auxiliary electrodes 140b and 140c. All auxiliary electrodes are connected to a storage capacitor 122 and ignite via the ignitron 126 «Ignite with the aid of the ignition device 131 the affected Z'inder 124 practically all in step »

- 12 -

Fig. 5 shows aaoh auxiliary electrodes I43a-I4'3e, which surround the cell at a distance and from one or more high-voltage sources. simultaneously or nacheinander'gezündet-.werdeil "These additional Help se lektr can barren be desirable if 'one is concerned with the ■ short-term effects that are available at the lowest activation levels _D The above-roup i40a-i40c is a system to a The ignition electrode has to be fixed in several isolated sections * This means that each section requires a smaller switch and represents a higher test resistance

Example I.

This example explains the mode of operation of the circuit of FIG. 4. The electrode 146 consists of four segments (I ¹ Ig ₀ 13), which contain: i'i-80 '/ <> Gr-20 / o . The four segments are connected to one The only transformer, the transformer 128, is connected. "The anodes 113 are monitored separately with two writing ammeters 167. The structure of the activation is thus observed from different points." At this point be. noticed that with 15 micro. i'arad the activation was generated with the same amount of cryolite as in example · 5 “However, a lot of rae.nr pulses were ignited before it could be observed _? that the - ■ Highest or any level of activation was reached o The auxiliary anode, was a very small anode of 0.2 square inches which was set on a side stream equivalent to about 0.3 square inches at a At the anode of this (x size and a storage carbon of 15 microfarads, the ignition speed was about two per second ο eggs should be noted that the.

■ "· (fs ß (S t \ Q) A / ία äiß ^r BAD OrUGiNAL.

fluid has been an increase in Zündanodenfläche goes down "Acnt discharges were ignited," before to observe the virirung be old _β 8elDstverständlich was no great observation of the effect on the Miederspannungsanöden of eight square target each be vorgenoauien in the four seconds * üis was found that the current in the near anode began to rise earlier than the current in the distant anode »This initial rise represents the level of activation, but rather the expansion of the nuclei of the host reaction» The chocolate front does not run separately. The chain reaction begins At the nearer anode, however, there was only a small time lag before the chain was drawn up Increase of about the meters to about 1200.A per anode. The initial approach from 120 A to about 10 ° A per anode took place at a distance of about one minute, with the nMaere anode being the place = they both reached 1200 A and at the same time held 12 ° C A ₀ The rate for the total increase ·? On this date from the beginning of the impulses there was nine meows _e The removed anode exits at the ijt-infi of 120 A by a few meows. Silk - '' icderepan ^ un ^ sanoden had an effective ^ iäciie vo: -i about -acnfc 4uadr'it - "" - oll. '■ 5 »ο Kg of cryolite with 4 Ά Aluiiiiniumoxyd ^ i in the ιΗά * icht hJchUäse with a Gresc! iwindi> VKeit before "aw- ^ i px ^x o second were made with a gap of 9" 5 am "The itouieurung was

60 io and. the rise time was 0.4 micro sekunderu ■ · · The cell consisted, carrion 'silicon with a graphite cathode and used j $ nd ^"w: alls _e The Bndwände wurden.von.der melt by cemented slices of silicon nitride insulated"

'. • During the experiment described in Example 1. the oxy radicals attacked the electrolyzing carbon anode, so that all of the .Energie required for the reduction is not from the. electrolytic current had to be made available. In the above example, 650 g of aluminum were recovered in about half an hour, so that the yield in effective equivalents of ^{current efficiency is calculated to be about 160 l} fo , because of the decrease in the counter electromotive force and the ATdnähme On the basis of this amount and on the basis of other theoretical considerations, it is assumed that the degree of conversion of the faradic current in an activated melt on the Mve ^ u of this example adjusts itself for only about a quarter of the productivity, while about three quarters of the productivity is due to the direct action of the Qxy -R ^; .dicals can be traced back to the carbon of the anode «Up until now, it was expected that the carbon would only combine with the oxygen that was already formed during the electrolysis«, «" during the experiment a higher current productivity at higher speeds became apparent Since the increased door oulence of higher velocities generally lowers the yield for the energy outputs, it is therefore assumed that the turbulence is necessary and due to the chemical re-

■ · '. ... ' ■ ". '■" ■■ / ■■■' - '- 15 "- ■

BÄÖ 0RK3INAL fi λ a β -

production is more than compensated and that this is also the fact declares that the cnemisciie editorial staff of the oxy radicals observed as a reduction in reduction by electrolysis will"

In your older proposal, the energy status and all of its advantages are explained. “This means that the level of activation of the melt can be increased by successively applying high-energy electrical fields.” Furthermore, the energy status can be maintained or reinstated with such gowns. With this energy status, some transitions from - ¹¹ S "to" P "paths are likely to take place.

fifth calculations should be in the range of about 5x10 Hz. The function of the rapid application of direct or indirect electric fields at a high energy level is that this oscillation induces and, apart from one such, increased vertically should be so that a solder reaction is generated, with which maintain the desired phonon effects for a sufficiently long time become »If the phonon energy is sufficient to create a space to effect, additional phonons are released by the exciting ion and the chain is thus continued »

Bs is the purpose of this application, additional discoveries to disclose relating to the methods and apparatus to take advantage of the effects that have been produced

BAS OfIIoIMAL ~ ^U) "

J «l j» A *

and also to reveal the indirect 'means of generating the required electrical fields and the resulting resulting phonon; files necessary for the activation of the melt are necessary "

As explained in the other preliminary discussion, the molten cryolite aluminum oxide bath actually contains ionized components that are still unfree and bound in the crystal structure. Various techniques can be used to break through the crystal structure with the resulting release of additional ions: Temperature rise, ionizing radiation and none opaonuhg. In order to achieve ion separation and efficiency, the industry currently only uses the lower three limit values of the high temperature of the melt A release of additional, licner ions is accompanied by electrons being pushed onto the conduction path by a trapped cream. -Other disturbed electrons that do not follow the conduction path cause corona effects that generate phonons. These phonons cause further crystal shifts and other and fewer electrons hit the conduction level, so / las'3 more disorder and a, stronger ion movement be generated. At higher temperatures, lower voltages are required for a given improvement, regardless of the fact that field effects at higher temperatures generally

BÄ13 ORIGINAL _K - 17 _m ■

let » us it should be noted that Zoron.aeffeK.te are only useful when they generate i'enlordnaa ^ en» In the remaining crystals these ■ -> tr anlangen inaireisit ele ^ xriscne deleter or win-cen with the eleKtriscaen u'slieri: in aen r38tliehen. j £ ri = .- share zasaiiuuen uiiä generate y ^ iilicue 3törv.: _-_; - 3: α-id -Fnononeti - * '"lxen with similar xvonse teasel«, -ie ^ e 1 o- ^ ifi-Λ -ations of the - procedure *? or the .process, nr.b-iti,? oi '- ?. r. ··? ■■ ·· :: ιj. 9 hr? Ii one i-iinin: am- anci v -la.i'i.ra-j-foraecaagen. .- ^ e ". ^ elIt ': --- ":: .- 3-i, ^ v t ^ ile either at the xr-p'-irnan ;:' veiter ^ r iroäak: tivit ^K .t and ecnönten ■> It & an ^ .graa? β oi ^ r uei der iic ^ i-iiui; - ~ -L- ~: ec -: e ^T .vi ·.>. er. • liinfacnheit in · Besag auf die V "er ^1T 3ioua ΐ u_ii \ ic.i ": v"evwendu'i _: ':, "" on directly into the noene ^ er ^ / etiacae' System 3in ^ ii ../ s: zzea alantrodeüo "ius ^ tilicn ^ ur stranlu · :: _ , '-ird in -.-. dir ^: -'lucireii ^v / or: c: ii: v aaca the AjitivLerang of a "Schiitölze uurch Lupfe" .i the 3cciiLel.:;i with activated ϊ ·. teri-al oescariaoeu. jiiiiive of the aictivien-un ^ sverfanren discussed above are braucabar ^ ar ürgäniiuti ^ of the antivierun ^ svorö ^ iiages with one or menrore.i of the other variations of the originalveri-anrens.

The details of the older proposal in oezaf, on the structure of the optimal scheme for the use of noner bi.sr ^ ie also apply nier. In studying the phenomena of the acti we know that the dielectric constant of the remaining period of time will not be changed significantly during the period of core development, but that the dielectric constant will practically be lowered the chain reaction has started once. This means that the projection of the

BATHROOM OBlGiNAL - 18 -

directly or indirectly induced -electric field effects is less effective and that for further activation to a higher level more energy or faster supplied Energy are required »This requirement can be met the usable range of applied energy between the minimum and maximum value. »The maximum value becomes not touched by the "■ dielectric constant The maximum conditions are likely to be the result of Generation of free electrons and these bridge and destroy the phonons »The task lies in the Reach point at which the ratio of phonon to electron is highest or high enough for the speed, the productivity and efficiency of the electrical »© 3agewinnungsprozesses to be beneficial.

PROCESS WITH QflSOJLOSSE · 0 # ί CYCLE US

With this improvement in the process, the productivity of a single unit, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, is increased by about fifty times, while the consumption of electrical energy from an external source is reduced to a comparatively low value, eg on the order of magnitude of about 1 kWh per 0.45 kg of aluminum oxide _β

One. Melt, of the Hall type, for example as in the arrangement of FIG. 4, is activated up to a high tfert, so that at 5.0 V the current in the above example is about. thirtyfold _{: is} increased. The redevelopment of the sea as a result of higher

-19 - ■;.

Current losses, faster reactions of carbon with oxygen ions and faster combustion of carbon with oxygen is about 27 times as high as is usual for a cell of this size. Heat exchangers 110a are attached to the cell walls. Heat exchange fluid, such as molten sodium, is fed via line 110b to a turbo generator or similar device that converts heat to electricity (. Ref. 11Oc) ₆ The resulting electrical energy is returned from the turbo generator via lines 114a to power supply 114,.

Since the conductors carry around 3 million amperes, they too can be disengaged for cooling with heat exchangers 114b * This heat can also be conveyed to the facility via line 114c 11Oc can be returned. In adoration of the higher stream together with the carbon reaction in the melt, the productivity is fifty times the value for a normal oven of comparable size is common. The heat from several such units can give a single one Heat / electrical energy converters are supplied. .

In addition to having superfluous thermal energy to use when the electricity is generated, leaves the dissipation of excess heat energy can also be used as a means of controlling the temperature of the melt »

- 2o -

0011 * 4/0 * 11

Where the activation of the melt increases dramatically of the current, as by a factor of 2 - 30, made possible the dissipation of excess heat energy that the temperature of the melt is kept at the correct level is, while the increased working speed is otherwise Could lead to the formation of destructive temperatures »

HOHE IKHJLS itäuäBEÖLW iS U ¹ IlE] -iJffi

The related with the melt pulse repetition frequency can be increased at a comparatively nohe amounts, such as "B _e to 1000 pulses per second, wänrend the Fläcne the ignition electrode (40 and i'ig 41 in., 2 in Figure 148" UPS 4 » ) and the size of the Speicner capacitor (22 in Fig. 1, 122 in Fig. 5, etc.) is reduced »..-..- ■

ν Example II

Instead of activating a 100 Α cell with the pulses, each half a second apart, there are _f from a capacitor with 15 microfarads _f which is charged to 6000 7 , but via a circuit that supplies the voltage up to 5000 V at the delivery point, a pulse repetition rate of 1000 pulses per second can be used, a capacitor of 0.15 microfarads, and 100 pulses in one activation process. The ignition electrode surface is 0.05 square inches in the example,

- 21 -

There is an advantageous effect on the rise time in the case of a storage capacitor that is used for a given Ignition electrode is larger than required, but this excess storage can result in excessive Discharge, if the activation does the destroyed Ds'. found that - the capacitor (the capacitor 22 in]? igo 1, 122 in fig «2) increase by ten-fold l'is, while the impulse with a 'breaker baremi ir iaing' very course is cut off »The first quarter period of the impulse is limited to about one tenth of its natural D-vaer "

Example III

For a cell with an anode area of 2u ^ uadr ^ t-inches and a total area of about 40 square inches, a capacitor of 350 microfarads was set to 6,000? charged and then ignited by a 5 ^ U-adrat-inch Konlenstoffanode on the normal cathode »The discharge was cut off imiera ·? Ib a 'j-esamlzwit of one backsecond, the payment being started when the rise 5OC \ ^r eevsioai had. Jjie Spitzenspsnnung oetrug in the Bntlade ^ OAE et \\ ^r a 3000 V and was mvächt abgesc-by Wideretand the ignition circuit of etxva Booo V on. For a camouflage. A single impulse of this kind sufficed to act.

- 22 BAD OBiOINAL

By limiting the pulse duration to 10 fanoseconds it is possible to activate a melt with a discharge peak of 50,000 Τ with the aid of an arrangement which was similar to ^{the arrangement of Ji 1} _{Xg 0} 1 or Fig. 4. In this application, the limited pulse duration preferably achieved by reducing the storage capacity or by "Breehstangenffekt".

KOSiTIMJIERLIO-riäi WELfrB ^ -RUi

In the older proposal, a pulse reversal or pulse direction is not important per se, although a percentage reversal in the case of a capacitor discharge is an indication of the door and the amount of resistance adjustment. "With continuous radio frequency waves, the impedance can be adjusted regardless of polarity reversal "These waves, for example, _E in the G-rössenordnung of 10 cm wavelength can be related to the destruction of · the rest of the crystal structure of the salt and the Oxydkomponenten" According to the method broadcast frequency from the source 170 through line 171 (Pig, 6) on the ring-shaped area or any other free space bundled in cell 110, "A rough tuning, the frequency is sufficient", Each crust can be broken away or left entirely _e The threshold value energy is in the order of magnitude of 5MW per square inch, while the irradiated surface is preferably at least 0.5 ° / o of the anode surface Deträgt, Bei'einer hawser of the cell, that of an anode surface

■. of 20,000 square inches, the exposure time is on the order of 10 minutes with the others Parameters of this example, measuring devices in the circuit indicate by a change whether the nucleation to The radio frequency source 170 is switched off, when the nucleation shows some flattening. If the effect should then decrease, the activation can be done with destroyed by an overdose of radiation and started again where you stop faster.

The radiation energy can be introduced into the material to be activated in pulse form Z ₀ B ₈ the total dose is divided into 100 parts, whereby the times between the pulses are longer than the pulses themselves, but not so long that an increase in nucleation does not occur takes place. The larger the radiation area, the shorter the radiation time «

fig. 14 shows the activation level in relation to the rise time like the form of energy and voltage of the impulses and their number and their spacing «With optimal execution the highest level is reached» This level has the largest Duration and the greatest benefit in terms of improving the • reading office of conductivity · You can see that the curve does not go up continuously «Once a certain . Level is reached and stabilized. kanti it more difficult

OBlGlHAL " ²⁴

"'be to bring the itf level to an even higher value, since then a lower resistance has built up without the large © ... anode area", which would allow the use of a larger memory can be used to process the pulse shape and "the energy" in such a way that one can move from one level to a higher one ·.-As soon as the activation has set in, the - is the dielectric constant

.: "lower and core formation requires more energy, ' so that the "area" between the. lower "uncL. & en upper

. "Limit values, the individual parameters are compressed«

It is far more satisfactory to determine the parameters and to apply the impulses with a satisfactory. jpQtfm etc * before any activation level has reached a stable point. "Depending on-' . vde-i '(riösSFe ^ der; ZeIkIe' the entire · Impt ^ aaündüng in '^; ^:. .- a "period of about 15 seconds to 2 minutes can be ended, the 3rd level in particular is achieved for the D ess he eja_ activation level for a longer period of time, for example, "in about 15 ^i; iinuten> the aller- .niedrig & te activation aiveau d'Auert, once above sea-lcht 15 - minutes However, ^.. .ofioo ^r ia3 aiedrig.ite activation level represents quite a f) e'.tr ^! -iciitllcheü gain in comparison to all previously possible green energy savings in the electrical reaction of aluminum © x, yd _t ■ Self-evident

become bigger and longer lasting

preferred"

For this reason it is desirable to find out, with a few attempts, the scheme which leads to a non-existent level of activation. about 2 kinucen completely, while the activation f ^; Ar this predetermined.-Iveaa ix-oh a further period of time, ¹ 2 »B. 15 minutes later, β is reached. The pulse sequence releases the chain and the Ivotte then forms itself on »

LIOiH ■

The light waves can also do this in the frequency range Remaining crystal structures destroy sufficient quality Intensity generate indirect and equivalent elelctrisohd field effects in the crystals, so that phononers, are split off »There are fluctuations in the light frequency due to scattering and the width of the spectrum · These create a levitating effect in the

9 desired frequency range of about ^ χ 10 Hz in one Phonoric change induced at the speed of sound will"

The light beam must have an intensity in the order of magnitude of about 5 MW per square inch of irradiated surface »

BATH

Ammonium place of the radiation, a hole is made 112 (I ¹ Ig ₀ 7} in any Erustenformation the melt before 'the radiation can have a greater effectiveness _e The necessary intensity can be achieved by focusing the light from an intensive .The apparatus 172, how to reach from a xenon flash or from an optical maser. at least 0,0.1 io the surface of the melt must be '/ else illuminated to these and the light pulse should be about 5 microseconds stop "the pulses are Freq ig enough repeated ₉ around the Eernbildung to improve, -but not so often _f to destroy the activation «» ■

In a modified embodiment of the forricht of Figo 7, an intensity that is a million times higher, as you can z, B. with a ruby laser (172). can be radiated over an area of at least 0.001% of the surface of the cell and the pulse duration is limited to the order of magnitude of 10 manoseconds ₍

Irradiation with light creates electric fields that Excite free electrons and the critical area is with it The indications for excessive intensity, Area and duration are similar to those listed above became",

., BADORIGINAt ■ '- - 27 ~

All the techniques described so far can be combined with one another or with the direct electric field or the vaccination method of the older proposal in order to bring about the activation. The restrictions mentioned so far continue to apply, in particular insofar as the combined energy must exceed its threshold value and remain below a maximum and that larger amounts of dissolved oxide are preferred and at least 2.5 % of oxide must be dissolved »

Then an intense beam of light irradiates the molten material while the electrodes apply electric fields and for this purpose take the energy from the capacitor and this combined effect is above the threshold value and is below the maximum value sufficiently controlled pulses from another source simplify activation, in particular when working in the more limited range of the present one Venn from an existing level of activation according to further goes up, as will be described in the older proposal.

Now that successful waveforms have been shown, a way to obtain the successful

- 28 ^ 009f30 / 0341 BAD OFHGINAi

Point at which the pulse can be re-ignited "before the stabilized level is reached, from which it is difficult to rise. Assuming that the low voltage is constant, the current in the low voltage anode will rise for a few seconds and then possibly begin to fall, as shown, If the current does not rise properly, the impulse was complete / ineffective and must be formed again and even if a sequence of identical pulses in the next 15 minutes a good Akti-Vierungsniveau results. the point a shown in Figo 8 is the ideal time to ignite the next pulse ₀ Before ■ lirreichen of point a, additional pulses are fired. In this case they are less effective. If the additional pulse is not ignited at some point on the rise, its chance of being effective effective is, reduced. Each impulse can be extinguished individually without it producing any lasting effect or without producing an effect that is greater than what would result from the use of a single such impulse; " If the pulses are fired too quickly in succession, the JConzentrationsgradient can be destroyed and the pulse train is still worth less than a single one of you, "The consequence would be similar to a äusssrst long pulse ₀ It is therefore 1st advisable successive pulses somewhere on the rising Ast V BAD ORIGINAL ■ - 29 - ■

to ignite, preferably just before your drop at point Ae '! glue experiments made with a small ignition anode, that is to say with about 0.15 square inches, and a correspondingly small capacitor 122, point A will be about one-fifth second achieved <> in a Zündanodenfl-äche of 1NC square inch, it was found that the point a in about 15 seconds or more is achieved "Anyway i? all it is satisfactory, hit again to ignite" in 15 seconds this Guidelines Can any operation according to the invention be put into operation within an acceptable period of time? The observation of Fig. 8 is made from the passage of the jjachoarschaft of the original gradient through the observing anode. It runs at the speed of sound Trigger the build-up of the chain, "the actual build-up of the activation level cannot be observed for a few seconds or minutes"

Under certain combinations of geometry and parameters, the curve of ü'i ^ «ö is rotated around the abscissa. The same Considerations apply to the flipped curve, but one upward facing carve is preferred. Also oei one When the curve was flipped, a high amplitude was pre-weighed against a low amplitude. The acoustic conditions can by Vjraad ^ rri of ü-geometry or the combination of. Capacity and fun; the momentum is changed so that a state of thinning and thus a change in the

- 3o «

Curve aas Figo 8 does not take place

It creates an obvious saturation point, reached by the highest level of activation, beyond which further impulses that follow or precede the establishment of this level of activation do not cause any further activation. Although no additional crystal effect is generated, a mobility effect occurs _β

During the shift from a built-up level to a higher level can be difficult, there is no difficulty in rebuilding a level that has begun to die out »fewer impulses or impulses on lower ones Energy levels are generally sufficient for this purpose « If the electrolytic cell is shut down for any reason and then restarted, it must the effect will be rebuilt from the start, though a partial effect may have remained »

In the impact of the information described in Figure 8 _s may be the case that this instantaneous current change is negative rather than positive. Although experiments do not explain this phenomenon, they show that activation also comes from such impulses. The same considerations. ■ _; apply to the ignition of point A on the corresponding descending current curve · This current reduction never lasts long ».

- 31 BAD ÖFUGlNAl

Regardless of the size of the anode, it deadens in about one second. The activation can proceed from there upwards. «The activation can be very slow for the first few minutes and then increase rapidly for the next 15 minutes. It has been observed that the activation is very rapid can increase, starting in about three minutes and almost reaching its limit value in five minutes. Although the experiments do not explain this mode of operation, it is assumed that it is more acoustic rather than electrical, since the bodies that are used to amplify the G - serve gradients, migrate in bundles through the melt, which are at the speed of sound »As in acoustics, the 'wave is sometimes amplified and sometimes raised»

In the case of a reflected wave, it is possible that this one Dilution forms the ions temporarily out of the anidic field. This was due to the strength of the incident Shock front and the 3-geometry from and within the Depending on the cell »You can generally do this by reducing the size of the storage capacitor and by means of Brhönen from its tension new .. also an excessive one long wave or excessive intensity can cause the reflected wave to hit the head and close atomization, although the time-voltage limit for the dielectric breakdown has not yet been exceeded has been i

OOÖ63Q7Q38S

In all the procedures that have been described here and in the older proposal for activating a melt, there is a nucleation period _s one. Period follows, during which the activation develops. The final activation level is independent of, the J? Läcne, üoerder si.cn aa ^ '/ experienced abv / ickeIt ₄ The larger the area, aie from the diaei-cten or indirect influences of the high-energy electrical fields is attacked, "be it that this area is a single division of areas or areas, the shorter the period of time for transition formation and activation B ^a i an activation At a high level, the duration of the chain is much longer than the period between the formation of the nucleus and the attainment of full or almost full α or adequate activation, so that this 3 Z sits ρ at ne b si dsr choice of ac ti vi e ^ approximate area far this Activation- at a high level vernä.Gh "-"'.? can ground "/ in any j AELL must' nores at each 'i'läche the Saergieparameter inöerhalb the kritiechen or ^tt tle3onanz "'~ Zone were running. This requirement also sets a deeper limit for the area in which nuclei # 9 are to be formed »

BATH ORIGINAL

155873b

! In each state of activation "the S _x -IiIt a ·. Is narrowed your threshold value and the maximum activation, iJ this is due to a drop in the electrical constant of the electrolyte» In every case it is ^1. ·, lins ent, allow the d _y old za enlarge and grössare ^ vülertolerans workspace "jiine lower dielectric constant requires mear pulse energy oiiae sirien corresponding increase in the maximum pulse energy ₀

In the older proposal, the activation levels

and the context of a sounding of an already known

standing activation level Descnrieüen _B The following improvement can of the activation level as well as the original pulse forming f'dr be used so.vohl with a Lnpuisbilaang ^ ur increase Jeiaäss Yerbesaerung this is material which has a dielectric constant none which can dissolve in the melt and which I causes a precipitation of impurities in undesired amounts in the metal to be produced, added to the melt. These substances to be added contain barium titanate, titanium oxide and barium oxide · In general, urine can use this material in >> -, ugen voa about 2 ι} ° ΐί, 'ίί dor \ Soümelfje suwetzeru

0 CJ a 13 J 0/0 3 d

- 34
ORIGINAL

• ELECTRODE SHAPE AND POSITION

Less activation energy and therefore less susceptibility in terms of exceeding the energy limits is when the electrodes are used for the immediate Concern of the electric field shaped and arranged * net / that they have a well-distributed concentration radius unhindered emit, - i.e. a nuclear charge into the melt.

Example IV

According to Figures 9 and 10 is a rectangular cell 175 related with a surface area of 40 square inches. At Two vertical insulated conductors 174 extend into melt 175 at one end of the cell. Between the two ladders is at a distance of 25 mm. Every leader has one Leg 176 on, which is bent at a right angle ^ 25'mm long and uninsulated. The legs 176 are curved, so that the distance between their ends on the wall of the cell is 173 "12.5 mm. In this way the impedance of the loop is a, b, 0, d ^. which is circumscribed by the legs, based on the impedance, which the melt represents, so cö3 the discharge between the legs I76 is more uniform over its length. With such a Uniformity avoids an excess of energy at some points which is added to the destructive factor without reaching the welding value of the constructive factor at other points. There is also that

. - 35-

the decision-making la zone opens into the melt without being thereby prevented by the legs.

PUR ALWAYS INSERTED ELECTRODES

For the direct application of the electric field are single electrodes, pairs of electrodes and several electrodes have been shown, which are inserted into the melt from above. 3s there are advantages if one. two electrodes sets in forever to supply the activation energy, as shown in FIG. 11 here. Insulating or poorly conductive pipes are made through the wall of the Cell pushed through and at a height above the highest level reached by the molten metal will, but below the lowest level of the crust. The electrodes can be made of a material such as titanium boride, that resists exposure to both cryolite and molten aluminum.

The electrodes can run horizontally. It recommends however, to insert the pipes into the wall so that they are inclined slightly downwards. This makes it liquid-solid Sealing superfluous. Finally, see the electrodes can also simply be removed, whereby the lead-through remains intact. This can be used for nickel or other Use the desired substances on the delivery areas.

POLLUTION

It is advisable to operate the cell for a certain time,

000830/0386 BADORLGiNAL

before attempting activation. Because there are Impurities that seriously affect phonon formation can disturb. One such impurity is vanadium. Under the action of electrolysis, it is soon pulled out of the melt. Preferably that contains no heat-resistant hard metal or other ignition electrodes more than about 10 parts vanadium per million.

DIRECTION OF THE AUXILIARY ELECTRODE

The surface of the ignition electrode (40, 4t in Fig. 2, 46 in Fig. 5, 148 in Fig. 6) plays an important role. To clean and prepare the surfaces, a low DC voltage is preferably passed through the ignition electrodes for a few minutes. In order to shorten the time between surface conditioning and the arrival of the pulse, the low voltage can be left on during the moderate high energy ignition.

When inserting the ignition electrodes or pairs of ignition electrodes Pipes made of weakly conductive material are cemented into the wall through the wall of the cell and the ignition conductors become carried through the pipes. The pulse source is sent to the conductive electrodes connected either as required or the connections are firmly connected and the conductors are plugged in * If the pipes are horizontal run, a kind of seal must be used. It it is advisable to insert the pipes at an angle, ■ as PigV 1 shows. This makes the insertion difficult

the packing in the hot, corrosive melt avoided. BATHROOM OBLIGATION _.

The advantage of using the auxiliary ignition electrodes in this way is that it is not necessary to Drill a hole in the crust for insertion, inspection or polishing of the ignition surfaces. A Another advantage is that the level is above the molten surfaces of the deposited Metal can be checked more easily. It should be noted that the height of the metal and the crust surface is not constant.

In this improvement, it is particularly useful to use the Install auxiliary ignition electrodes so that they are not in the way, so that they can be left in place for a long time and that they can be easily connected to the corresponding terminals of a stationary or movable pulse generator connected. For this purpose it is recommended to use ladder that will be used for long periods of time be in contact with the corrosive bath, which contains cryolite, aluminum oxide and aluminum. The ability of heat-resistant, hard metals, especially titanium diboride and zirconium diboride is known to withstand such contact. Electrodes would be used as low-voltage anodes made of this material can be too expensive and the current efficiency would suffer. For the activation process see irv.1, however, it has already been used successfully as a high-voltage auxiliary anodon. been used. The anodic wear is very low.

Fig. 1I shows a cell 181 with a metal plate 1M2, with a bath 197 and a low voltage Rlektrolysieranodt> i The metal plate 182 and the anode I8j5 are connected to the negative

BAD ORiGlNAL _ ^

009810/0385

or positive terminal of a low voltage source 196 connected. In the cell wall 184 one or more inclined tubes 198 of low conductivity are inserted, cemented or sealed, or similar horizontal tubes 198 ¹ and these consist of a durable ceramic material. such as cemented silicon carbide or boron nitride. Auxiliary electrodes I85 or. 188-are inserted into these pipes. The protruding portions 200, which protrude into the bath 197, form the ignition surfaces and are arranged with respect to the gap length opposite the matched ignition surface. In addition, the sections 200 are arranged to leave the maximum available free space with respect to the wall 184 and the normal anode I83. If one of the regular electrodes 181, I8j5 is used as ignition electrodes, the electrode I85 or I8.8 alone is arranged in such a way, first in relation to the gap and secondly so that the flow of the excitation gradient is only minimally impeded. The auxiliary ignition electrodes I85, I88 and their matched electrodes 1 ö5 ', I88' or I8I or I8j5 are preferably equipped with connecting couplings 199i 199. ' for connection to the pulse generator.

Pig. 12 shows the lateral and vertical arrangement of two auxiliary ignition electrodes. 185 and 185.S which are arranged in electrically insulating tubes .188 and 188 '. The tubes 188 and 188 are made of cemented ^f Siliciumcarbidverbindungen, although they are 'also weakly conductive.

, If it is desired to have a single auxiliary electrode and one fails BADORlGiMt -39-

of regular electrodes 182 or 18j5 to get a complete pair, electrode 185 can be pushed down and inward to form the desired gap with plate Ϊ82 or electrode 18j5. The height of the auxiliary electrode 188 is fixed. However, it can be pushed inward to form a pair with electrode 183. The use of a large surface area as the associated surface area of electrode 183 or electrode 182 forms a combination of dense pulse energy on one part of the pair and diffuse pulse energy on the other part of the pair. The use of such a pair from electrodes I85 and 185 ^! enables a greater concentration of energy on the two interacting surfaces. It has been found that both arrangements give good results. As has already been suggested, the regular pair of electrodes can also be used without any auxiliary electrode.

COLD ACTIVATION AND COLD ACTIVATOR

Cryolite aluminum oxide can be passed through in the cold Activate radiation as well as mechanical action, e.g. grinding. There is no threshold or Maximum. A cold activating agent can also be obtained by rapidly cooling a melt, in particular between the Transformation points or between the melting point and generate about 600 ° C. This portion of the cool down should be on the order of less than about 5 minutes to complete. It is recommended that the cooling from

- 40 BAD lG ^ AL

Melting point down to room temperature during this period is terminated * This can be done by pouring or by machining effect with thin layers. It is even better do this with a melt that is in activation is located. In any case, mechanical stresses on the crystals also correspond to electrical fields, regardless of whether these "stresses are mechanical, thermal or elicited electrically, or by inoculating with an activating agent, or a combination of these Middle.

Cold activating agent, made by cooling an activated Melt has actually been used as a vaccine, with the result that the current doubled at the same voltage. The vaccine supplement. to the melt was about $ 5 of the entire contents of the cell. In the original hot, i.e. molten activated State, the electrolyte carried a current that was jJOfold the normal value was measured for a voltage of 4.9 volts between a tap in the anode and the cathode terminal. -

The cold activator must be handled so that it is not unduly attenuated when heated. If the cold activation material is used as an inoculation activating agent, excessive weakening can thereby be avoided Avoid * by shaking it quickly back and forth in a cell hot enough and with adequate heat supply contains, so that the activation material very quickly in the

Melting state is transferred. It is also permissible to heat the cold activating agent up to almost its first transformation point or to about 60O ⁰ Cj, if it is cryolite aluminum oxide. The cold activated material does not necessarily have to be used as an activation vaccine, but can also form the melt itself. It must be heated so quickly that it is not completely attenuated before melting is complete.

One of the special features of the invention is that it is possible to improve the activation effect either during the nucleation period, i.e. through the temporal Impulse formation, or in terms of the subsequent Increase in the level of activation. Any of the indirect or direct methods of applying an activating electric field as described here or in the earlier proposal, or some combination from these processes can be used to improve the level of activation that results from the process of use of hot or cold activating agent. The activation can also be retained or started again with any of these methods or with a combination from these procedures, provided only that the threshold parameters observed and the maxima have not been exceeded.

Apart from the detection and avoidance of an Ab * Weakening of the activating agent, it is definitely necessary the activation field effects with a short rise time to undertake.

BATH

0 * 01 * 0/0396

NEUTRON RADIATION

Cold activated electrolyte material lets through
Irradiate the molten surface of the electrolyte, including at least $ 0.1 of its surface area
to be covered with about 3 χ 10 n / square inch. This process is especially useful when making cold, activated electrolyte that is no more than ~ 5% dissolved
Contains aluminum oxide, applicable. ·

GAMMA RADIATION ■

Cold activated material can also be produced by using a cobalt source to irradiate the material with about 5 χ \ (ß R. This method is preferably used for activating cold activating agents, as indicated under "Neutron radiation". X-rays can also be used for Use manufacture of cold activated material.,

Patent claims:

BATH ORIGINAL

'- ■ "■■■' ■ - H, -

Claims (1)

Dr. Ing.E. BERKENFELD, patent attorney, COLOGNE, Universitätsstrasse 31 Attachment file number to enter ^. April 1907 Sch. Name 6. Note JSAAC MENDEL DILLER 50 Park Avenue NEW YORK, N.Y./U.S.A. Patent claims 1. Procedure for activating a molten Salt to increase the yield of metal per kilowatt hour for a given production rate etier electrolytic Cell for the production of aluminum by electrolysis when the activated molten salt as Melt is electrolyzed in the cell, characterized in that the crystal structure of the .schmolzenen salt Is exposed to stresses that are above a threshold value stress level, above which the molten Salt is activated. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the molten salt is exposed to radiant energy sufficient to induce stresses in the molten salt which the molten salt bring them over the threshold stress level, above which the molten salt is activated. 5. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that that the molten salt radiant energy in pulse form is exposed. 4. - The method according to claim 1 - 3 / characterized in, that the radiation energy is applied in the form of a part of the electromagnetic spectrum / which is essentially the spectrum of light is equivalent to. ·. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the intensity of the light radiation is on the order of about 5 MW per square inch of irradiated area. ■ *. '..'-. 6. The method according to claim j5-5 *, characterized in that that an opening is created in the largest formation above the molten salt in the electrolytic cell and radiation energy is directed into the opening is used to transfer the radiant energy to the surface of the to put on melted salt. 7. The method according to claim 4 *, characterized in that that the light radiation energy is generated with a gas discharge lamp. 8. The method according to claim 2, characterized / -net, that the radiant energy is generated with an optical maser. ,, - 9. The method of claim 2 _t characterized in that the radiant energy with a laser device he · is begotten * '. - 45 BAD ORIGINAL ■ .- ■ ■ ■ < ÖÖlllÖ / Q3fri .10. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that that the radiation energy is generated with the help of a source of neutron radiation. 11 '. Method according to Claim 2, characterized in that the radiation energy is generated by gamma radiation is won. 12. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the radiation energy is X-ray radiation. 1p · Method according to claim 1, characterized in that a finite sequence of at least one pulse with high energy from a capacitive Sk-memory is applied to the melt with the aid of an ignition electrode Extends peak voltage which is at least equal to the minimum voltage required to produce an increase in the conductivity of the cell, which at least partially withstands after the application of the pulse a peak voltage which is below the minimum voltage required to produce the dielectric breakdown of the melt is, the pulses of the sequence have a high repetition frequency in a range between a repetition frequency that is sufficient for subsequent pulses to improve previous pulses, and a repetition frequency at which at least a partial burnout of the activation of the melt is generated, and the repetition frequency sequence according to the reduction of the JAiilohi. · the ignition electrode and the capacitance of the capacitive; jpt; le _; "UH \ 5 008836 / 038S _6AD or, g, nal "'"' is regulated to a high speed. .14 ο method according to claim 15, characterized in that the pulses of the finite sequence of at least a pulse has a high repetition frequency; » on the order of about 1000 pulses per second and have a rise time on the order of less than 1 microsecond. · 15 · Method according to claim 15 and 14, characterized characterized in that the duration of the first quarter cycle. of the pulse is terminated at about one tenth of its normal duration in order to avoid any excessive Charge from the capacitive storage device destroys the activation. ■■ -.- " 16. The method according to claim 1 ^ - 15 * characterized in that that with the help of an ignition electrode a finite series with at least one pulse with high energy is applied to the melt, the ° pulse is a peak voltage in a range extending from a peak voltage at least equal to "the minimum voltage is responsible for producing an increase in conductivity of the cell and the duration of each pulse - is limited, so extremely high peak voltages without Destruction of activation can be created. τγ, method according to claim 16, characterized in that the limitation of the duration of each pulse, the. -Duration on the. Order of magnitude, limited by about 10 nanoseconds «■ / BAD ORIGINAL 0 6 SI % 0 i 0.3 S § '■ - ■""''^]-.' - ^ T- 18. The method according to claim 16 and 17, characterized characterized in that limiting the duration of the pulse allows the peak voltage of an applied pulse to be on the order of about 50,000 volts 19. The method according to claim 1j5-18, characterized in that that the electrolyte with electromagnetic forces in pulse form of sufficient intensity and Amount is processed to reach the threshold required for activation, but in the total, pulse energy is not so high as to significantly reduce activation. 20. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the molten salt mechanical stresses that is enough to keep the melted salt up. bring over the threshold stress level, above which the molten salt is activated. 21. The method according to claim 1 - 20, characterized in that that during the electrolysis superfluous heat energy is drawn from the molten salt, whereby usable Thermal energy is made available. 22. The method according to claim 21, characterized gekennzeioh-, net that the removed thermal energy is at least partially used to generate electrolyzing energy for the cell related; will. '■ - 48 6AD ORiGlNAL- ; 23. The method according to claim 21 and 22, characterized characterizedj that thermal energy from a conductor of the electrolyzing energy is removed. 24. "" ^x method according to claim 21 - 2 ^, characterized in that the temperature of the melt by regulating the decrease of the superfluous heat energy on a loading. correct value is maintained. 25. Device for performing the method nadi Claim 21 with means for activating the melt on a high level, with means to operate the electrolysis with high speed, with means for pulling off over- ' Liquid thermal energy from the melt during electrolysis, which makes usable thermal energy available will" 26. The device according to claim 25 * by means of using the removed thermal energy · at least partially for generating the electrolyzing Energy for the cell. 27. Device according to Asapruch 25, 26, characterized by means for removing thermal energy from a conductor for the electrolyzing energy. "2.8 *. Device according to claims 25-27 * marked by means of regulating the temperature of the melt, the decrease in excess, thermal energy on a given Who / t to keep ». BADORJGINAt 8 & I $ & Q / i3 $ f 29. Apparatus for performing the method according to claim] 3, characterized by means to the To expose the melt to a radiation energy that has enough energy at the melt to activate it to effect. 50. Apparatus according to claim 29, characterized in that that the applied radiant energy is in the sub-range of the electromagnetic spectrum which corresponds essentially to the spectrum of light. 31. Apparatus according to claim 29 and j50, characterized characterized in that a gas discharge lamp is used, to expose the melt to radiant energy. 52. Apparatus according to claim 29 and j5Q, characterized characterized in that an optical maser is used. 33. 'Activated cryolite mixture, characterized in that it is produced by subjecting the cryolite-aluminum oxide to a stress according to the method according to claims 1-24. Activated cryolite mixture according to claim 33 * characterized in that the loading force by Radiation is generated. 55. Activated cryolite mixture according to claim 23 * characterized in that the stress force by mechanical Breakage of the material is generated. - ^r 50 - 0 0 § 6 3 Ö / 0 $ Ä S _BAD OFIlGlHAt 3β. Molten electrolyte for use in a Hall cell in the method according to claims 1-24 for increasing the dielectric constant of the electrolyte, characterized in that the molten electrolyte is barium oxide, barium titanate or titanium oxide. 37 ·. Target electrode structure for applying high energy pulses to a molten salt to target the molten salt according to the method of claims I3-19 . activate, characterized by two electrodes that can be inserted into the melt, each electrode has an insulated line section that extends vertically into the melt, and a leg that starts at an angle from the line section and extends in the direction of a vertical wall extends the cell, the legs of the electrodes converge on each other, so that the smallest distance between the electrodes is present between their free ends, so that the discharge of the pulses can take place on these legs. BAD ORIGINAL ".. 51:.