DE1471164A - - Google Patents

Description

1671164

Patent application
P 16 71 164.1-45
TSE, TSE and PIERARD

Munich, August 5, 1971 M / 8870

Process to make water-permeable building materials hydrophobic

The invention relates to a method of making water-permeable building materials hydrophobic or water-repellent make, on compositions for use according to this method and on hydrophobic ones prepared by means of it Construction materials.

It is generally accepted that, in addition to seismic effects, exposure to water causes more destruction and damage to building materials than any other known cause. In the following some typical examples are given of the very obvious effects of water on, on or in the interior of processed building materials, such as bricks, building blocks, plaster of paris and plasterboard, porcelain cement or calcareous concrete, wall blocks or the like.

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1. An extraordinarily large movement of moisture in materials that absorb water or are permeable to water.

2. The migration of water-soluble salts, especially in building concrete, which has effects such as:

a) Weathering as a result of the crystallization of salts that are transported to the surface of the building material will,

b) surface disfigurement as a result of carbonization of calcium salts, which as a result of leaching and Drying out can be accumulated on the surface, and

c) chipping due to crystallization of salts deposited in the building material.

3. An increasing erosion of water-permeable building materials.

4. Unpredictable changes in compressive and tensile strength.

5. Tearing of building materials from concrete and / or plaster of paris, what that The emergence of stresses and deformations in the materials causes and also has the consequence that the embedded Reinforcement is exposed to atmospheric corrosion.

6. Loss of insulating properties as a result of increased thermal Conductivity of the building materials due to the

; Presence of water and coldness of the floor / i <the brick · * · Uiid, concrete building as a result of the thermal ab- ^? ί · sorption urrd the lower temperature iqutgrun! the damp

INSPECTED

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attenuation on the "surfaces"

7 »Damage to layers of rubble, plastering and the like» as a result of the action of the «retained water, the water» water vapor and the movement of moisture within the Betoh database materials »

8. Condensation of atmospheric moisture on the interior walls of buildings, which leads to moisture and the development of various types of mold.

9 »Unpredictable shrinkage during drying and expansion when getting wet often causes permanent deformation »With lightweight concrete, such a shrinkage of tearing and bursting and opening the lies and one Destroy heartbeat to be accompanied.

tO. Decay of masonry and other building materials as a result of the cyclical freezing and thawing of the trapped water »

The Above Unwanted Properties Of Excessive Water and moisture permeability occur particularly in the highly porous and lightweight types of concrete used today on, as is the case with those containing pumice stone, perlite and vermiculite. «Accordingly, lightweight concrete products are based on proportions restricted where the local conditions are not excessively wet or otherwise exposed to the elements » When such products are used in wet conditions, very expensive surface treatments are required, to prevent excessive expansion of damage and deformations «Large sums of money are paid annually for the

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Efforts - issued the above damaging effects of moisture on permeable concrete and other permeable building materials and any measure / by which the moisture movement brought under control or stopped there must be considerable economic benefits.

Previous attempts to overcome the above-mentioned destructive The effects of water on building materials were concerned with removing calcareous substances such as lime and portland cement containing concrete and gypsum mortar, to be provided with separate or individual substances, those of fatty acids, * resin soaps or emulsified unsaponifiables Waxes were derived or contained such substances in order to achieve a water-repellent effect, for example became calcium stearate, aluminum stearate and magnesium stearate as well as the corresponding oleates, resinates and palmitates used separately in the form of dry powders for the purpose of To make building materials, especially portland cement concrete, water-resistant by mixing the dry Powder with dry cement, then adding dry aggregates with subsequent incorporation of Fill water.

Acid oil soaps diluted with water and sometimes ethyl alcohol have been used as additives for Portland cement mixes manufactured and placed on the market in order to achieve a certain water repellency of the end products. Made from stearic acid manufactured soaps have also been put on the market for the same purpose. Likewise, mixtures of water-soluble Soaps of fatty acids and silica gel and water-soluble alkali soaps made of resin as waterproofing agents sold for concrete.

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prbdbzierSri today PÖrtldHäz ^ men +, IH Up to Ο, ί% Üiättfi incorporated Ut; ÖigiSs product will ilf <i§ (ti ifrisführerH imprint "wtitor-pföoF'-Z ^ äh * tSmlflt)

WirfesdHikfeit to the jitzf §f ¥ * §RäitiH soaps, se ökötS and Ötfcatbt * ¥ hüft§i 8H dei: fttWas willküriicHen Äüsfällühg hydrophobit Sfeiferi water-insoluble by action of dU Inetöiiischer cations hdbtstsöchlich calcium, from, UU vbiri Portläridzement or KdIIc werdöri delivered. The results were different, because a complete dispersion of the soaps could not be achieved, which leads to a lack of water resistance in different places. Moreover, the deposited from water-insoluble Metdllseiferi coatings in allgemeitieh brittle and adhere to the individual particles you verfertigten Öaumateriaiien only insufficient, so that permanent 4im ¹ Vfasserdbstoßung under deri cyclic Witterürigselnflüssen of Ntissfe dryness UHD is not ensured.

Other water-repellent currently in use are paraffin wax emulsions, cerdcine, ozokerite, bitumen, synthetic Resin emulsions and also water-soluble silicates. Apart from that of the water-soluble silicates, these water-repellent ones are based Does not mean on a chemical precipitate with conversion of soluble substances into insoluble water barriers. Your effectiveness in giving water resistance is mainly due to their ability to mechanically move water to complicate. The effect of the members of this group depends mainly on the size and distribution of the emulsion spheres

Despite many such attempts, a completely satisfactory one To develop water repellant for portland cement products and concrete, many problems existji # iij & fi ^ ifmgjl · ntQeH with

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** SA ns

To EihdringeH of waters in ejiisi HätirialiiH viirbbRdeh

ÜnterschitäiicHts ühd ö # riüf vÖrÜrÜrÜr§ndg effectiveüH§feH, the ÄHwÖnduncj * öH yiölÄH tiiesör bökdnriteH Iiäs * 8r8bsίölenden MiUeI iur Föl§§ höt> IiHd haüpUdfchligh füt Continuation of the interisitfen FöfsfchuHg according to VörbessefbH§ difesem technical area covered.

The invention is based on the object of reporting or reducing the above-mentioned destructive effects of Wbssdr in a wide range of water-permeable building materials with both consideration of the many existing types of lightweight concrete - their aggregates on a commercial economic basis within acceptable limits and thereby the Use or increase the fertilization possibilities of such building materials.

In contrast to the previously known procedure, the method according to the invention comprises water-permeable ¹ * building materials, as described below, hydrophobic to irtacheri, the following * steps: Impregnation of the building materials mentioned with vain impregnating agent, which essentially consists of an emulsion of saponified wax spheres in an aqueous one Solution of water-soluble soap or water-soluble soaps and also contains a compatible antioxidant / conversion of the water-soluble soaps into water-insoluble metal soaps by contacting the impregnated building material with a precipitating agent, which essentially consists of an aqueous solution of a water-soluble metal salt or water-soluble. Metal salts consists, where the metallic cation or the metallic Katianeqrd the formation of water-insoluble chemicals. cause tallseifen} and finally drying of the resulting hydrophobic,; BquB> ater LaIs * · -..., ■

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The application of the method according to the present invention extends equally to the surfaces of building materials and to the surfaces of building material aggregates from which such building materials are produced in a manner known per se. Accordingly, that used in the present description and claims relates j Term "water-permeable building materials" both on lightweight j building material aggregates from the group of naturally occurring i lightweight aggregates, such as pumice stone, volcanic ash, slag, j diatomaceous earth and pearlitic rhyolite, artificially stretched or sintered lightweight aggregates such as those made from j perlite, vermiculite , glass agate, slate, shale, furnace slag, clay, treated cellulosic materials such as fibers, sawdust, wood chips and shavings when uuch on bauma ■ terialien from the group masonry, building blocks from portland cement »· or cement concrete units produced as e.g. plaster, j Mö Belts, wall blocks, roof and floor tiles, wall panels, T-beams, beams, pipes and cement-asbestos sheets, cuboids and panels, plaster products, including ceiling and wall panels, molds and fittings, sorel cement and pozzolan cement products.

The method according to the invention is advantageously used in particular In addition, the lightweight building material aggregates listed in the previous section are hydrophobic, i.e. water-repellent to make, whereby these substances can be used e.g. for the production of lightweight concrete, that is concrete with a Weight on the approximate order of 0.48 to 2.08 g / cm (30 to 130 pounds per cubic foot) while the conventional types of concrete generally have a weight of 2.24 to 2.40 g / cm; (140 to 150 pounds per cubic foot) contain these lightweight aggregates can also be used as components of plaster or Parisian plaster for interior cladding,

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Wall panels, cast or sawn T-beams or the like., With a certain degree of water resistance, combined with lightness and high thermal insulation properties are an advantage are.

The impregnating agent used in the method according to the invention consists essentially of one Emulsion of unsaponified wax spheres in an aqueous solution of water-soluble soap or soaps and also contains a compatible one Antioxidants. It is made by alkaline saponification of a suitable wax or composition made from waxes and fatty acids, which also contain the compatible antioxidant.

Suitable alkalis or alkaline substances for this saponification consist of alkali metal hydroxides, e.g. sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide and amines, such as e.g. morpholine, mono-, di- and triethanolamine and the like.

Suitable waxes or compositions of waxes and fatty acids are those which are properly controlled Saponification in the presence of water will form a water-soluble soap or water-soluble soaps, accompanied by an unsaponifiable one Wax or unsaponifiable wax fractions which remain in the end product in the form of a stable emulsion. As a result the composition of waxes and / or fatty acids must include at least one compound selected from the following Groups selected: partially saponifiable waxes, mixtures of saponifiable fatty acids and unsaponifiable waxes and mixtures from saponifiable and unsaponifiable waxes.

The saponifiable waxes can be completely saponifiable, e.g. the completely saponifiable vegetable wax Japan wax or partially saponifiable, such as the partially saponifiable plant

1671164

Unsaponifiable waxes are, for example, paraffin wax, ceresin, refined paraffin products, ozokerite or the like. In both last classes some bitumens may be represented »if unsaponifiable Waxes used in the preparation of the impregnating agent can include dispersants such as abietic acid or rosin can be used. These waxes, which are resistant to emulsification, can by Use of triethanolamine stearate to be emulsified.

Saponifiable fatty acids include oleic acid or oleic acid, stearic acid, Palmitic acid or the like. one. These fatty acids are fully saponifiable to make water soluble soaps, e.g. Ammonium oleate, palmitate or stearate, which thanks to their wetting agent properties support the dispersion of the wax beads.

Additional water-soluble soaps to aid manufacture a stable emulsion of unsaponifiable wax or unsaponifiable wax fractions can be achieved by saponifying rosin or resin acid or acids derived therefrom are formed.

The choice of waxes and any fatty acids for saponification and their proportions to one another largely depend on the requirements placed on the impregnation agent, as well as of the properties of the building material to be treated with it, as well as the availability and price of the Components.

A preferred composition of waxes and fatty acids for making impregnating agents, useful with most Silicone and cellulose additives, is the composition of rosin resin, Japan wax, carnauba wax and oleic acid or Olein. Japan wax is light and completely saponified, carnauba

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wax is only partially saponified and the water-soluble soaps from the saponification of the resin and oleic acid or of the olein support the emulsification of the unsaponifiable wax part of the carnauba wax.

Any selected composition of waxes and any Fatty acids are saponified with alkali or alkaline substance in a manner known per se, for example by heating in the presence of water. The proportion of the alkali or alkaline substance used should be sufficient to fully saponify the fatty acids present in waxes and any free fatty acids. The saponification Must be done with vigorous stirring in order to emulsify the unsaponifiable wax or the unsaponifiable wax fractions to ensure the completion of the saponification and emulsification process, and in the last stage of manufacture of the impregnation agent, the emulsion is stabilized by rapid hardening of the hot, soft wax beads Addition of cold water achieved. Rapid cooling of the soft wax is required in order to agglomerate or Prevent the wax globules from melting together.

If deemed desirable or necessary, an emulsion stabilizer can be added at this point to improve the To increase viscosity and to ensure that the strong dispersion of the wax emulsion during prolonged storage of the Product is retained. Suitable emulsion stabilizers are protective colloids, which gelatin, casein, acacia gum, Hydroxymethyl or ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyvinyl polymers, polyacrylates and the like. Contain. If it seems advantageous to use a protective colloid, it is advisable to use a suitable antiseptic, such as sodium pentachlorophenate Or the like. To add to the composition.

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If waxes, fatty acids and fatty acid soaps, whether water-soluble or not exposed to ultraviolet radiation, they are subject to oxidation and rapid decay. It must therefore a stable and compatible antioxidant must be included in the impregnation agent, both to protect the same from destruction to protect, as well as the resilience of the water-insoluble metal soap that is finally precipitated to increase compared to oxidation. A preferred antioxidant 1st butylated hydroxytoluene, which is present in the impregnating agent at a concentration of one millionth can be.

The precipitating agent for use in the method according to the invention consists essentially of an aqueous solution one or more water-soluble metal salts, wherein the metallic cation or the metallic cations the formation of water-insoluble Effect metal soaps. Accordingly, when the precipitating agent is incorporated into an impregnating agent or is brought into contact with this in another way, the water-soluble ones Alkali soaps of the same are converted into a hydrophobic precipitate of water-insoluble metal salts.

Such suitable water-soluble metal salts contain calcium chloride, Barium chloride, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, aluminum sulfate and the like.

The following examples illustrate the preparation of impregnating and precipitating agents. It goes without saying that such Things like choosing a particular composition of matter to make some kind of connection from an appreciation depends on certain requirements, which the concrete expert wants to be taken into account. These special circumstances can go through slight modification can be taken into account. It is therefore understood that the invention is not limited to those indicated

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Examples'or the choice of substances or the quantity tasks are limited.

example 1

A general composition for a waterproofing agent is the following:

Resin H 2.5 weight percent Japan wax 1 _f 5 " Carnauba wax 1.0 "

oleic acid 2.5 percent by volume

Ammonia 8.0 "

(0.88 specific weight)

Antioxidants

butylated hydroxytoluene 0.1 percent by weight water to make up to 100 percent by volume.

The weighed solids and the measured amount of oleic acid or oleic is added to 50 ml of water and the mixture heated to a temperature of approximately 95 ° C. to completely melt the additives. With constant stirring, 6 ml of a strong ammonia solution are carefully added in small doses. The mixture is then heated for about 15 minutes and then cooled to a temperature of about 70.degree. At this point another 2 ml of a strong ammonia solution is added with stirring. The mixture is then immediately brought to a total volume of 100 ml by quickly adding cold water. This impregnation agent is stable under normal storage conditions.

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3.0 Weight percent 3.0 Volume percentage 1.5 Weight percent 2.0 If 1.5 Il OJ Il 4 ml 3 ml

Example 2

Rosin resin

oleic acid or oleic

Wool fat

Japan wax Carnauba wax

butylated hydroxytoluene

concentrated ammonium

Hydroxide solution 88 N Tetra-hydro-1-4-oxazine Water to make up to a total volume of 200 ml. Working method:

The waxes, resin, oleic acid or oleic acid and the antioxidant are heated with 100 ml of water at about 90 ° C. and stirred until the waxes, resin and oleic acid or oleic acid or oleic are completely melted. To avoid gelatinization, it is important to ensure that there is always an excess of ammonium hydroxide in this product. By heating with constant stirring, the temperature of the mixture is raised to about 95 ° C. The temperature of the mixture is lowered to 70 to 80 ⁰ C by allowing the mixture with constant stirring to cool, and then sufficient cold water is Added rapidly to bring the volume in ml 200th

In industrial production, waxes, oleic acid or olein lanolin or wool fat, butylated hydroxytoluene melted together and into blocks of suitable size and / or suitable Weight can be poured or granulated. A wax dispersing silicone resin similar to that used for automobiles or furniture polishes can replace the wool grease in the above composition. Gersthofen or Candalilla or the like. Hard waxes can take the place of Carnauha-

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kicking wax. Beeswax, such as ceresin and ozokerite, can Replace Japan wax in whole or in part. From the foregoing it is evident that a wide range of simple compound and derived fat-like substances and waxes synthetic or artificial, animal, mineral or of vegetable origin can replace some of the components mentioned. It goes without saying that, Quite apart from the above emulsions, combinations of finished emulsions, like those of other saturated ones Paraffinic hydrocarbons, which can be added for the sake of simplicity; for example, commercially available Paraffin wax emulsions can be mixed with the above product if this appears desirable. It should be noted. that changes in temperature should be made in accordance with the choice of material in order to avoid differences in the physical properties balance.

Example 3

A preferred composition for a concentrated waterproofing agent is the following:

Rosin grade N 25.0 g Japan wax 15.0 g Carnauba wax 10.0 g

Oleic acid 25.0 ml

Sodium hydroxide 12.0 g

butylated hydroxytoluene 0.1 g

Water is added to make up to 1000 ml.

The weight of the solids and the measured volume of oleic acid are added to 300 ml of water and the mixture is heated to a boil to completely absorb the waxes

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melt. The sodium hydroxide is separately dissolved in 25 ml of water and this solution is then added in small doses to the molten wax while constantly stirring with a mechanical mixer. The mixture is then boiled for about 45 minutes and then cooled to a temperature of 60 ° C. The mixture is immediately brought to a total volume of 1000 ml by quickly adding cold water. Throughout the above procedure it is important to ensure complete saponification and emulsion. The mixture must be subjected to constant and effective mechanical mixing at all times from the initial melting stage of the wax to final emulsification and cooling.

Rapid cooling of the softened wax is necessary to get a To prevent agglomeration or melting of the wax beads and it may be necessary to use a special highly effective Provide mixing and cooling equipment to ensure that optimum particle size is obtained during emulsification.

For economic or other reasons it may be necessary to replace other components with similar properties of those indicated in the above preferred composition, for example candalilla wax the place of carnauba wax. A mixture of beeswax and hard ceresin can also replace carnauba wax.

Other alkalis or alkaline substances, such as ammonia or potassium hydroxide or triethanolamine, can be used because of their equivalence replace the same with sodium hydroxide in the above formula.

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Example -4

The preferred composition for a concentrated precipitate solution consists:

Aluminum sulphate with a weight of 200 g Al «(SO *)« · Water is added until a total volume of 1000 ml is reached;

or optionally from:

- Zinc sulfate ZnSO * .7ΗλΟ can be in the same concentration as stated above to be used, preferably new portland cement and in particular to treat surfaces made of fiber pebble with it.

Barium chloride can also be used in the same concentration find when treating gypsum or sorel cement surfaces should be.

The precipitation solution should be stored in plastic containers.

In short, the method of the invention consists of one Impregnation of water-permeable building material with an impregnation agent, followed by contacting the impregnated building material with a precipitant. The actual The mode of action of this process can change or be different, depending on whether the building material to be treated is a manufactured building material or a building material surcharge.

In the case of some lightweight construction material supplements, it can be an advantage, and even necessary, to impregnate under vacuum. The porous one The aggregate is in an airtight container and is covered by the impregnating agent. From the closed container air is sucked out and if stuck through an inspection opening

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is made so that no more air bubbles from the covered surcharge rise, the inside of the container is opened to the atmosphere. This causes the in open tubes or cavities air contained or trapped between the minerals of the aggregate expelled under vacuum and through the Replaced impregnation agent when atmospheric pressure prevails again. As a rule, the efficiency for the application is good when the impregnating agent prepared according to one of Examples 1 to 3 is diluted with so much water that 40 parts by volume develop. The precipitant according to Example 4 ** will be diluted to the same extent with water if it is used in this process. The excess waterproofing agent is peeled off and the aggregate is immersed in the precipitate solution long enough to produce the desired precipitate ensure a hydrophobic layer. In practice it has been found that for some naturally occurring lightweight additives the second treatment stage need not necessarily be carried out under vacuum conditions.

The treated particles of the aggregate are strained again and oven-dried or atmospheric-drying at low temperature (40 to 45 ° C) to remove residual water and allow the precipitation film to adhere to the surface of the aggregate. When drying the treated aggregate its maximum water repellency develops. The temperature should not be used at any time during curing or drying of the treated product rise to the melting point of the deposited hydrophobic film or above.

Where the costs of heating are not significant, can the first or impregnation stage can often be accomplished by immersing the aggregate in a hot solution for a sufficient length of time The impregnant is dipped to remove the trapped air and the aggregate settles while it is still in the Liquid is immersed. cools down.

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Where the manufacture of treated aggregates is not limited by demands for space saving or rapid output is, the lightweight aggregates can be impregnated by simply dipping into the impregnating agent, for example by the aggregates are held in a slowly rotating perforated or screen-walled container, which is in a with the impregnant filled tank is immersed, wherein the Aggregate preferably does not fill more than half of the container. The concentration of the impregnating agent is set so that that an aggregate coating or film of desired thickness is obtained; the immersion time must be long enough to ensure that all surfaces of the aggregate are coated.

A number of lightweight aggregates including some pumice stones and vermiculite can be impregnated by leaving the aggregate and the impregnating agent for a predetermined time be mixed for a long time, for example in a concrete mixer.

To the disadvantage of excess residual water that is in any Step must be eliminated, porous aggregates can be avoided by a suitable spraying process with the impregnating agent treated, the latter being sprayed into a cylinder or chamber through which or through which the aggregates fall through as a result of gravity. This method enables sufficient particle coating without the disadvantage of excess in the aggregate absorbed water.

The precipitating agent can be used in a similar manner and immediately after the above treatment. With the one described above The spray method should reduce the concentration of the impregnation or Precipitation agent approximately a part of the after one of the Examples prepared compositions of five parts of water

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In the field of concrete engineering it is known that the properties of aggregates can be very different, even if the materials come from the same extraction point come. The composition and concentration of the impregnating and precipitating agent should therefore be based on practical tests with each batch of material being treated, factors such as porosity and reactivity should be determined to determine the surface, or it may be necessary to cast suitable test units, which are tested are supposed to find the most favorable composition for the treatment process to experience.

The lightweight aggregates made hydrophobic in accordance with the present invention can be stored for an indefinite period of time and, whenever desired, in any of the normal uses of lightweight aggregates Find use, for example, in the production of lightweight concrete by means of conventional concrete production processes · The The resulting lightweight construction materials show remarkable properties, such as increased water resistance, very resistant pressure and tensile strength (comparable to a water: cement ratio that in compact concrete), moderate shrinkage and good thermal conductivity coefficients as well as desirable acoustic and good fire protection properties.

In the case of manufactured building materials, the impregnation and precipitation agents by any suitable coating process, for example by spraying, roller coating, Brushing, buffing and dipping applied to the surface of building materials.

For the treatment of such surfaces as masonry, porous building blocks, cellulosic walls and ceiling panels and panels,

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Gypsum boards and panels, fiber pebbles and asbestos cement products, as well as substances containing Portland cement, is the concentration of the impregnating and precipitating agents used, preferably a part of those according to one of the examples prepared compositions to 20 parts of water.

In certain cases it may be desirable and advantageous to the surface of building materials, e.g. the surface of masonry, natural building blocks, clay bricks and pipes, with a To pretreat precipitation agent and preferably a further application of the precipitation agent after impregnation with the impregnation agent. This is particularly the case in the case of cement-free surfaces that are heavily saturated with carbon dioxide Building materials pretreated with advantage with a precipitation solution of twice the concentration as recommended above can be.

Fresh cementitious building materials such as Portland cement concrete and fiber pebbles can contain calcium or even aluminum salts common to cement, and such salts help the hydrophobic metal soaps to precipitate from the impregnating agent. The situation is similar with the calcium hydroxide present in fresh lime mortar gypsum. Moreover, such an "internal" reflected in cementitious materials can be formed by a preliminary treatment with hydrochloric acid in place, which is desirable especially in old concrete surfaces where the calcium salts have been saturated with carbon dioxide.

The penetration of both the impregnation and precipitation agents In permeable building materials can be facilitated and it can be a deeper penetration by using aqueous Achieve ethanol or methanol as a diluent for the compositions prepared according to the examples.

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The method according to the invention gives the treated building materials and, in the case of treated aggregates, the building materials made from them have a greater degree of water repellency and resistance to the destructive effects of water than would be the case with untreated building materials. this is shown in Example 5 below.

Furthermore, the end product produced by the method according to the present invention is more durable, more homogeneous and more resistant against water than this by using simple compositions of fatty acids, ready-made water-insoluble ones Metallic soaps or preferred emulsions would be possible by any of the methods known per se.

It is believed that this water repellency or resistance to water is the direct result of the controlled physical and chemical reaction that takes place during the operation of the process of the invention. The water-soluble soap or soaps in the impregnation agent not only support the emulsification of the unsaponified wax spheres, but also spread over the material when used on porous building material and form an even adhesive layer on it and facilitate the entry of the wax spheres into the pores and tubes of the material. When treated with the precipitating agent, the water-soluble soaps are converted into a permanent and firmly adhering film of water-insoluble metal soaps, which give the treated fabrics hydrophobic properties as they age and dry out after the treatment. Such films are softer, more flexible, more durable and more adhesive than any films produced by a known process, because they also hold the wax spheres in place, which have both water-repellent properties and the passage of water through the pores and tubes of the treated material! hinder. ^!

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Example 5

This example shows the water-repellent effect that can be achieved by the method according to the invention. The procedure was at the Treatment of carefully sorted, locally sourced Pumice aggregate and its mixture with Portland cement used to make test trials.

The pattern of the sorted pumice stone was divided into two parts, one of which was treated by the above procedure and the other was left unchanged. Every lot was Portland cement added in the proportion of one part cement to five parts aggregate.

Simple water was added until the plasticity was desired was achieved. It was found that the amount of water required for this is considerable in the case of the untreated aggregate was larger than the treated sample.

The cement-aggregate mix was then poured into molds and set aside to set. For further comparison, was a block consisting of sand and cement in a ratio of 1: 5 is also poured into a mold and set aside to harden.

After curing, the molds were removed and each specimen was air dried until its weight remained the same would. The three test specimens were then completely immersed in a water bath for a period of 48 hours. The specimens were then surface dried and weighed to determine the change in weight. The following were found Results:

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Treated pumice stone Water absorption 5.2 % Sand cement "6.0 %

Untreated pumice stone "40.3 %

It should be noted that no water repellent was added to the fill water used in the experiment.

The results clearly show that the water absorption of the treated Pumice stone is comparable to that of a dense aggregate. Such treated aggregates can therefore can be used in concrete mixers with a minimum requirement of full water. This precise setting of the water-cement ratio Mixtures of porous aggregate and Portland cement inevitably result in improved and reduced final strengths Shrinkage, shorter drying times and a significant reduction in overall costs. The same patterns were used during has been subjected to humidifying and drying cycles for the past two years without any noticeable change in the Absorption properties would have resulted.

As already stated, the hydrophobic properties, which the lightweight construction material aggregates obtained by treatment by means of the method according to the invention, including those from Transferring such aggregates manufactured building materials.

It has also already been disclosed that the hydrophobic properties Can be transferred to compact concrete if the method according to the invention is used for aggregates such as rock, Stone, quartz, various silicates, broken marble and bricks, crushed stone and sand, before or during the production of concrete from these aggregates applies. The process rarely requires more than working the impregnant into the aggregate with thorough mixing, drying of the so coated

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th aggregate, repeating the process using the precipitating agent and again drying the obtained hydrophobically coated aggregate. If very concentrated solutions of the impregnating agent are used the drying can even be dispensed with as unnecessary and the treatment with the precipitating agent can take place immediately.

The impregnation and precipitation agents can even be used with dense concrete aggregates or those with low porosity they should be included in the manufacturing process by simply adding them one after the other to the filling water and then proceed in the usual way during the concrete production, as can be seen in the following example: To three Quarter of the known amount of fill water required for a normal concrete mix becomes the concentrated waterproofing agent at a ratio of 1 to 80 kg (1 pint to every 100 pounds) of the Cement used in the mixer is added. Then the cement and aggregate are added and mixed thoroughly. When the mixture is uniform and plastic, 0.568 l (one pint) of the concentrated precipitating agent is added and thoroughly incorporated into the mixture. Small amounts of water can now be added to a desired level of workability and slump.

A similar procedure can be followed when mixing plaster of paris and mortar, however, it should be remembered that less water is required in this mixture due to the particle-lubricating effect of the additive is. After the freshly made concrete has been poured into molds, it is important to take care that during no significant water loss occurs during setting and hardening. That is, a significant loss of water in the hardening stage would lead to the development of the water-repellent nature get in motion ahead of time, thereby reducing the normal course of the

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Prevents cement hydration and seriously jeopardizes the development of any expected or required compressive strength would. Freshly poured concrete should be kept away from the air's carbon dioxide and moisture loss by means of cover a polyethylene or vinyl chloride coating. Forms of all kinds should be covered so effectively that the Moisture is practically retained almost 100%.

10985 ^ / 0298

Claims (18)

1671164 Ρα ten tan s ρ r U che 1 · Process, water-permeable building materials hydrophobic to make, characterized by the impregnation of the building materials with an impregnating agent, which essentially from an emulsion of unsaponified wax spheres in an aqueous solution · of water-soluble soap or water-soluble soaps and also contains a compatible antioxidant, converting the water-soluble soaps into water-insoluble ones Metallic soaps by contacting the impregnated building material with a precipitant which is essentially consists of an aqueous solution of a water-soluble metal salt or water-soluble metal salts, the metallic cation or the metallic cations cause the formation of water-insoluble metallic soaps, and finally Drying the obtained hydrophobic building material. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the water-permeable building material from the group of naturally occurring lightweight aggregates, such as pumice stone, volcanic Ash, slag, kieselguhr and perlitrhyolite, the artificially stretched or sintered, e.g. made of perlite, Vermiculite, glass agate, slate, slate clay, furnace slag and clay can be produced as lightweight aggregates as well as treated Cellulosic substances such as fibers, sawdust, wood splinters and shavings, selected lightweight construction material aggregate is. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the water-permeable building material is a manufactured building material is from the group that includes masonry, building blocks and structural units which can be produced from Portland cement concrete or cement such as plaster, mortar, ashlar stones, roof tiles and 109851/0298 1671164 floor tiles, wall panels, T-beams, beams, pipes and Cement knot boards, blocks and panels, plaster products, including ceiling and wall panels, shapes and shaped pieces, as well as sorel and pozzolan cement products. 4. The method according to claim 2, characterized by immersing the lightweight construction material aggregate in the impregnation agent, Removing the excess impregnating agent from the impregnated aggregate obtained, immersing the latter in the precipitant, draining off the excess Precipitating agent from the hydrophobic aggregate obtained and drying the latter. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the lightweight construction material aggregate in the impregnating agent below Vacuum is immersed 6. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the lightweight construction material aggregate falling under the action of gravity successively first sprayed with the impregnating agent and then with the precipitating agent and then the hydrophobic aggregate thus obtained is dried. 7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the finished building material successively first with the impregnating agent and then coated with the precipitating agent and then the hydrophobically coated building material obtained in this way is dried. 8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the manufactured building material is cementitious and transforming the water-soluble soaps of the impregnating agent in hydrophobic water-insoluble metal soaps partly through the im cementitious building material already existing or by means of a 10 9851/0298 1671164 prior treatment of the cementitious building material with a hydrochloric acid solution is carried out on the spot formed callions. 9. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the finished building material successively first with the precipitation agent, then coated with the impregnating agent and then again, if necessary, with the precipitating agent and then the resulting hydrophobically coated building material is dried. 10. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the impregnating agent is prepared by saponifying at least one composition, from the partially saponifiable waxes, Geraische from saponifiable fatty acids and unsaponifiable waxes as well as mixtures was selected from a group containing saponifiable and unsaponifiable waxes and also a compatible antioxidant with an alkali, the latter being selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide and alkalines tall hydroxides, e.g. sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, morpholine, mono-, di- and triethanolamine. 11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the partially saponifiable waxes from Japan wax, carnauba wax, beeswax and candalilla wax are selected. 12. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the unsaponifiable waxes are selected from the group comprising paraffin waxes, ceresin, refined paraffin products, and ozokerite are. 109851/0298 1671164 13. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the Fatty acids are selected from the group comprising oleic acid or oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. 14. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that the composition is a mixture of rosin resin, Japan wax, Is carnauba wax and oleic acid or oleic. 15. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the compatible antioxidant is butylated hydroxytoluene. 16. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impregnating agent also contains an emulsion stabilizing agent which from gelatin, casein, acacia gum, hydroxyethyl or -ethyl celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxy vinyl polymers and polyacrylates comprehensive group of protective colloids is selected. 17. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the impregnation agent is essentially based on the particular in Examples 1 to 3 described way is produced. 18. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the precipitating agent contains an aqueous solution of at least one salt which from the aluminum sulfate, zinc sulfate, calcium chloride, zinc chloride and barium chloride is selected. ^v · 1 0 98 51/0 29 8