DE1491532C - Atomic resonance device for regeneratively excited radiation emission - Google Patents

Description

jleiohgewichts-energy state and the metastable speaking led to the construction of a spectro-

Atoms are largely avoided, so that a quality meter, the third area as an amplifier for

factor of the coupled electrical circuit low the HF generated by gyromagnetic resonance

can be chosen. Tension serves.

According to the invention, this task is thereby achieved. In the first area, the atoms are excited

triggers that the vessel by means of an intermediate cogescbil- to a level from which by optical pumping

the gas channel is divided into two areas through which the atoms can be excited to a level

from which the diffusion of the gas atoms is restricted, from which they emit the radiation

that the pump radiation in the first area irradiated treatment can pass to another level, and

and that the second area with the magnet io this first excitation stage is expedient

fields is coupled, dsr gas atoms in the unequal- brought about by electron impact excitation, in .der

contains weight state, the way from the first area that an electrical development in the first area

are diffused over, so that the radiating charge stands with which atoms interact with

Atoms are excited by the undesirable effects of the optical pump radiation. Pump products are separated in the first area. . 15 It has already been mentioned that the essential

The use of separate areas of the advantage of a device according to the invention in the vessel means that there are collisions with the radiation that the coupled circuit does not need to have high excited atoms with other atoms in the meta quality factor. This is particularly the case in a stable state or with electrons, which are caused by the tunable oscillators, filters and amplification pumps, to a large extent anao kern; In such cases, it is expedient to avoid, so that the radiation lifetime of the atoms, as with the accumulation of radiating atoms, is considerably increased and thus the line width of the coupled electrical circuit with a quality factor of resonance radiation is significantly reduced. less than 10 is chosen in order to obtain the largest possible In addition, a disturbance of the tunable band is obtained in this way. Phase relationship of the radiating atoms in the observation. The region of radiation with the accumulation is preferably significantly reduced. The quality of the atoms coupled circle is a cavity factor of the resonator coupled to the radiating atoms, provided that the circle created by the radiating atoms can be drastically reduced to a practically feasible frequency for the excitation of a cavity value, for example Q = 200 resonator suitable is. or smaller. ^{30 First He 3} comes as radiating atoms -

Basically it is possible to use a vessel made up of two atoms, but it can also contain atoms of

roughly spherical parts which separate the two hydrogen, Hg ^1M , ⁱ⁰ »or Rb ⁸⁵ . " Use

Forming, building up, preferably finding areas.

however, the second area of the vessel around the first provided the radiating atoms on the vessel wall

Area arranged around so that a central 35 can be relaxed, i. H. on the vessel wall Recombine the pumping area and a ring-shaped observation or on a non-radiating level

area. can fall down, it is

To the storage time of the radiating atoms in the least in the second area the vessel in known To greatly increase the observation area, be wise inside with a non-relaxing lining.

expediently the vessel areas are provided with a little bit, so that in spite of the limited size

at least one elongated tube connected to one another, the vessel does not collide with the vessel wall

which play a role at the entrance of the second vascular area and the restriction mechanism

Has constriction. The in the second cder 3eob- still on successive Gss-Gas-

Caution diffusing atoms can cause collisions

through a gas channel shaped in this way only very much 45 If the first excitation stage is an excitation difficult to get back into the first or pumping area of the by electron impact with the help of an electric Back into the vessel, so that it is provided for the radiating discharge, these "se purpose atoms" result in a very long storage time in terms of size to a regulation of several seconds not with carrion clothing. The remaining areas are limited so that the discharge Pump products have a comparatively short 50 and the non-relaxing lining on each other Storage time so that the observation area cannot interfere with.

this way essentially with a mixture of other features and advantages of the invention

radiating atoms and filled neutral atoms result from the following description in comparison

so that the radiating atoms remain undisturbed. bond with the drawings; it shows

In order to shorten the free path even further and 55 F i g. 1 schematically shows an inventive

thus a still flawless gas-gas-collision-atomic gas maser,

To obtain the restriction mechanism, FIG. 2 can show a term diagram for the representation of the

second vascular area to be cooled. PUknpmechanismus for the nuclear polarization of the

For various purposes it is advantageous to use a He'-atom,

third vascular area to be provided, which by means of a 60 F i g. 3 is a plan view of another form of a

Gas channel through which the diffusion of gas atoms observation and pumping area arrangement of the

is restricted, maser according to the invention connected to the second area,

which is and which is indicated at a distance from the second area. 4 shows a section along the line 4-4 in FIG. 3,

is arranged. Such arrangements are particularly as Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of an atomic fiber with a

Suitable for gradiometers; a similar structure can be 65 ß multiplier circuit,

6 an output circuit for an inventive atom and the optical pumping of the excited atomic laser according to the invention in use for a

To separate atoms, or, if the gas duct is ent- magnetometer, 7 shows a diagram of an arrangement according to the invention and the circular polarizer contains one

diometers, * 'linear polarizer 9, for example a linear

8 shows another embodiment of an invented polarizer of the Polaroid type HR for the infrared

according to the Gradiömeters, and a quarter wave plate 11, the axis 45 ° to

9 is a schematic diagram of the output portion of a 5 axis oriented linear polarizer. A good

A quarter-wave plate 11 suitable for a tunable narrow-band filter or amplifier is' »Cellophan« (Han-

with features of the invention, delsname) of 0.025 mm thickness.

Fig. 10 is a diagram of another Maserausfüh- In the pump area 2 by means of an RF coil 12,

with a cooled observation area, which is preferably divided into two coaxial segments.

11 is a diagram of an outlet part with a small split on both sides of the vascular area

nem quality factor for a burl according to the invention, are arranged so that a magnetic HF-

12 shows another embodiment of an alternating field within the area 2 The low Q factor output section, an electrical discharge is excited. The RF coil 13 schematically shows a hyperfine structure is used by a suitable RF oscillator 13 Atomic fiber with features of the invention, 15 maintenance of the electrical discharge ge 14 shows a diagram of another embodiment feed,

shape of a two-range grain, a grain output circle 14 is around the observer

F i g. 15 schematically another embodiment arrangement area 3 arranged around so that the

of a hyperfine structure measles, stimulated radiation emission from the gas atoms in the

F i g. 16 a scheme of another Zeeman-Über- ao circle is included and a sufficiently high one

gangsmasers, interacting on the collection of radiant

17 schematically causes another maser with ge atoms back so that a coherent separate areas for an electrical discharge, stimulated radiation emission from the entire gas polarization and observation, atom accumulation in the observation area 3 is obtained

Fig. 18 is a block diagram of a magnetic field 25. In one embodiment, the burl

stabilizing device with features of the invention, output circuit 14 a coil 15 in parallel

Fig. 19 is a circuit diagram of a current regulator with resonance with a capacitor 16 in the Reso- Features of the invention and the frequency of radiation emission. The magne- 20 schematically shows a spectrometer for gyro- tic alternating field H ₁ , which is produced by the

magnetic resonance with features of the invention. 30 ment current induced in coil IS is supposed to be generated

A burl according to the invention is shown in FIG. 1 with a strong component H ₁ in area 3. A dumbbell-shaped vessel 1, for example at an angle to the direction of the magnetic polarization from “Pyrex” (trade name), contains an accumulation field H ₀ .

lung gas atoms, such as He ^3, under one of the pumping mechanism by which the Bad pressure, for example about 1 mm Hg. The 35 equilibrium energy state of the helium atom dumbbell-shaped vessel ί has two separate spherical cores in the observation area 3 above, is formed as shaped areas 2 or 3 of, for example, 3.5 cm follows:

Diameter, which by a diffusion tube 4 with As the separation scheme Fig. 2 can be seen, small diameter, for example 4 mm inside HeS ( ¹ S.) is connected by electron shock in the pump ^ diameter and 3.5 cm length. A 40 area Z is excited, the electrons are generated by the end of the diffusion tube 4, preferably the weak electrical discharge in it. The end opening into the observation area 3 contains electrons Geometric life, which are optically pumped by the circularly polarized He «-reso duration - or in other words the storage radiation. The optical pumping of the atoms in the observation area causes one to be out of balance. The geometric lifespan or memory-shifted occupation of the 'Sj-states is generated. The time is given by the mean time that an atom of nucleus spins are required in the same way that is oriented through the opening S into the chamber 3. Subsequently, collisions with the diffused, arbitrary in the chamber "around - state HeS ( ¹ S ₀ ), with the excited electron running", with thousands of consecutive 50 being exchanged. It follows from this that the nuclear-spin collisions take place with other gas atoms, and orientation to the He ^ S ^ state is finally transferred back the way through the opening 5, for which the service life in the absence of a charge is very long, for example a transverse

The dumbbell-shaped vessel 1 is in a suitable relaxation time (radiation lifetime) for the core

Magnetic polarization field H " arranged that 55 spins of the state HeS ( ¹ S ₀ ) of up to 55 seconds

B. is generated by a solenoid 6 corresponding to a resonance line width of

or, in the case of a low-field magnetometer, the 6 X 10 ~ s Hz has been obtained. That value was

Earth field is and in this case the solenoid is missing 6. mainly due to the existing magnetic Circularly polarized optical resonance radiation determined by field inhomogeneities

a Hc «-I, ampc 7 and a circular polarizer 10 60 The transmission of an angular momentum from the circular

lights up in the pump area 2, whereby the further polarized light becomes the metastable He »and thus

direction of the polarized light in the ground state of these atoms results in a

considerable component parallel to the direction of an impressively strong nuclear polarization of about 20%

strong component of the magnetic polarization - a gas pressure of about 1 mm Hg The He »nuclei,

fcldcs // "has The circular polarizer 10 can be polarized in 65 the thus in the presence of the magnetic field

Any known form is then carried out by the dissolution process

being. In a preferred embodiment, there is in front of the narrow diffusion tube 5 in the netrcnntcn

the / Muliirpnlarisierungsdnc Kondcnsorlinsc 8 to the observation area 3 transports the user

Γ Μ

The formation of the separate observation area 3 provides usable material for the production optically for the absence of metastable atoms and pumper diffusion masers, such as electrons in the observation area that will be discussed in greater detail later. Such is not explained. It must be taken into account that the desired particles in the observation area are aimed at a long storage time and longer, more active avoided because these electrons and metastable s lifetimes of the radiating atoms have a considerable- atoms relatively short lifetimes. If the number of wall collisions in the observation area is not continuously generated in the observation area 3, although they become dominant, for example by pumping in this limiting mechanism of the collision area, they are eliminated. The observation with the buffer gas is. The atomic material used for the active material area 3 is against the pump light and the electrical io rial- des maser so must Shielded discharge. Possess properties which allow it often

On the other hand, the polarized atoms and electrons have a lifespan and without it recombining with the wall or in considerably over 1 second and can be relaxed in other ways for a relatively long time. In this regard, in the radiant state in the observation area, Hg ¹⁹⁹ · ⁸⁰¹ bounces extremely well while the alkalis are stored. Elements like hydrogen not relaxing,

For example, for the He ³ grain according to FIG. 1 with inert wall coatings, such as the dimensions mentioned above, which had the opening “Teflon” (trade name) or paraffin. In the voltage 5 only a diameter of 0.1 mm, so that in the case of He ^s atoms, the excited beam comes the storage life at the specified pressure emission from the nuclear resonance of helium in the order of 28 seconds, where atoms. For some of the other atoms mentioned, the quality factor of the matched output comes from the atomic resonance, but either from a circle 14 was approximately Q = 200. With this para-hyperfine structure resonance or a Zeemann remeter, maser vibrations of a lease resonance of the valence electron, power of 5 · 10 ~ ¹⁴ watts at the terminals 17 with. In the case that a hyperfine structure resonance

a resonance line width of 1.6 · 10 ~ ² Hz is used as a maser transition, for example a polarization field H ₀ of 32 Gauss. when using alkaline elements including

With the above in connection with FIG. 1 called rubidium, electron resonance is used, Parameters and a field strength of 32 Gauss was 30 whereby the magnetic moment was about a thousand times greater the nuclear magnetic resonance frequency of the maser vibrations is than for nuclear resonance. With a hyperfine structure in range 3 at 103 kHz. So the above power and turmaser will be a considerably smaller number Line width gives a quadratic mean value of atoms in the observation area an excited one Fraction of the frequency fluctuation of radiation emission of the order of magnitude of the same

35 more like strength like that produced by nuclear magnetic resonance

(A r ² ) V »· r ₀ , which is about 5 · \ 0 ~ ^ Ιγϊ . Deliver radiation. So it would be expected that im

Case of alkali elements and hydrogen

for an observation time of t seconds. Use of hyperfine structure transitions The stability results from fundamental gas pressures in the pump and in the observation area phase fluctuations, which are caused by the thermal energy 40 considerably less than the pressure used in the case of helium in the resonant circuit, and influences Due to magnetic field fluctuations, the dominant restriction neglects. A reduction in the resonance line storage mechanism continues that of a buffer gas; width by an order of magnitude to 10 ~ ^s Hz and not that which is easily characterized by a praiibock specidic mechanism with transverse relaxation times of up to 55 seconds 45 in which the, if essentially identical, pre-stored atoms are retained one after the other with the Directions such as those shown in Fig. 1 used to collide the vessel wall, being a substantial. smaller likelihood of collision with others

He ³ has the unusual property that there are gas atoms within the observation area! suffer many wall collisions with the vessel 3, that is, the mean free path of the atoms can be noticeably disturbed without the radiating nuclear quantum state being larger than the transverse dimension of the observation being noticeably disturbed. There is also a memory range.

borrowed narrowing of the movement of the resonance line thanks It should be mentioned that although in Fig. 1 only eit

the relatively fast diffusion of helium through the pumping area 2 with the associated light source, Lina magnetic field- This movement restriction ensures 55 and polarizers 7, 8, 9 and 11 are provided provides a small line width and also ensures the one or more additional, symmetrical ones Line shape, even if the magnetic pumping area and associated light source table field inhomogeneity distribution over the sample is desired asymmetrical in area 3 due to appropriate diffusion tubes. The output frequency, if coupled with the observation area 3, is clearly with the mean. Such a procedure would improve the polar magnetic field over the sample and the value of the sizing and enable a higher output power (shielded) He ⁸ nuclear magnetic moment. The same considerations also apply to links. the following embodiments of the invention.

It is also possible for other types of atoms to be active in FIG. 3 and 4 is a different geometric shape

Atomic materials shown in such an optically pumped maser according to the invention, which are used for diffusion maser. In particular, better operation in weak fields, such as the other materials such as Hg ¹⁹⁹ * ¹¹ , Rb " ⁵ - ⁸⁷ and earth field, are suitable. In particular, a number of other alkali substances are used a zylfa

10

The third pump area 18, for example made of Pyrex, serves to multiply the quality factor of the maser around which a ring-shaped output circuit 14 is used. The maser observation area 19 is arranged. The ring output oscillations are then available to the central pump area 18 via an input terminal 43. The advantage of using the Number of memory-like diffusion tubes 21 with often * -5 quality factor multiplier circuit according to FIG. 5 lies Connections 5 connected, as described above in connection with the fact that it is possible with it, marshal vibrations Fig. 1 are described to observe the geometric of the atomic gas resonance when without the Lifetime of the radiating atoms in the observation Q-multiplier circuit Maser boundary conditions area 19 to be determined. As in the previous templates.

In an exemplary embodiment, two electrodes 22 are attached to FIG. 6 shows a typical magnetometer with the two ends of the cylindrical pumping area of a maser according to the invention. The arranged and are excited with RF energy from an output circuit of the maser contains the coil 15, RF source 23, so that a weak elec- the resonance with series capacitors 45 and 46 in parallel glow discharge within the pumping area. The capacitors 45 and 46 are used to generate. One of the electrodes is provided with an opening as a voltage divider for impedance matching to a voltage, around a circularly polarized resonance-suitable voltage increasing transformer47. The radiation from source 20 to allow entry. High-voltage secondary winding of the transformer, so that the atoms in the pumping area can be pumped into higher energy states at the input of an amplifier 48. As in the above example, where the maser vibrations are amplified in the example, the direction of propagation of the zirconia frequency is amplified. In the case of circularly polarized optical radiation parallel to nuclear resonance, the maser vibrations are typically directed in the direction of the magnetic field. Around the ring, a relatively low frequency. The free-form observation area 19 around it depends on the size of the induction coil 24 to be measured, the magnetic field H ₀ in parallel resonance. In the earth's magnetic field, which can stand with a capacitor 25, in order to form the maser oscillation at about 2 kHz, corresponding to an output circuit 14 of the maser. Size of the earth's field of about 0.5 Gauss. If in Fig. 5 another inventive, on the other hand, an electron spin system is shown as an active improved maser, in which the output medium is used, for example that of circuit 14 a Q multiplier circuit _ZU r Ver hydrogen or rubidium, If the resonance is an improvement in the reception of the maser vibrations 30, it contains hyperfine structure resonance or electron resonance in the observation area 3. and the resonance frequency is in the order of magnitude. In short, the multiplier circuit contains two electron tubes 26, 27 in cathode follower with rubidium of 1400 MHz for hydrogen and 6800 MHz.

circuit. The output oscillations of the maser If the low frequency resonance is used, circuit 14 are via a coupling capacitor 28 35, for example at nuclear resonance of He ⁵ , is before and one. Grid bias resistor 29 to draw that a frequency multiplier 49 is coupled to the grid of the first tube 26, where the maser output of the amplifier 48 is connected to vibrations are amplified and the resonance signal at a higher frequency to the first tube 26 occur at the anode . Multiply a parallel circuit that gives the required accuracy of capacitor 31 and resistor 32 is 40 degrees, if they are in a suitable counter 51 series at the cathode of the first tube 26, around which is measured. The counter raises the frequency to generate the necessary grid bias. The amplified signals of the first tube 26 are output from the output of the frequency multiplier 49; if desired, these can be drawn to the second tube 27 via the cathode. If the Muitipiikationstak- and are reinforced there. The amplified signals 45 tor of the multiplier 49 is the resonance frequency above the tuned oscillating circuit 33 that of the cores can easily be determined, and this resonance second tube 27. The oscillating circuit 33 is slightly frequency is a direct measure of the magnetic field strength compared to the expected magnetic resonance out of tune at B ₉ . If desired, the counter can be specially designed to phase shift the grain frequency by 90 ° so that the reading is obtained directly in Mazu. Part of the amplified output voltage, which is shifted in phase 50, occurs from the second output voltage. 6 can be obtained via a 90 ° phase shifter from a coupling, a previously impossible measurement allows capacitor 34 and a series resistor 35 or control of a magnetic field. The burl disengaged. This combined phase shift frequency also follows practically the inertia exercise of the feedback path and in the detuned los the changes in the field. This applies in spite of the resonant circuit 33 ensures a slightly positive reverse high quality factor of the core-Zeeman transition. coupling, just below self-excitation, so. In Fig. 6 the burl is already shown with a dumbbell-shaped gauge with a weak burl signal, but when the magnetometer vibrates. An automatic 60 RC bias circuit is used to measure weak fields and is located between earth and should, for example, the earth field, is preferable, grid of the second tube 27, in order to use a stable load the shape of FIG. 3; because in this drive to ensure it consists of a drawback, the fill factor for the magnetometer improved stand 36 and a parallel capacitance 37, which, as already described, will lie between the grid of the tube 27 and earth. In Fig. 7, a gradiometer with fixed grid bias features is shown via a bias invention. A common pumping area voltage resistance 41 is obtained from B + at 42. 54 contains the active gas atoms. The pumping area,; The tubes 26 and 27 together with the associated one is connected to two observation areas 55.

11th

I 12

which are arranged at some distance from the pumping area 54 into a first observation area and are at a distance D , 55 from each other via opening 57. A certain fraction of the atomic particles in the observation area 55 are of the order of a few meters. The observation areas 55 escape with a longitudinal area 55 and diffuse in a borrowed diffusion tube 56 with the pump area 54 5 second diffusion tube 62 in an observation area; the tubes 56 contain openings 57 rich 63. The diffusion tube 62, which connects the area 55 for determining the geometric life span of the and the second area 63, is so dimensioned radiating atoms in the observation areas that the diffusion time through the tube 62 rela-55. As in the previous examples, the tiv is short compared to the radiation time of the device ^{filled with a suitable gas, such as He s} , io atomic particles. In this way the resonance friend is the pumping chamber 54 is radiated with circularly polar frequency of the particles in the first observation area from a suitable source 20 determining 55 the mean magnetic field strength in; the direction of the light is parallel to the areas 55 and 63. The mean magnetic field direction of the magnetic field, which can be measured in the area 63, can therefore be effectively determined by the measles target. In addition, the pumping chamber contains an output circuit 14 which can be monitored without a weak electrical discharge, so that the He ^s - are polarized directly at the region 63 of an output switching core, as is used in connection with the above. The maser resonance signal is given by F i g. 1 described. thus determined in the Maser output circuit 14,

Two electromagnetic or HF screens 58, then amplified in the amplifier 64 and made of copper for example, are fed between the pump ao display device 66, as described above.
pen area54 and the observation areas55. In FIG. The Maser- according to Fig. 1, in which the output circuit 14, which has been slightly modified to the mutually distant ASs by connecting a separate observation area 55, supply input loop 71 is introduced which is connected to the Be output signals, the frequencies of which are the Magnetic field observation area is coupled An output loop 72 is also corresponding to the observation strengths in the observation area concerned. If there is a gradient in the magnetic field, in which output signals are obtained, the mase oscillation frequency differs slightly from that of the filter or amplifier, other observation areas, and the frequency, the grain parameters, the fill factor η, the quality factor difference is a direct measure of the magnetic field gradient of the matched output circuit and the potential. The two maser signals can easily be compared in a risation M _{0 of} the atomic resonance particles by one or a suitable frequency mixer or a latching 35 more below the threshold value uninterrupted maser detector, so that a direct oscillation is reduced. In this case, the output signal results which is a measure for the gradients are no coherent excited radiation emission of the th. Particles in the observation area, so that no

The maser output signals from the two observing output signal results In the presence of an input observation area 55, preferably 40 signals are first fed to the observation area and the separate preamplifiers 53, to a maser oscillating circuit via the input loop 71 and pulling the one maser oscillator results in this Input signal if it is to prevent the through the other. The outputs of the resonance frequency of the atoms in the observation preamplifier 53 are then fed to a mixer 59, a stimulation of the radiation emission in which they are mixed, so that a 45 atom collection, this emission is coherent and a difference frequency arises The purpose of the frequency counter is that which is introduced via the input loop 71, with which a suitable gradient-led signal is amplified. The excited beam display device 60 is connected so that a lung emission is then obtained in the maser oscillation circuit upon direct display of the gradient. Taken and, if desired, through the output loop 72, a greater precision can be obtained 50 decoupling a load (not shown)
The passband of the device as a filter or the counting and display in the frequency counter amplifier is multiplied by changing the size of the and evaluation device 60, so that a magnetic polarization field H _{9 is} changed by greater precision in the Measurement of the differential frequency of the current in the solenoid 6 is changed or a sequence is obtained, as in another context 55 suitable compensation coil is provided, with the above already explained that the entire polarization field in the observation

The special shape shown in FIG. 7 is particularly area can be changed. As Schmsiband-

Useful because the device has two observation areas for filters or amplifiers

A common pumping area is supplied with a small bandwidth of the Zeeman resonance line width

be able. 60 on the order of 10 ~ ³ Hz. As mentioned.

In Fig. 8 is another embodiment of a , the center frequency is determined by the strength of the ma

Masers according to the invention shown This Maser set magnetic polarization field, and a

is similar to that shown in Fig. 7, it is every turning of this field strength changes the Mhten-

but only a single Maserkreis together with the frequency of the filter and / or amplifier. The GE-

A single preamplifier is used in this «3 advises can cause extremely rapid fluctuations in the field

In the case of diffuse atomic particles which follow in the pumping, and accordingly a temporally pro-

reich54, as shown above in connection with FIG. 7 sawn-programmed center frequency for secure

Written, pumped, od through a first Diffu- communications. The like. Can be used.

It is a Lorenfc frequency response. The frequencies work without a corresponding Pass band of the tuning filter or tuning of the output circuit,

The strength can be changed by using the observer

area opening 5 is dimensioned accordingly, low 'quality factor for a Maser oscillator and / around the pmetric service life of the radiating 5 or amplifiers with features of the invention.

Readjust atoms. For example, is put through. The output circuit includes a coil 15 Reduction of the geometric life in loading to absorb the radiation emission, and this

Observe the pass band of the measles coil is directly with a suitable load 75 across

Additionally, the passband can be connected by lines 76. In this case, the reac-enlargement of the inhomogeneity of the magnetic io dance of the coil 15 at the maser frequency is preferred.

The field in the observation area are enlarged to be smaller than the load resistance.

or by increasing the temperature in the observer. In Fig. 12, a further embodiment is the

area. Arrangement according to Fig. 11 shown, the coil

The electronically tunable bandwidth of the 15 via a variable series capacitor 77 and

r; Maser oscillator or amplifier can essentially have 15 lines 76 coupled to the load 75 here

S can be increased when an output circuit 14 can restore the quality factor of the output circuit

f is used, the figure of merit of which is of the order of magnitude of one or less

Is order of one or less. In the case of diminishing, and again it is preferable that the inductive

• To improve the quality factor of the output circuit, the reactance of the output circuit must be

However, the fill factor η and / or the magnetic 20 frequency is smaller than the resistance of the load 75. The

; Polarization M ₁ , the atomic variable capacitor / 7, which is in resonance, is provided in order to

_•: be enlarged collection to the Maserbedin- the coil reactance retune 15th In this

; conditions to be maintained. The fill factor can, as above gear shifts, is the quality factor through the

■ already shown, can be optimally designed by defining a ratio ω LjR

■ ring-shaped observation area is used. a _s FIG. 13 shows a hydrogen atom diffusion maser. The magnetization M _{0 of} the radiating atoms can also be enlarged in various ways with the pump and observation according to the invention. The maser shown contains, for example, an increase in the pumping luminous flux, a pump region 81 which contains hydrogen gas with an increase in the pressure of the active gas atoms at low pressure. While maintaining a given polarization or 30, the pump area is connected to an observation area 82 via a diffusion by reducing the temperature in the observation tube 83 and an opening 84, with the area of the geometrical life span of the particles in the area compared to the temperature in the pump. This latter temperature effect enables observation area 82 to be established, as described above, by increasing the density of the radiating atoms. The dumbbell-shaped vessel consists of the ratio of the absolute temperatures of the two to a suitable material, such as quartz,

the areas. For example, cooling reduces and is preferably lined with an inert material from the entire inside with] the observation area to 77 ° Kelvin from 300 °, the excited Kelvin from the quality hydrogen atoms required for oscillation not to relax or factor by a factor of about 4 The output stimulates recombinations. Such materials are performance is reduced by a factor of around 16, 40 for example “Teflon” (trade name) or paraffin. The dumbbell-shaped device is then immersed in a very if it is desired or necessary, any possible weak magnetic polarization field H ₀ of the possibility of a direct coupling between the input, for example 100, and the external input circuit 11 and the output circuit 72 to magnetic fields in In the usual way, not shown, j can be physically shielded for these circuits. j decoupling purposes, for example, at right angles to- The device according to FIG. 13 is designed to 'be arranged against each other, öSer other shielding- that they can be used on a field-independent hyperfine structure, w ^! 'It works in turübergang ΔM = 0, F = 1, as is known in the art. Term scheme indicated in FIG. 13. 10 shows a maser oscillator with features. Pump light shines into the pump area 81 according to the invention, in which the observation is made by a polarized light source 80 through a generation area 3 with liquid nitrogen or a suitable window 85 , for example LiF, is cooled in the side of the other coolant 73, which is contained in a wall of the pump area 81. The cooling is preferably done with Lyman-alpha radiation, which is done with the usual at such a low temperature that the polarization techniques are polarized. As above, gear shifting is a smaller figure of merit having suitable means by which one can, and wood vibrations, keep a weak electrical glow discharge in the pump. In such a facility, the quality chamber 81 can be maintained to easily generate hydrogen factor to a value on the order of atoms.

can be reduced by one or less, so that the observation area 82 is, in a total sense, a device which, arranged in a broad frequency-suitable cavity resonator 86, can operate. The resonance line width is, for example, a cylinder resonator, which is still very narrow, the response conditions measure that it is in the dominant TE ₀₁ , mode, however, are not so critical of the tuning in the hydrogen atom-hyperfine-structure resonance output circuit dependent. Operates through a 65 frequency, which is around 1420MHz. A tion of the strength of the m; A suitable coupling loop 87, which in the drawing can be shown rotated by 90 "in an extremely wide dynamic range, is attached to the magnetic field of magnetic field strength and maser field of the resonator 86 for the circular angle.

15 16

Irish mode coupled to marsher more precisely, there will be the transition / IAi = I, i * == ⁰

from the cavity 86 to a suitable one, not shown. The terschema is shown, and the

put amplifier with load to decouple. The output resonance frequency of the output circuit 14

Cavity 86 for the circular electrical is at resonance to one of the two Zeeman fre-

Mode is matched to the direction of the magnetic 5 frequency transition A or B This transition

The polarization field H ₀ is arranged in such a way that the magne-

table alternating field component H _{1 of} the vibration dependent, and thus the device shown is as

mode TE ₀₁₁ parallel to the direction of the magnetometer or magnetic field strength sensor

between the polarization field H ₀ , and further in the range.

area of the observation region 82 at the same relative io In Fig. VJ is a further embodiment of a

is shaped. As above, the pumping light is shown in the pumping hydrogen masers according to the invention,

area 81 fed in a direction that is parallel The structure of this device is essentially

to the direction of the magnetic polarization field H _{0 is the} same as the grain shown in FIGS. 13 and 15,

located. only that a third area 88 in connection with

The hydrogen atom Difiusionsmaser of Fig. 13 15 is provided to the pumping area to the weak

uses a field-independent hyperfine structure to maintain electrical discharge. To this

transition, so that the maser resonance vibrations, way can separate the discharge area 88 with

obtained from the output loop 87 can be provided as uncoated walls so that

Frequency normal or as an atomic clock signal in the wall coating does not operate properly

borrowed way can be used. «0 of the electrical discharge interferes, through the atomic

The presence of Hj gas in the two beers creates hydrogen.

range 81 and 82 prevents the operation of the water- In F i g. 18 is a magnetic field stabilizer with a stoffmasers not, because the hydrogen gas is shown as a maser according to the invention. More precisely is drawn buffer gas for the hydrogen atoms acts. a magnetic field-dependent maser, such as that in FIG. 1. In the preferred embodiment, the load 5 shown is arranged in a magnetic field H ₀ , which is intended to stabilize the operating pressure in the dumbbell-shaped vessel at a low level. The magnetic field-dependent as possible, because with the lowest possible input frequency, the best magnetic field inhomogeneity is fed to an amplifier 92, where it is amplified and from where it is obtained, thanks to the higher diffusion speed of a latching detector 93 of the atomic feed rate Hydrogen-30 will lead. A frequency synthesis circuit 94 is used to particles. In addition, a much lower pressure of a reference frequency is to be supplied with which the magnetic-atomic hydrogen and hydrogen gas field strength is determined, at which the magnetic field H _{0 is} to be stabilized compared to the gas pressure of He ^{3 in.} The output of the frequency of the He ^s -Maser described above, because the rotation synthesis circuit 94 is the other input of the pulse of the electron of the hyperfine structure transition 35 rasterization detector 9? by comparing it to Deim atomic hydrogen about a thousand times greater than the maser frequency to be an error than the nuclear angular momentum of the He ^s atom. DC voltage to get its phase position and

In Fig. 14 another embodiment of the size of the deviation of the magnetic field from the burl vessel according to the invention is shown. With the desired reference value, which is determined by this structure, the length of the diffusion tube 83 40 frequency of the frequency synthesis circuit. is reduced to zero, so that the observation and error DC voltage is then fed to an amplifier pumping region essentially adjacent to one another ker 95, in which it is amplified and is separated from and only by the opening 84. As a result, where it is supplied via a phase shifter 96 via a lyre, there is also greater strength and a clothing 97 is supplied to a field correction coil 91, a smaller volume for the burl. _{45 whose field H 0} exceeds the field H ₀ to be stabilized.

In Fig. 15 there is another hydrogen diffusion layer. The phase shifter 96 is set in this way

maser shown with features of the invention. represents that a natural oscillation of the closed

This burl contains the same facilities as circle prevents.

that of Fig. 13, and to designate like The HauptfeldH _0, which is to be controlled, can parts have been used the same reference numerals. 5 ° by setting the frequency synthesis circuit 94. However, attention should be drawn to the fact that programming is carried out on the desired frequency. This maser is designed for operation in a field-dependent Again, the maser output frequency faithfully follows the hyperfine structure transition from AM = 1, F = 1 to rapid changes in the strength of the magnet. In this case it can be seen that the field in which the burl is immersed. The limits of the pumping light still parallel to the magnetic 55 of the system's _{pass band are radiated in by the polarization field H 0} , but the magnetic alternating system is given in the observation transmission properties of the closed servo-attention area. In certain cases, the field H _{1 of} the resonance mode of the resonator may be desired, one or more additional feedback paths with amplifiers 95 and field H ₀ lying parallel to the direction of the magnetic polarization allele. When using the field-dependent 60 phase shifter 96 and correction coils 91 with a hyperfine structure transition, the maser is to be connected after low inductance, the wider figure. 15 have as a magnetometer or Magnetfeldmeß- pass bands to field fluctuations on or -sensitive device. reduce an acceptable value so that the

In V i g. 16 is a nastier hydrogen diffusion final narrow band loop the esterification

maser, in which the structure can essentially 65 look-up sharks.

borrowed is the same as that shown in Fig. 1, and the In Fig. 19 is a current control device with Maser is shown operating with an electron Zeeman feature of the invention. An atomic gas transition designed by atomic hydrogen. diffusion mason with separate pump and observation

processing areas, as shown in Fig. 1, is arranged in the magnetic field generated by a solenoid 101, which consists of the conductor for a current to be regulated. A given current through the solenoid 101 generates a specific magnetic field strength H ₀ , which results in a specific mass oscillation frequency. The maser signals are coupled from the maser into the amplifier 102, where these signals are amplified and then fed to an input terminal of a rasterization detector 103. As in the case of the magnetic field stabilizer or regulator according to FIG. 18, a reference oscillator 104 supplies a reference frequency which corresponds to a specific desired current quantity which flows in the circuit to be controlled from which the coil 101 derives

ι nc ic »also must be arranged at right angles to its axis coil i *»? "* _Po iarisatioBsfeld H ₀ , to the" W-SSreauenz the resonance frequency of the

If me ^^ - "Λττχτ in the gyromagnettscben to be examined ^ Norpc ^^ _gtoaa ^ _

MatenapioDen «, ^ _{& Precision} i _on ^ _{n da &} tische K ^^^ sationsfeld H. induces a signal ? ^a f ^u ^ ^{a> B} f ^^ L _ät 115 The resonance signal in ^to ^ PjWgJ ^^ _o f _gen ommen,

from the EW ^ te 116, preferably a ^ aserversuu ^ ^ _{above m}

wise a "J * J" f "^ ⁿ _d ^, ^^ _the

Χ ^ ¹⁰⁰ " ⁰ ^ * '* £ 115 absorbed resoin of the recipient spu £ * ^ - ^ - _{m a}

amplified without the H6 being sperially tuned

The reference frequency from the reference oscillator 104 is the other input of the latching detector 103, where it is compared with the maser oscillation frequency in order to provide a DC error voltage. This is fed to the input of an amplifier 105, in which it is amplified and the Control input is fed to a suitable current control circuit 106 in series with the circuit, whose electricity is to be regulated. Em more suitable will

a ^

m connection nm ^ ec "^ ^

»<> After Fι * 9 * £ ™haben °: _ω the common

2 ^c ^ S 2 via a diffusion tube 118 and pump area * ^u * ^r * '"*"'"

^ fX ^ S the im'Maser Amplifier 116

Input terminals

Ä ^ S recorded

S is used to increase or decrease the current in the controlled circuit, with it difser current corresponds to a current quantity determined by the reference frequency of the reference oscillator 104 is set. A number of magnetically permeable channels 107 surround the coil 101 and the Maser, to avoid a disturbance of the desired current regulation by external magnetic field influences ζα. Suitable magnetic shields are Soft iron and permaloy.

ta ^ rlrffSita «« "!« «ir gyromagnetic resonance with features of the invention. A material sample that is to be examined is arranged in a sample tube 111 and lies in a magnetic polarization field H ₀ , as is the case, for example, in a superconducting cylinder coil 112 A suitable dewar arrangement is provided at 113 in order to cool the superconducting cylinder coil 2 to the superconducting temperature, for example the temperature of liquid helium. A transmitter coil 114 is arranged at the probing tube 111 in order to generate an alternating magnetic field component perpendicular to the magnetic polarization field H ₀ The transmitter signal is derived by an amplifier 120 from the output of a suitable maser, such as a helium maser as described in connection with Figure 1, where like reference numerals are used to denote like parts

A receiver coil 115 is arranged with its axis offset by 90 ° with respect to the transmitter coil to prevent a direct coupling from the transmitter coil to the receiver coil. The recipients from one

mefundton there- "
Evaluation device are performed,

3 »OszUlographen or ^ f depending on a deflection circuit 123 ^ steering is also used by two deflection coils 124

the field strength of the magne ^ c

over the sample to be examined m to control through toι sample tube JIl. Em dekbomagnett-

scher Sddim US. ^^^ ΣλΆίχ ^ see the two observation areas 117 and 3

4 «of the maser amplifier and 0""""52JJEfJ ^ to prevent a direct electromagnetic coupling between these two.

The advantage of using dai amplifier in combination with d see material sample that ^. ^below

in that an extremely precise and self-stabilizing spectrometer is formed. Specifically, the transmission signal has an extremely small Linienbrate on the order of 6-10 "" Hz, and g ^ cherso example, the Maserverstarker ^{e "ne} .M ^me" * "r" ^e ^ _al the same order, so that a maximum Signal to noise ratio is obtained. In addition, by the Maseroszillator-amplifier ηαύ I immersed the sample to be examined in the same magnetic polarization field H ₀ , the transmitter and receiver circuits react to momentary slight fluctuations in the magnetic polarization field in such a way that the fluctuations in the magnetic polarization field are compensated and a precise, stable output resonance signal is obtained.

For this purpose 2 sheets of drawings

Claims (11)

. the atoms are atoms of hydrogen, Hg «». aM or Rb85, «7, 1. Atomic resonance device for regenerative 12. The device according to claim 11, characterized excited radiation emission with a vessel, characterized in that at least in the second Bedas a collection of gas atoms under a 5 rich the vessel in a known manner inside Contains pressure at which the dominant gas. provided with a non-relaxing lining limitation mechanism on successive. lowing gas-gas collisions based on an on-13. Device according to claims 7 direction with which the atomic cluster is optical and 11, characterized in that the elec- Pump radiation is fed to a certain io tric discharge essentially Imbalance energy states of the gas atoms to house the unlined area, and an electrical circuit is limited arrangement, the magnetic fields of which with the accumulation of gas atoms in the imbalance Energy states are so strongly coupled that the invention relates to atomic resonance devices a regeneratively excited radiation emission for regeneratively excited radiation emission that is excited by the accumulation of gas atoms, which are also referred to as "Maser" for short, and the characterized in that the vessel is used as a magnetometer, gradiometer, is divided by means of an interposed gas channel into frequency standard, atomic clock, spectrometer for gyro two areas, through which the diffu- ao magnetic resonance, current regulator and for others sion of gas atoms is restricted to that purpose. Pump radiation injected in the first area. There are already atomic resonance devices in this area becomes known and that the second area with the magnet type with a vessel became known, the one fields is coupled, the gas atoms in unequal-accumulation contains Garatome under a pressure, contains weight state, which from the first region as in which the dominant gas restriction mechanism are overdiffused, so that the radiating nism is based on successive gas-gas colli-atoms from the undesirable effects of the ions, what is briefly referred to as buffer gas restriction pumping products in the first region are separated. mechanism is referred to, a device with 2. Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the atomic cluster is optical pump radiation indicates that the second region of the vessel 30 is supplied in order to produce certain imbalances around the first region to produce energy states of the gas atoms, and 3. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, da- an electrical circuit arrangement, the M characterized in that the vascular areas gnetfelder with the accumulation of gas atoms in The imbalance energy states are so strongly connected to each other via at least one elongated tube, which are coupled at the entrance of the two, that a regeneratively stimulated aspiring vascular area has a constriction. Lung emission excited from the gas atom aggregation 4. Device according to claim 1, 2 or 3, is ("Proceedings of the IRE", March 1957, p. 291 characterized in that the second area and 314 ff.). is cooled. In this known device, the ac- 5. Apparatus according to claim 1, 3 or 4, 40 tive medium, d. H. the radiating part of the gas atoms, characterized in that a third vessel is provided in a common vessel both optically and stored or stored by means of a gas as well as with a buffer gas channel through which the diffusion of gas atoms is restricted for excited radiation emission. The is limited, with the second area is connected. Buffer gas is used to bind the pressure in the vessel and to keep the pressure 45 away from the second area high enough to the free path of the is arranged. keep radiating atoms smaller than the smallest 6. The device according to claim 5, characterized ge or transverse dimension of the vessel, so that the designation that the second and third area restriction mechanism is actually based on oneinon on different sides of the first area other successive gas-gas collisions without are arranged. 50 that the number of those to be stimulated or radiant 7. Device according to one of claims 1 atoms too high must be chosen. In this bebis 6, characterized in that in the first known device there were also many Area an electrical discharge stands, with the collisions between atoms in the imbalance atoms to the interaction with the optical. Energy state and certain metastable atoms, Pump radiation are excited. 55 caused by optical pumping 8. Device according to one of claims 1 to, so that the life of the radiating atoms up to 7, characterized in that the one coupled with the strongly shortened or their phase position of the radiating atoms very strongly combined was electrically perturbed. If the radiation life of the tric circle has a quality factor less than 10. Atom is short, the figure of merit of the 9. Device according to one of claims 1 to 60 radiating, ie in resonance system to 8, characterized in that the with the coupled electrical circuit to be extremely high, collection of radiating atoms coupled circle are for example at Q = 60,000. Such a high a cavity resonator is. The quality factor is extremely difficult in practice 10. Device according to one of claims 1 to be achieved. to 9, characterized in that the radiation 65 The invention is therefore intended to provide an atomic the atoms are He 'atoms. resonance device of the type mentioned above 11. Device according to one of claims 1 can be made joinable, in the collisions between to 9, characterized in that the radiating atoms, d. H. Resonance atoms in the