DE112017005725T5 - MEASURE CROSSLINK ERROR IN A DYNAMIC TIME DIVISION DUPLEX (TDD) NEW RADIO (NR) SYSTEM - Google Patents

Abstract

Technology for a "Next Generation" node B (gNB) operable, the Crosslink Signal to Noise Ratio (SINR) in a Dynamic Time Division Duplex (TDD) New Radio (NR) system is disclosed. The gNB may encode a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected comb of an IFDMA comb structure. The gNB may decode an uplink IM-RS from a second UE received in the IFDMA comb structure, wherein the uplink IM-RS is time aligned at the downlink IM-RS. The gNB may determine the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS.

Description

GENERAL PRIOR ART

Wireless systems typically include multiple user equipment (UE) devices that are communicatively coupled to one or more base stations (BS). The one or more BSs may be Long-Term-Evolved (LTE) developed Node Bs (eNB) or "New Radio" (NR) "Next Generation NodeBs" (gNB) or Next Generation Node Bs (gNB) communicatively via a "Third-Generation Partnership Project" (3GPP) network with one or more UEs.

It is expected that next-generation wireless communication systems will be a unified network / system that aims to serve very different and sometimes competing performance dimensions and performance. "New Radio Access Technology" (RAT) is intended to support a wide range of use cases, including Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), Mission Critical Machine Type Communication (uMTC), and the like Service types that run in the frequency range of up to 100 GHz. In a TDD new radio (NR) system, a "Next Generation" node B (gNB) can dynamically determine whether a selected intermediate frame is a downlink (DL) intermediate frame or an uplink (UL) intermediate frame. In such a system, the neighboring cells may have DL and UL intermediate frames that are time aligned. This can lead to a cross-link interference between DL and UL transmissions.

list of figures

• 1 illustriert eine Crosslink-Störung in einem dynamischen Zeitdivisionsduplex- (TDD) neuen Radio- (NR) System nach einem Beispiel;
• 2 illustriert das Störungsmessreferenzsignal (IM-RS), das in Downlink und Uplink zeitausgerichtet ist und an den jeweiligen Daten ressourcenausgerichtet ist, nach einem Beispiel;
• 3 illustriert ein Beispiel einer Kammstruktur nach einem Beispiel;
• 4 zeigt die Funktion eines „Next Generation“-Knoten B (gNB), der bedienbar ist, den Crosslink-Rauschabstand (SINR) in einem dynamischen Zeitdivisionsduplex (TDD) neuen Radio- (NR) System nach einem Beispiel zu messen;
• 5 zeigt die Funktion einer Benutzerausrüstung (UE), die bedienbar ist, den Crosslink-Rauschabstand (SINR) in einem dynamischen Zeitdivisionsduplex (TDD) neuen Radio- (NR) System nach einem Beispiel zu messen;
• 6 zeigt ein Ablaufdiagramm eines maschinenlesbaren Speichermediums, auf dem Anweisungen verkörpert sind, um den Crosslink-Rauschabstand (SINR) in einem dynamischen Zeitdivisionsduplex (TDD) neuen Radio- (NR) System zu messen, nach einem Beispiel;
• 7 eine Architektur eines Drahtlosnetzes nach einem Beispiel illustriert;
• 8 ein Diagramm einer Drahtlosvorrichtung (z. B. UE) nach einem Beispiel illustriert;
• 9 Schnittstellen von Basebandschaltkreisen nach einem Beispiel illustriert; und
• 10 ein Diagramm einer Drahtlosvorrichtung (z. B. UE) nach einem Beispiel illustriert.

Features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which collectively illustrate, by way of example, features of the disclosure, and wherein:

• 1 illustrates a cross-link interference in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system according to an example;
• 2 illustrates the interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS), which is time-aligned in downlink and uplink and resource-aligned to the respective data, according to one example;
• 3 illustrates an example of a comb structure according to an example;
• 4 shows the function of a "Next Generation" node B (gNB) operable to measure the Crosslink Signal to Noise Ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system according to an example;
• 5 shows the function of user equipment (UE) operable to measure the cross-to-valley signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system according to an example;
• 6 Fig. 12 shows a flow diagram of a machine-readable storage medium upon which instructions are embodied to measure the cross-link signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system, according to one example;
• 7 illustrates an architecture of a wireless network according to an example;
• 8th illustrates a diagram of a wireless device (eg, UE) according to an example;
• 9 Illustrates interfaces of baseband circuits according to an example; and
• 10 illustrates a diagram of a wireless device (eg, UE) according to one example.

Reference will now be made to the illustrated exemplary embodiments, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It is understood, however, that this is not intended to limit the scope of the technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Prior to disclosure and description of the present technologist, it should be understood that this technologist is not limited to the particular structures, process actions, or materials disclosed herein, but extends to equivalents thereof that would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for the purpose of describing only particular examples, and is not meant to be limiting. The same reference numerals in different drawings represent the same element. Numerals provided in flowcharts and processes are provided for the sake of clarity to illustrate actions and operations and do not necessarily indicate a particular order or sequence.

EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

A first overview of the technology embodiments is provided below. Thereafter, specific technology embodiments will be described later. This initial summary is designed to help readers who To understand technology more quickly, however, is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the technology and is not intended to limit the scope of the claimed content.

In a wireless cellular communication system configured to transmit using frequency division duplex (FDD), base stations running in two adjacent cells may transmit on the same frequency. For example, user equipment (UE) that receives a DL from a cell may also receive interference from a DL signal transmitted by a base station in an adjacent cell. In another example, a base station (BS) receiving a UL signal from a UE may also receive a fault from a UE transmitting a UL signal in an adjacent cell. These two types of disturbances can be predicted; therefore, the BS can manage this disruption and predict it based on past observations.

In a wireless cellular communication system configured to operate using Time Division Duplex (TDD), a base station, such as a "Next Generation" Node B (gNB), can dynamically determine whether a selected intermediate frame is downlink (DL ) Is an intermediate frame or an uplink (UL) intermediate frame. In such a system, the neighboring cells may have DL and UL intermediate frames that are time aligned. This can lead to a cross-link interference between DL and UL transmissions.

In an example like in 1 As illustrated, cross-link interference can arise from two types of cross-link interference. In a kind of cross-link disorder, a gNB 110 DL data to a UE 130 to transfer. This can cause cross-link malfunction from the gNB 110 to the gNB 120 to lead. The Crosslink Disorder may be the ability of gNB 120 disturb UL data from a UE 140 to recieve. This cross-link interference can occur if adjacent cells have a different transmission direction in a time slot. In the previous example, the gNB transmits 110 in a DL time slot and the gNB 120 receives in a UL time slot. This crosslink error from the gNB 110 to the gNB 120 can occur when the slots for gNB 110 and gNB 120 are essentially time-aligned so that a disruption occurs.

In another type of cross-link interference, a UE 140 UL data to a gNB 120 to transfer. This can cause cross-link interference from the UE 140 to a UE 130 to lead. The Crosslink Disorder may be the ability of the UE 130 disturb DL data from a gNB 110 to recieve. This cross-link interference can occur if adjacent cells have a different transmission direction in a time slot. In the preceding example, the UE transmits 140 in a UL time slot and the UE 130 receives in a DL timeslot. The cross-link interference from the UE 140 to the UE 130 can occur when the slots for gNB 140 and UE 130 are essentially time-aligned so that a disruption occurs.

These two types of cross-link interference in a dynamic TDD system can be difficult to predict based on past observations. In order to reduce the cross-link interference, it is useful to be able to measure the amount of interference received at one gNB from another gNB transmitting in an adjacent cell and the amount of interference at one UE from another UE, which transmits in an adjacent cell to measure accurately. Exact measurements of these two types of disturbances can be important to determine appropriate link adaptation in the DL and UL directions equally for data transmission.

A channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) is a reference signal transmitted through a base station in the DL direction and received at a UE. The CSI-RS can be used by the UE to estimate channel quality and report channel quality information (CQI) to the base station. A sounding reference signal (SRS) is a reference signal that is transmitted by a UE in the UL direction and can be used by the base station, such as a gNB, to estimate the uplink channel quality. In one example, these two reference signals, the CSI-RS and the SRS, may be time-aligned to allow accurate measurement of UL and DL cross-directional interference in a dynamic TDD new radio (NR) system. The timing of the CSI-RS and the SRS can reduce the signal overhead since each cell may not be configured to determine whether the adjacent cell is transmitting or receiving. This can lead to a consistent design. The dynamic TDD-NR system is not limited to the CSI-RS and the SRS. Other types of reference signals may also be used, including interference reference (IM-RS) signals, which are a reference signal that can be used to measure disturbances.

In one example, the reference signals may be by timing the CSI-RS from the gNB 110 and the SRS-UE 140 be aligned. For example, an Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access (IFDMA) comb structure for the CSI-RS and the SRS may be used to determine the cross-link interference. On Frequency domain decimation factor used to define the comb structure for the CSI RS may be an integer multiple of the decimation factor used to define the comb structure for the SRS. For example, if the SRS 2 Combs with a frequency decimation factor 2 supported, the CSI-RS 12 Combs with a frequency decimation factor 12 support. In this example, the frequency decimation factor is 12 for the CSI-RS an integer multiple of the frequency decimation factor 2 for the SRS.

In another example, the transmission of the CSI-RS and the SRS may be precoded or not precoded. If the CSI RS is precoded, the CSI RS can be spatially processed. For example, the same signal from each of the transmit antennas of a single node may be transmitted and weighted with a specific phase and gain so that the signal power at the receiver output can be maximized. If the CSI-RS is not precoded, the signal may not undergo spatial processing. If the SRS is precoded, the SRS may undergo spatial processing. For example, the same signal from each of the transmit antennas may be transmitted and weighted with a specific phase and gain so that the signal power at the receiver output can be maximized. If the SRS is not precoded, the SRS may not undergo spatial processing. When the receiver measures the cross-link interference, the receiver can measure the interference level and the precoding metric.

In one example, the gNB 110 in order to be able to measure the cross-link interference, the zero-power CSI-RS resource for UE 130 on a crest of the configured CSI-RS resource. This resource may contain a fault measurement resource for the cross-link fault on the DL of the gNB 110 from the UL transmission from the UE 140 his. This configuration of the zero power CSI RS resource may be done dynamically using the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or higher level signaling, such as radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

In another example, the gNB 120 a zero power CSI RS resource for UE 140 on a comb of the configured RS resource. This resource may be a fault measurement resource for the cross-link fault on the UL of the UE 140 from the DL transmission from the gNB 110 his. This configuration of the zero power CSI RS resource may be done dynamically using the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or higher level signaling, such as radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

In another example, multiple UEs that perform UL transmission in adjacent cells may cross-link interference on the gNB 110 cause the on the DL to the UE 130 transfers. The cross-link interference from the plurality of UEs performing UL transmission in adjacent cells can be made by using the orthogonal separation in the SRS transmissions of the plurality of UEs using frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts.

Illustrated in another example 2 a basic interframe structure of a dynamic TDD NR system. In this example, cell 1 and cell 2 be time-aligned and resource-oriented. The box 202 for cell 1 and the box 212 for cell 2 may identify a channel transmitted by the gNB and include resource scheduling by the BS or the gNB. The direction of transfer for box 202 and box 212 is DL and may contain resource blocks (RB) going from n to n + k, where n is the index of an RB, k is the number of RBs that are being transmitted, and n and k are positive integers.

box 204 and box 214 may identify a channel transmitted from a transmitter side of a corresponding data transmission and may include a measurement signal transmission by the transmitter side. The direction of transfer for box 204 and box 214 is DL or Ul and may contain resource blocks (RB) going from n to n + k, where k is the number of RBs that are being transmitted.

box 206 and 216 may identify a channel transmitted from a receiver side of a corresponding data transmission and containing a measurement report by the receiver side. The direction of transfer for box 206 and box 216 is UL or DL and may contain resource blocks (RB) going from n to n + k, where k is the number of RBs that are being transmitted.

box 208 and 218 can identify the traffic data transmission by the sender. The direction of transfer for box 208 and box 218 is DL or Ul and may contain resource blocks (RB) going from n to n + k, where k is the number of RBs that are being transmitted.

Limiting the interference measurement within the scheduled resource blocks can ensure accurate interference measurement because the interference measurement setup will provide the same interference environment can emulate how the corresponding data transmission.

By time alignment and resource alignment of the interference measurement reference signals (IM-RS), an accurate cross-interference measurement can be achieved. The IM-RS can contain CSI-RS, SRS reference signals, and other related reference signals that can be used for fault measurement. The IM-RS for the DL and the UL can be jointly optimized to achieve good accuracy of cross-link interference measurement. In order to achieve low cross-correlation of the IM-RS among cells and to obtain the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in the UL, a comb-structure IM-RS can be used for cross-connection interference measurement.

In an example like in 3 Illustratively, the carrier bandwidth can be divided into multiple combs, as in IFDMA. The frequency domain decimation factor may be an integer greater than 1, and may, as in 3 Illustrated is 2. With two interleaved combs 300 can the cells 1 and 2 use a comb for the IM-RS, and the cells 3 and 4 can use the other comb for the IM-RS. In this example, the cells can 1 and 2 use the shaded boxes for IM-RS and the cells 3 and 4 can use the remaining boxes for the IM-RS. The IM-RS may be a non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS in the DL and an NZP-SRS in the UL. Alternatively, the IM-RS in the DL and UL may be a reference signal of the same type. Each comb may comprise a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs in the number of combs.

Same or different sequences can be used for NZP CSI-RS and NZP SRS. Examples of sequences for reference signals that can be used include pseudo-noise (PN) sequences, Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences, and Golay sequences. A pseudo noise sequence or pseudorandom noise sequence may be a sequence that resembles a random sequence of bits but is generated deterministically. A Zadoff Chu sequence may be a sequence capable of generating a signal of constant amplitude, with cyclically shifted versions of the sequence on one Signal cause a zero correlation with each other at the receiver. This can lead to the useful property that the cyclically shifted versions of the sequence are orthogonal to one another. A Golay sequence may comprise two binary sequences, with the property that their off-phase aperiodic autocorrelation coefficients give a sum of zero. Each cell may have a base sequence or multiple base sequences assigned. Different base sequences can be used by different cells.

The downlink IM-RS can not be precoded or precoded. The uplink IM-RS can not be precoded or precoded. If the IM-RS is precoded, the IM-RS may be subjected to spatial processing. For example, the same signal from each of the transmit antennas may be transmitted and weighted with a specific phase and gain so that the signal power at the receiver output can be maximized. If the IM-RS is not precoded, the signal may not undergo spatial processing. When the receiver measures the cross-link noise, it can measure the noise level and the precoding metric.

The downlink IM-RS may be precoded via physical layer signaling, such as the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), or higher level signaling, such as RRC signaling. The uplink IM-RS may be precoded via physical layer signaling, such as the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), or higher level signaling, such as RRC signaling.

The cyclic shift of the time domain can be applied via different antenna ports in the DL and UL. For example, when using the ZC sequences, the cyclically shifted versions of the sequence can be applied across different antenna ports in the DL and UL. This can lead to the property that each of the antenna ports can transmit or receive orthogonally from each other.

The IM-RS among the cells can be multiplexed by FDM or by Code Division Multiplexing (CDM). When the IM-RS among the cells is multiplexed by FDM, different combs can be used for each cell. When the IM-RS is multiplexed among the cells by CDM, different base sequences and different cyclic shifts of the time domain of a sequence can be used for each cell.

When measuring the cross-link interference, the terminal (BS or UE) can measure the interference level of its selected comb and other combs. The total disturbance level can be calculated from the measurement of the disturbance level of the selected comb and the other combs. For example, if the number of combs is 4, the terminal may measure the disturbance level of its own comb, which may be comb A, and the disturbance level of the other combs, which may be combs B, C, and D. In this example, the cross-link interference may be the sum of the interference levels of the combs A, B, C, and D.

In another example, the interference measurement resources (IMR) may be configured at the UE using one or more of the following parameters. The number of combs may be set as n combs, with the perturbation resources placed in a selected Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol every n subcarriers. For example, n may be a positive integer greater than 1 and a multiple of 2 such as 2, 4, 8, 12, and so forth. For example, if n equals 2, the number of combs can be set to 2 and the perturbation resources can be located every 2 subcarriers in a selected OFDM symbol.

In another example, the comb frequency spacing may also be configured at the UE. This can identify the initial resource element (RE) in the physical resource block (PRB) for the IMR. This may be a positive integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than n, the number of combs. For example, if the number of combs is 4, the comb frequency spacing may be configured to be 3. In this example, the initial RE in the PRB would be for the IMR 3.

In another example, the resource allocation in the frequency domains for the IMR transmission may also be configured on the UE. This can identify the indices of the valid PRBs for interference measurements. A valid PRB in this example may be the PRB used for disturbance measurements.

The interframe indices for IMR transmission may also be configured at the UE. This may identify the intermediate frame in which the UE can transmit the IM-RS. The IM-RS sequence can also be the specified intermediate frame.

When the IMR parameters have been configured at the UE, the UE may perform fault measurements for the displayed IMR resource elements and use the measured channel state information (CSI) interference. The IMR resource elements may collide with other reference signals configured on the UE, such as NZP CSI-RS. In this example, the IMR or corresponding colliding reference signal configuration may contain another parameter. This additional parameter can indicate whether the contribution should be excluded from the reference signal or compensated prior to the disturbance measurement.

In another example, the zero power (ZP) CSI-RS may also include a comb structure indicating physical downlink or uplink resource element assignment. This ZP CSI-RS can be configured by the following parameters. The number of combs may be set as n combs, with the perturbation resources placed in a selected Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol every n subcarriers. For example, n may be a positive integer greater than 1 and a multiple of 2 such as 2, 4, 8, 12, and so forth. For example, if n equals 2, the number of combs can be set to 2 and the perturbation resources can be located every 2 subcarriers in a selected OFDM symbol.

In another example, the comb frequency spacing may also be configured at the UE. This can identify the initial resource element (RE) in the physical resource block (PRB) for the IMR. This may be a positive integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than n, the number of combs. For example, if the number of combs is 4, the comb frequency spacing may be configured to be 3. In this example, the initial RE in the PRB is for the IMR 3.

The interframe indices for IMR transmission may also be configured at the UE. This may identify the intermediate frame in which the UE can transmit the IM-RS. The IM-RS sequence can also be the specified intermediate frame.

When the ZP CSI RS parameters have been configured at the UE, the UE may perform physical data channel resource element mapping around ZP CSI RS resource elements. Different configurations of ZP CSI-RS can be used for DL and UL.

There are at least three different ways in which a cross-link interference can be measured. First, the signals can be time aligned and the disturbance can be completely measured. Second, the signals can be differentiated as long as the UE knows the resource and the signals used by the source are orthogonal. Third, zero powers can be used in some of the interfering cells. In other words, the cells can be attenuated to measure the disturbance without the contributions of these cells. The cross-link interference can be measured by measuring the cross-to-noise ratio (SINR).

Another example represents a function 400 a first "Next Generation" node B (gNB) operable to measure the Crosslink Signal to Noise Ratio (SINR) in a Dynamic Time Division Duplex (TDD) new Radio (NR) system relative to a second gNB, as shown in FIG 4 , The gNB may include one or more processors. The one or more processors may be configured to perform a downlink on the first gNB. Interference measure reference signal (IM-RS) for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n combs, where n is a positive integer, as in block 410 , The one or more processors may be configured, at the first gNB, to decode an uplink IM-RS from a second UE received in one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, the uplink IM-RS at the Downlink IM-RS is time-aligned, as in block 420 , The one or more processors may be configured to determine at the first gNB the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the Uplink IM-RS, as in block 430 , Furthermore, the gNB may include a memory interface configured to receive the downlink IM-RS from a memory.

Another example represents a function 500 first user equipment (UE) operable to measure the crosslink signal to noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system relative to a second UE, as shown in FIG 5 , The gNB may include one or more processors. The one or more processors may be configured to provide at the first UE an uplink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) for transmission to a first "next generation" node B (gNB) in a selected comb of an n comb combed IFDMA comb structure encode, where n is a positive integer, as in block 510 , The one or more processors may be configured, at the first UE, to decode a downlink IM-RS from a second gNB received in one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, wherein the downlink IM-RS is at time-aligned to the uplink IM-RS, as in block 520 , The one or more processors may be configured to determine at the first UE the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second UE and the second gNB based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS, as in block 530 , Furthermore, the gNB may include a memory interface configured to receive the uplink IM-RS from a memory.

Another example provides at least one machine-readable storage medium for instructions 600 are embodied to measure the Crosslink Signal to Noise Ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system, as shown in FIG 6 , The instructions may be executed on a machine, the instructions being contained on at least one computer-readable medium or non-transitory machine-readable storage medium. The instructions, when executed, encode: encode a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) at the first gNB for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n combs, where n is a positive integer Number is as in block 610 , The instructions, when executed, perform the following: decode the uplink IM-RS at the first gNB from a second UE received in one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, the uplink IM-RS at the downlink IM-RS is time-aligned, as in block 620 , The instructions, when executed, perform: determining the cross-link interference at the first gNB in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink -IM-RS, as in block 630 ,

While examples have been provided in which an eNodeB has been given, these are not intended to be limiting. A fifth-generation gNB can be used instead of the eNodeB. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified, any example herein in which an eNodeB has been disclosed may also be disclosed using a gNB ("Next Generation" node B).

7 illustrates an architecture of a system 700 a network according to some embodiments. The system 700 is represented as a user device (UE) 701 and a UE 702 containing. The UEs 701 and 702 are depicted as smartphones (eg, touch screen mobile computing devices that can connect to one or more mobile networks), but may also include any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as personal data assistants (PDAs), pagers, laptop computers, desktop computers , wireless handsets or other computing devices, including a wireless communication interface.

In some embodiments, each of the UEs 701 and 702 an Internet of Things (IoT) UE, which may include a network access location designed for low-power IoT applications that allow short-term UE connections. An IoT UE may use technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) or machine-type communications (MTC) to exchange data with an MTC server or a public land mobile network (PLMN) device, a proximity-based service (ProSe) or device -to-device (D2D) communications, sensor networks or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC data exchange can be a machine-initiated data exchange. An IoT network describes connecting IOT UEs, the uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices with short-lived ones Connections (within the internet infrastructure). The IoT UEs can perform background applications (eg, keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to enable the connections of the IoT network.

The UEs 701 and 702 can be configured to connect to a Radio Access Network (RAN) 710 to connect, z. B. to connect communicatively - the RAN 710 For example, an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) may be Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), a NextGen RAN (NG RAN), or any other type of RAN. The UEs 701 and 702 use the connections 703 or. 704 each of which represents a physical communication interface or location (explained in more detail below); in this example, the connections are 703 and 704 illustrated as an air interface to facilitate a communicative connection, and may correspond to cellular communication protocols such as a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) protocol, a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) network protocol, a Push-to-Talk (PTT) protocol , a PTT over Cellular (POC) protocol, a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) protocol, a Fifth Generation ( 5G) Protocol, a new radio (NR) protocol, and so on.

In this embodiment, the UEs 701 and 702 Continue communication data directly via a ProSe interface 705 change. The ProSe interface 705 may alternatively be referred to as a Sidelink interface that includes one or more logical channels, including, but not limited to, a Phyiscal Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), a Phyiscal Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), a Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), and a PhyiscalSidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH).

The UE 702 is shown to access an access point (AP) 706 via connection 707 to be configured. The connection 707 may include a local wireless connection, such as a connection provided to each IEEE 802.15 Protocol corresponds to the AP 706 would include a wireless fidelity (WiFi®) router. In this example, the AP is 706 shown connected to the Internet without connection to the core network of the wireless system (described in more detail below).

The RAN 710 may contain one or more access nodes containing the connections 703 and 704 enable. These access nodes (ANs) may be referred to as base stations (BSs), NodeBs, evolved NodeBs (eNBs), Next Generation NodeBs (gNBs), RAN nodes, and so on, and may include ground stations (eg, terrestrial access points) or satellite stations. providing coverage within a geographic area (eg, a cell). The RAN 710 may include one or more RAN nodes to provide macrocells, e.g. For example, macro RAN nodes 711 , and one or more RAN nodes for providing femtocells or picocells (e.g., cells having smaller coverage areas, lower user capacity, or higher bandwidths than macrocells), e.g. For example, a low-power (LP) RAN node 712 ,

Each of the RAN nodes 711 and 712 can terminate the air interface protocol and the first contact point for the UEs 701 and 702 represent. In some embodiments, each of the RAN nodes may 711 and 712 different logical functions for the RAN 710 including but not limited to radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, dynamic uplink and downlink radio resource management and data packet planning, and mobility management.

According to some embodiments, the UEs 701 and 702 be configured using "Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing" (OFDM) communication signals with each other or with each of the RAN nodes 711 and 712 communicating via a multicarrier communication channel according to various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication technology (eg for downlink communications) or a single carrier frequency division multiple access ( SC-FDMA) communication technology (eg for uplink and ProSe or Sidelink communication), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this regard. The OFDM signals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some embodiments, a downlink resource lattice may be for downlink transmissions from each of the RAN nodes 711 and 712 to the UEs 701 and 702 while uplink transmissions may employ similar techniques. The grid may be a time-frequency grid, referred to as the resource lattice or time frequency resource lattice, which represents the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such time frequency level representation is a common method for OFDM systems, making it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and row of the resource grid corresponds to an OFDM symbol or an OFDM subcarrier. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to a slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is as a resource element designated. Each resource grid includes a number of resource blocks that describe the association of specific physical channels with resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this can represent the smallest amount of resources that can currently be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are transmitted using such resource blocks.

The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may provide user data and higher level signaling to the UEs 701 and 702 wear. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may, among other things, carry information about the transport format and the resource allocations with respect to the PDSCH channel. He can also use the UEs 701 and 702 inform about the transport format, the resource allocation and H-ARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request) information regarding the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assignment of the control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 702 within a cell) at each of the RAN nodes 711 and 712 based on channel quality information received from one of the UEs 701 and 702 be fed back. The downlink resource allocation information may be transmitted on the PDCCH corresponding to each of the UEs 701 and 702 is used (eg assigned).

The PDCCH may use the control channel elements (CCEs) to convey the control information. Prior to mapping to resource elements, the complex value PDCCH symbols may first be organized into groups of four, which may then be permuted using a sub-block for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of the CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs). Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols can be assigned to each REG. The PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the downlink control information (DCI) and the channel state. Four or more different PDCCH formats may be defined in the LTE with different numbers of CCEs (eg aggregation level, L = 1, 2, 4, or 8).

Some embodiments may use resource channel assignment concepts for control channel information that is an extension of the concepts described above. For example, some embodiments may use an improved physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH) that uses PDSCH resources for the transmission of control information. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of the improved control channel elements (ECCEs). Similarly as stated above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as Enhanced Resource Element Groups (EREGs). An ECCE may contain other numbers of EREGs in some situations.

The RAN 710 is considered communicative with a core network (CN) 720 connected via an S 1 interface 713 , In embodiments, the CN 720 be an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network, a NextGen Packet Core (NPC) network, or any other type of CN. In this embodiment, the S1 interface is 713 divided into two parts: the S1-U interface 714 that traffic data between the RAN nodes 711 and 712 and the server gateway (S-GW) 722 and the S1 Mobility Management Entity (MME) interface 715 providing a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 711 and 712 and MMEs 721 is.

In this embodiment, the CN comprises 720 the MMEs 721 , the S-GW 722 , the Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) 723 and a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 724 , The MMEs 721 may be similar in function to the control plane of the Alt-Server General Package Radio Service (GPRS) Support Node (SGSN). The MMEs 721 can manage mobility in aspects of access such as gateway selection and tracking list management. The HSS 724 may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information for assisting the handling of the network entities with communication sessions. The CN 720 can have one or more HSSs 724 Depending on the number of mobile subscribers, the capacity of the devices, the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS 724 Support for routing / roaming, authentication, authorization, naming / addressing solutions, location dependencies, etc.

The S-GW 722 can be the S1 interface 713 with the RAN 710 connect and route data packets between the RAN 710 and the core network 720 , Furthermore, the S-GW 722 represent a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handoffs and also provide an anchor for 3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful interception, loading and some enforcement of policies.

The P-GW 723 can connect an SGi interface to a PDN. The P-GW 723 can data packets between the EPC network 723 and external networks such as a network that the application server 730 contains (alternatively referred to as application function (AF)) via an Internet Protocol (IP) interface 725 route. In general, the application server 730 an element that offers applications that use IP carrier resources with the core network (eg UMTS Packet Services (PS) domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). In this embodiment, the P-GW 723 via an IP communication interface 725 communicatively with an application server 730 shown connected. The application server 730 may also be configured to provide one or more communication services to the UEs 701 and 702 over the CN 720 support (eg Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.).

The P-GW 723 may also be a node for policy enforcement and the task of collecting the data. The Policy and Order Enforcement Function (PCRF) 726 is the policy and order enforcement element of the CN 720 , In a non-roaming scenario, a single PCRF may be present in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with an Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session of a UE. In a roaming scenario with local traffic outbreak, there may be two PCRFs associated with an IP-CAN session of a UE: a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) in an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) in one Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF 726 can communicate via the P-GW 723 with the application server 730 be connected. The application server 730 can the PCRF 726 signal to display a new service flow and to select the appropriate quality of service (QoS) and order parameters. The PCRF 726 can present this rule in a Policy and Order Enforcement Function (PCEF) (not shown) with the appropriate Traffic Flow Template (TFT) and QoS Identity Class (QCI), which is the QoS and application server specification 730 starts.

8th illustrates example contents of a device 800 according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the device may 800 Application circuits 802 , Baseband circuits 804 , Radio Frequency (RF) circuits 806 Front-end module (FEM) circuits 808 , one or more antennas 810 and Power Management Circuits (PMC) 812 comprise, which are connected together at least as shown. The components of the illustrated device 800 may be included in a UE or a RAN node. In some embodiments, the device may 800 contain fewer elements (for example, a RAN node may not have application circuitry 802 and instead contain a processor / controller for processing IP data received from an EPC). In some embodiments, the device may 800 include other items such as memory / storage media, display, camera, sensor or input / output (I / O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device (eg, the circuits may be included separately in more than one device for cloud RAN (C-RAN) implementations).

The application circuit 802 can contain one or more application processors. For example, the application circuit 802 Circuits such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The processor (s) may be any combination of general-purpose processors and special processors (e.g., graphics processors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be connected to or contain memory / storage media and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory / storage device to enable various applications or operating systems on the device 800 to run. In some embodiments, the processors of the application circuitry 802 Process IP data packets received from an EPC.

The baseband circuits 804 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. The baseband circuits 804 may include one or more baseband processors or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuits 806 received and baseband signals for a transmission signal path of the RF circuits 806 to create. Baseband processing circuits 804 can interface with the application circuitry 802 comprise the baseband signals for the control of functions of the RF circuits 806 to produce and process. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuits 804 a baseband processor 804a the third generation ( 3G ), a baseband processor 804b the fourth generation ( 4G ), a baseband processor 804c the fifth generation ( 5G) or one or more other baseband processor (s) 804d for other existing generations, generations in development or in the future to develop (eg second generation ( 2G ), sixth generation ( 6G ), etc.). The baseband circuits 804 (eg one or more baseband processors 804a - d ) can handle various radio control functions that require communication with one or more radio networks over the Enable RF circuits 806. In other embodiments, some or all of the functions of the baseband processors may be 804a - d contained in modules that are in memory 804G stored and via a central processing unit (CPU) 804e be executed. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation / demodulation, encoding / decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, the modulation / demodulation circuits of the baseband circuits 804 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding or constellation mapping / mapping separation functions included. In some embodiments, the encoding / decoding circuitry of the baseband circuits 804 Convolution, Tail-Biting convolution, Turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoding / decoding functions included. Embodiments of modulation / demodulation and encoder / decoder function are not limited to these examples, and may include other suitable functions in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, the baseband circuits 804 one or more audio digital signal processor (s) (DSP) 804f contain. The audio DSP (s) 804f may include elements for compression / decompression and echo cancellation, and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments. Components of the baseband circuits may, in some embodiments, be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset or placed on a same board. In some embodiments, some or all of the components that make up the baseband circuitry may be used 804 and the application circuits 802 be implemented together, such as on a system on a chip (SOC).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuits may 804 provide communication that is compatible with one or more wireless technologies. For example, in some embodiments, baseband circuitry 804 may support communication with an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN) or other Wireless Urban Area Networks (WMAN) wireless local area network (WLAN) wireless network (WPAN). Circuit 804 is configured to support radio communications of more than m wireless protocol may be referred to as multimodal baseband circuits.

RF circuits 806 may facilitate communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuits 806 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate communication with the wireless network. RF circuits 806 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to receive RF signals from the FEM circuits 808 were received, Abkonvertieren, and baseband signals for Basebandschaltungen 804 provide. RF circuits 806 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry for baseband signals generated by the baseband circuits 804 are provided, upconvert and RF output signals to the FEM circuits 808 provide for transmission.

In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuits 806 Mixer circuits 806a , Amplifier circuits 806b and filter circuits 806c contain. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuits 806 Filter circuits 806c and mixer circuits 806a contain. RF circuits 806 can also synthesizer circuits 806d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuits 806a of the received signal path and the transmission signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 806a The receive signal path may be configured to receive RF signals from the FEM circuit 808 based on the synthesized frequency generated by the synthesizer circuit 806d were converted. The amplifier circuit 806b may be configured to amplify the downconverted signals and the filter circuit 806c may be a Low Pass Filter (LPF) or Band Pass Filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the downconverted signals to produce output baseband signals. Output baseband signals can be used for baseband circuits 804 be provided for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero frequency baseband signals, but this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 806a of the received signal path include passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 806a of the transmit signal path, input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency generated by the synthesizer circuit 806d is provided to upconvert to RF output signals for the FEM circuit 808 to create. The baseband signals can be through the baseband circuit 804 be provided and can through filter circuits 806c be filtered.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 806a the received signal path and the mixer circuit 806a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and be arranged for quadrature down conversion or upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 806a the received signal path and the mixer circuit 806a of the transmit signal path include two or more mixers and be arranged for image rejection (eg, Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 806a the received signal path and the mixer circuit 806a be arranged for direct down-conversion or direct up-conversion. In some embodiments, the mixer circuit 806a the received signal path and the mixer circuit 806a of the transmit signal path for a superheterodyne function.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternative embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternative embodiments, the RF circuits 806 analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuits and the baseband circuits 804 can contain a digital baseband interface to interface with the rf circuits 806 to communicate.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuit may be provided to process signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not so limited.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuit 806d a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N / N + 1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect since other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, the synthesizer circuit 806d a delta sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

The synthesizer circuit 806d may be configured to have an output frequency for use by the mixer circuit 806a of the RF circuit 806 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuit 806d be a fractional N / N + 1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, the frequency input may be by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), but this is not a requirement. The divider control input may be through the baseband circuitry 804 or the application processor 802 be provided, depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a lookup table based on a channel that is being used by the application processor 802 is specified.

The synthesizer circuit 806d the RF circuits 806 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer, and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by N or N + 1 (eg, based on an implementation) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded adjustable delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump, and a type D flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to divide a VCO period into Nd equal phase packets, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. Thus, the DLL provides a negative feedback to help ensure that the entire delay through the delay line is a VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuit 806d be configured to produce a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (eg twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with the quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate a plurality of signals with the carrier frequency having several different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be an LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuits 806 contain an IQ / polar converter.

FEM circuits 808 can one Receive signal path, which may include circuits that are configured to work with RF signals from one or more antennas 810 received, and the amplified versions of the received signals for the RF circuits 806 provide for further processing. FEM circuits 808 may also include a transmit signal path that may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission transmitted by RF circuitry 806 for transmission through one or more antennas 810 provided. In various embodiments, the gain through the transmit or receive signal paths may be unique in the RF circuit 806 , only in the FEM 808 or in the RF circuit 806 and the FEM 808 respectively.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuit 808 a TX / RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuit may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuit may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified RF signals as output (eg, to the RF circuit 806 ). The transmission signal path of the FEM circuit 808 may include a power amplifier (PA) to receive the input RF signals (eg, through the RF circuit 806 provided) and one or more filters for generating RF signals for subsequent transmission (eg, through one or more of the one or more antennas 810 ).

In some embodiments, the PMC 812 Manage the performance of the baseband circuits 804 provided. In particular, the PMC 812 control power source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or GS to GS conversion. The PMC 812 can often be included when the device 800 is able to be powered by a battery, for example, when the device is included in a UE. The PMC 812 can increase the power conversion efficiency while providing desirable conversion size and heat dissipation characteristics.

While 8th the PMC 812 only with the baseband circuit 804 connected shows. In other embodiments, the PMC 812 however, still or instead with other components, such as, but not limited to, the application circuitry 802 , RF circuit 806 or FEM 808 , be connected and perform similar power management functions for these.

In some embodiments, the PMC 812 various energy saving mechanisms of the device 800 control or otherwise be part of it. For example, if the device 800 When it is in a state RRC_Connected, where it is still connected to the RAN node, as it expects to receive traffic soon, it may enter a state known as an interrupted receive mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity , During this state, the device can 800 Switch off for a short period of time and thus save power.

If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, the device may 800 passed into a state RRC Idle, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform any functions such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The device 800 switches to a very low power state, paging and waking up periodically to listen on the network and then turn off again. The device 800 in this state may not receive data to receive data, it must go back to the RRC_Connected state.

Another power-saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods of time longer than one paging interval (from seconds to several hours). During this time, the device is completely inaccessible to the network and can completely shut down. All data sent during this time has a large delay and it is assumed that this delay is acceptable.

Processor of the application circuit 802 and processors of the baseband circuit 804 can be used to execute one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuit 804 , used alone or in combination, to perform functions of level 3, level 2 or level 1, while processors of the application circuits 804 Use data (eg packet data) received from these levels and also perform the function of level 4 (eg, Transmission Communication Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) levels). As mentioned herein, level 3 may include a Radio Response Control (RRC) level, which is described in greater detail below. As mentioned herein, level 2 may include a Medium Access Control (MAC) level, a Radio Link Control (RLC) level, and a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) level, as described in more detail below. As mentioned herein, level 1 may have a physical (PHY) level of a UE / RAN node, which is described in more detail below.

9 illustrates example interfaces of baseband circuits according to some embodiments. As explained above, the baseband circuits can 804 out 8th processors 804a to 804e and a memory 804G which the processors use. Each of the processors 804a to 804e can each have a memory interface, 904 to 904e included to data to / from the memory 804G to send.

The baseband circuits 804 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively connect to other circuitry / devices, such as a memory interface 912 (eg, an interface to send / receive data to / from memory outside baseband circuits 804 ), an application circuit interface 914 (eg, an interface for sending / receiving data to / from the application circuit 802 from 8th ), an RF circuit interface 916 (eg, an interface for sending / receiving data to / from RF circuitry 806 from 8th ), a wireless hardware connectivity interface 918 (eg an interface for sending / receiving data to / from Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (eg Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components and other communication components), and a performance management interface 920 (eg, an interface to send / receive power or control signals to / from the PMC 812 ,

10 provides an example illustration of the wireless device, such as a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile wireless device, a mobile communication device, a tablet, a handset, or other type of wireless device. The wireless device may include one or more antennas configured with a node, macro node, low power node (LPN), or a transmission station such as a base station (BS), a developed node B (eNB), a baseband processor unit (BBU), an external radio head (RRH), external radio equipment (RRE), relay station (RS), radio equipment (RE), or any other type of wide area network (WWAN) wireless access point. The wireless device may be configured to communicate using at least one wireless communication standard such as, but not limited to, 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Bluetooth, and WiFi. The wireless device may communicate using separate antennas for each wireless communication standard or shared antennas for multiple wireless communication standards. The wireless device may communicate in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), and / or a WWAN. The wireless device may also include a wireless modem. The wireless modem may include, for example, a wireless radio transceiver and baseband circuitry (eg, a baseband processor). The wireless modem, in one example, may modulate signals that the wireless device transmits over the one or more antennas and demodulates signals that the wireless device receives via the one or more antennas.

10 also provides an illustration of a microphone and one or more speakers that may be used for audio input and output from the wireless device. The display screen may be a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen or other type of display screen, such as an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) screen. The display screen may be configured as a touch screen. The touch screen can use capacitive, resistive or some other type of touch screen technology. An application processor and a graphics processor may be coupled to an internal memory to provide processing and display capabilities. A non-volatile memory port can also be used to output data input / output options to a user. The non-volatile memory port may also be used to extend the storage capabilities of the wireless device. A keyboard may be integrated with the wireless device or wirelessly connected to the wireless device to further provide user input. A virtual keyboard can also be provided via the touch screen.

Examples

The following examples relate to specific technology embodiments and show specific features, elements, or actions that may be used or otherwise combined to achieve such embodiments.

Example 1 includes an apparatus of a first "Next Generation" node B (gNB) operable to measure a Crosslink Signal to Noise Ratio (SINR) in a Dynamic Time Division Duplex (TDD) new Radio (NR) system relative to a second gNB the apparatus comprising: one or more processors configured to: encode a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) to first gNB for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected one of an IFDMA comb structure having n crests where n is a positive integer; Decoding an uplink IM-RS at the first gNB from a second UE received in one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, wherein the uplink IM-RS at the downlink IM-RS is time aligned; and determining the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure at the first gNB triggered by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS; and one A memory interface configured to receive from a memory data associated with the downlink IM-RS.

Example 2 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal.

Example 3 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS and decode the uplink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another sequence type, the sequence type being one of contains the following elements: a pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence or a Golay sequence.

Example 4 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 1 to 3, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded.

Example 5 includes the apparatus of any one of examples 1 to 3, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

Example 6 includes the apparatus of any one of examples 1 to 3, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to measure a cross-link interference of multiple uplink IM-RSs using one or more of: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts.

Example 7 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs.

Example 8 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 1 to 3, wherein one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

Example 9 includes a first user equipment (UE) device operable to measure crosslink signal to noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system relative to a second UE, the device comprising: one or a plurality of processors configured to: encode an uplink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) at the first UE, for transmission to a first "next generation" node B (gNB), in a selected one comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n combs, wherein n is a positive integer; Decoding a downlink IM-RS from a second gNB received at one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure at the first UE, wherein the downlink IM-RS is time-aligned at the uplink IM-RS; and determining the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure at the first UE triggered by one or more of the first UE and the second gNB based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS; and a memory interface configured to receive data from a memory associated with the uplink IM-RS.

Example 10 includes the apparatus of Example 9, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: code the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; or decoding the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal.

Example 11 includes the apparatus of Example 9, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode the uplink IM-RS and decode the downlink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type being one of the following Elements contains: a pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence or a Golay sequence.

Example 12 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 9 to 11, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or decoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded.

Example 13 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 9 to 11, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: code the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

Example 14 includes the apparatus of Example 9, wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs.

Example 15 contains the device of any one of Examples 9 to 11, wherein one or more Fault Measurement Resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

Example 16 includes at least one machine-readable storage medium upon which instructions for measuring cross-link signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system are embodied, the instructions being executed by one or more processors in a first "Next Generation" node B (gNB): Encoding at the first gNB, a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n combs, where n is a positive integer; Decoding an uplink IM-RS from a second UE received at one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure at the first gNB, wherein the uplink IM-RS at the downlink IM-RS is time aligned; and determining the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS at the first gNB.

Example 17 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of Example 16, further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal.

Example 18 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of Example 16, further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS and decoding the uplink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another sequence type, the sequence type being one of the following Elements contains: a pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence or a Golay sequence.

Example 19 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any one of Examples 16 to 18, further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded.

Example 20 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any one of Examples 16 to 18, further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

Example 21 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any of Examples 16-18, further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: measuring a cross-link interference from multiple uplink IM-RSs using one or more of: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts.

Example 22 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of Example 16, wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs.

Example 23 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any one of Examples 16 to 18, wherein one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

Example 24 includes user equipment (UE) operable to measure the cross-link signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system, the UE comprising: means for encoding a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM RS) at the first gNB, for transmission to a first user equipment (UE), in a selected comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n crests, where n is a positive integer; Means for decoding an uplink IM-RS at the first gNB from a second UE received at one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, wherein the uplink IM-RS at the downlink IM-RS is time aligned; and means for determining the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure at the first gNB caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS.

Example 25 includes the UE of Example 24, the UE further comprising: means for encoding the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; or means for decoding the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal.

Example 26 includes the UE of Example 24, the UE further comprising: means for encoding the downlink IM-RS and decoding the uplink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type including one of the following: a pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence or a Golay sequence.

Example 27 includes the UE of any one of Examples 24 to 26, the UE further comprising: means for encoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or means for decoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded.

Example 28 includes the UE of any of Examples 24 through 26, the UE further comprising: means for encoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or means for decoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

Example 29 includes the UE of any one of Examples 24 to 26, the UE further comprising: means for measuring a cross-link interference of multiple uplink IM-RSs using one or more of: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts.

Example 30 includes the UE of Example 24, where each comb comprises multiple subcarriers, interleaved with subcarriers of other combs from the n combs.

Example 31 includes the UE of any one of Examples 24 to 26, wherein one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

Example 32 includes an apparatus of a first "Next Generation" node B (gNB) operable to measure the cross-link signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system relative to a second gNB, the device comprising: one or more processors configured to: encode a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) at the first gNB for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n combs, where n is a positive integer ; Decoding an uplink IM-RS from a second UE at the first gNB received at one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, wherein the uplink IM-RS at the downlink IM-RS is time aligned; and determining the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure at the first gNB caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS; and a memory interface configured to receive data associated with the downlink IM-RS from a memory.

Example 33 includes the apparatus of Example 32, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; Decoding an uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; Encoding the downlink IM-RS and decoding the uplink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type containing one of the following: a pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff chu (ZC) Sequence or a Golay sequence; Encoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; Decoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; Encoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

Example 34 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 32 to 33, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to measure a cross-link interference from multiple uplink IM-RSs using one or more of: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts.

Example 35 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 32 to 33, wherein each comb comprises a plurality of subcarriers interleaved with subcarriers of other combs from the n combs.

Example 36 includes the apparatus of any of Examples 32-33, wherein one or more interference measurement resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

Example 37 includes a first user equipment (UE) device operable to measure crosslink signal to noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system relative to a second UE, the device comprising: one or a plurality of processors configured to: encode an uplink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) at the first UE, for transmission to a first "next generation" node B (gNB), in a selected one comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n combs, wherein n is a positive integer; Decoding a downlink IM-RS from a second gNB received at one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure at the first UE, wherein the downlink IM-RS is time-aligned at the uplink IM-RS; and determining the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure at the first UE triggered by one or more of the first UE and the second gNB based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS; and a memory interface configured to receive data from a memory associated with the uplink IM-RS.

Example 38 includes the apparatus of Example 37, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: code the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; Decoding the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; Encoding the uplink IM-RS and decoding the downlink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type containing one of the following: a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff chu (ZC) Sequence, or a Golay sequence; Encoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; Decoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; Encoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

Example 39 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 37 to 38, wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs.

Example 40 includes the apparatus of any one of Examples 37 to 38, wherein one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

Example 41 includes at least one machine-readable storage medium upon which instructions for measuring cross-link signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system are embodied, the instructions being executed by one or more processors in a first "Next Generation" node B (gNB): Encoding at the first gNB, a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected comb of an IFDMA comb structure with n combs, where n is a positive integer; Decoding an uplink IM-RS from a second UE received at one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure at the first gNB, wherein the uplink IM-RS at the downlink IM-RS is time aligned; and determining the cross-link interference in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS at the first gNB.

Example 42 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of Example 41, further comprising instructions to perform, when executed: encoding the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; Decoding the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; Encoding the downlink IM-RS and decoding the uplink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type containing one of the following: a pseudo-random noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff chu (ZC) Sequence or a Golay sequence; Encoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded.

Example 43 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any one of Examples 41 to 42, further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling.

Example 44 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any one of Examples 41 to 42, further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: measuring a cross-link interference from multiple uplink IM-RSs using one or more of: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts.

Example 45 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any one of Examples 41 to 42, wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs.

Example 46 includes the at least one machine-readable storage medium of any of Examples 41 to 42, wherein one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

Various techniques, or certain aspects, or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (ie, instructions) embodied on tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, compact disc read only memories (CD-ROMs), hard disks, non-transitory computer readable storage media, or the like other machine-readable storage media, where, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for performing the various techniques. In program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device may include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and / or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one input device Output device included. The volatile and nonvolatile memory and / or the storage elements may be random access memory (RAM), erasable read only memory (EPROM), a flash drive, an optical drive, a magnetic hard disk, a solid state drive, or other electronic data storage medium , The node and wireless device may also include a transceiver module (ie, transceiver), a counter module (ie, counter), a processing module (ie, processor), and / or a clock module (ie, clock) or timer module (ie, timer). In an example, selected components of the transceiver module may be located on a Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN). One or more programs that can implement or utilize the various techniques described herein may use an application programming interface (API), reusable controllers, and so forth. Such programs may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program (s) may be implemented in the assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language can be a compiled or interpreted language and combined with hardware conversions.

As used herein, the term "circuits" may refer to a tegrated Circuit Application Specific In (ASIC) electronic circuit, a processor (specifically, or group), and / or memory (shared, special, or group), part thereof or that executes one or more software or firmware programs, a combination logic circuit, and / or other suitable hardware components that provide the described function. In some embodiments, the circuits or functions associated with the circuit may be implemented in or by one or more software or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may include logic that is at least partially operable in hardware.

It should be understood that many of the functional units described in these specifications have been referred to as one or more modules to emphasize their implementation independence. For example, a module may be implemented as a hardware circuit that includes customized very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits or gate arrays, or off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices, such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic devices, or the like.

Modules can also be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. For example, an identified module of executable code may include one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions that may be organized, for example, as an object, method, or function. However, the executable elements of an identified module need not physically be together, but may include separate instructions stored in different locations that, when logically connected, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module.

A module of executable code may in fact be a single instruction or many instructions, and may also be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs and across multiple storage devices. Similarly, operational data herein may be identified and illustrated within modules and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized in all types of data structures shown. The operational data may be collected as a single data set or distributed over different locations, even across different storage devices, and may exist, at least in part, only as electronic signals on a system or network. The modules may be passive or active, including agents that can be operated to perform the desired function.

In these specifications, a reference to "an example" or "exemplary" means that a particular function, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the example is included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Therefore, the occurrence of the terms "in an example" or the word "exemplary" at various points in this specification does not necessarily always refer to the same embodiment.

As used herein, multiple items, structural elements, compositional elements, and / or materials may be presented in a common listing for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as if each individual element of the list were individually referred to as a separate and single element. Therefore, no single element of such a list should be construed solely based on its representation in a common group without reference to the contrary, as if it were de facto-equivalent to another element of the same list. Furthermore, various embodiments and examples of the present technology may be referenced herein together with alternatives for various components thereof. It should be understood that such embodiments, examples, and literatures are not to be construed as de facto equivalent to each other, but are to be regarded as separate and autonomous representations of the present technology.

Further, the described functions, structures, or properties may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of layouts, distances, network examples, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the technology may be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, layouts, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or functions are not illustrated or described in detail with respect to the technology not to disguise.

While the above examples are illustrative of the principles of the present technology in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications can be made in the form, use, and details of implementation without inventive steps without deviating from the principles and concepts of technology. Accordingly, it is not intended that the technology be limited except as by the following claims.

Claims (24)

Claimed is: Apparatus of a first "Next Generation" node B (gNB) operable to measure the cross-link signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system relative to a second gNB comprising the apparatus : one or more processors configured to: Encoding a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) at the first gNB for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected one of an n comb IFDMA comb structure, where n is a positive integer; Decoding an uplink IM-RS at the first gNB from a second UE received in one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, wherein the uplink IM-RS is time aligned at the downlink IM-RS; and Determining the cross-link interference at the first gNB in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS; and a memory interface configured to receive data associated with the downlink IM-RS from a memory. Device after Claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal. Device after Claim 1 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS and decode the uplink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type including one of the following: a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence, a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence or a Golay sequence. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to measure a cross-link interference of multiple uplink IM-RSs using one or more of: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts. Device after Claim 1 wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 3 where one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR-comb frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices. A first user equipment (UE) device operable to measure the crosslink signal to noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system relative to a second UE, the device comprising: one or more processors configured to: Encoding an uplink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) at the first UE for transmission to a first "next generation" node B (gNB) in a selected one of an n comb IFDMA comb structure, where n is a positive integer; Decoding a downlink IM-RS at the first UE from a second gNB received in one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, the downlink IM-RS being time aligned at the uplink IM-RS; and Determining the cross-link interference at the first UE in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second UE and the second gNB based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS; and a memory interface configured to receive data associated with the uplink IM-RS from a memory. Device after Claim 9 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: code the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; or decoding the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal. Device after Claim 9 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode the uplink IM-RS and decode the downlink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type including one of the following: a pseudorandom noise PN) sequence, a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence or a Golay sequence. Device according to one of Claims 9 to 11 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or decoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded. Device according to one of Claims 9 to 11 wherein the one or more processors are further configured to: encode the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling. Device after Claim 9 wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs. Device according to one of Claims 9 to 11 where one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices. At least one machine-readable storage medium on which instructions are embodied to measure the cross-link signal-to-noise ratio (SINR) in a dynamic time division duplex (TDD) new radio (NR) system, said instructions being executed by one or more processors at a first " Next Generation "Node B (gNB): Encoding a downlink interference measurement reference signal (IM-RS) at the first gNB for transmission to a first user equipment (UE) in a selected one of an n comb IFDMA comb structure, where n is a positive integer; Decoding an uplink IM-RS at the first gNB from a second UE received in one of the n combs in the IFDMA comb structure, wherein the uplink IM-RS is time aligned at the downlink IM-RS; and Determining the cross-link interference at the first gNB in the IFDMA comb structure caused by one or more of the second gNB and the second UE based on the downlink IM-RS and the uplink IM-RS. At least one machine-readable storage medium after Claim 16 further comprising instructions to perform, when executed: encoding the downlink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as a non-zero power reference signal. At least one machine-readable storage medium after Claim 16 further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS and decoding the uplink IM-RS as a self-sequence type or another type of sequence, the sequence type including one of the following: a pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence , a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence or a Golay sequence. At least one machine-readable storage medium according to one of Claims 16 to 18 further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded; or decoding the uplink IM-RS as non-precoded or precoded. At least one machine-readable storage medium according to one of Claims 16 to 18 further comprising instructions to perform upon execution: encoding the downlink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling; or decoding the uplink IM-RS via physical layer signaling or higher layer signaling. At least one machine-readable storage medium according to one of Claims 16 to 18 and further comprising instructions to perform, when executed: measuring a cross-link interference from multiple uplink IM-RSs using one or more of: frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or cyclic time domain shifts. The at least one machine-readable storage medium Claim 16 wherein each comb comprises a plurality of intermediate carriers interleaved with intermediate carriers of other combs from the n combs. The at least one machine-readable storage medium from one of Claims 16 to 18 where one or more perturbation resource (IMR) parameters are configured, including: IMR comb-frequency spacing; physical resource block (PRB) indexes; or interframe indices.

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