DE1548476A1 - Method and device for examining and evaluating seismograms - Google Patents

Description

Method and device for examining and evaluating seismograms The invention relates to methods for determining the presence and for Finding or determining reflections on seismograms.

In seismic prospecting, seismic energy is generated at a visual point, for example by a shot of dynamite or by causing blows. This seismic energy is reflected from subterranean interfaces and sensed on a geophone distribution or geophone chain. The GeXophone signals generate a series of almost identical tracks which are usually digitized and recorded on magnetic tape . These tracks contain information that can be used to represent the characteristics of subterranean formations.

primary reflections of eeibinian linergy on a track avoid the presence in an underground reflective intermediate surface and the temporal appearance of this primary reflection puts on the track. the depth of the reflective intermediate surface from the surface. Furthermore, the time shift b between the behavior or the course (attitude) of a primary reflection from track to track shows the declination b between the inclination of the subterranean intermediate surface. Experienced seismologists can sometimes determine the location and slope of subterranean interfaces directly from the seismogram. However, this requires a great deal of effort. Judgment and it is time consuming and sometimes conflicting results are obtained.

An important purpose of the invention is the time appearance of primary reflections on seismic traces and automatically select the inclination the reflective interface that generates the primary reflections to determine.

Another purpose of the invention is to provide a migrated to generate a seismic cross-section showing the stratification of the underground Represents formations directly.

Another purpose of the invention is to determine the presence of identify multiple reflections and reject these multiple reflections, before they are recorded.

One of other object of the invention is to obtain static and weathering corrections to the seismic section.

Another purpose of the invention is to convert time eeismische sections (sectiona) on which interfaces are marked with lines of continuity, to enachnitten displaced eeiemischen low.

Another purpose of the invention is to convert seismic data to displaced aeismic depth slices that have continuous records of reflections obtained from the same reflective interface.

Another purpose of the invention is investigation techniques create for determining the depth, inclination and amplitude of reflections, represented by a plurality of seismic traces.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the amplitudes of the tracks are set so that the effective energy or rms energy is the same for all tracks: This ensures that the amplitudes of reflections vary from track to track as a result of the difference @ i @ de in not change the sensitivity of the J instruments or the distance from the shot point. Then a particular track is examined for all reflections that have an amplitude that is greater than a threshold level or threshold value. The times of appearance of all reflections that have an amplitude greater than the threshold value are stored as possible primary reflections.

Thereafter, all traces that are adjacent to a particular trace are examined to find the same primary reflections on adjacent traces. This investigation is carried out in that the amplitude of adjacent tracks is selected along investigation lines that have different differences in the arrival time (moveoute) from track to track, that is, the investigation lines appear with different time shifts b between courses around the presence of the inclination to determine indicative reflections. The amplitudes of selected parts of adjacent tracks are summed along each inspection line. The sum with the maximum value shows the investigation line, the course of which shows the inclination of the subterranean formation that produces this particular primary reflection.

The maximum sum is divided by the number of tracks in the row, around the mean: amplitude of the primary reflections along this investigation line to determine. This mean amplitude is compared with a threshold value, to determine whether the energy along this line of investigation is large enough, to indicate the presence of a primary reflection. When the mean amplitude is greater than the threshold, the reflections are considered primary reflections selected. If the mean amplitude is less than the threshold, will rejected the reflections. The time of publication on the special track, the The course of the examination line and the size of the mean sum are used as parameters of the selected reflection.

The actual vertical depth of the reflective interface can be calculated from the stored values of the time of occurrence of the reflection, the seismic formation rate and the course of the reflective interface. At the same time, the horizontal shift of the reflection point can be determined in relation to the point at which the track was obtained. This is done by obtaining a running calculation of calculated time as the depth gradually increases. If this calculated time corresponds to the stored reasoning time, the corresponding value of the depth is equal to the actual depth of the reflection point. At the same time, an ongoing calculation of the horizontal displacement is obtained. The actual horizontal displacement is selected as that which is equal to the displacement obtained from the calculation performed with the actual depth value determined at the same time.

The reflective interface is created by recording a Line at the actual depth and the actual horizontal displacement the reflective interface shown. The line is inclined to the course which is intended for primary reflection. This procedure is used for all reflections repeated on the seismic traces, so that finally a relocated seismic Cross-section is recorded, which can be conveniently and easily interpreted and which shows the stratification of the earth on the underground formations directly. .

According to another feature of the invention, multiple reflections can be determined and eliminated. This is achieved by summing the stored times of reflections to obtain all possible combinations of the sums of these times. Furthermore, the saved course: 9 values are added up in order to obtain all possible combinations of the sums of these courses. The sums of the time and the course are combined in pairs @ and compared with pairs of the pied values of time and course. When there is a correspondence between a pair of sums and a pair of stored values of time and history, an indication is given that the stored values of time and history represent multiple reflection. Accordingly, this pair is rejected.

In accordance with another feature of the invention , the arrival times of a given court lesson across a series of tracks are viewed as a time series. The etatiechen and weather or weathering errors in the series are represented by the components of high frequency . By applying the series to a smoothing device, the high frequency components are removed and the low frequency components are left, which reflect the geological structure and the lithology. To obtain the corrections to be applied to the original seismic traces, the difference between the smoothed series and the. original rows taken for each track. This sub% d is used to move the track in the correct direction to clear the bug.

According to another feature of the invention, all values are% indicating the temporal appearance and the slope value of the temporal appearance and the slope is compared with a predetermined, to men to determine whether reflections of energy from two adjacent weft Points from the same reflective interface come. If there is a correspondence between the predetermined values and the actual values, an indication of continuity is obtained and the reflections are recorded as a continuous line on the final depth map. In this way a record is obtained in which continuous lines represent continuous reflective interfaces in the earth.

According to a further feature of the invention, a modification for examining the seismograms with regard to reflections is created. According to this modification, the summations along different sub suehungslinien be at each examination interval made and not only where a displayed Beflektion on a code or Sohlüseelspur is present. This modification ensures that all reflections are recorded. and recorded, even if the reflection on the Schlüseelepur is low in quality. An improvement in the number of reflections recorded and in the signal-to-noise ratio is obtained in this way.

further purposes and advantages of the invention will emerge from the following Description in which the invention is based on the drawing, for example is explained.

Fig. 1 is a flow diagram of the method according to the invention.

Fig. 2a shows a geophone chain and seismic energy generated by migrates the underground formations to the geophone chain.

Figure 2b shows a series of seismic traces, the primary reflections exhibit.

Fig. 2c shows the actual depth and the horizontal displacement and the slope of an underground reflection point.

Fig. 2d shows two reflection points for a displaced seismic Section recorded according to the invention.

Fig. 2e shows a completely displaced depth section, according to of the invention is recorded.

Figure 2f shows three types of multiple reflections.

Fig. 2g shows a time series for a reflection across a series of traces.

Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a computer system used to perform of the invention is suitable.

4 is a block diagram according to a modified embodiment the invention. 4a shows a seismic time section.

Figure 4b is an idealized representation of on a seismic Continuity lines drawn over time. Fig. 5 shows the wavefront seismic energy reflected from an inclined interface.

Fig. 6 is a block diagram of another modified embodiment the invention. FIG. 6a explains the step of the predetermination according to FIG. 6.

Fig. 6b shows a depth section according to the modified embodiment 6 is generated.

Fig. 7 shows another embodiment of the invention.

Fig. 7a shows Reflekti.onen- on seismic traces. Fig. 8 shows addressing a number, with a better understanding of the improved results is created, which are obtained with the modified embodiment shown in FIG.

Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a computing device used for Practice of the invention can be used.

Before the method according to the invention is described in detail, the invention with reference to the figures in which beam paths of seismic energy which produce the traces of the seismog ramming, and with reference to the Traces written by myself.

In FIG. 2a a field arrangement is shown which has a dynamic shot point 1 and a geophone chain which contains geophones 2, 3, 4 and 5. It will of course be understood that many more geophones are commonly used in a chain. In a common arrangement, twelve geophons are placed on each side of the firing point. Furthermore, the common seismic surveying operation is to close in one area with a chain, then fire in another area or location near a second chain and fire in the vicinity of chains placed at various points on the surface, in order to obtain seismograms showing the subsurface characteristics.

Like in Pig. 2a, the seismic energy travels on one Beam path 6 is reflected from the subterranean reflective interface 7 and recorded by geophone 2. The seismic energy continues to wander a beam 8, is reflected from the subterranean reflective interface 9 and forms one. second primary reflection in the track generated by the geophone 2.

Each of the other geophones creates a trace with primary reflections from the interfaces 7 and 9. The seismic energy from the point of fire 1 travels along beams 10 and 11 to produce primary reflections at the interfaces 7 and 9 on the trace produced by the geophone 3 . It should be noted that beams 10 and 11 are longer than beams 6 and 8. Accordingly, the primary reflections appear on the trace from the geophone 3 at a later point in time than the corresponding primary reflections appear on the trace generated by the geophone 2. One reason for this later appearance is of course the usual difference in arrival time (normal moveout). That is to say, the geophone 3 is further away from the firing point 1 than the geophone 2. A normal time of arrival correction can be carried out on the tracks to compensate for this. The primary reflections on the track of the geophone 3 appear later for a different reason, namely for the reason that the intermediate surfaces 7 and 9 are inclined formations. 3e is very important for the geophysicist to 'determine the inclination of these formations. The later appearance of the frimary reflections from track to track shows the geophysicist this tendency.

In Fig. 2b a seismogram is shown with tracks 12, 13, 14 and 15, generated by geophones 2, @ 3, 4 and 5, respectively. There are 12 to 15 on each lane two primary reflections indicated by the reflection of seismic energy are created at the subterranean interfaces 7 and 9. Static corrections have been made on each of the tracks, i.e. they are with regard to the ordinary Difference in arrival time and weathering according to known techniques corrected.

The first step in the method according to the invention comprises a determination of the effective energy (rms-energy) in each of the tracks. The amplitudes of the tracks in question are set in such a way that the effective energy in each track is the same. This ensures that the amplitude of all reflections in the tracks are solely functions of the reflection coefficient of the reflective interfaces which produce them. That is, changes due to differences in sensitivity of the instruments creating the tracks or changes due to differences in distances from the shot point are eliminated.

Thereafter, a particular track is selected as a reference track, which is also referred to as a key track. Usually this is the track 12, which is generated by the geophone 2 in the immediate vicinity of the shot point 1, since the widower wrestled and the elevation or height with respect to the shot point 1 for this track are known very precisely. The reference track 12 is compared to a threshold value in order to record all amplitudes which exceed the threshold value. Like in Pig. 2b, the threshold is exceeded by the two primary reflections 17 and 1 8 sixteenth The times for these amplitudes are stored as an indication of possible primary reflections. That is, the appearance time T 1 of the reflection 17 and the appearance time T2 of the reflection 18 are stored. These times T1 and T2, of course, indicate the depth of the reflective interfaces they create and will later be used to create a record indicating the actual depths of these interfaces.

The adjacent tracks are now examined along examination lines which have different courses in order to determine the presence of the inclination-indicating reflections. At each of the stored publication times, examinations are carried out on the adjacent tracks at different time shifts with regard to the publication time. For example, based on the appearance T1, the adjacent tracks are first examined (sampled) along the examination line 19. Lane 13 is examined at 20, lane 14 at 21 and lane 15 at 22. The amplitudes of all these examinations are summed up. The tracks are then examined along an examination line 23 and the amplitudes 24, 25 and 26 are summed. The adjacent tracks are now examined along an examination line 27 and the amplitudes obtained are summed. These sums are compared to determine which sum is the largest. Of course, in this example, the sum obtained along the examination line 23 is the largest.

The inspection line 23 has a course which indicates the inclination of the subterranean reflective interface which produces the first primary reflections on the tracks.

The maximum sum that is obtained along the examination knee 23 is divided by the number of tracks in order to determine the mean amplitude along this examination linden tree 23. This mean amplitude is compared with a second threshold value. If it is greater than the second threshold value, an indication is given that energy is present across the seismogram at the time of appearance T1 on the track 12 and at the course of the examination line 23.

The appearance time T1 and the course of the investigation line 23 are stored as a pair of values which indicate the actual depth and t he inclination of the reflecting interface that generates the Frimärreflektionen. The mean amplitude of the sum is also stored as a parameter for the reflection coefficient of the interface producing these primary reflections.

The investigation for the reflections indicating the slope is repeated for each of the stored appearance times. For example , the examination is carried out along examination lines with different courses at the appearance time T2. Again, the course of the examination line generating a maximum is stored together with the examination time T2. The appearance time T2 and the course of the examination line exhibiting the maximum are stored as a pair of values which indicate the depth and the inclination of the reflective interface 9 which produces the primary reflections across the row of tracks. Thereafter, the stored values of the training times are referred to as the T-series and the stored history waiting times are referred to as the D-series.

After a stored T-series and a stored .. D-series are obtained, a method is provided to determine the presence and location of sound reflections on seismograms and a method for displaying the slope of the interface producing the reflections .

The method according to the invention can be extended to the recording of a migrated seismic cross-section. which directly reproduces the stratification of the underground formations. To accomplish this, the stored T and D rows undsenkrechter as input parameters in determining a horizontal shift are depth-of-sections of the re- inflecting ZRiechenflächen used.

In Fig. 2c in detail the beam is give 8 play back anything that is reflected by the reflecting interface 9 and received by the geophone. 2

This beam 8 is reflected by the segment 28 of the reflecting intermediate surface 9. The segment 28 is at an actual perpendicular depth Z from the point at which the seismic energy was generated . The segment 28 has a horizontal displacement H with respect to the point at which the seismic energy was generated. The course of the inclined reflective intermediate surface 9 with respect to the right is Libra. 9

In order to plot the reflective segment 28 on a dislocated iron cross-section, it is necessary to determine Z, H and O.

Erecheinungeseit to a Yrimärreflektion on a 8eismograam is represented by the following Pormel with the depth of the reflecting Zwieohenfläohe ratio. # where: T is the time the reflection appeared on the track, Z is the actual depth of the reflective interface yz is a depth increment, v is the earth's seismic velocity - p is the same, where in to the latter Auadurck 91 the course of a reflecting bed at any particular depth, and vi is the seismic velocity at that particular depth.

The above formula is based on well-known principles of reflection seismology obtain. The derivation of this formula is for example in "Exploration Geophysica", J.i. Jakosky, pp. 679, 688.

In order to determine the actual depth Z, a running time calculation is performed by incrementally increasing z according to the above equation. When this ongoing calculation is performed, the value of T in the above formula is compared with the stored appearance time, for example time T1. If the value of T from the current calculation is equal to the stored value T 1 , the incremental value of z is equal to the value of the desired actual depth Z of the reflective interface.

After Z is determined from the above calculation, the horizontal displacement H can be calculated from the following formula: where H is the horizontal displacement and the other parameters are the parameters mentioned above . Usually it is desirable to perform a running computation of H with increasing incremental values of z simultaneously with the first-mentioned running computation of time T. Therefore, when the actual vertical depth Z is determined in the first running calculation, the horizontal displacement H from the second running calculation can be determined as the value of H at that time.

It is now the actual vertical depth Z and the horizontal one Displacement H of segment 28 has been determined according to FIG. 2c. Furthermore, the Value of 9 determined directly from the course of the examination line 29 according to FIG. 2b. The course of the investigation line. which produces the maximum sum is that Course of 9 of the reflective segment 28 is directly proportional. As shown in Fig. 2b is indicated, the course of the examination line 29 is equal to the value of a Constants K multiplied by B.

Another technique for obtaining the horizontal displacement H and the vertical depth Z, ie performing the displacement, consists in a geometrical optical approximation of these parameters. In this approximation, use is made of Snell's law, e.g. Interpxolation can be used to approximate the speed of the interval over cuts of the same depth in the earth. Using Snell's law, the angle of the acoustic beam in each of these depth intervals can be calculated and thus the horizontal displacement of the beam between the upper end of the interval and the lower end of the interval. The migration time over each Tießen interval can be determined from the assumed interval speed. The interval running times over successive depth intervals are summed up until there is a correspondence with the appearance time of the reflection on the track, that is the time T. When this correspondence is reached, the sum of the horizontal displacements over each of the successive intervals represents the horizontal displacement H. The summation of the depth intervals represents the actual depth Z. -This technique can be summarized as follows: Speed- T1 (i) or -T1 (1) or, .7z (i) ability values, entry Z1 (i) V 1 (i) 'V1 (i) measuring again the speed T (j) = T1 + Z Zi speed, calculation Z (j) fixed of the times for Intervals of the same depth @ Zi j Interpolate the V Velocity series ij A Tij Bure tatements of d, Z Areas of equal 9ij = -ATAN @ -g - + U speed Beam (1) = on80 (1) Vkl VOkl relocation of reflections tkl ' Dkl Depth (1) # gji # + d% HORZ (1) HORZ (k, 1) Depth (k, 1) ALPHA (k, 1) After the horizontal displacement H and the actual depth Z have been obtained, the reflective segment 28 can now be recorded directly on a displaced any section. IGIN part of such a section 2d is shown in Fig.. In order to represent the reflective segment 28, a line 30 is drawn in FIG. 2d. This line 30 is drawn at a distance from the horizontal line 39 which is proportional to the actual vertical distance Z. The line 30 is drawn at a distance from the vertical line 32 which is proportional to the horizontal displacement H. Furthermore, the line 30 is drawn with an inclination which corresponds to the course 8. ® can be determined directly from the course of the examination line 29 in FIG. 2b.

In a similar way, the segment of the reflective intermediate surface 7 in FIG. 2d can be plotted after determining its actual depth, horizontal displacement and its actual course. This segment has been plotted as line 33 in FIG. 2d. The application of this line is carried out automatically by a drawing device, so that the determination of the depth, the horizontal displacement and the course of the reflective segment is of course carried out automatically. The process is repeated for a number of seismograms obtained from a plurality of strings. When this has been done, a displaced ice cross section is created, such as that shown in Big. 2e is reproduced .

Each of the line segments in Figure 2e is identified by a number representing the chain from which en was obtained. as shown in Fig. 2e, the arrangements of the transverse chains are indicated over the upper horizontal line, wherein the reflecting segments corresponding to the correct depth, which are suited for horizontal displacement and leveling. are shown drawn with respect to the fat from which they come. Such a displaced eeieminoher cross-section shows the stratification of the earth directly. It also shows the depth and inclination of underground beds and intermediate surfaces directly. Such representation is testament automatically determined using the invention is an invaluable aid to $ s seismologists.

In accordance with another feature of the invention, provision is made to remove multiple reflections from the seismograms so that these multiple reflections are not recorded as reflective segments on the displaced seismic cross-section. it should be understood that there are numerous multiple reflections in a seismogram. Three types of possible multiple reflections are shown in Figure 2f. These are the first order surface multiple (POSM) for the surface and two subterranean reflective interfaces. The multiple. 34 is reflected from the interface 7, then reflected from the earth's surface and then reflected from the interface 9 before it is recorded on the geophone. The multiple 35 is reflected twice at the interface 7 before it is picked up by the geophone, and the multiple 36 is reflected twice at the interface 9 before it is picked up by the geophone.

For the purpose of this explanation, the time of appearance of multiples 34 on the seismogram is designated T34. Similarly, the appearance time of the multiples 35 is denoted by T35. The time of appearance of the multiple 36 is denoted by T36. Serve times. are related to the break times of the primary reflections which follow the rays 6 and 8 according to FIG. 2a. For the purposes of this explanation , exposure times for these two brimary reflections are denoted T6 and T8 . The values of T6 and T8, which are the stored values according to the appearance times. above are added together to get all combinations of the sums of these times. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the expressions given below are all possible combinations of sums of appearance times: T6 + T8 T6 + T6-T8 + T8 These sums are compared to all stored values of appearance times. Note that in this comparison there is a correspondence between T34 and the sum T6 + T8. Accordingly, T34 is identified as a multiple reflection.

Similarly, there is a correspondence between T35 and the sum T6 + T6 available. T35 is thus identified as a multiple ref lesson. Similarly, there is a correspondence between T36 and the sum T8 + T8. This identifies T36 as a multiple reflection.

In order to inevitably identify multiple xeflections, the Comparison also between the saved values of the * erlauf and all possible ones Combinations of the sums of the courses compared.

The course of the multiple reflection 34 over the row of tracks appears with an inclination which is equal to the course of the reflective intermediate surface 7 plus the course of the reflective intermediate surface 9. The multiple ref lesson 35 appears with an inclination equal to twice the inclination of the intermediate surface 7, and the multiple reflections 36 appear with an inclination equal to twice the inclination of the intermediate surface 9. It is assumed that the course of the reflective intermediate surface 7 with D7, and the course of the reflective intermediate surface 9 is denoted by D9. These are values that have been stored in the 1) row as described above. .All possible sums of the values stored in the D series are taken to produce the following sums: D7 + D9 D7 + D7 D9 + D9 When these sums are compared to the values stored in the D series., Is Correspondence generated between D34 and the sum D7 + D9. Similarly, there is correspondence between D35 and the sum D? + D7 present as well as correspondence between D36 and the sum D9 + D9. Accordingly, the reflections producing the stored values D34, D35 and D36 are identified as multiple reflections and they are rejected.

According to the invention, the process of comparing and rejecting is carried out in pairs of stored values of time and history. That is, the sums of T6 and T8 and D7 + D9 are compared to all pairs of values in the T and D series. In this comparison, correspondence is generated between this pair of sums and the values T34 and D34. Accordingly, that pair identified as a particular reflection is inevitably identified as a multiple reflection and it is rejected. By making the comparison on pairs of T and D series, a technique of forcibly identifying and rejecting multiple reflections is created. In accordance with another feature of the finding, a method of correcting seismic values for topography and weathering conditions is provided. The surface weathering layer has seismic velocity characteristics that are very different from those of the rest of the subterranean formations. In addition, this weathering layer changes in its thickness. Both of these factors lead to errors in the appearance times of the reflections on the tracks. Therefore, the tracks have to be time-corrected with regard to weathering. Furthermore, there are changes in the height of the geophons above a given level that are usually not precisely known. It is necessary to make these static corrections with regard to the height or the topography.

According to the invention a technique is provided for obtaining the corrections to the traces of the seismogram. The time of appearance of each primary reflection on each track is determined in accordance with the techniques described above. These reflection times form a time series with reference to the number of tracks. Such a time series is shown in FIG. 2g. The high-frequency components of this time series represent the static and weathering errors. This time series is applied to a digital low-band filter, which is often referred to as a smoothing device . After the time series has been smoothed, it takes the gorm the dashed line in Figure 2g * The one difference. As chen the unsmoothed reflection (solid line) and the smoothed series (dashed line) at each particular track is the etatisohe correction made to that track mud to make a correction for Inderungen in the weathering and topog Raphie make. This one . Difference is used to move the track in the right direction with respect to time to eliminate the error. For example, a. Made time correction, etc. T on the track 3 as a correction. The flow chart for the digital computer program for carrying out the method according to the invention is shown in FIG. At 37 the input parameters of the program are introduced into the computer. These parameters are chain length, number of examinations in each lane, and other parameters which are described in detail below.

The cut input instructions 38 control the entry of the tracks into the computer and arrange them into a row. These instructions control the selection of the key track or the particular track, which is usually the track of the geophone adjacent to the shot point. This group of instructions continues to set all input lanes to the same effective energy level. The group of instructions which is indicated by 38, feeds the group of instructions which is indicated by 39, with the key track. The set of instructions at 39 compares the amplitude of the key track with a threshold value which is equal to o (,, multiplied by the value of the effective amplitude of the key track. The appearance times T with an amplitude Ii which is the value oZ., Multiplied by the effective level are saved.

In accordance with the instructions 40, the lateral examination is performed on adjacent tracks. The awakening time T on the key track is used to find the line of investigation which produces a maximum sum over the tracks . The maximum sum is divided by the number of tracks to calculate the maximum mean sum% A /. In order to ensure that the maximum amount actually displays a set of primary reflections across the tracks, two experiments are carried out at the maximum mean sum and it is only @ then adopted as a display for a P rimärreflektion if it satisfies the conditions of both tests.

The first criterion is that the amplitude of the maximum mean sum must be greater than the original threshold amplitude that was set for reflections on the mean track. As indicated at 40, this means that the 'Ä @ I is greater than * rms or d. * is effective. (In l'ig. 1 ** means multiplication in accordance with 2 standard Fortran designation). Another criterion is also used. This consists in the fact that the mean amplitude must be on the key track above a certain book part of the amplitude. That is, the mean amplitude is compared with the threshold β * I Acntr and the mean amplitude must be equal to or greater than the threshold value or it is rejected. The reason for performing this experiment is to ensure that the test line has selected amplitudes that are well constant across all traces. All tracks are set to the same effective amplitude level so that reflections across the tracks should have approximately the same amplitude. If, however, a noise pulse of large amplitude is selected when selecting a reflection on the key track, it may still be possible to obtain an average amplitude across all tracks 2u , the level of which exceeds the threshold level d. effectively exceeds. However, if this average amplitude is not some fraction of the amplitude of the pulse on the key word, this criterion determines that it is not a reflection and it is rejected.

Complete instructions 40 for the side exam one exit for three rows. These are the time series Tip the slope series D; and the amplitude series Ai, as shown at 41. The amplitude series Ai is related to the maximum mean empflitude and can be used for classification later of reflections can be used.

The Ti series and the Di series are used to relocate the to obtain seismic cross-section output. The relocation instructions 42 combine the speed information 43 with the Ti and Di series. The relocation step 42 determines the actual vertical depth Z and the horizontal displacement H in accordance with the equations for H and Z. The values of H and Z become used to print out the displaced seismic cross-section, as at 44 is indicated.

To make a comparison between displaced seismic cross-sections which shows the presence of multiples will be two others displaced seismic cross-sections generated. To do this, the group takes of instructions 45, the multiple determination as described above. That is, all the pairs in the Ti and Di series become pairs of all possible Numbers of the fourths in the Ti and Di series compared. Correspondence between eß A pair of values in the Ti and Di series and a pair of sums shows one multiple reflection that is rejected. The ones remaining in the Ti and Di rows Values are shifted with the leap of instructions and shifted in a seismic cross-section printed out without multiple, as indicated at 47. Around generate an output cross-section that shows only multiple reflections, multiples are determined at 48. Only these multiple reflections are shown at 49 relocated to obtain a seismic cross-sectional output that is merely multiple Contains reflections, as indicated at 50. With the three relocated seismic Cross-sections generated at 44, 47 and 50 are possible ;; a comparison which indicates whether the field method that generated the seismograms was effective or not for suppressing multiples.

A block diagram of a computer system for carrying out the method according to the invention is shown in FIG. The seismic tracks are on Magnetic tape recorded in analog form. These magnetic tapes are in the tape transport device 51 played back. An example of a tape transport device used for this purpose The 56-channel SIE magnetic hand-held recording device is suitable. The played back seismic traces are digitized and with regard to the usual difference corrected in the time of arrival and for static errors in the digital computer 52. For example, a Control Data Corporation 160 computer is suitable for this purpose. The combination of the tape transport device 51 and the digital computer 52 forms a hybrid analog-digital computer system.

The output of the computer 52 is applied to a digital computer 53 which is, for example, a Control Data Corporation 1604 computer. The computer 53 performs the steps required to build the Ti and Di series. These rows are relocated and recorded in a relocated seismic cross-section on the drawing device 54. The drawing device can be, for example, a California Computer .P roducts drawing device, model no. The results can still be printed on a printer. 55, which is a standard 1) digital printing device suitable for use with computer 53. Speed data are fed to the computer 53 by means of recorded speed data, as indicated at 56. This speed data can be obtained from acoustic speed logs, for example. A program for carrying out the method according to the invention with almost all large digital computers which can be used for general purposes can be written in the Fortran language. For example, an explanation of the Fortran terms is given in "Fortran Autotester" by Robert E. Smith, Ph.D. and Dora E. Johnson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, October 164, and " Introduction to Fortran "given by SC Plumb, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York.

It is possible to hand in interpreted seismic time sections to convert interpreted seismic depth sections, namely by the in Fig. 4 technique reproduced in block form. Those shown in block form in FIG Steps can be carried out instead of steps 37 to 40 in the method according to FIG. 1 will.

In performing this embodiment of the method according to the invention are seismic time segments, for example the J ohnitt shown in Fig. 4, marked to form lines of continuity which reflect reflections from underground Represent intermediate surfaces. Fig. 4a is an example of a seismic time section, generated from an actual field survey. (This time segment is has been dealt with for the purpose of eliminating noise). The cross section is generated from traces left by large numbers of geophones passing along a line of exploration are spaced apart. With this type of cross-section time increases linearly from top to bottom. Extend 210 tracks horizontally across the seismic cut. Each trace comes from a separate one Geophone. Each of the tracks is a changeable area track. That means every trace has markings that have an area that is the size of the recorded reflection is proportional. As shown in Fig. 4a, can reflective interfaces that slope downward to the left, detected will. Such a reflective intermediate surface is marked and at 99 in Fig. 4a indicated. It is the practice of persons interpreting seismic data, all distinguishable subterranean interfaces on a seismic cross-section to mark with continuity lines like line 99.

to simplify the description, an 'is idealized in FIG. 4b marked seismic cross-section shown. Fig. 4b shows a line of continuity 100, which is drawn across the seismic time section at reflection points. Similarly, lines of continuity 101, 102, 103 and 104 are to adjacent ones Reflections drawn on the seismic time section. It is required this To distinguish continuity lines from each other. The distinction can thereby done so that different colors are used for the different lines of continuity will.

A follower is used to move these continuity lines into To convert distance-time data. A follower of the photoelectric type follows of the continuity line 100, for example, automatically and generated periodically Outputs of values of T for corresponding values of X. For example, a Curve followers are used, as it is commercially available under the name Calcomp 417 is available to all continuity lines 100-104 in distance-time information (X, T) to convert.

The step of transforming the interpreted seismic time segment in distance-time data by means of the curve follower is indicated at 105 in FIG. 4.

The distance-time data is used to obtain values of for different values of T and X, as indicated at 106 in FIG. The conversion step indicated at 106 is a simple, uncomplicated or automatic audible signaling step. Since the tracking test 105 periodically creates a value of T and a value of X, the increments .1 T and AX between the periodic values can be determined by subtracting successive values from one another. After determining .4 T and dX for each time T, the ratio can be obtained for each time T.

The, values of for each value of T become along with the mean Earth's velocity ah of the surface is used to calculate the slope 0 1 of the subterranean reflective interfaces as indicated at 107 in FIG. The surface average velocity characteristic of the earth, hereinafter referred to as V0, can be determined by a number of known techniques. The manner in which the step 107 performed wi rd, is best understood with reference to Fig. 5. As shown in FIG. 5, geophones 108 and 109 absorb seismic energy which travels from a point of fire on the surface to inclined reflective interface 110 and then to geophones 108 and 109. For the purpose of this discussion, consider the seismic energy wavefront reflected from interface 110. The wavefront immediately adjacent to the reflective interface 110 is shown at 111. Part of the wavefront as it approaches the surface of the earth is shown at 112. It should be noted that the wave front arrives at geophone 109 at a later time than at geophone 108. The inclination of the reflective interface 110, designated 8i, determines the amount of time delay.

The time delay -4T between the arrival of seismic energy at geophones 108 and 109 can be used to determine slope 91. It should be noted that when wavefront 112 is in the position shown, the normal® distance between wavefront 112 and geophone 109 is JTYO, where VO is the surface velocity characteristic of the earth. From the triangle shown in Fig. 5 it can be seen that 91 is given by: Therefore, 91 can be derived from the values of VO and can be determined in accordance with the foregoing. This step is performed as indicated at 107 in fig. 4 is indicated.

The "overtones" from step 107 are values of the inclination 81, these values being denoted by D1, specifically for corresponding values of the time T, which are denoted by T1. These values of D1 and T1 are shifted by the actual depth and This displacement is indicated at 113 in Fig. 4 and it is the same step as performed at 42 in Fig. 1. In short, the displacement is to find the actual depth Z by generating calculated time in Determine according to the equation given above and by incrementing this value of calculated time until correspondence between the calculated time and the appearance time on the seismogram is obtained. The horizontal displacement is determined in a similar manner from the equation given above for E. The values of the slope D i, the actual depth Z and the horizontal displacement H are used to record a displaced cross section hnen, as indicated at 114 in FIG. 4 and has been described above in connection with step 44 according to FIG. A displaced cross section of the type shown in FIG. 2e and described above is thus produced.

As a modification of the curve wake examination as performed at 105 in FIG. 4, it is possible to generate the distance-time functions by means of a light pen or a similar device. In accordance with this technique, the seismic time slice map is displayed on an oscilloscope-like screen. The reflective interfaces are drawn with a light pen commercially available type which automatically converts the lines in reflection times as a function of distance or the distance across the time section. These functions are saved. The values will be the remaining part of the procedure is the same, converted as shown at 106 and as described in connection with FIG. Certain other of the steps in accordance with the invention can be performed by these techniques commonly referred to as computer graphics. These techniques use a cathode ray oscilloscope to display the data or drawing to be viewed and a ringing device such as a light pen for use by the operator to introduce information known to him directly into the machine. For example, an experienced geophysicist can easily identify continuous reflections on a displayed displaced depth section and introduce information into the computer. which indicate this continuity. As another example, a skilled geophysicist may identify a pinchout and identify it on the record using the light pen. Two commercially available systems suitable for this use are the Control Data Corporation digigraphic system 270 and the IBM system 2250 .

A feature of the output representation according to FIG. 2e, which sometimes is undesirable is that the reflections through a number of hiniensegmenten are shown that have no continuity. The interpreter must Integrate these segments through consideration in order to ensure the continuity of reflections to create which represent the stratification of the earth. By changing the procedure according to the invention there is automatically continuity between applied segments which display the same reflective interface as in fig. 6 is shown. Referring to Fig. 6, the inputs from the memory are the time that Slope and amplitude of a reflective interface, as in 'J50 is indicated. These values of time, slope and amplitude are previously designated with "-i, Di and Ai and can be obtained by the method according to FIG. 1 which produces these three outputs at 41. According to the modification these inflections, which are identified by values of '.'i, Di and Ai, at each shot point, as in the method described above the case is. Then reflections are predetermined from shot point to shot point. These reflections, which are predictable, become a series of continuities sorted.

Referring to Fig. 6, it should be noted that the method is based on one of two ways can be initiated. The process can start automatically by ascertaining the greatest reflections on the various tracks, which are generated by seismic energy from a particular shot point. The procedure of finding the greatest reflections at a particular point is at 151 indicated. Instead, the interpreter can use the initial values assign the reflections of the first shot point to the continuity series, so that the method follows desired reflections, provided that the reflections meet the criteria established by the investigation process. The modified one Form in which the person interpreting the initial reflections of the Assigning continuity series is indicated at 152. Through this procedure, a. keflektion recorded, which the interpreter as a reflection selected that represents a particular geological horizon.

From the values of time, slope and amplitude for a reflection from a particular shot point can be a predetermination with regard to time and the slope of a reflection made from the same interface will, generated by seismic energy from the next successive shot point. Of the the predetermined value is compared with the reflections from the next shot point, to determine whether there is a match. This gait is indicated at 153 and is used in connection with Fit below. 6a in detail described. If the comparison indicates there is continuity, the Reflections sorted into a continuity series, as indicated at 154.

After the complete entrance incision has been examined and the continuity series is filled in, any continuous reflection becomes out of the Continuity series read, shifted and recorded as a continuous line, this step being indicated at 155. Relocate and record in accordance with principles already described with the exception that in this wall the reflections instead of as unconnected line segments as continuous Lines are recorded.

The non-predeterminable yeast lessons that are accordingly not included in the Continuity series can be sorted, desired information regarding the stratification, for example with regard to warping, crushing points or lensing. The non-predictable lessons are shifted and recorded as indicated at 156 and as indicated in accordance with the previously described techniques for relocation and recording.

From the record of continuous yeast lessons made at 155 are generated, and from the recording of the discontinuous reflections, generated at 156, a final seismic cross section is recorded at 157. According to Another feature of the invention can include velocity information at any point in the cut to be introduced. This is indicated at 158, where speed information is in the relocations carried out at 155 and 156 are introduced. The speed at intermediate shot points can then be interpolated between the shot points, for which the speed was introduced. In this case there is a shift with a continuous lateral speed change.

The way in which a predestination for time and the tendency of the reflection is hit by energy from the next one Shot point is generated can be better understood with reference to Fig. 6a, in which step 153 of FIG. 6 is shown in detail. The values of Time, slope and amplitude are obtained by storage as indicated at 150 is. The values of time, slope and amplitude are denoted by pij, Dij and Aij.

In the above, the first index draws the index of reflection and the second index is the index of the weft point. For example, the value pij represent the ninth reflection obtained from the tenth shot point. on Put another way, pij represents the ith time of reflection of energy from that The shot point is at the jth * position. Lie indices for the amplitude are the same.

A pre-determination for the flexion time at the next shooting point can be made by adding the displayed inclination between the two shooting points to the value of the appearance time. For example, an input from the memory is indicated by (pic + dik). This indicates that the inclination Dik for the i th reflection time obtained from the shot point position k has been added to the appearance time pik for the i th reflection time obtained from the shot point position k. The sum is a predetermination of the appearance time for the same reflection, which is obtained from the next following shot point, ie from the shot point arrangement k + 1. This sum is applied to a comparison device, which is indicated at 159. Another input for the comparison step is the stored value of the appearance time pj, k + 1, from the next following shot point arrangement k + 1. The stored value of the appearance time is compared with the predetermined fourth by taking the difference between them. If the difference is less than or equal to a threshold value, there is a determination that the two refraction times are indeed from the same subterranean interface, that is, there is continuity.

Similarly, a comparison is made between the stored values the inclination made for the same Üef lesson from two adjacent shot points are preserved. The value of the slope for the jth yeast lesson from the shot point k + 1 is obtained from the stored value for the slope for the same Reflection subtracted from the eye point k. If the difference between these both values is less than or equal to the threshold value @, is in turn one Indication given that the reflections from the same subterranean interface come, i.e. that there is continuity. Only if both pass these tests an output is generated at 160 indicating continuity.

The reflections that have indicated continuity are those at the exit 160 (Fig. 6a) are generated in arranged in the continuity series, as indicated at 154 in FIG. Of course, the reflections for which the comparison step shows a lower% d that is greater than the threshold values or @ are rejected from the continuity series, as at 161 (Fig. 6a) is indicated. However, these reflections can be relocated and recorded as indicated at b6 in FIG.

The stored values indicative of continuous reflective interfaces in a row can be better understood with reference to the row given below for explanation. Each column in the row indicates a particular reflection. That is, the first column in which the letter x appears four times indicates that the same reflective interface is indicated by reflections t on the seismograms obtained from the first four shot points. This means, for example, that a reflectcon appearing 100 milliseconds after the time of the shot has been detected on the seismogram from the first shot point; a reflection indicative of 105 milliseconds after the time of the shot is detected on the seismogram obtained from the shot point 2; a reflection appearing 10 milliseconds after the time of the shot is detected on the seismogram obtained from the shot point 3 and a reflection that appears 112 milliseconds after the time of the shot is detected on the seismogram obtained from the shot point 4 is received. These appearance times are each compared with the predetermined value of the appearance time, as described with reference to step 153 in FIG. It is assumed that each of the appearance times differs from the predetermined appearance times by an amount less than a threshold value. Then continuity is indicated by placing a group of information in the appropriate place in the stored row. Continuity is indicated in the table above by the letters x. It is further assumed that the first reflection recorded on the seismogram from the fifth shot point appears 235 milliseconds after the time of the shot. A comparison of the predetermined value with this reflection side produces a difference which is greater than the threshold value l. Therefore, a suitability representing a lack of continuity is introduced into the continuity series at this point, the lack or lack of continuity being indicated by a "0" in the above. Table is displayed.

Now consider the second reflection, the one on the seismogram is captured by the first shot point. The second reflection is 238 milliseconds according to the time of the shot. On the seismogram from the second shot point a ref lesson is recorded 240 milliseconds after the time of the shot. At subsequent shot points are reflections at 250, 240, 235, 230, 230, 225, 220 and 220 milliseconds have been recorded. Each of these lessons met the continuity test requirements and therefore one entry is stored in this entire column of the continuity series, which represents continuity.

Another feature of the invention is that the information in terms of continuous reflection points stored in the continuity series is combined with known geological wading over the area to be investigated can be. For example, the interpreting person may be aware of the presence have a "well top" in a special place. A "well top" is the depth to one given, known reflective interface. The interpreter can be aware of the presence of such a reflective interface at a particular depth according to # * speed log values or according to Have information obtained from other geophysical surveys. The depth to the well-known "well top" can be converted to seismic energy at runtime and an advertisement can be inserted in the row at the appropriate place will. For example, the interpreting person may be aware of the presence of a "well top" at a depth corresponding to a time of 240 Milliseconds corresponds, and that under the arrangement of the shot point 4. The interpreting Person makes an entry in the continuity series indicating the presence of the indicates "well top" at this point. This is done in the series shown above a W in the column for the second reflection time and in the horizontal row indicated for the fourth shot point. If the contained in the continuity series When information is recorded, an indication of a known "well top" can be convenient printed out on the record at the appropriate location. this is a invaluable help to the interpreter in assuring her that the recorded continuous reflection a special known reflective Represents interface. Similarly, there can be correlation points and others known geological features are indicated on the final record, by converting them to appearance times and placing them in the right place in the continuity series can be used.

In Fig. 6b a displaced depth section is shown, which in accordance is generated with the modification of FIG. According to Fig. 6b, all reflections are for which no continuity is indicated, only recorded under 1.5 seconds, which corresponds to a depth of 7,000 feet on the depth section. There are particular Notice the continuous reflective interfaces that are in the area around 8,000 feet are recorded.

In Figure 6b, there are little recorded reflections below 10.0U0 feet present, but it is due to the difference in energy levels the reflections received about 2 seconds after the time of the shot are. It is possible to be programmed Gain and distribution corrections on the deeper reflections, and when that is done, the The number of lessons recorded corresponding to greater depths is considerable enlarged.

Another modification of the method according to the invention is shown in Fig. 7 and is best shown with reference to that figure along with. the hig. 7a and 8 understandable. In the method according to FIG. 1, a key track examined with regard to all reflections which have an amplitude which is greater as a threshold. This step is indicated at 39 in FIG. 1. After this the appearance times T of all hef lessons whose amplitude is greater than the threshold value is on. the key track has been determined, a side examination is made on neighboring lanes. performed to the course of the investigation line determine which produces the largest sum. This is indicated at 40 in FIG. 1. This technique has the disadvantage that when a special reflective interface does not produce a good reflection on the key track, it is not recorded and you is not followed. That is, if a particular reflection has a small amplitude has on the key track so that the threshold is not exceeded that heflection is not taken up and pursued further, even if particularly good Reflections on adjacent tracks are generated.

One technique for avoiding this disadvantage is shown in FIG. In accordance with this technique, the adjacent tracks are examined with respect to a maximum amplitude along survey lines at each examination interval on the key track different Verläuf have e. This can be better understood with reference to FIG. 7a, in which the upper trace is provided with a scale which shows the examination times 162, 163, 164, etc. The interval between these examination times is usually the interval between digital examination values. In accordance with this feature of the invention, the amplitudes of all adjacent tracks at the examination time 162 are summed. Then a summation of the amplitudes of all neighboring tracks along an examination line is formed, which has a different course. (In Fig. 7a * the top track is the key track. The key track is usually a middle or an end track from the investigation chain. The number of adjacent tracks is usually six to twelve, but only five adjacent G tracks are shown in Fig. 7a). The summation is repeated for examination lines of different courses. A plurality of sums are generated which are compared for amplitude and the maximum is selected.

With reference to the examination time 165, two of these examination lines are shown with two different courses. The examination line 166 has a perpendicular course and the examination line 173 has an oblique course. The sum of the reflection amplitudes along this line is formed. That is, the amplitudes at 167, 168, 169, 170, 171 and 172 are summed. Similarly, the sums of all amplitudes along other investigation lines including investigation line 173 are obtained. The sum of the amplitudes along line of investigation 173 produces the largest sum. The value 'lm which is the time shift from one end track to another is stored as a value indicating the history.

In FIG. 7, the technique just described of selecting the amplitudes of adjacent tracks along different examination lines is indicated at 174. In FIG. 7, the various traces examined are denoted by Si, S2, S3 ... Sm. The examination times are denoted by pi, where i denotes an index increasing in increments. The amplitude of the first track at the time of appearance pi is denoted by Si (p :). Similarly, the amplitude of the adjacent trace along a particular line of investigation is labeled S2 where N is the number of integrals between. Tracks, and @. . is the total time shift of the investigation line from one end lane to another. In order to investigate along different lines of investigation, the value 47 j. increased in small steps to increasing values. The summation of all amplitudes along different examination lines takes place, as indicated at 175. The different sums are all compared, as indicated at 176, to find the maximum sum. The maximum sum, labeled Max, is compared to a threshold value - / - ', as indicated at 177. If the maximum exceeds the threshold W- ', a reflection at that appearance time is timed on the key track. The time of appearance on the key track pi is stored as a time display. The time shift from end track to end track of the examination line, which produces the maximum sum 4 m, is stored as r display for the inclination, and the maximum sum Max , "- . As display for the amplitude of the reflection.

Using the modified technique of Figure 7 has two advantages compared to the in 'connection with Fig.

1 described technique. More reflections are recorded first. In the process there are breaks not on the key track omitted if the reflection on the key track is not strong.

Another advantage is that a better signal-to-noise ratio and thus a better representation of underground stratification is obtained as it is determined by the seismogram. This can be better understood by looking at the summation along different lines of investigation as treating the output of a number of detectors. As an example, the summation of the amplitudes of the six tracks according to FIG. 7a is considered to be the generation of the output of a row of alternating elements when the row is directed in different directions. A reflection is detected for a particular appearance time and course, ie direction of the row, when the row output exceeds a certain threshold value. In l'ig. 8, the response of a row is shown as the ordinate over the distance between the elements of a row as the abscissa. In this case is the distance between the elements , where 4-'1j is the time shift from one end track to another in a particular course, and T is the period of reflection. In `ig. 7a is A ... j for line of investigation 173 and T as the period of reflection with a value that is between 0 and 1 or between 5 and 6 contributes to the sum generated. A lesson with a value of that is between 1 and 5 does not contribute to the total. However, the method of Figure 7 effectively controls the series through all of the values of Therefore, all lessons on all seismograms add to the total. Because of this, a better signal-to-noise ratio is created. If the reflection inspection technique is viewed as sweeping a multi-element row, it can be seen that surface rows as well as linear rows can be used. This means that the examination can be carried out with three-dimensional inclinations and with two-dimensional inclinations.

As discussed above, the method according to the invention can be used in conjunction with. using various types of digital computers. These Computers can be characterized by the block diagram according to FIG. Many The features of the invention can be used as a new application of computing equipment the kind they are considered to be in hig. 9 is shown.

In l'ig. 9 is an input @ output unit 185 for receiving Input data 186 and for generating output signals that are determined by external Output equipment indicated at 187 can be used. The digital one data processing system operates under the control of instructions 188, the can be introduced into the computer via the input-output unit 185. Outdoor data 186 and the instructions 188 are stored in the internal memory 189 of the computer. These data and instructions are processed by an arithmetic unit 198 under the controller of the control unit 191 processed in accordance with the Instructions 188 is working.

Claims (17)

Claims 1. A method for generating a displaced seismic section from seismic data which represent the times of occurrence of seismic energy from a plurality of sources located at a distance from one another, which is reflected from underground interfaces, characterized in that the seismic data is a first physical Representation of the time of appearance of energy reflected from a particular subterranean interface and a second physical representation of the course of said particular subterranean interface are converted, the first physical - representation of the time of appearance and the second physical representation of the course are shifted to values of actual depth and horizontal displacement, and that the particular subterranean interface is recorded with regard to the course and the actual depth and the horizontal displacement of the particular subterranean interface hnet is. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the shifting step a third physical representation of calculated time is generated according to the following formula: where: T is the appearance time of the reflection on the track, Z is the actual depth of the reflective interface, z is the partial depth v is the seismic earth speed and p is equal to s inQi, V. 1 where gi is the course of a reflective bed at any particular depth and vi is the seismic velocity at that particular depth, and that the third physical representation is incremented or integrated by incrementally increased depth z and compared to the first physical representation to provide one representation the actual depth Z of said particular subterranean interface from the partial depths or depth elements z, if the third physical representation and the first physical representation are the same. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the shifting step a fourth physical representation of the horizontal shift H of the particular subterranean Z1wischenf surface is generated according to the following formula where H is the horizontal displacement and the other parameters are used according to claim 2, and that the particular subterranean interface is recorded in terms of the actual depth Z, the horizontal displacement H and the course. 4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a plurality of traces are used as seismic laten and that in the converting step one key track for all amplitudes is examined, whose Value is greater than a first threshold value, the appearance times of such amplitudes stored whose value is greater than the specified first threshold value, along examination lines across adjacent tracks to the stored Appearance times is examined, the lines of inquiry with different Gradients appear according to the inclination of the above-mentioned subterranean intermediate surfaces, the amplitudes of the neighboring tracks along each examination line are added and select the maximum sum obtained from the: digging process where the maximum sum is the division of the particular subterranean interface indicates. 5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the data are used in the form of a seismic time segment, the continuity lines through 4f lessons of particular underground interfaces that in the conversion step each continuity line is traced with a curve follower to at successive increments along said continuity line to produce fifth physical time representations along the seismic time section as a function of horizontal displacement over the seismic time section, and that the fifth physical representations result in values Di of the course of the particular subterranean interface for corresponding values of Ti of the appearance time in accordance with the formula below whereby equals the change in the physical time representations for the change in the horizontal displacement for successive increments and VO is the surface velocity characteristic of the earth. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that multiple reflections are removed from the physical time representations and history representations by adding the physical representations of the appearance times to get all combinations of the sums of the appearance times, the physical representations of the courses are added to obtain all combinations of the sums of the courses, each physical representation of the appearance times and every physical representation of the courses with each sum of appearance times or every sum of 'courses is compared to determine correspondence, and the physical Representations of times of appearance and courses that produce correspondence are rejected because they indicate multiple reflections. 7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that from the first physical representation a plurality of physical representations of actual appearance times for energy from successive sources of the spaced-apart sources are generated, from the first and the second physical Dmretel Jung a plurality physical: representations generated for the appearance tides of Finergle from sufendungz-A @ mc VorbestIen sources d ind, for each (Duels die physkal. Oene, rs ° el. @. @ G®n tats`i: @, 01 @; r: @ - @.; @ - i.?y%iF@P@ü@-C '' @ t'1.6r d8 @: - Gl` .n may ol '.täyän from # cD` ' .the record of the particular subterranean interface between the time of appearance for energy from a particular source and the time of appearance for energy from the next successive source is tied together if continuity is indicated in the comparison step. B. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in is DA13 used in the seismic data a plurality of traces that dargestelltvaerden by digital values at periodic examination time on each track, and DAB in the conversion step survey lines enttlang transversely over adjacent tracks at each time of a key track is examined, wherein the inspection lines with different gradients correspondingly to the inclination of the underground intermediate surfaces appear, the amplitudes of the digital values of the neighboring tracks along each of the survey lines are added and the maximum sum W is selected IRD, which is obtained from the adding , this maximum sum indicating the slope of the particular subterranean interface. 9. Apparatus for generating displaced seismic @@ chni ° #, ts nut seismic data, which represent the 1: <,, ufzeit seti @ 2mischer energy, which is reflected from an @: @ erird.sccr @ interface, confessing Chnet ds ° rch a conversion facility for converting d-rat._ Z_I oinem first electrical signal, which from a special intermediate .--: Energy darite «Y :: t, and to one ignal, we:, -. @ the course of the darz @ _ - "-Lg and by a = @ ie fo ~, ._ e: at @ r, is: iz @ .al S g e which .._. 3.: Ao h ' <<' tü nde.r represents formula where T is the calculated time, z is the perpendicular depth from the point at which seismic energy was generated, v is the seismic visibility velocity, and p is the same where 9i is the course of the inclined formation at a particular depth i and vi is the bed velocity at depth i, incrementing or integrating the third electrical signal by gradually increasing the depth z, comparing the third electrical signal with the first electrical signal, which dnretellt the appearance time of reflected from a particular interface energy, generating a fourth eleLtilsch NH @ s 1, #welches the actual depth Z represents the particular interface of the partial depths z, when the third electrical signal and the first electrical signal gl ei ch and generating a fifth electrical signal which is the horizontal displacement H of the particular interface according to the equation below where H is the horizontal displacement of the point at which the track was obtained, and Z is the actual previously calculated depth, and by an automatic recording means to which the second, fourth and fifth electrical signals in terms of recording the special interface of the actual depth Z, the horizontal shift H and the course. 10. The device according to claim 9, characterized in that the conversion device has a second digital computer and the seismic data are digitized and the second digital computer is programmed as follows: Examine a particular track for all digital samples whose amplitudes are greater than a first threshold value, store the appearing times of such samples, whose amplitudes are greater than the first threshold, examining along survey lines across adjacent tracks when the stored appearing times, wherein the survey lines in various appear which curves to determine the presence of a slope indicative Reflekt ion to determine summing of the amplitudes of the digital samples of the adjacent tracks along each of the lines of investigation, and selecting the maximum sum obtained from the summing process, the maximum sum being the course of reflections indicative of slope in the adjacent th lanes indicates 11-. Device according to claim 9 or 10, characterized denotes Ge, datj the conversion means comprises a cam follower, and the seismic data from a seismic time section with continuity lines by reflections of particular underground intermediate areas are present in the form and the cam follower of each line of continuity follows to along successive increments the continuity line to generate sixth electrical signals, which represent the time along the seismic time section as a function of horizontal displacement across the seismic time section, and the sixth electrical signals to values D1 of the course of the particular interface for corresponding values Ti of the appearance time in According to the formula below whereby is the change in the physical time representations for the change in horizontal displacement for successive increments, and VO is the surface velocity characteristic of the earth. 12. Seismic survey method in which seismic data represent the times of seismic energy emitted by a plurality of spaced waves and reflected from subterranean interfaces, characterized in that an operating system is used which includes a digital computing device and an automatic recording device comprises, of which the digital computing device has an input device for transforming the data into electrical signals in one of. the computer usable form, memory means for storing the electrical signals, arithmetic means for operating on the electrical signals and output means for transforming the electrical signals .in a form that can be used by the automatic recording apparatus, and said digital to the memory device Samples are transferred, which represent the traces of a plurality of digitized seismograms, in the arithmetic device, the amplitudes of digital samples of adjacent traces are summed up, which appear along lines of investigation of various courses, the maximum sum that is obtained from the summing process, as a display of the Ampbtude Reflection is stored on the seismograms, the course of the examination line is stored, which produces the maximum jumme, namely as an indication of the inclination of the particular reflective interface that produces this reflection, the E The time of appearance of the investigation line producing the maximum sum is stored as an indication of the depth of the particular reflective interface, the stored values indicating depth and inclination are shifted to values of actual depth and horizontal displacement, the values of inclination, actual depth and actual horizontal displacement the output means are applied to converting to electrical signals representative of incline, actual depth and actual horizontal displacement , and the latter electrical signals are applied to the automatic recording device to identify the particular reflective interface for actual depth values and the actual horizontal displacement, and with a course accordingly the value of the inclination recorded. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that in the shifting step a calculation of calculated time T is generated in accordance with naohatehender formula where T is the calculated time, z is the vertical depth from the point at which the seismic energy was generated, v is the seismic bed velocity and p is the same is, where 9i is the course of the inclined formation at a particular depth i, and vi is the bed velocity at depth i, the current calculation is incremented or integrated by gradually increasing the depth z, the calculated time T with the stored depth value compared, the actual depth Z of the particular reflective interface from the increments: =:. -: - v is generated when the calculated time and the stored Ts-efen value are equal, and the horizontal displacement H of the particular reflective interface is generated in accordance with the following formula where H is the horizontal displacement from where the trace was obtained, and Z is the previously calculated actual depth. 14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the amplitude of each track is set so that the effective level of each track is the same for all tracks of the seismograms. 15th Method according to one of Claims 12 to 14, characterized in that the maximum Sum divided by the number of tracks it contains to get the maximum to determine the mean amplitude, and the maximum mean amplitude as a display the degree of the reflections contained in the sum is stored. 16. Procedure according to one of claims 12 to 15, characterized in that the maximum sum is compared to a threshold value indicating that reflections on the seismograms with the saved time of publication on the tracks and with the run of 4 of the maximum sum generating investigation line are available. 17. Procedure according to one of claims 12 to 16, characterized in that a time series for the Appearance time for a particular reflection is generated on each of the tracks, the time series is smoothed to have a function with no high frequency components in the Generate time series, the difference between the function and the time series for each track is obtained and a correction to each track equal to the discriminator L4 d is laid out to reflect each trace changes in weathering and topography to correct.