DE102022114038A1 - Energy system - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates, among other things, to a device (70) for determining the adsorption state of a filter device (22b) of a fuel cell system (22), comprising a sensor device (71) with at least one first sensor element (72) for determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream (73), which emerges from the filter device (22b). In order to provide cost-effective solutions that use structurally simple components that are less susceptible to failure and that function in a simple manner in that as few parameters as possible have to be taken into account when determining the adsorption state, the device (70) has the following components: an evaluation device (74) for the qualitative evaluation of the change in concentration of impurities in the air flow (73), which is connected to the at least one first sensor element (72) via an interface (75), and which has the following components: a detection device (76), which is used for , in particular continuous, detection of the concentration values of impurities in the air flow (73) determined by the at least one first sensor element (72), a comparator device (77) which is used to compare the concentration values of impurities in the air flow (76) detected by the detection device (76). 73) is provided with concentration reference values, an output device (78) which is provided such that it is able to output an output signal when a concentration value of impurities in the air stream (73) detected by the detection device (77) exceeds a predetermined value .

Description

The present invention initially relates to a device for determining the adsorption state of a filter device according to the preamble of patent claim 1, which is used in particular in connection with a fuel cell system of an energy system. The invention further relates to a fuel cell system according to the preamble of patent claim 9, a ventilation system according to the preamble of patent claim 16, which is in particular part of an energy system, and an energy system according to the preamble of patent claim 17. Finally, the invention also relates to a method for determining the adsorption state a filter device.

Energy systems of the generic type are already known in many ways in the prior art. Such systems usually generate and provide energy for a wide variety of application areas.

In a known type of such energy system, energy is generated in a first energy source. The energy produced can be hydrogen, for example. The hydrogen is produced, for example, in an electrolysis device and then stored in a storage device. This is, for example, a first mode of operation of the energy system. During operation of the energy system, the hydrogen is removed from the storage device and consumed in a fuel cell system. This is, for example, a second mode of operation of the energy system. The above-described components of the energy system are usually spatially separated from one another and connected to one another via a connecting line device. Both of the aforementioned operating modes usually require different pressure levels. While pressures of 20 to 60 bar prevail in the first operating mode with electrolysis, pressures of less than 20 bar are required to operate the fuel cell device in the second operating mode.

So that such energy systems can be used as comprehensively as possible, for example in the form of home energy systems, it has already become known in the prior art to expand an energy system as described above to include a ventilation system. The ventilation system has the particular function of generating a desired room climate in a room, for example in a lounge in a house, for example by appropriately ventilating and/or heating and/or cooling the room. During operation, the ventilation system can rely on processes from the energy system. Such a known ventilation system is, for example, in DE 10 2018 133 194 A1 disclosed to the applicant. In this known solution, a supply air flow provided via an outside air supply enters the ventilation system. A supply of air is generated via a ventilation device of the ventilation system, which has a heat exchanger, and is provided to the room as supply air. Exhaust air removed from the room is guided as an exhaust air flow over the ventilation device via an exhaust air outlet and is removed from the ventilation system as an exhaust air flow via an exhaust air outlet.

Such energy systems and ventilation systems are compact systems in which the individual components are used efficiently. By using individual components multiple times in different processes, the manufacturing costs of the system can also be reduced. In addition, process results arising at individual points in the system that would otherwise be treated as “waste products” can in some cases still be used as “initial products” for processes occurring at other points in the system. One example here is the resulting air flows, heat and the like.

For example, the exhaust air generated in the ventilation system can also be used as supply air for the fuel cell system. However, the supply air to the fuel cell system, which corresponds, for example, to the exhaust air from the ventilation system, can contain impurities that are harmful to the fuel cell system, in particular to the fuel cells. For this reason, the fuel cell system usually has a filter device that has the function of filtering out impurities from the air flow that enters the fuel cell system. The filter device is arranged, in particular on the cathode side, in the flow direction of the air flow in front of the actual fuel cells of the fuel cell system.

A too high concentration of impurities in the air flow that enters the fuel cell leads in the best case to a reduction in the performance of the fuel cell, but usually also to damage in the form of irreversible aging or an irreversible loss of performance of the fuel cell to their partial failure or even total failure. For this reason, it is necessary to know what the loading state of the filter device upstream of the fuel cells is, i.e. its adsorption state, with the aim of renewing this filter device in a timely manner.

In the DE 11 2007 001 423 B4 A solution to this has become known. The starting point of this Known teaching is a fuel cell system which has a filter device to remove impurities, which is, for example, an activated carbon filter. According to the teaching of this publication, various parameters are measured, including the concentration of harmful substances in an air stream. This measurement always takes place in front of the filter device in the direction of flow of the air flow. The measured parameters are used to estimate whether the end of life of the filter device has been reached. This is the case if the estimated value resulting from the estimation process, usually a value of the amount of pollutant accumulated over time, is above a defined limit value. If this is the case, a warning message is generated.

The disadvantage of the known solution is, first of all, that the method is complex, since a computer unit is required in which extensive calculations have to be carried out. In addition, the solution is prone to failure, since in order to generate the estimated value, several different parameters, in particular the pollutant concentration in the gas and the gas volume flow, must be recorded side by side with sufficient accuracy and long-term stability, with different components having to interact. If there are problems with just one parameter, the entire measurement is invalid. Another problem is the generally poorly known and often batch-dependent capacity of the filter device. Another disturbance variable for an exact determination of the filter capacity is a generally non-uniform flow through the filter device, which creates locally different, uneven loading levels and also causes breakthroughs of pollutants when the average load on the filter is still well below the loading limit. However, if the fuel cell system is used in an energy system or in a ventilation system of the type mentioned at the beginning, unknown pollutant concentrations that vary greatly over time can occur in the exhaust air of the ventilation system, which is used as supply air for the fuel cell system. The known solution is therefore particularly unsuitable for use in connection with an energy system or a ventilation system. In such areas of application, it is therefore still necessary to check the filter device in the supply air to the fuel cells at fixed service intervals, which must be chosen to be sufficiently short for safety reasons due to the aforementioned possible fluctuations in contaminants in the air flow.

The present invention is therefore based on the object of developing a device for determining the adsorption state or the effectiveness of a filter device, a fuel cell system, a ventilation system and an energy system of the type mentioned in such a way that the disadvantages described in the prior art are avoided. Since it is important for the individual system components, especially when they are used in ventilation systems and energy systems, to operate in a cost-optimized manner, the task is particularly to provide cost-effective solutions that use structurally simple components that are less susceptible to interference and measurement errors, and which work in a simple manner by requiring as few parameters as possible to be taken into account when determining the adsorption state of the filter device. The sensor elements used should be designed to be as simple as possible. Furthermore, a correspondingly improved method for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is to be provided.

This object is achieved according to the invention by the device for determining the adsorption state of a filter device with the features of independent patent claim 1, which represents the first aspect of the invention, by the fuel cell system with the features of independent patent claim 9, which represents the second aspect of the invention the ventilation system with the features of independent claim 16, which represents the third aspect of the invention, by the energy system with the features of independent claim 17, which represents the fourth aspect of the invention, and by the method for determining the adsorption state of a filter device with the features of independent claim 18, which represents the fifth aspect of the invention.

Further features and details of the invention emerge from the subclaims, the description and the drawings. Features and details that are disclosed in connection with one of the aspects of the invention also apply in full in connection with all other aspects of the invention, and vice versa, so that with regard to the disclosure of the individual aspects of the invention, full reference is always made to the other aspects of the invention.

All aspects of the invention are based on the common inventive concept that the adsorption state of a filter device is determined in a qualitative manner via its effectiveness. The adsorption state is understood to mean, in particular, the degree of attachment of atoms or molecules of substances, here of impurities, which are particularly present in gaseous form, on the surfaces of the material of the filter device. A qualitative determination of the adsorption state is ins in particular a determination of the changing adsorption effectiveness over time. The determination of the adsorption state is in particular a determination of the adsorption state. This can be done in various ways, for example by measurement, by calculation or by a combination of measurement and calculation. The last-mentioned variant provides in particular that values are measured using a sensor element and that these measured values are then evaluated.

The basic connections and advantages of the invention are first described below according to the individual aspects of the invention.

In the solution according to the invention, the measurement of the concentration of impurities in the air stream in front of the filter device, as is the case with the solution known from the prior art, is not needed to determine how many impurities, in particular These are pollutants that have entered the filter device and thereby exhaust its capacity. According to the invention, it is rather determined whether the concentration of impurities in the air flow decreases significantly in quality when the air flows through the filter device. If this is the case, the filter device is still active. In the best case, this can be achieved by a single sensor element, as will be explained in more detail below using preferred exemplary embodiments. For the qualitative evaluation of a signal change, a simple sensor element is usually sufficient, which does not have to be highly precise.

If the adsorption state, i.e. the load, and thus the effectiveness of the filter device can be detected, a component following the filter device, for example a fuel cell, and here in particular a cathode of the fuel cell, can be reliably protected from contamination, in particular from pollutants. On the other hand, a service interval as described above can be optimized. In addition, the invention can take into account an unknown concentration of impurities, which may vary greatly over time, for example a pollutant concentration, in the air stream entering the filter device.

If the filter device has reached a loading state that is too high, that is, an adsorption state that is too high, which can be referred to as a critical degree of adsorption, the concentration of impurities in the air flow leaving the filter device increases sharply and may exceed the permissible limit values. There are sensor elements, for which a number of preferred embodiments are described below, which can detect one or more contaminant materials, i.e. substances, in an air stream. If the concentration is measured before and after the filter device, the current effectiveness of the filter device with regard to this impurity group or with respect to the relevant impurity group can be seen. In particular, it is based on the assumption that a less effective filter device indicates the occupancy of a large number of the active centers of the filter device and thus the worsening filter effect of other contaminant materials, i.e. substances with comparable adsorption behavior. According to the invention, it is sufficient to measure the qualitative change. This means that lower demands can be made on the absolute accuracy of the sensor elements. This leads to more cost-effective solutions.

According to the invention, it is sufficient to detect the change over time in the adsorption of one or more impurity classes or substance classes. It is preferred to measure the concentration differences upstream of the filter device and downstream of the filter device. Under special conditions, which will be discussed in more detail below, it is even sufficient to measure with one sensor element or with a group of sensor elements at one point. This then leads to a saving of sensor elements if measurements only have to be taken at one point.

According to the invention, it is realized that the load of the filter device is determined, for example measured and/or calculated, via a sensor element that is placed behind the filter device. The replacement interval of the filter device can be specified. The filter device is loaded when there is a measurable increase in the concentration of impurities in the air flow being examined via the sensor element over a time interval. The use of an additional sensor element in front of the filter device leads to an improvement in accuracy, since the input power of the filter device can be determined by forming a difference before and after the filter device and / or the accuracy of the two sensors can then be mutually adjusted in certain operating states.

Advantages of the present invention are, in particular, that the service intervals can be optimized and the costs for required service actions can be reduced, and that there is a low risk of damage to components downstream of the filter device, for example there is degradation of the fuel cells behind the filter device. This leads to a longer lifespan.

The individual aspects of the invention are explained in detail below, also taking into account the above general explanations of the invention.

According to the first aspect of the invention, a device for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is provided, which has the features of independent claim 1. In particular, this device is provided for determining the adsorption state of a fuel cell system. The device thus determines the loading status of the filter device. In particular, a critical degree of adsorption, that is to say a critical adsorption intensity, is determined.

The device, which is also occasionally referred to as a determination device below, has a sensor device. This sensor device comprises one or more sensor elements. In some embodiments, which are described in more detail below, the sensor device has only one sensor element. In other embodiments, the sensor device has more than one sensor element, for example two or three sensor elements.

According to the invention, the sensor device has at least one first sensor element for, in particular continuously, determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream emerging from the filter device. In the light of the present description, the first sensor elements are functionally characterized, as will be explained in detail using preferred embodiments, in that they determine, for example measure, concentration values of impurities in an air stream that emerges from the filter device or that is in the direction of flow of the air flow is located behind the filter device, or which is guided past the filter device in the bypass. In some embodiments, second sensor elements are also used. These determine, for example measure, concentration values of impurities in an air stream that enters the filter device or that is located in front of the filter device in the flow direction of the air flow. The invention is not limited to certain types of sensor elements. Some preferred embodiments of this will be explained in more detail in the further course of the description.

Furthermore, the determination device has an evaluation device for qualitatively evaluating the change in concentration of impurities in the air flow, which is connected to the at least one first sensor element via an interface. The evaluation device has a number of components. These components can be present, for example, as independent components, for example as electronic components or components that interact with one another. The components can also be implemented, for example, as electronic circuits or circuit parts. In another embodiment, the components are logic modules or algorithms or components of a computer program. For example, a computer program enables a data processing system, or an electronic circuit with corresponding components or logic modules, to carry out the method according to the fifth aspect of the invention, which is described below. In a preferred embodiment, the components are functional components of a controller. This means that the components are parts of a control system that perform a specific function and are defined by this function. The evaluation device can, for example, be part of the, in particular intelligent, sensor element. The results are generated in the sensor element itself and then transmitted to a receiver via the interface. In another preferred embodiment, the evaluation device is part of a control device. In the latter case, the determination device, preferably the evaluation device, can have an interface to a control device. The control device can, for example, be a control device specifically provided for the determination device, or, based on the further aspects of the invention, a control device or a component of a control device of a ventilation system or an energy system. In another embodiment, the control device can be part of the evaluation device.

The individual components of the evaluation device are described below, which, as described above, can be implemented either as physical components or in the form of functional processes.

One component is a detection device which is provided for the, in particular continuous, detection of the concentration values of impurities in the air flow determined by the at least one first sensor element. The concentration values recorded by the first sensor element are transmitted via a sensor tap and via a corresponding section point, transmitted to the evaluation device and recorded by the detection device.

The detection device interacts with another component, which is a comparator device. The comparator device is provided for comparing the concentration values of impurities in the air flow recorded by the detection device with concentration reference values. This can be done in different ways, as will be explained in more detail later in the description. Different types of concentration reference values can also be used. For example, the concentration reference values can be in the form of previously recorded concentration values of impurities in the air flow that emerges from the filter device and/or in the form of concentration limit values and/or in the form of concentration values of impurities in an air flow that is led past the filter device in the bypass. and/or in the form of concentration values of impurities in an air stream entering the filter device.

The values recorded by the first sensor element indicate the concentration of contaminants in the air stream exiting the filter device. If, for example, no concentration of impurities is detected by the first sensor element, this means that the filter device is active and any impurities are effectively adsorbed in the filter device. However, if the first sensor element measures a concentration, the comparator device determines to what extent the concentration in the air flow is harmful. If the currently measured concentration values in the comparator device are compared, for example, with previously measured concentration values or with bypass values, a tendency can be determined via the change in concentration and thus via the qualitative change in the effectiveness of the filter device. If the measured concentration values are compared with concentration limit values, it can be determined whether the concentration values are approaching these concentration limit values. For example, limit values can be provided that reflect a critical loading of the filter device. If such a limit value is reached, or if the measured concentration values approach such a limit value, this is an indication that the quality of the filter device is decreasing and the filter device may need to be replaced.

Furthermore, the evaluation device has an output device which is provided in such a way that it is able to output an output signal when a concentration value of impurities in the air flow detected by the detection device exceeds a predetermined value. This can be done in different ways. For example, a warning light could be activated. Or a signal, for example a message, is generated which is transmitted to a monitoring point, in particular a central one.

The determination device according to the invention is in particular provided so that it detects or can detect the temporal change in concentration values of impurities in the air flow that emerges from the filter device.

In a preferred embodiment, there is at least one first sensor element, which is used to determine concentration values of impurities in an air stream that exits the filter device, in addition to at least temporarily determining concentration values of impurities in an air flow that is guided past the filter device in the bypass , provided. The sensor element is then positioned in such a way that in some operating states it measures the concentration of impurities in the air stream that is led past the filter device in the bypass, and in some operating states it measures the concentration of impurities in the air flow that passes through the filter device. Switching over then produces measurement signals that increasingly deviate from one another as the filter device becomes more loaded. In this embodiment, it is preferably realized that the evaluation device, in particular the comparator device, is a device for forming the difference between concentration values of impurities in an air stream emerging from the filter device, which are detected by the at least one first sensor element, and concentration values of impurities in an air flow that is guided past the filter device in the bypass, which is detected by the at least one first sensor element. In another embodiment, two first sensor elements can be provided instead of just one sensor element, with one sensor element detecting concentration values in the air flow that exits the filter device, and another first sensor element detecting concentration values in the air flow that is guided past the filter device in the bypass.

In a preferred embodiment, the sensor device has, in addition to at least a first sensor element, a second sensor element which is provided for the, in particular continuous, determination of concentration values of impurities in an air stream that enters the filter device.

The concentration values detected by the first and second sensor elements are compared with one another in the evaluation device, in particular in the comparator device. If the concentration in the air stream entering the filter device is already low, this is an indication that the air has few impurities, so that the filter device is not contaminated. If the concentration values of impurities in the air stream upstream of the filter device are higher than the concentration values of contaminants in the air stream downstream of the filter device, this means that the filter device is active and functioning properly. If the concentration values become equal, especially if the concentration values of impurities in the air stream downstream of the filter device become larger, this means that the effect of the filter device decreases. In this embodiment, it is preferably realized that the evaluation device, in particular the comparator device, is a device for forming the difference between concentration values of impurities in an air stream emerging from the filter device, which are detected by the at least one first sensor element, and concentration values of impurities in an air stream that enters the filter device, which is detected by the second sensor element.

In a preferred embodiment, the determination device has a storage device in which at least temporarily concentration values of impurities in an air stream in front of and/or behind the filter device, and/or in a bypass air stream, which come from the at least one first sensor element and/or the second Sensor element are detected, and / or concentration reference values are saved or are saved.

According to the second aspect of the invention, a fuel cell system is provided which has the features of independent claim 9. The fuel cell system initially has a fuel cell module. In the light of the present description, the fuel cell module is in particular the actual fuel cells, which are implemented either as a single fuel cell or in the form of a fuel cell stack, a so-called fuel cell stack. The basic structure of such fuel cell systems is known and familiar to those skilled in the art. The invention is not limited to specific types of fuel cells. For example, they can be so-called PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cells. The efficient removal of pollutants from the air is particularly important for a directly air-cooled fuel cell, in which the cooling air flow simultaneously represents the oxygen supply to the cathode, in which a relatively large air volume flow, which may contain the contaminants, comes into direct contact with the cathode fuel cell is.

The fuel cell system also has a filter device which is arranged in the air supply path to the fuel cell module, preferably on the cathode side. In addition, the fuel cell system has a device for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of the filter device. Either this determination device is a direct part of the fuel cell system. Or the fuel cell system, in particular its filter device and corresponding sensor elements, have suitable interfaces to spatially distant components of the determination device, for example to the evaluation device. The determination device is characterized by a sensor device, with at least a first sensor element for, in particular continuously, determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream that emerges from the filter device, and an evaluation device for qualitatively evaluating the change in concentration of impurities in the air flow, which via an interface is connected to the at least one first sensor element. In a preferred embodiment, the fuel cell system has a determination device according to the first aspect of the invention, so that with regard to the design of the fuel cell system, in particular also with regard to its functionality, in order to avoid repetitions, the comments on the first aspect of the invention and the general description are also fully referred to at this point the invention is referred to and referenced.

Some preferred exemplary embodiments of the fuel cell system are described below, based on the various exemplary embodiments of the determination device above, so that reference is also made to the corresponding statements above.

For example, the at least one first sensor element can be arranged in the flow direction of the air flow after the filter device and/or after the filter device and, in particular on the cathode side, in front of the fuel cell module and/or after the fuel cell module. In the first two cases mentioned, the adsorption state of the filter device alone is determined. As the flow flows through the cathode, some of the pollutants still present can be adsorbed on the cathode catalyst itself. On the one hand, this allows the activity of the catalyst is irreversibly damaged; on the other hand, the pollutant concentration at the outlet of the cathode drops. In the third case, the load on the fuel cell module is also determined. Two such first sensor elements can also be implemented, with a first sensor element being arranged behind the filter device and a further first sensor element being arranged behind the fuel cell module.

It is preferably realized that the load of the filter device of the fuel cell system is determined, for example measured and/or calculated, via a sensor element that is placed behind the filter device. The replacement interval of the filter device can be specified. The filter device is loaded when there is a measurable concentration of contaminants in the air flow being examined via the sensor element. The use of an additional sensor element in front of the filter device leads to an improvement in accuracy, since the absorption power of the filter device can be determined by forming a difference before and after the filter device. A measurement of the concentration after the fuel cell module can also be used to determine the load on the fuel cell(s).

In a preferred embodiment, at least a first sensor element is additionally connected to an air flow that is guided past the filter device in the bypass. The sensor element is then positioned in such a way that in non-fuel cell operation the air that otherwise enters the fuel cell system is measured in the bypass of the filter device, and in fuel cell operation the air flows through the filter device. Switching over then produces increasingly different measurement signals as the load increases. For example, the sensor element can draw the fuel cell air via a hose connection between the filter device and the fuel cell module inlet. This is exactly when there is a driving pressure gradient. If the fuel cell module is not running, the sensor element draws the air from the bypass air flow automatically or via a withdrawal point. This can be achieved completely passively. In a preferred embodiment, the air flow passed past the filter device in the bypass is an air flow carried through the electrolysis device. In this regard, reference is also made to the comments on the corresponding exemplary embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention. Instead of just one first sensor element, two first sensor elements can also be used, with one sensor element being assigned to a single air flow, as is also described above in the corresponding exemplary embodiment of the determination device.

In another preferred embodiment, the sensor device has a second sensor element which is provided for, in particular continuously, determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream that enters the filter device. The concentration values recorded by the sensor elements are compared with one another in the evaluation device, in particular in the comparator device. If the concentration values of impurities in the air stream upstream of the filter device are higher than the concentration values of contaminants in the air stream downstream of the filter device, this means that the filter device is active and functioning properly. If the concentration values become equal, especially if the concentration values of impurities in the air stream downstream of the filter device become larger, this means that the effect of the filter device decreases. In this regard, reference is also made to the comments on the corresponding exemplary embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention.

If the filter device has reached a loading state that is too high, that is, an adsorption state that is too high, which can be referred to as a critical degree of adsorption, the concentration of impurities increases sharply and may exceed the permissible limit values of the fuel cell supply air. There are sensor elements that can detect some of the pollutants for fuel cells. Some of these sensors are already used in air conditioning technology. If the concentration can be measured before and after the filter device, the current effectiveness with regard to this substance or the relevant group of substances can be identified. A less effective filter device indicates the occupancy of a large number of the active centers of the filter device and thus the worsening filter effect of other pollutants with comparable adsorption behavior. It is often sufficient to measure the qualitative change. This means that lower demands can be made on the absolute accuracy of the sensors. This leads to more cost-effective solutions. It is therefore sufficient to detect the change in adsorption over time of one or more substance classes. It is ideal to measure the concentration differences upstream of the filter device and downstream. In some cases it is even enough to measure with one sensor or a group of sensors at just one point.

The invention is not limited to specific types of sensor elements described above. The sensor elements just have to be able to recognize or record or detect concentrations of contaminants in an air stream. For example, the at least one sensor element and/or the second sensor element can be designed to detect pollutants in an air stream, or to detect volatile organic compounds, also called “Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), in the air stream. Pollutants or impurities in the air flow that are dangerous to fuel cells can be harmful gases, such as in particular nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, benzene, toluene, and the like.

Likewise, the invention is not limited to certain types of filter devices. Depending on the application, the filter devices must be able to filter out components downstream of the filter device, for example fuel cells, harmful substances and impurities from an air stream. For example, the filter device can be or have a filter element that is active chemically or physically by adsorption, in particular an activated carbon filter element.

According to the third aspect of the invention, a ventilation system for a room, wherein the ventilation system is in particular part of an energy system, is provided, which has the features of independent patent claim 16. The ventilation system has an outside air supply which is provided in such a way that it is able to have a provided supply air flow enter the ventilation system, a ventilation device which is provided in such a way that it is able to generate a supply of supply air and the To provide space as supply air, an exhaust air removal that is provided in such a way that it is able to have exhaust air removed from the room and passed over the ventilation device, and an exhaust air removal that is provided in such a way that it is able to the discharged exhaust air is removed from the ventilation system as an exhaust air flow. According to the invention, the ventilation system is characterized in that the ventilation device has an interface to a device for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, a filter device according to the first aspect of the invention, or to a fuel cell system according to the second aspect of the, or that the ventilation device with a device for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, a filter device according to the first aspect of the invention, or is connected to a fuel cell system according to the second aspect of the invention. In order to avoid repetition, reference is made here in full to the statements on the first and second aspects of the invention as well as to the general description of the invention.

According to the fourth aspect of the invention, an energy system, in particular a home energy system, is provided which has the features of independent patent claim 17.

The energy system has an electrolysis device, a fuel cell system, optionally a high-pressure storage device and a connecting line device via which the electrolysis device is connected to the fuel cell system and the high-pressure storage device to the fuel cell system. According to the invention, the energy system is characterized in that it has a device for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of a filter device of the energy system according to the first aspect of the invention, and / or that the fuel cell system is designed according to the second aspect of the invention and / or that the energy system has a ventilation system according to the third aspect of the invention. In order to avoid repetition, reference is made here in full to the statements on the first, second and third aspects of the invention as well as to the general description of the invention.

The energy system is, in particular, a whole consisting of several components, with the components being connected to one another to form a dedicated unit. In the present case, the energy system is a system for generating or providing energy, preferably electrical energy. In principle, the invention is not limited to certain types of energy systems. Various preferred exemplary embodiments are described below in this regard.

In a preferred embodiment, the energy system is a home energy system. House energy systems are generally known from the prior art and serve to supply houses, for example low-energy houses, passive houses or zero-energy houses, with energy in the form of heat and in particular in the form of electricity, for example electricity from renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) generators or small wind turbines. Such a home energy system creates the basis for keeping the energy needs of a home, especially a low one Energy house, a passive house or a zero-energy house, can be completely covered by renewable energy sources in terms of both electricity and heat requirements and therefore there is complete CO ₂ freedom in operation. But at least the electricity needs of a house can be covered almost entirely from renewable energy sources, in particular by means of a PV generator and/or a small wind turbine, in the sense of increasing self-consumption.

Such a home energy system is, for example, in the patent applications WO 2017/089468 A1 and WO 2017/089469 A1 disclosed and described by the applicant, the disclosure content of which is included in the description of the present patent application.

• - einen DC-Einspeisepunkt, bevorzugt ausgebildet für eine Nenn-Spannung von 48 Volt oder für eine Nennspannung zwischen 200 und 1000 Volt und/oder einem AC-Einspeisepunkt, bevorzugt ausgebildet für eine Spannung von 230 Volt oder 110 Volt oder einer 3-phasigen Einspeisung bei pro Phase 230 Volt oder 110 Volt, wobei der DC-Einspeisepunkt und/oder der AC-Einspeisepunkt im Betrieb zumindest zeitweise mit einem elektrischen Verbraucher, der eine Verbrauchs-Leistung aufweist, verbunden ist,
• - einen elektrisch mit dem DC-Einspeisepunkt wenigstens zeitweise verbundenen PV-Generator zum Erzeugen einer elektrischen PV-Leistung,
• - eine elektrisch mit dem DC-Einspeisepunkt oder mit dem AC-Einspeisepunkt wenigstens zeitweise verbundene Brennstoffzelleneinheit zum Erzeugen einer elektrischen Brennstoffzellen-Leistung,
• - eine elektrisch mit dem DC-Einspeisepunkt verbundene Elektrolyseeinheit zum Erzeugen von durch die Brennstoffzelleneinheit zu verbrauchendem Wasserstoff, wobei die Elektrolyseeinheit im Betrieb mit einer elektrischen Elektrolyse-Eingangsleistung gespeist wird,
• - einen Wasserstofftank, insbesondere als Langzeitenergiespeicher, der mit der Brennstoffzelleneinheit und der Elektrolyseeinheit wenigstens zeitweise fluidverbunden ist und zum Speichern von mittels der Elektrolyseeinheit zu erzeugendem und durch die Brennstoffzelleneinheit zu verbrauchendem Wasserstoff ausgebildet ist,
• - eine Speicher-Batterieeinheit, insbesondere als Kurzzeitenergiespeicher, die elektrisch mit dem DC-Einspeisepunkt verbunden oder zu verbinden ist, so dass eine elektrische PV-Leistung und eine elektrische Brennstoffzellen-Leistung in die Speicher-Batterieeinheit eingespeichert werden kann und eine elektrische Elektrolyse-Eingangsleistung und eine Verbrauchs-Leistung aus der Speicher-Batterieeinheit entnommen werden können; und
• - ein Steuermodul zum Steuern der Hausenergieanlage.

According to a preferred embodiment, a home energy system of the type mentioned has the following basic features:

• - a DC feed point, preferably designed for a nominal voltage of 48 volts or for a nominal voltage between 200 and 1000 volts and / or an AC feed point, preferably designed for a voltage of 230 volts or 110 volts or a 3-phase feed at 230 volts or 110 volts per phase, the DC feed point and/or the AC feed point being connected at least temporarily during operation to an electrical consumer that has a consumption output,
• - a PV generator electrically connected to the DC feed point at least temporarily for generating electrical PV power,
• - a fuel cell unit electrically connected to the DC feed point or to the AC feed point at least temporarily for generating electrical fuel cell power,
• - an electrolysis unit electrically connected to the DC feed point for generating hydrogen to be consumed by the fuel cell unit, the electrolysis unit being fed with an electrical electrolysis input power during operation,
• - a hydrogen tank, in particular as a long-term energy storage device, which is at least temporarily fluidly connected to the fuel cell unit and the electrolysis unit and is designed to store hydrogen to be generated by the electrolysis unit and consumed by the fuel cell unit,
• - a storage battery unit, in particular as a short-term energy storage device, which is electrically connected or is to be connected to the DC feed point, so that an electrical PV power and an electrical fuel cell power can be stored in the storage battery unit and an electrical electrolysis input power and a consumption power can be taken from the storage battery unit; and
• - a control module for controlling the home energy system.

According to the fifth aspect of the invention, a method for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of a filter device, in particular using a device according to the first aspect of the invention, is provided, the method preferably being used for a fuel cell system according to the second aspect of the invention becomes. With regard to the design of the method, which preferably takes place in an energy system or in a ventilation system, and in particular with regard to its functionality, in order to avoid repetition, full attention is also given here to the statements on the first aspect of the invention, the second aspect of the invention, the third aspect of the invention, and the fourth Aspect of the invention, and reference is made to the general description of the invention.

• Zunächst werden Konzentrationswerte an Verunreinigungen in einem Luftstrom, der aus der Filtereinrichtung austritt, beziehungsweise der stromab der Filtereinrichtung liegt, mit wenigstens einem ersten Sensorelement bestimmt.

According to the invention, the method is characterized by the following steps:

• First, concentration values of impurities in an air stream that emerges from the filter device or that lies downstream of the filter device are determined using at least one first sensor element.

In an evaluation device, which is connected to the at least one first sensor element via an interface, concentration values are received and a qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the change in concentration of impurities in the air flow is carried out, in particular by changing, preferably over time, concentration values of impurities is detected in the air flow emerging from the filter device.

The qualitative and/or quantitative evaluation of the change in concentration of impurities in the air stream is preferably carried out by
in a detection device, the concentration values of impurities in the air flow determined by the at least one first sensor element, in particular continuously; be recorded;
in a comparator device, which compares the concentration values of impurities in the air flow recorded by the detection device with concentration reference values;
in an output device, an output signal is output when a concentration value of impurities in the air flow detected by the detection device exceeds a predetermined value.

For the qualitative determination of the adsorption state in the filter device, it is preferred, in the comparator device, that the concentration values of impurities in the air flow recorded by the detection device are combined with previously detected concentration values of impurities in the air flow, and/or with concentration reference values in the form of previously detected concentration values of impurities in the air flow, and/or compared with recorded concentration values in a bypass air stream, and/or with concentration limit values. In this regard, reference is made in particular to the various exemplary embodiments for the first and second aspects of the invention.

In a preferred embodiment of the method, first concentration values of impurities in the air stream emerging from the filter device are detected using the at least one first sensor element. With the at least one first sensor element, or with a second first sensor element, second concentration values of impurities in an air stream that is guided past the filter device in the bypass are additionally detected. In the evaluation device, the first and second concentration values are compared with one another, in particular by forming the difference between the first and second concentration values.

In another preferred embodiment, second concentration values of impurities in an air stream that enters the filter device, that is to say that is upstream of the filter device, in particular continuously, are detected via a second sensor element of the sensor device. In the evaluation device, the first and second concentration values are compared with one another, in particular by forming the difference between the first and second concentration values.

Preferably, concentration values of impurities in an air stream, which are detected by the at least one first sensor element and/or the second sensor element, and/or concentration reference values, are stored at least temporarily in a storage device.

The present invention, as described in the context of the various aspects of the invention, enables in particular the detection of the loading of a filter device, for example an activated carbon filter, as parts of an air-cooled fuel cell system in an energy system, for example a home energy system, or in a ventilation system.

• 1 in schematischer Ansicht ein erfindungsgemäßes Energiesystem, das zur Realisierung einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung bereitgestellt ist;
• 2 in schematischer Ansicht ein erfindungsgemäßes Lüftungssystem, das insbesondere Bestandteil eines Energiesystems ist, das zur Realisierung einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung bereitgestellt ist;
• 3 in schematischer Ansicht eine erste Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung;
• 4 in schematischer Ansicht eine zweite Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung;
• 5 in schematischer Ansicht eine dritte Ausführungsform einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung;
• 6 in schematischer Ansicht eine erste Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Lüftungssystems, das insbesondere Bestandteil eines Energiesystems ist, in dem eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung realisiert ist;
• 7 in schematischer Ansicht eine zweite Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Lüftungssystems, das insbesondere Bestandteil eines Energiesystems ist, in dem eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung realisiert ist;
• 8 in schematischer Ansicht eine dritte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Lüftungssystems, das insbesondere Bestandteil eines Energiesystems ist, in dem eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung realisiert ist;
• 9 in schematischer Ansicht eine vierte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Lüftungssystems, das insbesondere Bestandteil eines Energiesystems ist, in dem eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung realisiert ist;
• 10 in schematischer Ansicht eine fünfte Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Lüftungssystems, das insbesondere Bestandteil eines Energiesystems ist, in dem eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung realisiert ist; und
• 11 in schematischer Ansicht eine sechste Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Lüftungssystems, das insbesondere Bestandteil eines Energiesystems ist, in dem eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Adsorptionszustands einer Filtereinrichtung realisiert ist.

The invention will now be explained in more detail using various exemplary embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show it

• 1 a schematic view of an energy system according to the invention, which is provided for realizing a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device;
• 2 a schematic view of a ventilation system according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system that is provided for realizing a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device;
• 3 a schematic view of a first embodiment of a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device;
• 4 a schematic view of a second embodiment of a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device;
• 5 a schematic view of a third embodiment of a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device;
• 6 a schematic view of a first embodiment of a ventilation system according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system in which a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is implemented;
• 7 a schematic view of a second embodiment of a ventilation system according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system in which a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is implemented;
• 8th in a schematic view a third embodiment of a ventilation system according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system in which a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is realized;
• 9 in a schematic view a fourth embodiment of a ventilation system according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system in which a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is implemented;
• 10 in a schematic view a fifth embodiment of a ventilation system according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system in which a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is implemented; and
• 11 in a schematic view a sixth embodiment of a ventilation system according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system in which a device according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is implemented.

A device for determining the adsorption state of a filter device, in particular a filter device of a fuel cell system, can be used in different ways and in a wide variety of systems.

A possible system is, for example, an energy system, In 1 The basic structure of such an energy system 10 will first be described, with the energy system 10 being used as a home energy system.

The energy system 10 initially has a first subsystem 20, which is designed as an internal system. This means that the first subsystem 20 is located inside the house. In addition, the energy system 10 has a second subsystem 30 in the form of an external system. This means that the second subsystem 30 is located outside the house.

The first subsystem 20 has an electrolysis device 21 for producing hydrogen. In addition, the first subsystem 20 has a fuel cell system 22. The fuel cell system 22 consists of the fuel cell module 22a, which includes the actual fuel cell, or a fuel cell stack. Upstream of the fuel cell module 22a is a filter device 22b, which is present, for example, in the form of an activated carbon filter. Air entering the fuel cell system 22 first flows through the filter device 22b and is filtered there from impurities that represent pollutants for the fuel cell(s) before the air flow enters the fuel cell(s). It is indicated in 1 a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of the filter device 22b, which will be described later on the basis of 3 until 11 is explained in detail within the framework of a series of different exemplary embodiments.

The second subsystem 30 has a high-pressure storage device 31. The hydrogen produced is stored in the high-pressure storage device at up to 700 bar. In addition, the second subsystem 30 has a medium-pressure storage device 32 in which the hydrogen produced is temporarily stored at pressures between 20 and 30 bar before it is finally stored from there in the high-pressure storage device 31.

The individual components of the energy system 10 are connected to one another via a connecting line device 40, which consists of a number of different line sections 40a to 40k.

For flushing the electrolysis device 21 and/or the fuel cell system 22, a flushing device 23 is provided with a flushing chamber, which is connected to the two aforementioned components via a line section 40g.

The hydrogen produced in the electrolysis device 21 by means of electrolysis leaves the electrolysis device 21 via a line section 40f, which merges into the line section 40e. In the two line sections 40f and 40e there is a check valve device 24 in the flow direction of the hydrogen produced and subsequently a filter device 25 and a dryer device 26, in which the hydrogen produced is filtered and dried. The filter device 25 and the dryer device 26 can alternatively also be located in the second subsystem 30.

The hydrogen produced flows from the dryer device 26 via the line sections 40a and 40c to a further check valve device 35, which marks one end of the line section 40c. From there, the hydrogen generated flows via a line section 40h and 40i into the medium-pressure accumulator 32, which is connected to a further line section 40j via a valve device 33, which is designed in particular as a check valve, for example in the form of a solenoid valve. In the line section 40j, which ends in the high-pressure storage device 31, there is a compressor device 34 in front of the high-pressure storage device 31, in particular in the form of a piston compressor. The hydrogen produced is fed into the high-pressure storage device 31 via the compressor device 34 chert. The hydrogen temporarily stored in the medium-pressure storage device 32 is stored in the high-pressure storage device 31 by actuating the compressor device 34.

This production process of the hydrogen up to its storage in the high-pressure storage device 31 represents a first mode of operation of the energy system 10. In this first mode of operation of the energy system 10, there is a pressure of 20 to 60 bar in the line sections 40a to 40e of the connecting line device 40. Such a pressure also exists in the medium-pressure storage device 32. The hydrogen removed from the medium-pressure storage device 32, which is an intermediate storage device, is compressed via the compressor device 34 to such an extent that it can be stored in the high-pressure storage device 31 at pressures of up to 700 bar can.

The hydrogen stored in the high-pressure storage device 31 is used to operate the fuel cell system 22. The operation of the fuel cell system 22 takes place in the second operating mode of the energy system 10. However, the fuel cell system 22 can only work at pressures of less than 20 bar. In the second mode of operation of the energy system 10, the hydrogen is removed from the high-pressure storage device 31 via a line section 40k, expanded to the required pressure via an expansion device 36 in the form of a pressure reducer and transported via a line section 40d into the bidirectional line section 40a, from where it is transferred the line section 40b enters the fuel cell system 22, and there first into the filter device 22b. To measure the pressure, at least one pressure measuring device 41, for example in the form of a pressure sensor, is provided.

This in 1 Energy system 10 shown represents a subarea of an overall home energy system, which is an electrically self-sufficient multi-hybrid home energy storage system based entirely on renewable energies.

The multihybrid home energy storage system makes it possible to distribute the electrical energy generated by a photovoltaic (PV) system, a small wind turbine or the like over the entire year based on demand. The system can be operated as an island system independently of the electrical network or as a backup power supply in the event of a network failure. The system can also ensure the electrical self-sufficiency of the house, so that no electrical energy has to be drawn from the power grid throughout the year.

The primary task of the home energy system is to make the electrical energy obtained from photovoltaic (PV) modules or the like available to the consumer in the household. Secondarily, excess electrical energy can be temporarily stored in a short-term battery storage system during times of low load or high irradiation. Tertiary, in long-term hydrogen storage, the electrical energy can be stored as gaseous hydrogen for periods of low irradiation such as night, winter or the like in the medium to long term and made available again at any time as needed using a fuel cell.

In addition to energy-related tasks, the system also functions as controlled living space ventilation through a built-in ventilation device 2 is shown. When operating with fuel cells, the waste heat from the fuel cell can be released directly as heat into the fresh air and thus into the living spaces via the controlled living space ventilation.

The hydrogen produced in the electrolysis device flows via the hydrogen line into the pressure storage system installed outside.

If there is no or insufficient PV energy, energy is taken from the battery to cover the consumer load. If the energy stored in the short-term storage is not sufficient, the fuel cell device can cover the additional electrical energy requirements. In fuel cell operation, the hydrogen flows via the hydrogen line from the pressure storage system to the fuel cell device.

Simultaneous operation of the fuel cell device and the electrolysis device is excluded. The entire system is operated centrally via an Energy Manager with predictive energy management.

The second subsystem is in principle intended for operation outdoors, but under certain conditions can also be installed and operated within a specific area of the house.

The home energy system 10 can be connected to other systems or subsystems for the effective use of individual components or for the further use of individual process products. One of these other systems is as in 1 is shown schematically to a ventilation system 42, which will be described below initially in a general manner based on 2 is explained. The ventilation system 42 interacts with the fuel cell system 22.

In the 2 A ventilation system 42 is shown in a greatly simplified manner, which is part of an energy system 10. The ventilation system 42 is used to set a desired room climate in at least one room, for example a lounge in a house. In addition to the representation in the 1 and 2 The ventilation system 42 and the energy system 10, which are each complex systems, can of course have further system components, but for the sake of clarity they are shown in the 1 and 2 are not explicitly shown.

The ventilation system 42 is located inside the house, of which only one house wall 43 is shown schematically.

A component of the ventilation system 42 is formed by a ventilation device 47 in which a heat exchanger 48 is located. In the in 2 In the exemplary embodiment shown, the ventilation device 47 is also located in the in 1 first subsystem 20 shown. However, this is not absolutely necessary. Outside air from outside the house is introduced into the ventilation device 47 via an outside air supply 44 in the form of a supply air flow 46 and guided over the heat exchanger 48. An outside air filter device 45 is arranged in the supply air stream 46 behind the outside air supply 44 in the flow direction. With a pressure measuring device assigned to the outside air filter device 45, pressure values of the outside air filter device 45, in particular defined pressure loss values, can be determined.

After leaving the heat exchanger 48, the supply air flow 46 is introduced into a ventilation system 51 located in a room via a supply air supply 50 via a device 49 for adjusting the supply air flow, which can be designed as a supply air flap or as a supply air valve device. The amount of supply air entering the ventilation system 51 can be adjusted using a device for adjusting the supply air flow (not shown). If the device for adjusting the supply air flow is completely closed, no supply air can enter the ventilation system 51 and thus into the room. However, if the device is completely open, a maximum of supply air enters the ventilation system 51 via the supply air supply 50. In order to create a suitable control option for the supply air for the user of the ventilation system 42, a bypass device 56 is also provided, which can be designed as a bypass flap or bypass valve device. Via this bypass device 56, at least a certain proportion of the supply air can be diverted from the supply air supply 50 and passed past the ventilation system 51 in the form of a bypass flow 57.

Exhaust air emerging from the room via the ventilation system 51 is removed via an exhaust air outlet 52 in the form of an exhaust air stream 53. Behind the exhaust air discharge 52, an exhaust air filter device 54 is arranged in the exhaust air flow 53. With a pressure measuring device assigned to the exhaust air filter device 54, pressure values of the exhaust air filter device 54 can be determined.

In order to be able to convey the exhaust air flow 53 back towards the heat exchanger 48 and to regulate the quantity of the exhaust air flow, a fan 55 is provided in the exhaust air flow 53.

The exhaust air flow 53 can then also be sent out via the corresponding line sections 40b and 40f 1 can be seen, as well as controlled via corresponding flaps 62, 63 or valve devices, optionally guided through the electrolysis device 21 and / or the fuel cell system 22, having the filter device 22b and the fuel cell module 22a, and then via the line section 40g 1 also via a flushing device 23 for the electrolysis device 21 and / or the fuel cell system 22, as well 1 can be seen, as well as a cooling device or an air/water exchanger 58 before the exhaust air flow 53 enters the ventilation device 47 again. It is also indicated in 2 again a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of the filter device 22b.

In the ventilation device 47, the exhaust air flow 53 is guided again over the heat exchanger 48, where it can transfer its stored heat to the supply air flow 46. Depending on the mode of operation and initial situation, the exhaust air flow 53 can also be directed past the heat exchanger 48. This is done by means of a bypass device 59, which is designed, for example, as a bypass flap or bypass valve device. When the bypass device 59 is actuated accordingly, the exhaust air flow 53 can be guided past the heat exchanger 48 via an exhaust air bypass flow 60.

The exhaust air flow 53 leaves the ventilation device 47 via an exhaust air outlet 61, via which the exhaust air volume flow 53 leaves the house again in the form of an exhaust air flow.

In order to be able to use the individual components and processes in the energy system 10 as efficiently as possible, multiple use is advantageous in various places. For example, the exhaust air 53 from the ventilation system 42 can also be used as supply air for the fuel cell system 22 can be used. However, this exhaust air 53 can contain impurities that are harmful to the fuel cell system 22 or the fuel cell module 22a. For this reason, the fuel cell system 22 has the filter device 22b, which has the function of filtering out impurities from the air stream that enters the fuel cell system 22, here the exhaust air stream 53. The filter device 22b is arranged, in particular on the cathode side, in front of the fuel cells of the fuel cell module 22a in the flow direction of the air flow.

A too high concentration of impurities in the air flow that enters the fuel cell module 22a leads, in the best case, to a reduction in the performance of the fuel cell(s), but usually also to damage to the fuel cell(s), even to the point of damage to them Partial failure or even total failure. For this reason, it is necessary to know what the loading state of the filter device 22b upstream of the fuel cells is, that is, its adsorption state.

For this purpose, according to the invention, the device 70 is provided for determining the adsorption state of a filter device, which is also referred to as a determination device and is described below using various preferred exemplary embodiments.

In the 3 until 5 Various embodiments of the determination device 70 will initially be described in a general manner, in particular in an energy system 10 according to 1 and/or in a ventilation system 42 2 are used. Therefore, identical components are each provided with identical reference numbers, and reference is also made to the statements regarding the structure, functioning and nature of the determination device 70 1 and 2 fully referenced.

In 3 A first embodiment of a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is shown in a schematic view.

If the filter device 22b has reached a loading state that is too high, that is, an adsorption state that is too high, which can be referred to as a critical degree of adsorption, the concentration of impurities increases sharply and may exceed the permissible limit values. There are sensor elements that can detect one or more contaminant materials, i.e. substances, in an air stream. If the concentration after the filter device 22b is measured, the current effectiveness of the filter device 22b with regard to this impurity group or with respect to the relevant impurity group can be seen. In particular, it is based on the assumption that a less effective filter device indicates the occupancy of a large number of the active centers of the filter device and thus the worsening filter effect of other contaminant materials, i.e. substances with comparable adsorption behavior. According to the invention, it is sufficient to detect the qualitative change, that is, the change over time in the adsorption of one or more impurity classes or substance classes.

At the in 3 In the illustrated embodiment of the determination device 70, the supply air, which is the exhaust air 53 from the ventilation system 51, flows as shown in the 1 and 2 can be seen, via the line section 40b and a flap 62, which is preferably a fuel cell system flap, as in connection with 6 until 11 is described, into the filter device 22a. The change in the load of the filter device 22b can be determined via a first sensor element 72 of a sensor device 71, which is placed behind the filter device 22b. The replacement interval of the filter device 22b can also be specified. The filter device 22b is loaded when there is a measurable concentration of impurities in the air flow being examined via the first sensor element 72.

The first sensor element 72 is used to detect concentration values of impurities in an air stream 73 which emerges from the filter device 22b and is located downstream of the filter device 22b and which flows through the line section 40g. The corresponding sensor tap is identified by reference number 85.

Furthermore, the determination device 70 has an evaluation device 74 for qualitatively evaluating the change in concentration of impurities in the air stream 73, which is connected to the at least one first sensor element 72 via an interface 75. The concentration values detected by the sensor element 72 are transmitted via the signal transmission path 90 to the interface 75 of the evaluation device 74.

The concentration values are received by a detection device 76, which is provided for the, in particular continuous, detection of the concentration values of impurities in the air stream 73 determined by the at least one first sensor element 72. In a subsequent comparator device 77 the concentration values of impurities in the air stream 73 recorded by the detection device 76 are compared with concentration reference values. For example, the concentration reference values can be in the form of previously recorded concentration values of impurities in the air stream exiting the filter device and/or in the form of concentration limit values.

The values detected by the first sensor element 72 indicate the concentration of impurities in the air stream 73 that emerges from the filter device 22b. If no concentration of impurities is detected by the first sensor element 72, this means that the filter device 22b is active and any impurities are effectively adsorbed in the filter device 22b. However, if the first sensor element 72 measures a concentration, the comparator device 77 determines to what extent the concentration in the air flow 73 is harmful. If the measured concentration values are compared with concentration limit values, it can be determined whether the concentration values are approaching these concentration limit values. If such a limit value is reached, or if the measured concentration values approach such a limit value, this is an indication that the quality of the filter device 22b is decreasing and the filter device 22b may need to be replaced.

For this purpose, the evaluation device 74 has an output device 78, which is provided in such a way that it is able to output an output signal when a concentration value of impurities in the air stream 73 detected by the detection device 76 exceeds a predetermined value. For this purpose, a signal, for example a message, can be generated and transmitted to a control device 81 via an interface 80. Concentration values and/or concentration reference values detected by the sensor element 72 can be stored, at least temporarily, in a storage device 79.

The determination device 70 is in particular provided so that it detects or can detect the temporal change in concentration values of impurities in the air stream 73 which emerges from the filter device 22b.

In 4 A second embodiment of a device 70 for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is shown in a schematic view. In its basic structure, this device 70 corresponds to that in 3 Determination device 70 shown, so that the same components are provided with identical reference numerals and with regard to the basic structure of the determination device 70 to avoid repetitions refer to the statements 3 is referred. In the following, only the differences in the determination device 70 will be discussed.

In the exemplary embodiment according to 4 the first sensor element 72 is additionally connected to a bypass air flow 84, which is guided past the filter device 22b in the bypass 83. Via a flap 83, which is preferably an electrolyzer flap, and via the flap 62, which is preferably a fuel cell system flap, as in connection with 6 until 11 is described, the air flow flowing over the line section 40b can either be guided past the filter device 22b as an air flow 73 through the filter device 22b, or as a bypass air flow 84 in the bypass 83. The sensor element 72 can also detect concentration values of contaminants in the bypass air flow 64 via a sensor tap 86 and transmit them to the interface 75 of the evaluation device 74 via the signal transmission path 90.

In some operating states, the sensor element 72 measures the concentration of impurities in the air stream 84, which is guided past the filter device 22b in the bypass 83, and in some operating states, the concentration of impurities in the air stream 73, which passes through the filter device 22b. Switching then produces measurement signals that increasingly deviate from one another as the load on the filter device 22b increases. In this embodiment, it is preferably realized that the evaluation device 74, in particular the comparator device 77, is a device for forming the difference between concentration values of impurities in the air stream 73, which emerges from the filter device 22b or is located downstream of the filter device 22b, which of the at least one first sensor element 72 are detected, and concentration values of contaminants in the air stream 84, which is guided past the filter device 22b in the bypass 83, which are also detected by the at least one first sensor element 72.

In 5 A third embodiment of a device 70 for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is shown in a schematic view. In its basic structure, this device 70 corresponds to that in the 3 and 4 Determination device 70 shown, so that the same components are provided with identical reference numbers and with regard to the basic structure to avoid repetitions refer to the statements 3 and 4 is referred. In the following we will therefore only focus on the sub Differences are received in the determination device 70.

At the in 5 In the exemplary embodiment shown, the sensor device 71 has, in addition to the first sensor element 72, a second sensor element 88, which is provided for the, in particular continuous, determination of concentration values of impurities in an air stream 87 which enters the filter device 22b, that is to say lies upstream of the filter device 22b . The concentration values of impurities in the air stream 87, which enters the filter device 22b, are detected by the second sensor element 88 via a sensor tap 89 and transmitted to the interface 75 of the evaluation device 74 via a signal transmission path 91. The concentration values detected by the sensor elements 72, 88 are compared with one another in the evaluation device 74, in particular in the comparator device 77. For this purpose, the evaluation device 74, in particular the comparator device 77, has a device for forming the difference between concentration values of impurities in the air stream 73 which emerges from the filter device 22b, which are detected by the at least one first sensor element 72, and concentration values of impurities in the air flow 87 entering the filter device 22b, which is detected by the second sensor element 88.

In the 6 until 11 Various embodiments of a ventilation system 42 according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system 10, will now be described, the ventilation system 42 interacting with a fuel cell system 22. The basic structure of the ventilation system 42 corresponds to that in all following embodiments 2 illustrated and described ventilation system 42, so that the same components are each provided with identical reference numbers and with regard to the basic structure to avoid repetitions refer to the explanations 2 is referred.

In contrast to that in 2 Ventilation system 42 shown in the 6 until 11 Ventilation systems 42 shown each have a detailed device 70 for determining the adsorption state of the filter device 22b of the fuel cell system 22. With regard to the 6 until 11 Therefore, in the following, only the particular design of the determination device 70 will be discussed and otherwise the explanations will be discussed in full 2 , as well as to 1 , referenced and referenced.

6 shows a schematic view of a first embodiment of a ventilation system 42 according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system 10, in which a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is implemented. The structure of the determination device 70, as well as its functionality, corresponds approximately to that in 3 illustrated embodiment, so that at this point to avoid repetitions also refer to the explanations 3 is referred to and referred to in its entirety. While the in 3 Determination device 70 shown and described is of a general nature, is that in 6 Determination device 70 shown specifically refers to the interaction with the fuel cell system 22.

How to get in 6 detects, the sensor device 71 of the determination device 70 has a first sensor element 72, which via the sensor tap 85 measures concentration values of contaminants in an air stream that leaves the filter device 22b or lies downstream behind the filter device 22b. The concentration values determined by the sensor element 72 are transmitted via the signal transmission path 90 to the evaluation device 74 and evaluated qualitatively there. Based on these evaluation results, it is possible, for example, to control other components of the ventilation system 42 or the energy system 10. In the example shown, for example, the fan 55 can be controlled, which is located in the exhaust air flow 53 from the ventilation system 51. At the in 6 In the exemplary embodiment shown, the sensor element 72, or the sensor tap 85, is located between the filter device 22b and the fuel cell module 22a. In this way, qualitative statements in the form of statements about the temporal change in concentration values of impurities in the air stream 73 emerging from the filter device 22b can be detected and statements can be made from this about the effectiveness of the filter device 22b.

7 shows a schematic view of a second embodiment of a ventilation system 42 according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system 10 in which a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is implemented. This in 7 The exemplary embodiment shown essentially corresponds to that in the structure and functionality 6 illustrated embodiment, so that at this point to avoid repetitions also refer to the explanations 6 is referred to and referred to in its entirety.

In contrast to 6 is located at the in 7 illustrated embodiment, the first sensor element 72 behind the fuel cell module 22a. The sensor tap 85 of the sensor element 72 thus occurs in the flow direction of the air flow through the fuel cell system 22 behind the fuel cell module 22a or behind the fuel cell(s). In this way, the determination device 70 can also be used to determine the load on the fuel cell(s).

At the in 8th The illustrated embodiment, which represents a third embodiment of a ventilation system 42 according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system 10, in which a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device is implemented, is a combination of the two in the 6 and 7 illustrated embodiments. In order to avoid repetition, we will therefore refer to the comments here 6 and 7 fully referenced and referenced.

9 shows a schematic view of a fourth embodiment of a ventilation system 42 according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system 10 in which a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is implemented. The structure of the determination device 70, as well as its functionality, corresponds approximately to that in 4 illustrated embodiment, so that at this point to avoid repetitions also refer to the explanations 4 is referred to and referred to in its entirety. While the in 4 The determination device shown and described is of a general nature, is the one in 9 Determination device 70 shown specifically refers to the interaction with the fuel cell system 22.

How to get in 9 detects, the sensor device 71 of the determination device 70 has a first sensor element 72, which via the sensor tap 85 measures concentration values of impurities in an air stream that leaves the filter device 22b. The concentration values determined by the sensor element 72 are transmitted via the signal transmission path 90 to the evaluation device 74 and evaluated qualitatively there. In addition, the first sensor element 72 is connected via the sensor tap 86 to an air flow that is guided past the filter device 22b in the bypass. In the present exemplary embodiment, the bypass air flow is guided through the electrolysis device 21. The concentration values in the bypass air flow determined by the sensor element 72 are also transmitted via the signal transmission path 90 to the evaluation device 74 and evaluated qualitatively there. The sensor element 72, or the sensor tap 85, is located between the filter device 22b and the fuel cell module 22a.

The sensor element 72 is then seated in such a way that in non-fuel cell operation the air that otherwise enters the fuel cell system 22 is measured in the bypass of the filter device 22b, and in fuel cell operation the air flows through the filter device 22b. Switching over then produces increasingly different measurement signals as the load increases. For example, the sensor element 72 can draw the fuel cell air via a hose connection between the filter device 22b and the inlet of the fuel cell module 22a. This is exactly when there is a driving pressure gradient. If the fuel cell module 22a is not running, the sensor element 72 draws the air from the bypass air flow automatically or via a removal point.

10 shows a schematic view of a fifth embodiment of a ventilation system 42 according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system 10 in which a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is implemented. The structure of the determination device 70, as well as its functionality, corresponds approximately to that in 5 illustrated embodiment, so that at this point to avoid repetitions also refer to the explanations 5 is referred to and referred to in its entirety. While the in 5 The determination device shown and described is of a general nature, is the one in 10 Determination device 70 shown specifically refers to the interaction with the fuel cell system 22.

How to get in 10 detects, the sensor device 71 of the determination device 70 has a first sensor element 72, which measures concentration values of impurities in an air stream that leaves the filter device 22b via the sensor tap 85 between the filter device 22b and the input of the fuel cell module 22a. The concentration values determined by the sensor element 72 are transmitted via the signal transmission path 90 to the evaluation device 74 and evaluated qualitatively there.

In addition, the sensor device 71 has a second sensor element 88 which, in particular continuously, detects concentration values of impurities in an air stream that enters the filter device 22b via the sensor tap 89. The concentration determined by the sensor element 88 Values are transmitted via the signal transmission path 91 to the evaluation device 74 and evaluated qualitatively there. The evaluation provides that the concentration values detected by the sensor elements 72, 88 are compared with one another in the evaluation device 74, for example by forming the difference. If the concentration values of impurities in the air flow before the filter device 22b are higher than the concentration values of impurities in the air flow after the filter device 22b, this means that the filter device 22b is active and functioning properly. If the concentration values equalize, in particular if the concentration values of impurities in the air stream after the filter device 22b become larger, this means that the effect of the filter device 22b decreases.

In 11 Finally, a sixth embodiment of a ventilation system 42 according to the invention, which is in particular part of an energy system 10, is shown, in which a device 70 according to the invention for determining the adsorption state of a filter device 22b is implemented. This in 11 The exemplary embodiment shown essentially corresponds to that in the structure and functionality 10 illustrated embodiment, so that at this point to avoid repetitions also refer to the explanations 10 is referred to and referred to in its entirety.

In contrast to 10 is located at the in 11 illustrated embodiment, the first sensor element 72 behind the fuel cell module 22a, that is, downstream of the fuel cell module 22a. The sensor tap 85 of the sensor element 72 thus takes place in the flow direction of the air flow through the fuel cell system 22 behind the fuel cell module 22a or the fuel cell(s). In this way, the determination device 70 can also be used to determine the load on the fuel cell(s).

Reference symbol list

10

Energy system (house energy system)

20

First subsystem (internal system)

21

Electrolysis device

22

Fuel cell system

22a

Fuel cell module

22b

Filter device

23

Rinsing device (rinsing chamber)

24

Check valve device

25

Filter device

26

Dryer facility

30

Second subsystem (external system)

31

High pressure storage device

32

Medium pressure storage device

33

Valve device

34

Compressor device

35

Check valve device

36

Relaxation device (pressure reducer)

40

Connection line device

40a to 40k

line section

41

Pressure measuring device

42

Ventilation system

43

housewall

44

Outside air supply

45

Outside air filter device

46

supply air flow

47

Ventilation device

48

Heat exchanger

49

Device for adjusting the supply air flow (supply air flap)

50

Supply air supply

51

Ventilation system

52

Exhaust air removal

53

Exhaust air flow

54

Exhaust air filter device

55

fan

56

Bypass device

57

Bypass current

58

Air/water exchanger

59

Bypass device

60

Exhaust air bypass flow

61

Exhaust air removal

62

Fuel cell system door

63

Electrolysis device flap

70

Device for determining the adsorption state of a filter device (determination device)

71

Sensor device

72

First sensor element

73

Air flow exiting the filter device

74

Evaluation device

75

interface

76

Detection device

77

Comparator device

78

Output facility

79

Storage facility

80

interface

81

Control device

82

Bypass flap

83

Bypass to the filter device

84

Bypass airflow

85

Sensor tap

86

Sensor tap

87

Air flow entering the filter device

88

Second sensor element

89

Sensor tap

90

Signal transmission path

91

Signal transmission path

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 102018133194 A1 [0004]
• DE 112007001423 B4 [0008]
• WO 2017/089468 A1 [0051]
• WO 2017/089469 A1 [0051]

Claims (23)

Device (70) for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of a filter device (22b), in particular a filter device (22b) of a fuel cell system (22), comprising a sensor device (71), with at least one first sensor element (72) for, in particular continuous, determination of concentration values of impurities in an air stream (73) which emerges from the filter device (22b), an evaluation device (74) for the qualitative evaluation of the change in concentration of impurities in the air stream (73), which is connected via an interface (75) to the at least one first sensor element (72) is connected, and which has the following components: a detection device (76) which is provided for the, in particular continuous, detection of the concentration values of impurities in the air flow (73) determined by the at least one first sensor element (72), a comparator device (77), which is provided for comparing the concentration values of impurities in the air flow (73) detected by the detection device (76) with concentration reference values, an output device (78) which is provided such that it is capable of outputting an output signal when a concentration value of impurities in the air stream (73) detected by the detection device (77) exceeds a predetermined value. Device according to Claim 1 , characterized in that it is provided to detect the temporal change in concentration values of impurities in the air stream (73) emerging from the filter device (22b). Device according to Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the comparator device (77) is provided, the concentration values of impurities in the air stream (73) recorded by the detection device (76) with concentration reference values in the form of previously recorded concentration values of impurities in the air stream (73) which comes from the filter device ( 22b) emerges and/or to compare concentration limit values. Device according to one of the Claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that at least one first sensor element (72) is provided for determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream (84) which is guided past the filter device (22b) in the bypass. Device according to one of the Claims 1 until 4 , characterized in that the sensor device (71) has a second sensor element (88) which is provided for, in particular continuously, determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream (87) which enters the filter device (22b). Device according to Claim 4 or 5 , characterized in that the evaluation device (74), in particular the comparator device (77), has a device for forming the difference between concentration values of impurities in an air stream (73) which emerges from the filter device (22b), which of the at least one first sensor element (72), and concentration values of contaminants in an air stream (84), which is guided past the filter device (22b) in the bypass (83), which are detected by the at least one first sensor element (72), or of concentration values of impurities in an air stream (87) that enters the filter device (22b), which are detected by the second sensor element (88). Device according to one of the Claims 1 until 6 , characterized in that it has a storage device (79) which is used for at least temporarily storing concentration values of impurities in an air stream (73, 87) and/or in a bypass air stream (84) which is generated by the at least one first sensor element ( 72) and/or the second sensor element (88), and/or is provided by concentration reference values. Device according to one of the Claims 1 until 7 , characterized in that it has an interface (80) to a control device (81), in particular to a control device of a ventilation system (42) or an energy system (10). Fuel cell system (22), with a fuel cell module (22a), a filter device (22b) which is arranged in the air supply path to the fuel cell module (22a), and a device (70) for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of the filter device (22b) , characterized by a sensor device (71), with at least one first sensor element (72) for, in particular continuously, determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream (73) which emerges from the filter device (22b), and an evaluation device (74) for qualitative evaluation of the change in concentration of impurities in the air flow (73), which is connected to the at least one first sensor element (72) via an interface (75). fuel cell system Claim 9 , characterized in that the device (70) for determining the degree of adsorption according to one of Claims 1 until 8th is trained. fuel cell system Claim 9 or 10 , characterized in that the at least one first sensor element (72) in the flow direction of the air flow after the filter device (22b) and / or after the filter device (22b) and, in particular on the cathode side, before the fuel cell module (22a) and / or after the fuel cell module ( 22a) is arranged. Fuel cell system according to one of the Claims 9 until 11 , characterized in that at least a first sensor element (72) is additionally connected to an air flow (84) which is guided past the filter device (22b) in the bypass (83), and that in the bypass (83) on the filter device (22b) 22b) air flow (84) guided past is in particular an air flow carried out through an electrolysis device (21). Fuel cell system according to one of the Claims 9 until 12 , characterized in that the sensor device (70) has a second sensor element (88) which is provided for, in particular continuously, determining concentration values of impurities in an air stream (87) which enters the filter device (22b). Device (70) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th , or fuel cell system (22) according to one of the Claims 9 until 13 , characterized in that the at least one first sensor element (72) and/or the second sensor element (88) is/are designed to detect pollutants in an air stream, or to detect volatile organic compounds in the air stream. Device (70) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th , or fuel cell system (22) according to one of the Claims 9 until 13 , characterized in that the filter device (22b) is or has a chemically or physically active filter element by adsorption, in particular an activated carbon filter element. Ventilation system (42) for a room, wherein the ventilation system (42) is in particular part of an energy system (10), having an outside air supply (44) which is provided in such a way that it is able to have a provided (46) supply air flow above it enters the ventilation system (42), a ventilation device (47) which is provided in such a way that it is able to generate a supply air supply (50) and provide it to the room as supply air, an exhaust air removal (52) which is provided in this way in that it is able to have exhaust air removed from the room and guided via the ventilation device (47), an exhaust air removal (61) which is provided in such a way that it is able to remove the exhaust air as an exhaust air flow from the Ventilation system (42), characterized in that the ventilation device (47) has an interface to a device (70) for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of a filter device (22b) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th or 14 and 15 , or to a fuel cell system (22) according to one of Claims 9 until 15 has, or that the ventilation device (47) with a device (70) for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, a filter device (22b) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th or 14 and 15 , or with a fuel cell system (22) according to one of Claims 9 until 15 connected is. Energy system (10), in particular house energy system, comprising an electrolysis device (21), a fuel cell system (22), optionally a high-pressure storage device (31), and a connecting line device (40, 40a to 40k), via which the electrolysis device (21), the fuel cell system ( 22) and optionally the high-pressure storage device (31) are connected to one another, characterized in that the energy system (10) has a device (70) for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of a filter device (22b) of the energy system (10) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th or 14 and 15 has, and / or that the fuel cell system (22) according to one of Claims 9 until 15 is designed and / or that the energy system (10) is a ventilation system (42). Claim 16 having. Method for determining the adsorption state, preferably a critical degree of adsorption, of a filter device (22b), in particular using a device (70) according to one of Claims 1 until 8th or 14 and 15 , wherein the method is preferably for a fuel cell system (22) according to one of Claims 9 until 15 is used, with the following steps: determining concentration values of contaminants in an air stream (73) emerging from the filter device (22b), with at least one first sensor element (72); In an evaluation device (74), which is connected to the at least one first sensor element (72) via an interface (75), reception of the concentration values and qualitative evaluation of the change in concentration of impurities in the air flow (73), in particular by the change in concentration values over time Impurities in the air flow (73) are detected. Procedure according to Claim 18 , characterized in that the qualitative evaluation of the change in concentration of impurities in the air stream (73) is carried out by, in a detection device (76), the concentration values of impurities in the air stream (73) determined by the at least one first sensor element (72), in particular continuously, be recorded; in a comparator device (77), which compares the concentration values of impurities in the air flow (73) detected by the detection device (76) with concentration reference values; in an output device (78), an output signal is output when a concentration value of impurities in the air flow (73) detected by the detection device (76) exceeds a predetermined value. Procedure according to Claim 18 or 19 , characterized in that, in the comparator device (77), the concentration values of impurities in the air flow (73) detected by the detection device (76) are compared with previously detected concentration values and impurities in the air flow (73), and / or with concentration reference values in the form of previously recorded concentration values of impurities in the air flow (73), and/or compared with concentration limit values. Procedure according to one of the Claims 18 until 20 , characterized in that with the at least one first sensor element (72), first concentration values of impurities in the air stream (73) emerging from the filter device (22b) are detected, and with the at least one first sensor element (72) additional second concentration values of impurities in an air stream (84), which is guided past the filter device (22b) in the bypass (83), and that the first and second concentration values are compared with one another in the evaluation device (74), in particular by the difference between the first and second concentration values is formed. Procedure according to one of the Claims 18 until 21 , characterized in that second concentration values of impurities in an air stream (87) which enters the filter device (22b), in particular continuously, are detected via a second sensor element (88) of the sensor device (71), and that in the evaluation device (74 ) the first and second concentration values are compared with one another, in particular by forming the difference between the first and second concentration values. Procedure according to one of the Claims 18 until 22 , characterized in that concentration values of impurities in an air stream (73, 84, 87), which are detected by the at least one first sensor element (72) and / or the second sensor element (88), and / or concentration reference values, at least temporarily in one Storage device (79) are stored.

Images