DE1126038B - Method and device for increasing the energy of electrically charged particles - Google Patents

Description

GERMAN

PATENT OFFICE

U 6141 VIHc / 21g

REGISTRATION DATE: 22 A P R I L 1959

NOTICE
THE REGISTRATION
AND ISSUE OF
EDITORIAL: MARCH 22, 1962

The invention relates to a method for increasing the energy of electrically charged particles and for compressing it into a high temperature plasma, being in an evacuated space an axially symmetrical magnetic field with axially spaced, gradient-wise reinforced reflector field areas and electrically charged particles are provided in the field.

Thermonuclear reactions are possible in a suitable fuel plasma if it is possible to heat this plasma to the very high temperature required for such fusion processes and to enclose by means of magnetic fields. For example, a device that is called »Pyrotron« has become known, uses an axially symmetrical magnetic field with great advantage in which Generated at a distance from each other areas of increasing field strength or reflector field areas are formed, whereby a confinement zone for the radial and axial delimitation of a plasma is formed will. The containment magnetic field is then appropriately adjusted, for example by increasing its overall strength, resulting in a greater increase in the field strength in the reflector field areas promotes and / or interacts therewith a shift of the reflector field areas along the axis of the field. To the plasma confined within the containment zone magnetic forces are exerted, which compress the plasma radially as well as axially with a corresponding adiabatic heating of the plasma particles and cause the reaction substance ions force you to stay in a sharply demarcated area. The aim of these measures is to to heat the plasma particles to a kinetic temperature necessary for the initiation and / or the Maintaining a thermonuclear reaction at the appropriate ion density is required.

Because the adiabatic heating of the plasma particles by the magnetic field due to the increase in the field strength is conditioned, the achievable temperature increase is practically due to various material-related and design limitations in currently available devices for producing Limited magnetic fields. For example, the maximum achievable field strength is determined by the amount of the electrical Energy in capacitor banks or in equivalent storage devices for very high Energies for generating a magnetic field that increases over time can be stored and the can be very large, limited. Furthermore, lead when the energy required to build up the magnetic field Method and device

to increase energy

electrically charged particles

Applicant:

United States Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown, Md. (V. St. A.)

Representative: Dr.-Ing. W. Abitz, patent attorney, Munich 27, Gaußstr. 6th

Claimed priority: V. St. v. America April 22, 1958 (No. 730 757)

Milton Milford Hill, Livermore, Calif.,

and Donald Frederick Martin,

Pleasant Hill, Calif. (V. St. Α.),

have been named as inventors

the mechanical and electrical stresses caused thereby increases to a very great extent difficult structural and insulation problems in the windings.

It follows from this that an essential advantage can be achieved if the reaction substance plasma is introduced into the magnetic confinement field in a "preheated" state; d. H. in a plasma state in which the ionized particles are relatively one prior to being introduced into the field have high kinetic temperature. With sufficiently high kinetic temperatures initially of the plasma particles can do this when they are enclosed in the confined volume of the magnetic field are, a reaction with little or no additional heating from adiabatic compression, as brought about, for example, by an increase in the surrounding magnetic field initiate and / or entertain.

The object of the invention is therefore to provide an improved method and an improved device for injecting and confining as well as heating a plasma.

The injection method according to the invention consists essentially in the fact that a "cool" plasma,

209 520/346

d. H. a plasma in which the ionized particles are device for establishing an axially symmetrical, radially relatively low energy, in a radially inhomogeneous magnetic field with in the axial direction Inhomogeneous, axially symmetrical magnetic field brought apart and intensified in a gradient is accelerated, the plasma particles in the magnetic field reflector field areas is provided, a device and heated by their kinetic energy 5 device for generating an electrical current, is increased, and the accelerated ionized part - which is the device for erecting the magnet in the axial central areas as a preheated field with plasma on as a function of time be limited to a reaction with only increasing current excited and that with time decreasing or no subsequent heating, producing an increasing inhomogeneous magnetic field, and one for example through adiabatic compression, the io plasma generating device that works with the evader mentioned manner takes place and in a radially kuierten zone communicates to one out homogeneous magnetic field is carried out, bringing about the equatorial ring formed coaxial to the plasma to lead. Magnetic field and in a transverse center-according to the invention this is achieved in that plane between the reflector field areas to ground Magnetic field is inhomogeneous in the radial direction, 15 testify.

the magnetic field strength increased over time Using the figures, the invention is exemplified

and the electrically charged particles are explained in a way. It shows

Ring zone are generated, the magnetic field in Fig. 1A graphical representation of the spatial

Center plane between the reflector field areas surrounding distribution of the radially inhomogeneous magnetic

so that the particles under the influence of the Ma- 20 see injection field and

gnetfeldes from the ring zone spirally radially according to Fig. IB a graphical representation of an example inside to the axial area of the magnetic field between the profile of the magnetic field strength in the axial direction of the reflector field areas migrate, whereby direction for a given radius of the field, whereby the energy of the particles is increased and these, the part B of Fig. 1 in the corresponding position, collect as a high-temperature plasma. 25 is shown half of part A of FIG. 1,

Another feature of the invention is, Fig. 2 is a graph of the radial that this method is based on accelerated ions or profile of the magnetic field strength of the injection electrons is applied to a corresponding field according to FIG. 1,

the high-energy charged particle beam to FIG. 3 is a graph showing the change

Application of suitable interceptor materials 30 of the strength of the axial magnetic field, based on the

to generate what the generation of a strong X-ray time for the magnetic field according to Fig. 1,

gene flow, of neutrons or other particles to FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the spatial

Result has the distribution of the magnetic injection field used for different purposes after

can be. FIG. 1 after a time Δ t _v as in FIG. 3 has elapsed.

The method according to the invention is provided in Va- 35,

kuum carried out, i.e. in an area, from Fig. 5 a partially schematic view in the transverse softness of foreign neutral gaseous substances excerpt of a preferred embodiment of an inadequate are evacuated to accelerate the injection process to enable charged particles. according to the invention,

In this way, the injected particles can be treated with a preferred device for an intruder Energy are communicated that such a jector according to FIG. 5 to achieve an optimum radial field inhomogeneity is chosen so that that of the radial inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, Plasma particles many revolutions with a large radius in Fig. 7 is a sectional view along the line 7-7 of the their movement on the spiral-shaped paths Fig. 5, which the structural details of a run inside. The particles therefore revolve around 45 novel ring plasma sources, as required for the invention A substantial part of the entire enclosure is used, represents a magnetic flux, which is a relatively large figure. FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of a before-increase the energy or kinetic temperature related circuit for excitation of the ring plasma source, of the particles, so that a "preheated" Fig. 9 is a sectional view, partly in schematic plasma is obtained, which is limited in the axial center 50 table representation, a preferred embodiment of the magnetic field. The preheated form of the injector that is used for injecting one Plasma can thus possibly be converted into an additional reaction energy-rich fuel plasma ignition temperature, d. H. on the kinetic temperature pyrotron is used, whose magnetic reversal or be brought to the ion energy, which closure field is generated so that it is the injector Initiation of a reaction at a given 55 tion field superimposed, and

Particle density is appropriate, with only one shown. B. by an adiabatic table representation, a preferred embodiment compression in the manner described or no shape of the injector, as is required for injecting a further heating. Such adiabatic, high-energy fuel plasma processes in the axial direction can be carried out in situ during the time that an additional pyrotron is used, during which the magnetic field is homogeneous. Isotopes of water, or in the inhomogeneous field of another substance, in particular deuterium (D) and tritium (T), advises. are suitable and preferred fusion fuels; The invention also provides an apparatus for 65 other light elements and isotopes, e.g. B. He ³ , Li, carrying out the inventive method Be and others from which refer to the light nuclei, which comprises: Devices for producing a related part of the mass defect curve selected evacuated zone in which an excitable device are also elements, either individually or

+ T- T ± P + 4.0 MeV D. Hes _ > He ⁴ + η + 17.6 MeV + *. He ⁴ + P + 18.3 MeV

5 6

mixes, fusion fuels. For example, magnetic heating tables' processes are elevated several primary and secondary reactions, which will be, then the possibility to initiate and Deuterium undergoes a thermonuclear reaction in a suitable environment follows: give, the reaction then with the exothermic

He ³ 4- η 4- 3 25 MeV ⁵ ^ ⁸⁰ ^ ¹¹ release an extraordinarily high

^ 'Amount of energy can continue, the un-

50% / indirectly into usable electrical energy or medium

/ bar can be converted by an auxiliary device

D + D <^ den can. It should be noted that under »adiaba-

¹⁰ ti ^scner magnetic heating ”is to be understood here as a process by which the energy of a charged particle is increased by interaction with a magnetic field, whereby the helical

and path of the particle has a constant amount of

¹ S gnetfluss encloses, regardless of the particle position with reference to the spatial and temporal changes of the field. In particular, if you add the yields that can be achieved with a thermo-leading, especially with pyrotron enclosing fields, nuclear DD reaction, a continuous increase in the field strength after adding up, you get: 20 injection of fuel plasma and / or alternating

6 D - »2 He ⁴ + 2 ρ + 2 η + 43 2MeV relationship with the movement of the reflector field

'' areas for adiabatic heating of the plasma

To bring about independent thermonuclear mas, since the magnetic field lines are radially homogeneous. Reactions would have to use the energy of the thermonuclear It can be both mathematically and experimentally fuel, e.g. B. of deuterium, can be shown on kinetic 25 that such magnetic ErTemperaturen or energies of about 10 ⁸ to ^{10 90} K heating by adiabatic means as a ratio of are increased. At such temperatures, final energy E would _one for initial energy E ₁ by the foldann almost complete ionization of the fuel constricting equation can be expressed: the substance tired place. Hence the efforts are aimed at β jj

This area aims to produce such an overheated 30 - ^ - - -fi-,

To generate plasma from fusible fuel material

reach and this plasma through a non-material where H _{1 is} the final value and H _{1 is} the initial value of the medium to a limited volume during a field strength of the magnetic field. Period to limit that such fusion It is now the method according to the invention with

processes can take place. Material walls are given particular reference for further details the limitation of the plasma not suitable what is viewed by on pyrotrons. According to this procedure the heat loss from the plasma to the walls creates a magnetic confining field that is conditional. a curve of the initial field strength from the in

As a non-material limiting medium for the type shown in FIG. 1. Here, it should be mentioned that magnetic fields differing from fuel plasma, that the limiting field 11 is preferably used in this form. In this connection it is formed in such a way that the field strength is essentially axially symmetrical in relation to the design of the magnetic. Furthermore, in devices of the pyrotron type field, the enclosing field has a relatively elongated center. Such a magnetic containment area 12, along which the strength of the magnetic field is an axially symmetrical, radially homogeneous field at a given radius r is approximately axially spaced apart and which is mirror fields or reflector field areas in reflector field areas. A 13 of gradually increasing magnetic end plasma, which passes over into such an enclosing field of an intensity. It is particularly important that this is kept for long periods of time in the less magnetic field of the central region 12, initially radially strong central field region, which is between 50 inhomogeneous, ie that the distance between the reflector field regions is located; the single-magnetic lines of force with increasing dicing of plasma particles move at a rapid increase as the distance from the magnetic field axis increases. The special screw-centered in the magnetic lines of force is the radial profile of the magnetic-shaped paths and are reflected in the main areas in the axial direction by the reflector field strength of the central field area 12. 55 borrowed of the kind shown in Fig. 2. The pyrotrons in it, as well as in most of the other stated radial changes in the field, can generally be a relatively "cool" fuel, expressed approximately by the following equation.

plasma (ζ. B. a plasma in which the ions an- H = H cos br,

initially have an energy of several kilovolts) 60

introduced into the magnetic enclosing _{field where H 0 is} the axial field strength at the radius zero and is captured in this, for example in a pyramid and b is a variable variable that is determined by the tron enclosing field, e.g. B. by the fact that the field depends on the spatial dimensions of the field, strength during the injection increases over time. The total field strength of the magnetic Umwird. If the energy of the limited plasma can thereby increase sinusoidally with it to a temperature which is about 10 to 100 KeV at the time, as shown in Fig. 3, so that a plasma density of about 10 ¹⁵ particles per cubic the axial magnetic field strength H ₂ in the central area corresponds to centimeters, through various »adiaba- 12 with reference to the radius and the time with large

Approximation by the following equation - This extraction force F is the well-known Lorentz-

lets press: force at which the component of the magnetic

H _z = H ₀ cos br sin ω ί. jg ^ gj _v , ^ _{radially directed} ^ _{and the} compo-

This leaves (s. Fig..3) in the time interval / I ^ 5, the radial _{component of the} force _{ektrisoheri e} i (^) E azimuthally directed inhomogeneous field distribution, but the degree \ mmmt cj of inhomogeneity, until after the time t _t is. The component of the magnetic force is substantially homogenized in distribution during a second time interval A t ₂ for all particles radially inward. Such a homogeneous distribution is directed and equals the azimuthal component of the element shown in FIG. 4; the middle field area 12 is io tric force. The resulting force F has a radially homogeneous effect after the point in time t _i and therefore shows an acceleration of the particles in a spiral according to a course that usually occurs in pyrotrons, with approximately the same number of ions occurring. and electrons are extracted from the plasma ring and put into

The above-described magnetic azimuthal directions opposite to one another to the boundary field can be formed by various equivalent means to the axial central areas of the central field area, e.g. B. be accelerated with the help of two 12. The radial inhomogeneity of the equiaxed, spaced-apart magnetic field is preferably selected so that magnetic coils, which simultaneously through a condenser, execute the particles a number of revolutions with a large razor battery or some other suitable device. The particles therefore surround one to be excited to store electrical energy. 20 relatively large amount of the enclosed The reflector field areas are in this case kon- total flux, which includes a relatively large non-centric within the magnet coils, adiabatic increase in the partial energy to the with the middle field area equiaxed between sequence. It can be shown that the digest is arranged. ratio of the final energy E, to the initial energy E ₁

After the above-described magnetic 25 as a result of the preceding non-adiabatic

table boundary field with an initially radial heating is given by

inhomogeneous midfield area 12 has been formed ^ (HY

a ring 14 of plasma is next formed, - ^ - = --— ^ -,

which the midfield area 12 at its middle - where ^l *

plane with a radius r _t surrounds (s Fig IA and 2). 30 _{R = the final value of the M tfield}

In particular, the radius r _{t of} the plasma arm _{ff = the beginning of the} magnetic field,

14 chosen so that the total amount of the magnetic ^ ^ _ekl exponent which is greater than one, and

rule flow Φ formed by the ring emgeschlos- _{Eke F} ^ _nkuoa * To _{the rise time of the Fe} i

sen is, almost equal to or less than 2, _n ^ ₀ , ie, _{and the fieldmhomogemt} ^ _{as well as the} an

^{35 is the} catch position of the particle in the field.

η>

2 πH ₀ The amount of this non-adiabatic heating is

therefore greater than the increase in energy which is through the and this radius r _t at the same time corresponds to the known known adiabatic heating process for the betatron flow condition. Furthermore, mathematical pyrotron can be achieved if this is shown in a comparative manner that the radius r _{t can be carried} out from bar conditions with an exponential factor corresponding to the course of the magnetic vector potential A m − 1.

with respect to the radius, d. H. from the condition subsequent to non-adiabatic heating

of the particles at relatively high kinetic

9 ^ __ _o 45 temperatures during the amount of time Δ ί _Λ can

3 r the high-energy plasma particles additional energy

results. communicated through various adiabatic processes

Charged particles are inside the plasma ring. These adiabatic processes can therefore be carried out magnetically from the plasma ring as, for example, in such a way that, as a result of the combined effect of the electrical 50, this can be carried out at the original location in the homogeneous field E (induction field) and the instantaneous magnetic field, as shown at 11 in Fig 4 is shown value H ₁ . of the magnetic field takes place at the location of the particle that is extracted during the homogeneous interextraction. The vector F of the extraction force can be defined as follows valls Λ t _a (according to the time interval A t _t between the: point in time ^ and the maximum point in time t _m )

55 forms is. If necessary, this can be done beforehand

_7? _ / e \ __ / - e \ _, described non-adiabatic heating at one

~ [^ j ^V \ c) magnetic injection field 11 can be carried out,

which is symmetrical within which the reflector field

^w0 ° ^ei generating windings of an additional pyrotron

e = the charge of a given particle, ^{6o of the} usual type. Subsequent to the time

c = the speed of light, interval AI ₁ for non-adiabatic heating

, ",.,., ..,.,, A homogeneous, magne-

ν = the speed _{vector of} the given table u ^ measurement field 15 of the usual type in the area

leucnens, of _{the field 1] L} for example by exciting the

H _r = the instantaneous vector of the magnetic field strength _5s pyrotron reflector field windings formed. The strenght

rises at the location of the particle, _{a so-l c} hen field 15 as shown in Fig. 3

Έ = the vector of the magnetic induction, sinusoidal with time like the pyrotron

conditional electric field. has a maximum strength that is significantly greater than

ίο

the maximum strength of the field 11. The field 15 therefore acts with the now homogeneous field 11 to generate a resulting homogeneous pyrotron enclosing field 16 which increases with time over the time interval A t. ₂ together, during which adiabatic heating processes take place. The relatively high-energy, obtained by the non-adiabatic heating and in an additional pyrotron of the usual type during the time interval Δ t _t

an electric current, which the device for establishing the magnetic field with a dependent with time increasing current and the inhomogeneous Ma-5 increasing with time gnetfeld produces, and from a plasma generating device, which with the evacuated zone in Connected to an equatorial ring formed from plasma coaxial with the magnetic field and in a transverse median plane between the Re

injected plasma can therefore generate fiektorfeldgebiete during the time interval.

valls zli ₂ a further increase in energy through the

A vacuum chamber, for example, can be used for the device mentioned for generating an evacuated zone 17 are provided, which is permeable to magnetic fields.

The chamber 17 is preferably designed as a hollow, elongated cylindrical body 18, the has outwardly directed flanges 19 and 21 at its ends. The cylindrical body 18 is expediently made of a material that is

Interaction with the resulting pyrotron field
16 experienced. It is important to note that,
as the injected plasma is initially proportionate
energetic is what the non-adiabatic 15
heating is the amount of additional adiabatic heating using the known
Pyrotron process is relatively small. Therefore
is the maximum strength of the pyrotron enclosing field 15 when this is magnetically permeable with the field 11 for generating 20, but is combined with operation under supply of the resulting field 16, allows high vacuum, for example made of stainless steel, also relatively small. Stole. For a pressure-tight closure are to the A high-energy plasma can also axially in an open ends of the cylindrical body 18 z. B. magnetic pyrotron enclosing field geometry provided in closure disks 22, 23, which are josed by the fact that first the high-energy 25 flanges 19, 21 are fastened, for example by bolts 24; Plasma is formed non-adiabatically, as described above, these bolts also extend through, namely in the middle field area 12 interposed annular seals 25, 26 of the injection field 11. The field 11 is in the same way Pyro device 27 is connected via a line 28 to the Vatron enclosing field and then to the time chamber 30, interval Ji ₁ a reflector area 13 is formed, whereby the device for forming the axially symmetrical adjacent reflector field area of the pyrotron magnetic field see within the evacuated cam field at the same time in its strength is reduced, so mer 17 can consist of two magnet coils 29, 31, which are located axially in the axial distance, preferably axially located, which spreads in the central region of the pyrotron field 35 are arranged coaxially within the chamber, or in this diffuses. Optionally, the magnet coils can have a very large ratio of pyrotron enclosing field initially without a Re of diameter to axial length. Furthermore, reflector field areas are formed, whereby the emergency have the magnet coils 29 and 31 a considerable amount of effort is avoided, a reflector field borrowed distance from the inner wall of the cylindrical area during the introduction of fuel in 40 jacket 18. For holding the magnet coils 29, the surrounding field to reduce. In each case 31 in its axial position are expediently rigid, an enlargement of the reflector field area of the spacer rods 32 is used, the pyrotron field on the inner surfaces so that this is fastened to the high-energy end disks 22, 23 and encloses the plasma and further heating of the Protrude lengthways of the chamber inwards. The plasmas can be guided in the usual way through a suitable magnetic coils by means of carrier tapes 33 located in their circumferential direction in manipulation of the pyrotron enclosing field through spaced apart straps. surrounded, which are attached to the rods 32 with the help of courage tern 34 through the method described above, this is applied to the rods therefore a fuel plasma of relatively screwed nuts hold the magnet coils 29, 31 of high energy or of relatively high kinetic energy and allow an axial adjustment of the same generated temperature. The high-energy plasma each other. The axial distance between the magnet coils can advantageously be set in various devices, therefore in the desired manner for an optimal, in particular pyrotrons, using the configuration of the magnetic field. In various previously described and related contexts, it should be mentioned that the loaned methods are injected. In order to carry out 55 axial spacing between the solenoids in either of the described methods, various positions can be used that are initially intended to be used for energization. In Fig. 5, one of the midfield area 12 of Fig. 1 has an optimal preferred embodiment of the radial inhomogeneity according to the invention, such that the outermost injector is shown, which, as described below, is the jacket of the field lines radially outward to the cylinder, in different ways for injecting 60 drical body 18 diverges. The field design described above in energy-rich plasma in a reaction container can also be used with the aid of a. The injector consists in the single, appropriately shaped magnetic coil essentially from a device for generating sufficient, in which the winding density of an evacuated zone, from a device for windings is changed in a suitable manner over the length of the establishment of an axially symmetrical, radially inhomogeneous magnet coil so that the desired magnetic field is obtained with a field that is inhomogeneous from one another in the axial direction, the remote, gradient-wise reinforced reflector.

209 520/346

11 12

shoes 36 together with the solenoids 29 and short-circuiting the solenoids 29, 31 at the Er-31, as shown in Fig. 6 can be achieved. The pole ranges of the maximum current in these include around Shoes 36 are preferably ring-shaped and equal to a current change in the oscillator circuit (magnetic axis to the solenoid coils on their opposing coils (capacitor bank). The for arranged overlying transverse surfaces. The means provided for this purpose include opposite ones Avenues 37 of the pole shoes 36 are preferably at least one ignitron 49, its cathode appropriately shaped, e.g., opposite and with the positive pole of the capacitor bank 47 beveled radially outwards to the lines of force via the series ignitron 48 and its anode with distribution of the magnetic field between them - connected to the negative pole of the battery mentioned is radially inhomo- io to the extent desired. The ignition electrode of the Ignitron 49 is with the gen to make. For the pole shoes 36, the cathode of a diode 51 can be connected, the anode of which is connected to various magnetic materials, e.g. B. iron powder, the anode of the ignitrone is connected. When igniting Transformer steel and the like can be used. Since that of the Ignitron 48 through the pole pieces to be discussed in more detail below as a result of the means written in them circulating currents, the charged con power losses are discharged are exposed to these 15 capacitor battery 47 sinusoidal across the in series To reduce losses to a minimum, radially switched magnetic coils 29, 31, thereby creating Einlnjek layers are provided. Here, eration field 11 is formed, which over time is sinusoidal, that when a suitable magnetic migratory rises. The period of the sine waves becomes material (especially iron powder) for the production by the inductance of the magnet coils 29, 31 and the pole pieces 36 is used, the design of the ao is determined by the capacitance of the capacitor 47, When the magnet coils 29,31 are excited, after a quarter period of such a sinusoidal shape Magnetic field mainly through the pole pieces current change reach the current and thus that is determined until their magnetic material ge field 11 their maximum strength, so that they decrease is saturated; from this point in time the field test will begin. At the same time the sinusoidal chip run goes essentially the same as that caused by the change in voltage at the terminals of the capacitor solenoids is generated alone. The radial in-battery 47 goes through zero and receives counterhomogeneity the course of the field can therefore quickly be set polarity. Hence the anodes of the Igni work through be reduced that the solenoids 29, trons 49 and the diode 51 with respect to their cathodes 31 with strong current pulses steep rise ampli-positive. The diode 51 is therefore on the Zündelektude are fed, so that the magnetic matrix 30 and the cathode of the ignitrone 49 are conductive the pole piece 36 is quickly saturated and makes itself, whereby this is ignited. The Magnetder Field course suddenly changed. This effect coils 29, 31 are therefore via the Ignitron can be short-circuited in an advantageous manner, as below in Ver maximum current, so that the current binding with the various embodiments and the field 11 then over time according to the described by devices according to the invention 35 time constant of the magnetic coils decreases exponentially, be exploited. gene.

The following are the means for supplying the device for forming an equatorial ring Excitation currents to the magnet coils 39, 31 for ionized plasma at the central median plane the formation of the magnetic injection field 11 of the magnetic field preferably consists of a rewritten one. The magnetic coils 29 and 31 are connected to a 40-like ring plasma source 52. This source is purpose-built 38, 39 and 41, 42 connected, coming from moderately close to the inner circumference of the cylindrical body cylindrical body 18 with the help of sockets pers 18 and arranged in the transverse center plane. 43 are led out of insulation material, the source 52 has (see Fig. 7) an annular support table sealingly in the wall of the cylindrical member 53 made of electrically insulating material, in front of the body are used. The leads end at 45 preferably made of an insulating plastic, e.g. B. off the sockets in high-voltage terminals of conventional Lucite. The support member "53 can be rigidly attached to the Art, wherein the supply lines 39, 41 with each other at the inner wall of the cylindrical body 18 with the help For example, be connected by busbars 44 are attached by fastening bolts, can, while the supply lines 38,42 with a large number Suitable power source 46 are connected. 50 electrically conductive fuel emitters at intervals The power source 46 must be capable of accommodating the dimensions, which are preferably made of titanium rings 56 Large amounts of electrical energy stand in, each of which has a radially protruding shape high voltage electrical currents while the threaded shaft 57 is provided, a short period of time. The way in which it is fastened to the ring 53 by means of nuts 58 also increases. In mentioned that the rings 56 formed by the magnetic coils 29,31 are in a suitable thermo-magnetic field increases sinusoidally over time. Demented nuclear gaseous fuel material, e.g. B. German speaking has the power source 46 conveniently terium or tritium, which by producing a usually a high electrical energy storage arc discharge ionized between the rings capital. The current source 46 is therefore preferred. In order to facilitate the controlled initiation of the arc from a capacitor battery 47, which discharges through 60, suitable ignition devices are provided Auxiliary DC voltage source, not shown, pre-charged in the vicinity of the fuel emitter will, although also see large circumferential Vprrich- which preferably ignition electrodes 59, 61 services, such as synchronous phase shifters, used within the gaps between the can be. For the connection of the power source rings are arranged on each side of a ring 62 with the solenoids it is appropriate to use 65, hereinafter referred to as the first ring Switching means, for example a row signal nitron 48, is.

useful to control the magnetic field generation. The source 52 is electrically

The power source 46 can also have means for electrical cuts, the first ring 62 and a divided

13 14

last ring 63, which is diametrically opposite this, is formed within the vacuum chamber 17. The two sections are common. This results in the generation of fuel plasma lasts for a time from the consideration of the plasma source excitation interval, which is essentially determined by the duration of the circle 64, which is described in more detail below. Output pulse from line 73 is determined. The source 52 is connected to the excitation circuit 64 through 5 The fuel plasma generation interval can therefore be connected to lines 66, which are set with the ignition electro- so that it is connected to a particular Andes 59, 61 or with the rings 62, 63 rise time of the magnetic field 11 are matched in the injector. These lines 66 lead through pressure-tight, which can be done by a corresponding design of the insulating bushings 67, 68, 69 or 71 pulse line. To the greatest possible extent the wall of the chamber 17 to the outside. In order to achieve elasticity, the impulse line 73 is expediently selected with regard to the details of the excitation circuit so that the duration of the output 64, which is shown in FIG. 8, is variable over a wider range. NEN that all rings 56 by the same resistors 72 so that the magnetic coils 29, 31 and the plasma are electrically connected in series with one another. This source 52 are excited synchronously, a clock genes resistors are expediently between the shafts 15 rator 83, for example a multivibrator, provided, 57 adjacent pairs of rings are arranged. The resistors with the ignition electrode of the ignitrone 48 of the mast stand 72 represent a load for an impulse magnet coil excitation circuit 46, which is connected to the device 73, which is used between the input terminal 69 of the to ignite this. The clock generator 83 is the first ring 62 and the input terminal 71 of the ner is connected to the last ring 63 via a suitable time delay element 84. The input terminal 20 of the input side of the ge-69 generated by a clock pulse is also grounded. The pulse line 73 of the source excitation circuit controlled generator 79 is coupled from a high voltage DC power source 24 64. Hence everyone is fed by the nung. When a line-to-clock generator 83 is initiated, the clock pulse generated by the ignitron stand between the first ring 62 and the unignited 48, whereby the magnet coils 29, 31 excited indirectly adjacent rings 56 through the following 25 and the magnetic field 11 is reached. According to one of the means described above, a short time delay discharge path is formed by the time delay to earth. The pulse line 73 discharges itself approximately member 84 is accomplished to ensure the previous therefore from ring to ring around the ring body of the establishment of the magnetic field 11, control source 52, namely fork-shaped between ert the clock pulse the pulse generator 79, which is the first ring 62 and the last ring 63. 30 production of a ring of ionized fuel-To produce a conduction state between plasma from source 52 results. The further method of operation of the injector that is adjacent to the first ring 62 and the method of operation of the injector that is adjacent to it results from the previously described method of rings 56, preferably a pulse transformer. The plasma part 76 is provided, the secondary winding 77 of which is connected to the surfaces, namely the ions and electrons, are connected from ignition electrode terminals 67, 68 and 35 of the source 52 with relatively low energies, the primary winding 78 of which is generated with an electron volts, for example, by a few. Since the pulse generator 79 is coupled to the clock pulse, the magnetic field 11 is temporally during a quarter of a quarter. The one electrode terminal 68 is also the period of the change in current in the magnet coils 29, increases sinusoidally via a series resistor 81 with the terminal 31, the plasma ions 71 of the last ring 71 move coupled. The capacitor 40 and electrons spiraling inward to the axis of FIG. 82 is therefore, since it is connected to earth between the terminal 68 and vacuum chamber 17 during the aforementioned, via the resistor 81 by the pulse line connected to the terminal 71 with the initial time interval A t _{v to which the plasma generator is connected} 73 uprising as a result of the corresponding definite unloading. When generating a pulse by the charge period of the pulse line 73 to a standstill pulse generator 79 is therefore the ignition electrodes 45 comes. During this time interval ΔI ₁ , the 59, 61 are supplied with a high voltage pulse. The voltages that arise between the energies of the relatively low-energy plasma meshes, the ignition electrodes 59, 61 and the grounded ions and electrons non-adiabatically in the first ring 62, are significantly increased for the manner described above, resulting in the formation of an arc discharge between these an accumulation of high-energy plasma in the axia sufficient . The capacitor 82 is therefore discharged over 50 len central area of the vacuum chamber 17 as a result of a conduction path which has the electrodes 68 which encompasses axially through the reflector field areas 13 and the first ring 62, with sufficient field 11 being limited. Subsequent to the lack of energy for the development of a considerable adiabatic time interval ZIi ₁ , the injected amount of fuel gas from the ring 62 and from the high-energy plasma an additional energy is generated for these neighboring rings 56. The wax produced by the usual adiabatic compression of gas is rapidly ionized in the arc, so that a fuel plasma arises according to the various previously described fuel plasma. Also, through the procedure. First, the injected high energy discharge can form a conduction path to earth via plasma adiabetic at the original location through which the impulse line 73 discharges. Consisting of the magnetic field 11 during the time interval Δ t ₂ to the first ring 62 adjacent rings 56 corresponds 60 (s. Fig. 3) are heated, which extends from the end of the wrapped gas creates conduction paths small resistance interval Δ J ₁ to at the end of a quarter period the stand between these rings and the next following change in current of the magnetic field extends. The swaying struggle through which the impulse line rend of the interval Δ t. ₂ field 73 increasing with time preferably discharges. The ionized gaseous form is homogeneous and therefore has the usual pyrotron discharge and therefore progresses rapidly in the same way, so that the adiabatic heating in the vicinity of the source 52 takes place in both directions between the ways described. In a sufficiently large first and last ring 62 and 63, respectively, so that the combined non-adiae an equatorial ring of ionized fuel plasma can bulge and the adiabatic heating possible.

15 16

wise enough to connect the energy of the burning with high-voltage terminals of the usual type

Substance plasma on the ignition temperature for thermo- are.

bring nuclear reactions. The solenoid coils 86, 87 are preferably with

The reaction energy could then be connected in series by any means of a bus bar 97, which

methods and means known per se in usable 5 between the terminals of the lines 92 and 93

Power can be converted. is switched, while terminals 91, 94 via switching

For example, mediums are connected to a suitable power source 98 at the end of a quarter cycle

the sinusoidal change in the magnetic field 11 are. The power source 98 usually consists of one

at which point the magnetic field reaches its maximum capacitor bank 99, which is at a high voltage

Strength reached, the solenoids 29, 31 automatically preloaded and io by a power source, not shown

by the diode 51 and the Ignitron 41 short-circuited to the terminals of the lines 91 and 94 via a

sen as described above. The magnetic field connected in series to Ignitron 101 is connected. the

11 now strives, time-dependent exponentially.Terminal of line 94 is directly connected to the negative

to all. Connected by the indicated thermonuclear tive pole of the capacitor battery 99,

Reaction generated extremely high-energy 15 its positive pole with the anode of the ignitron 101

Particles could then be combined with the field 11 and its cathode with the terminal of the line 91

act and their energies are connected to the field through induc-. Suitable switching means for short

submit tive coupling. The extra energy of the close as well as other organs used to manipulate the

charged particles as well as those in the generation of the magnetic field, which are not described in detail here,

The energy used in the field would therefore be usable as 20 can in addition to the magnetic coils 86, 87 each

electrical energy at the input terminals of the line according to the requirements for the implementation of the

lines 38, 42 of the solenoids 29, 31 occur. The various known pyrotron processes coupled

Solenoid coils were therefore to become a kind of electrical one.

Represent a generator to which a device for generating the pyrotron enclosing field using the electrical energy could be connected with regard to the generation of the injection field. 11 and the injection of fuel plasma with the aid of the second, the adiabatic heating of a suitable time delay element 102 can be timed in the method according to the invention, which is switched between the ignition electrode of the an additional pyrotron enclosing field and the clock generator 83 neither in superimposition nor is in axial alignment 30. The time delay element 102 is preferably implemented in this way with the injector field 11. If it is chosen that it causes a time delay, the former method is used, the maximum is equal to the aforementioned interval A t _t , preferably similar pyrotron enclosing fields at which the injector field 11 is formed radially inhomogeneously with the arrangement shown in FIG. is. Therefore, each acts through the generator 83. As can be seen from FIG. 9, two encircling clock pulses are the establishment of the injection field field magnet coils 86 and 87 on the same axis and in ab- 11 and the injection of fuel plasma from the stand within the vacuum chamber 17 of the injector source 52 is located in the axially central regions of the vacuum. Magnetic coils of this type in combination chamber 17 in the manner described above, nation with the excitation described below, are in fact a pyrotron. In this case, the 40 factory interval Δ t _t ignites the clock pulse that the pyrotron magnet coils 86, 87 for the Ignitron 101, so that the capacitor battery 99 for the purposes of the invention discharges such a sufficiently large sinusoidal via the magnet coils 86, 87, radial distance from the inner wall of what the erection of the aforementioned vacuum cylinder 18 over time, that around them in increasing pyrotron enclosing field 15 (see jektormagnetspulen 29,31. 45 Fig. 3) can be arranged in the axial direction of the chamber 17 to Consequence The pyrotron magnet coils 86, 87 can concentrate. The establishment of this field therefore coincides with the Irish within the injector magnet coils 29, 31 at time t _t , at which the injector field is supported by spacer rods 88, which is radially homogeneous from 11, so that the injection from the inner surfaces of the cover disks 22, 23 axial fuel plasma comes to a standstill. The pyron stick out inwards. The rods 88 are attached to bands 89 distributed in the circumferential direction, and the injector field then results in the resultant pyrotron enclosing field 16 increasing after the magnetic coils in a manner similar to the time t _v before that after the time f ₂ = t _m , going for the solenoids 29, 31 described where the Injektorfeidll has its maximum value. Hold that. The pyrotron magnet coils 86, 87 can be connected to injected high-energy fuel plasma if a suitable device for electrical excitation 55 continues to be adiabatically connected within the above-mentioned result in order to heat a homogeneous field that increases with time. If the injector is to be used for axial injection into an axially symmetrical, radially homogeneous magnetic field with additional pyrotron 103, the reflector that is axially spaced from one another is axially aligned with this, such as gate field areas of increasing strength in the axis - 60 is shown in Fig. 10, arranged. Here it is to be mentioned, superimposed on the direction of the vacuum chamber 17, that for this purpose the injector starts from the injector field 11. To facilitate this, it is changed that it has an axial central opening 104 in line pairs 91, 92 and 93, 94 the end clamps of the cover plate 23 connected to the passage of the magnetic coils 86, 87. These lines of high-energy plasma in the axial direction are to be made possible through the cylinder 18 with the aid of bushings 65. The pyrotron 103 has a similar bushing 96 made of insulating material to the outside opening 106. The openings 104 and 106 are leads, which are inserted in its wall with a thermal seal, for example by a magnetically permeable seal, and connected to one another at these sockets line 107, the hermetically sealed

17 18

Table sealing on the injector and on the pyrotron have the magnetic coil 31, preferably after it is solidified. essentially all of the fuel plasma is excited from the foregoing that the pyro-pyrotron 103 has diffused into it. Extractron 103 with a device of any kind for which the circuit constants of the magnet generation of a magnetic enclosing field 5 coils 108, 111, 112 and the corresponding power supply can be provided. To simplify the sources with reference to the injector solenoids 29, development and the description, a 31 and the other switching elements are shown in the drawing so that the pyrotron 103 is a middle field magnetic coil that the field strength of the middle field through the Ma-108 has, the coaxial around the vacuum chamber gnetspule 108 generated field area is smaller mer 109 of the same is arranged. Concentrically around io than those of the injector field 11 during the time, the ends of the central field magnet coil 108 are in axia- during which the reflector field region 13 b decays at a steep distance from each other reflector field magnet coils ner strength. It is also appropriate that the

111 and 112 arranged. During the excitation of the re-strength of the reflector field area, which is generated by the reflector field magnet coils, axially vonein- gnetspule 112 is equal to that of the spaced-apart reinforced reflector field area 13 a during the time during which areas are generated which the Ends of a less which limit the reflector field area 13 b in its strength strong central field area, which decreases through. That the magnetic coil 108 is generated by the magnetic coils 108, 112. The resulting generated field therefore interacts with the injector field to form a total magnetic field, thus forming a pyrotron enclosing generation of a total field that extends through the injector and the pyrotron and of the usual type

The excitation of the pyrotron magnet coils 108,111, is determined by reflector field terminations,

112 is powered by suitable current sources 113, 114, 116, which limit a less strong midfield area. B. made by charged capacitor batteries. The Mitteibfeldbereich is the Verringemen that with said solenoid by appropriate tion of the reflector panel region 13 b in a region speaking fast-acting switch means 117, 25 of relatively high field strength within the injector 118, 119, for example. B. by ignitrons, are coupled. These and a region of low field strength within switching devices can be individually subdivided by pulses from the pyrotron 103. The plasma therefore has to be ignited by a suitable endeavor to be fed from the injector into the area of the source, so that an independent lower field strength of the field within the pyro-excitation of the magnetic coils 108,111,112 is possible. Diffuse 30 trons into it. After the by the time further means are provided which serve to delay the delay element 123 caused time interval

Injector solenoid 31 at time J ₁ then switches the switching device 118 by the original pulse generated by the generator 83 to ignite the inhomogeneous time interval At _1, during which energy-rich fuel plasma is released or ignited, whereby the excitation of the maaxial middle area of the injector field 11 accumulates - 35 magnetic coil 111 is initiated. This solenoid is melted. These means can, for example, be designed in such a way that they consist of a reflector field of an ignitron 121, the cathode of which generates with the, which has an extremely rapid rise in the terminal of the line 42 and its anode with the, so that this reflector field has a field strength erKlemme the line 41 is connected. The ignition elec- tricity, which is essentially the same as that of the electrode of the ignitron 121, is connected to the clock generator 83 40 through the magnetic coil 112 in a sufficiently short time via a time delay element 122, the zen time of which is generated. As a result, the high-energy time delay is essentially equal to the plasma within the central field area of the time interval At ₁ . The ignitron 121 is therefore _{ignited at the time Z 1 set up} in this way, with the result that they hold.

Solenoid 31 is short-circuited. This makes 45 The invention is not limited to the ones shown and the relevant reflector generated by the coil 31 - described preferred embodiments field area 13 decreases exponentially in time, but can be spent within its framework, during the changes made by the magnetic coil 29. For example If the reflector field area 13 continues to be generated, the aforementioned pole pieces 36 can increase over time. This is used within the axial central 5 ° formation with the injector solenoids 29, 31 Areas of the magnetic field 11 accumulating energy are used to generate the injection field rich plasma diffuses preferably axially through an optimal radial inhomogeneity to facilitate the less strong reflector field area 13 and thereby the pole pieces can be shaped so that they through opening 104 and line 107 into this inhomogeneity during the initial at-pyrotron 103. 55 increases of field strength produce. This will

In order to facilitate the capture of the high-energy fuel-charged particles, which are introduced in the circumferential direction into the plasma field inside the pyrotron 103, e.g. B. by means of the ring plasma, the excitation of the magnetic coils 108, 111, 112 source 52, timed in a stable circular orbit with a large rain in a suitable manner with reference to the mode of operation dius during a relatively long period of the injector. For example, you can stay 60. In other words, the inhomogeneities of the switching devices 117, 119 immediately with tat before the saturation of the pole pieces are selected so that the clock generator 83 is connected, while a stable particle circulation as in a beta results in the switching device 118 via a time delay tron of the usual type . The particles are therefore member 123 for generating a time delay in which the stable circular path is accelerated to high energies, which is expediently greater than A J ₁ . 65 complains. At any desired point in time before saturation

The magnet coils 108, 112 are therefore the same as the pole shoes can then be the magnet coils

promptly excited by the injector solenoid coils 29, 31, 29, 31 are quickly supplied with pulses in order to

while the magnetic coil 111 saturates after the short-circuit through the pole shoe and the stable circular

Destroy railway in the field. The energetic particles therefore leave the stable circular path and move spirals inward to the axially central area of the vacuum chamber, where it is removed from the injection field be enclosed.

Claims (16)

PATENT CLAIMS: IO 1. A method for increasing the energy of electrically charged particles and for compressing the same into a plasma of high temperature, wherein an axially symmetrical magnetic field with axially spaced, gradient-wise reinforced reflector field areas is produced in an evacuated space and electrically charged particles are provided in the field, characterized in that, that the magnetic field is inhomogeneous in the radial direction, the magnetic field strength is increased over time and the electrically charged particles are generated in an annular zone that surrounds the magnetic field in the center plane between the reflector field areas, so that the particles under the influence of the magnetic field from the Ring zone wander spirally radially inward to the axial area of the magnetic field between the reflector field areas, whereby the energy of the particles is increased and these collect as a high temperature plasma. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that that an axially symmetrical magnetic field homogeneous in the radial direction with one another distant areas with increased magnetic field strength on the charged particles their collection in the central axial area of the inhomogeneous magnetic field for action arrives and that the homogeneous field is strengthened as a function of time to the energy of high-energy particles to increase further. 3. The method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the reflector field areas of the inhomogeneous and homogeneous magnetic field are arranged side by side and axially aligned and the strengths of the side by side arranged reflector field areas at the same time after the accumulation of the charged particles are reduced in the middle field area of the inhomogeneous field so that the accumulated Plasma of elevated temperature preferentially in the axial direction from the inhomogeneous field diffuses into the middle field area of the homogeneous field, after which the strength of the degraded Reflector field area of the homogeneous field is then increased to the plasma in its central field area. 4. Process according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the inhomogeneous Magnetic field approximated by the equation H _z - H ₀ cos br sin ω t where H _{0 is} the field strength at radius NuU, b is a variable which depends on the spatial dimensions of the field, r is the radius and t is time and the ring of charged particles has a radius of at least r, where r _t by the equation ~ Φ 2H ₀ where φ is the total amount of magnetic flux trapped by the ring of charged particles. 5. Process according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the homogeneous magnetic field at a time before the maximum in the sinusoidal field strength change of the inhomogeneous Field is created and terminated at the same time. 6. The method according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the inhomogeneous and homogeneous magnetic field can be created by a magnetic field, its strength depending on increases with time and which is initially radially inhomogeneous and then radially homogeneous. 7. Device for performing the method according to claims 1 to 6, characterized by means (18,27,28) for producing an evacuated zone in which a excitable device (29, 31) for establishing an axially symmetrical, radially inhomogeneous Magnetic field with gradient-wise reinforced reflector field areas spaced apart from one another in the axial direction is provided by a device (46) for generating an electrical current, which the device for establishing the magnetic field with a depending on the Excites current increasing over time and creates the inhomogeneous magnetic field increasing over time, and by a plasma generating device (52) connected to the evacuated zone in Connected to an equatorial ring formed from plasma coaxial with the magnetic field and to generate in a transverse central plane between the reflector field areas. 8. Apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the device for generating the magnetic field comprises two series-connected magnetic coils (29, 31) which are arranged in the evacuated space and are coaxially spaced from one another. 9. Device according to claims 7 and 8, characterized in that the device for Generation of the plasma has a plurality of electrically conductive gas-containing emitters (56), which are in a Ring zone in the transverse central plane between the reflector field areas of the magnetic field and are arranged coaxially therewith, and that ignition devices (59, 61, 64) close to it the emitters to create an arc between them for development are arranged by gaseous material that is ionized by the arc discharge to the To form plasma ring. 10. Device according to claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the magnetic coils (29, 31) are provided with annular pole pieces (36) made of magnetic material, which are shaped accordingly to produce an optimal radial inhomogeneity in the distribution of the field lines of the inhomogeneous magnetic field are. 11. Device according to the claims? to 10, characterized in that the emitters (56) on a radial point of at least / ·, · arranged are around the plasma ring with the radius 2πΗ ₀
to create. 12. Device according to the claims? to 11, characterized in that the homogeneous field is generated by two magnetic coils (86, 87) which are arranged concentrically in the magnetic coils (29, 31) generating the inhomogeneous field and which after the accumulation of the plasma in the central field area of the inhomogeneous Field are excited. 13. Device according to the claims? to 12, characterized in that the homogeneous field is excited by a magnetic coil (108) , the reflector field magnetic coils (111, 112) ' which are concentric around their opposite ends and in axial alignment with the magnetic coils (29, 31) for the generation of the inhomogeneous magnetic field are arranged and can be connected to a current source (113, 114, 116) which is actuated after the excitation of the magnetic coils generating the inhomogeneous field. 14. Device according to the claims? to 13, characterized in that the emitters (56) are attached to an insulating support body (53) and resistors (72) are provided between two consecutive emitters and a first emitter (62) is connected to ground, between the first emitter and a pulse generator (73) is connected to the immediately adjacent emitters, and that ignition devices (59, 61) are provided between the first emitter (62) and the immediately adjacent emitters to prevent the conductive state between the first emitter and the immediately adjacent emitters Initiate control and ignite the other emitter areas in order to generate the equatorial ring of plasma. 15. Device according to the claims? to 14, characterized in that the emitters (56) from Titanium and loaded with deuterium. 16. Device according to the claims? to 14, characterized in that the emitters (56) made of titanium and loaded with tritium. For this purpose 2 sheets of drawings ® 209 520/346 3.62