DE102022112762A1 - Heating device and method for producing the heating device - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heating device (10) for heating a heat transfer medium (W) flowing through the heating device (10), having a channel (30) between an inlet (24) and an outlet (22) of the channel (30) and having a PTC PTC heating device (50) having a heating element (52), the channel (30) comprising a plurality of heating sections (32) following one another in the course of the channel (30), the heating sections (32) each being delimited by two opposite heating walls (34). and lie at least substantially on an imaginary center line (L) running transversely to one of the heating walls (34), and wherein the PTC heating device (50) is heat-conducting to at least one of the heating walls (34) for a structurally simpler and with regard to the flow conditions of the heat transfer medium Improved heating device is proposed that the channel (30) is formed by a flat tube (20), the flat tube (20) alternating one of the heating sections (20) in the course of the channel (30) from the inlet (24) to the outlet (22). 32) and a curvature (36, 38) that deflects a flow direction (S) of the heat transfer medium (W), and that the PTC heating device (52) is formed from two heating sections (32) in an intermediate space (40) between two heating walls (34). is provided.

Description

The present invention relates to a heating device or electric heating device for heating a heat transfer medium flowing through the heating device, with a channel between an inlet and an outlet of the channel and with a PTC heating device which has a PTC heating element. The channel has successive heating sections along its course, the heating sections each being delimited by two opposite heating walls and lying at least substantially on an imaginary center line running transversely to one of the heating walls, and the PTC heating device being coupled to at least one of the heating walls in a heat-conducting manner is. The invention further relates to a method for producing the heating device.

The heating device is intended to heat a heat transfer medium such as a liquid or a gas, in particular water or air, with the conversion of electrical energy using the PTC heating device or several of them, the heat transfer medium flowing through the channel and in particular in the area of the heating sections is heated because the PTC heating device (s) are coupled in a heat-conducting manner, in particular from the outside to or with the channel, for example by being in flat contact.

A generic heating device is from the EP 2 440 006 A1 known. The heating device has a variety of parts. The channel also has a pressure loss in the heat transfer medium, particularly due to a large number of changes in direction.

The present invention is based on the problem of specifying a heating device that is structurally simpler and improved with regard to the flow conditions or the pressure loss in the heat transfer medium and a manufacturing method for the heating device.

To solve this problem, the present invention provides a component with the features of claim 1 and a method with the features of claim 11. Advantageous further training is the subject of the subclaims.

It is therefore proposed that the channel is formed by a flat tube, the flat tube alternatingly forming one of the heating sections and a curvature that deflects a flow direction of the heat transfer medium in the course of the channel from the inlet to the outlet, and that in a space between two heating walls made of two The PTC heating device is provided in the heating sections. In other words, a tube with a flattened cross-section is proposed, which is curved or bent in sections and has the heating sections between the curves or bends, and the space for the PTC heating device between two adjacent heating sections. The gap is therefore preferably delimited by two heating walls, the heating walls coming from two successive heating sections.

The flat tube represents a tube that is at least partially flattened in cross section, i.e. in particular, deviating from the known circular shape, a flattening is provided on at least one section of the cross section. The outline of the flat tube in cross section can also be larger in one direction of extension than in another direction of extension directed orthogonally thereto. The flat tube can also be a polygonal tube such as a square tube with a square or rectangular cross section.

The opposing walls in the heating sections are in particular parallel, in particular with all or at least the majority of the walls being arranged in parallel.

This advantageously ensures that a very advantageous flow-wise guidance of the heat transfer medium can be achieved. The power output is maximized with a low pressure drop and at the same time the need for many sealing interfaces to the medium on the flat tube is minimized. Basically, the flat tube can be used almost completely for heat spreading or heat distribution from the PTC heating devices. The heater is easily scalable in size and power and has improved efficiency.

Thanks to the invention and also thanks to the advantageous design options described below, an inexpensive semi-finished product can be used to provide the channel. Despite the curvatures, the flat tube has a simple or flow-wise favorable course and can be made up of a few parts or individual parts or only one individual part. This leads to few turbulences and overall to few friction losses in the heat transfer medium. It is also advantageous that the flat tube takes on a kind of dual function, namely the provision of a channel and a possible housing, because the PTC heating device can already be accommodated in the gap in a mechanically protected manner.

It is also possible that the heating device in vehicles on water or land, such as motor vehicles vehicles or ships, and/or a heater is used or installed in aircraft. The invention can be used particularly well in vehicles or aircraft because it enables a compact heating device that has increased efficiency. Stationary applications, for example in buildings, are also conceivable and are particularly advantageous due to improved efficiency.

Preferably, the flat tube is formed in a meandering shape from the heating sections and the curvatures, with first curvatures lying on a first side of the flat tube and second curvatures on a second side of the flat tube facing away from the first side. The meander shape is characterized, for example, by the fact that the flow directions in adjacent heating sections are at least essentially parallel and oriented in opposite directions. The flat tube can therefore have a meandering or twisted shape so that the heating sections are arranged close to one another and yet on the imaginary center line or line or are pierced by the imaginary center line at least essentially normal to the heating walls. In particular, the heating sections, the first curvatures and/or the second curvatures are each identical in construction. The first curvatures can essentially lie on an imaginary first line on the first side and/or the second curvatures on the second side of the flat tube can lie on an imaginary second line. This enables a compact structure of the channel. The production of the flat tube, in particular from two half-shells, is also easy because the meander shape, preferably along at least one direction, does not allow for undercuts and thus primary shaping processes.

If the PTC heating device is coupled in a heat-conducting manner to both heating walls in the gap, particularly good heat coupling in the gap is made possible. In addition, the mechanical stability or rigidity of the heating device can be increased.

The flat tube is preferably shaped to be elongated in cross section by a heating section and/or by a curvature. In particular, when cut transversely (i.e. at least essentially perpendicularly) to the flow direction, the heating section or the curvature can have a greater extent in one direction than transversely to it. This is advantageous in order to be able to allow the PTC heating device to rest over a large area in the heating section and to ensure only very low pressure losses on the heat transfer medium in the curvature.

In particular, the flat tube can have the shape of an elongated hole in cross section, i.e. have two 180 ° curves and two, in particular, parallel straight lines or the heating walls in order to have a very low flow resistance due to the continuity of the outline.

In a preferred embodiment it is provided that an electrical connection element of the PTC heating device, in particular in an imaginary extension of the extent of the space between the heating walls, is provided protruding on one side of the flat tube or only on one side of the flat tube. In particular, when using several PTC heating devices, all connection elements are only provided protruding on one side of the flat tube. In particular, the connection element is provided between the first and second curvatures and laterally next to the heating sections. This enables a structurally compact connection of the PTC heating device, especially if several of the PTC heating devices are provided.

A connection module, for example a printed circuit board, is preferably provided for the electrical connection of the PTC heating device via the electrical connection element. In particular, the connection module can also electrically connect several PTC heating devices at the same time in a small installation space. A control module electrically connected to the connection module is preferably provided for controlling the PTC heating device. The control module can be integrated into the connection module or arranged separately from it.

It is possible to insert the PTC heating device with its connection lugs or contact lugs into the circuit board, in particular to solder it to the circuit board. For example, the circuit board is equipped with electronic components; then the circuit board is usually also the control module of the heating device or the connection module and the control module are formed integrally with one another.

There is also the possibility of inserting or soldering corresponding connection lugs into the circuit board, whereby the circuit board is used to group the PTC heating devices, in particular into heating circuits. Such a circuit board is usually not equipped with electronic components. The electronic components are then preferably assigned to a further circuit board, which can be the control module. The control module can then be arranged structurally separately from the PTC heating devices. For example, the control module can be electrically connected and/or wired to the connection module.

If an insulation means is provided surrounding the PTC heating device in the gap, it is protected from short circuits. For example, Kapton film and/or plastic film is used. The PTC heater can also be surrounded by a bag. In this respect, any material can be used for the flat tube and the flat tube and/or the heating device as a whole does not have to be electrically insulated. The insulating agent can also be helpful in achieving good heat coupling because unevenness on the PTC heating device and on the flat tube or in the gap can be compensated for.

When multiple PTC heaters are provided in multiple spaces, the performance of the heater is increased. An equal number of PTC heating devices as gaps can be provided so that the space in the gaps can be used to the best possible extent. However, several PTC heating devices can also be arranged in individual spaces, for example to enable redundancy. At least one gap without a PTC heating device can also be provided, for example to allow elastic deformability of the heating device and/or to arrange a sensor device therein.

A preferred embodiment is characterized in that the PTC heating device is mechanically connected to the flat tube, for example via a spring element which compresses or clamps the flat tube along the imaginary center line. The PTC heating device can be glued and/or soldered in the gap. The flat tube can also be subjected to force or clamped along the imaginary center line in order to clamp the PTC heating device. A spring element can be wound around the flat tube and/or clamped around the flat tube or on it. For example, a metallic band that is simply wound around the flat tube, the heating sections and the spaces can be provided, which is self-contained under tensile stress. A clamp or clip that engages the flat tube at least on one side can also be used. This ensures good heat coupling and a permanently strong connection.

If an outer housing is provided, on which, for example, the outlet and the inlet are exposed, the heater is particularly protected. In particular, the outer housing can accommodate the flat tube and the PTC heating device, possibly also the insulation means, the connection module and/or the control module. The outer housing can basically also be a particularly metallic frame.

The aforementioned object is further achieved by a method for producing the heating device. In the method, a channel is provided in one step, which is formed from a flat tube which has curves and heating sections, the heating sections being delimited by two heating walls each, and a space being arranged between two heating walls of two heating sections.

Two half-shells can be provided to form a flat tube with curves, heating sections and gaps, preferably using deep drawing, extrusion and/or injection molding, and connecting the two half-shells to the housing, for example using gluing, soldering and/or pressing . Alternatively, a flat tube can be provided which is curved in sections or is already curved, has gaps and heating sections between the curves.

In the method, a PTC heating device is provided in a previous or subsequent step. In addition, the PTC heating device is introduced into the gap and the PTC heating device is connected or coupled to the flat tube, in particular using gluing, soldering, pressing and/or by applying a spring element, in particular a clamp.

In the context of the above-described and subsequent disclosure, the abbreviation “or” stands as a short form for “respectively” and is intended to indicate alternative, essentially equivalent and/or synonymous features or terms in order to convey the idea or meaning of using a feature or term to bring closer. “Respectively” can always be replaced with “and/or”.

• 1 eine perspektivische Seitenansicht einer Heizvorrichtung mit einem durch ein Flachrohr gebildeten Kanal und mit mehreren Heizeinrichtungen in Zwischenräumen zwischen Heizabschnitten,
• 2 eine perspektivische Seitenansicht der Heizvorrichtung nach 1 ergänzt mit einem Verbindungsmodul und einem Federelement in einer perspektivischen Ansicht,
• 3 eine Schnittansicht der Heizvorrichtung nach 2 mit einem Schnitt quer durch die Heizabschnitte und das Verbindungsmodul,
• 4 eine perspektivische Seitenansicht einer Halbschale des Flachrohrs des Ausführungsbeispiels,
• 5 eine schematischen Seitenansicht einer Heizvorrichtung, die in einem Außengehäuse eingehaust ist, wobei der Auslass und der Einlass freiliegen, und
• 6 Schritte des Ablaufs eines Verfahrens zur Herstellung einer Heizvorrichtung.

Further details and advantages of the present invention result from the following description of an exemplary embodiment in conjunction with the drawing. In this show:

• 1 a perspective side view of a heating device with a channel formed by a flat tube and with several heating devices in spaces between heating sections,
• 2 a perspective side view of the heating device 1 supplemented with a connection module and a spring element in a perspective view,
• 3 a sectional view of the heating device 2 with a cut across the heating sections and the connection module,
• 4 a perspective side view of a half-shell of the flat tube of the exemplary embodiment,
• 5 a schematic side view of a heater housed in an outer housing with the outlet and inlet exposed, and
• 6 Steps of the process for producing a heating device.

In the heater 10 the 1 A channel 30 leads between an inlet 24 and an outlet 22. The course of the channel 30 comprises several, here eight, successive heating sections 32, each of which is delimited by two opposite heating walls 34 and on a transverse and also perpendicular to one of the heating walls 34 running imaginary center line L. Seven PTC heating devices 50, each with a PTC heating element 52, are thermally conductively coupled to or with two heating walls 34 by surface contact, the two heating walls 34 being assigned to different heating sections 32. When the heating device 10 is in use, the channel 30 is filled with a heat transfer medium W, in particular a fluid, for example a gas or a liquid such as air or water, and is flowed through from the inlet 24 to the outlet 22, the PTC heating devices 50 can ensure heating of the heat transfer medium W.

In 1 the channel 30 is formed by a flat tube 20, the flat tube 20 alternatingly forming one of the heating sections 32 and a curvature 36, 38 in the course of the channel 30 from the inlet 23 to the outlet 22, the curvature deflecting a flow direction S of the heat transfer medium W or vice versa. One of the PTC heating devices 50 is provided in each space 40 between two heating walls 34, which are assigned to two different heating sections 32. A single PTC heating device 50 can therefore heat two heating sections 32 or be assigned to them. The outer heating sections 32 can therefore only be heated by a single PTC heater 50, and the intermediate heating sections 32 can each be heated by two adjacent PTC heaters 50.

The flat tube 20 the 1 runs in a meandering shape and thereby alternately forms the curvatures 36, 38 and the heating sections 32. In other words, the flat tube is formed in a meandering shape from the heating sections 32 and the curves 36, 38. First curvatures 36 are arranged on a first side 26 of the flat tube 20 and second curvatures 38 on a second side 28 of the flat tube. The second page 28 faces away from the first page 26. In other words, the meandering flat tube 20 runs alternately back and forth between the sides 26, 28. In addition, the first curvatures 36 lie on an imaginary first line LE and the second curvatures on an imaginary second line LZ. The imaginary first line LE runs in particular parallel to the imaginary second line LZ in order to realize a compact structure and heating sections 32 of the same size. The imaginary line or center line L runs parallel to the imaginary first line LE and the imaginary second line LZ, as also corresponds to the preferred case.

However, it is also possible that at least one of the imaginary lines L, LE, LZ (i.e. the center line L and the lines LE and LZ), in particular the imaginary center line L, is non-parallel or oblique to the other imaginary lines L, LE , LZ runs, for example in order to obtain a variable size of the heating sections 32 over the course of the flat tube 20, in order to adapt the flat tube to structural requirements and/or in order to scale the heating device 10. In this respect, the imaginary lines L, LE, LZ can also run linearly or bent in sections and/or border on (curved) curve sections. As a rule, the imaginary L, LE, LZ lines run linearly throughout.

A heating device 50 is arranged in each gap 40, whereby the rigidity of the flat tube 20 or the heating device 10 is increased. If the gap 40 remained free, the elastic deformability of the flat tube 20 between the inlet 24 and outlet 22 would be increased.

The flat tube 20 the 1 is elongated in cross section by a heating section 32, as is also described below 4 shows. In cross section through the flow direction S, the heating section 32 is composed of one essentially rectangular and two essentially semicircular parts. The curvatures 36, 38 are also elongated in this way. Because the flat tube has a continuous outline in cross-section and basically has no edges, there are good flow conditions and low friction losses. In the present case, the inlet 24 and the outlet 22, on the other hand, are round in cross section and each have a funnel-shaped and continuous transition to the elongated cross section of second curvatures 38. The round cross-section allows for easy connection to other round cross-sections, and the elongated cross-section allows for good connection conductive coupling with PTC heating devices 50.

In particular, the inlet 22 and/or the outlet 22 lie in an extension of the second imaginary line LZ in order to create a direct transition to the second curvature 38. This is also conducive to a symmetrical structure of the flat tube 20 and ease of manufacture.

In 1 For each PTC heating device 50, two electrical connection elements 54 are provided protruding only on one side 42 of the flat tube in an imaginary extension of the extent of the gap 40 between the heating walls 34. The connection elements 54 are connection lugs or contact lugs for a circuit board or for a connection module 64. Accordingly, no connection elements 54 are provided on the other side 44, which is diametrically opposite on the flat tube 20, and the PTC heating devices 50 can advantageously be contacted on one side.

2 shows in this context that the connection module 64 designed as a circuit board is plugged onto the connection elements 54 and soldered thereto. The connection elements 54 protrude through the connection module 64. In the present case, the connection module 64 is used to group the PTC heating devices 50 into heating circuits. A separate control module 65 can then be electrically connected to the connection module 64 for electrical control of the heating circuits.

The PTC heating devices 50 of 1 are covered with insulation 60, here Kapton film, and rest on the flat tube 20 or on the heating walls 34 via the Kapton film, so that a kind of sandwich arrangement is created from two Kapton film sections and the PTC heating device 50, this arrangement being detailed in 3 is visible.

In the 1 seven PTC heating devices 50 are each assigned to one of seven spaces 40. No gap 40 is occupied or unoccupied twice with a PTC heating device 50. However, this would be possible, for example, to provide redundancy or to provide elastic deformability and/or extended thermal expansion.

The PTC heating devices 50 are mechanically connected to the flat tube 20 via a spring element 62 designed as a clamp. The spring element 62 is only in the 2 and 3 visible. The spring element 62 presses the flat tube 20 together along the imaginary center line L, so that the PTC heating devices 50 are also clamped or connected in a force-fitting manner.

2 shows the heating device 10 supplemented by the connection module 64 and the spring element 62 1 . The above applies accordingly.

3 shows a cross-sectional view in which the flow directions S in the three cut heating sections 32 are cut transversely or run normal to the image plane. The three imaginary lines L, LE, LZ (including the center line L) run vertically in the image plane and normal to the heating walls 34. The outlet 22 is also located in an extension of the imaginary second line LZ.

It can be seen that the flat tube 20 in the heating sections 32 has one in the 3 has a horizontally elongated cross section that delimits the channel 30. The heating walls 34 are present in the straight sections of the elongated cross section. Two of the heating walls 34, which are arranged next to one another or adjacent, delimit either a heating section 32 or an intermediate space 40. Two heating walls 34 assigned to a heating section 32 delimit the heating section 32, and two heating walls 34, which are arranged adjacently but delimit an intermediate space 40, are therefore assigned to two different heating sections 32. In the gaps there is a PTC heating device 50, which is covered on both sides by the electrically non-conductive insulation 60 made of a Kapton film.

Furthermore, in 3 It can be seen that the electrical connection elements 54 protrude through the connection module 64 designed as a circuit board on only one side 42 of the heating device 10 or the flat tube 20, the connection elements 54 being soldered to the connection module 64.

The one arranged on page 44 and in 3 Spring element 62 shown schematically surrounds an outer heating section 32 on the side facing away from the PTC heating device 50.

The PTC heating devices 50 each have a PTC heating element 52 between two contact plates that also serve as a connecting element 54. In the present case, the PTC heating devices 50 are designed identically.

The heating sections 32 of 3 run at the ends while maintaining the elongated cross section, ie on pages 26 and 28, cf. 1 and 2 , at least approximately continuously in a curvature 36, 38. Two second ones Curvatures 38 are in 3 shown in the background The curvatures 36, 38 serve to redirect the flow direction S to the next heating section 32 or to the outlet 22. The transition from the last heating section 32 in the flow direction S to the outlet 22 occurs via a continuously changing cross section of the channel 30 in the flow direction S, which changes continuously and at least approximately continuously from the elongated cross section to the circular cross section.

4 shows a half-shell for producing the flat tube 20. Two of the half-shells can form the flat tube 20 by being joined together. Because the flat tube 20 or the half-shell has a plane of symmetry SE between the inlet 24 and outlet 22, two identical half-shells can be joined to the flat tube 20. In particular, the half-shells can be pressed, soldered or glued. The above-described details of the heating device 10 apply to the half-shell 1 until 3 accordingly.

5 shows a further heating device 10, which is provided integrally on the connection module 64 in addition to a control module 65. The control module 65 can electrically control the PTC heating devices 50, which are interconnected by the connection module 64 to form a heating circuit. The heater 10 has an outer housing 66 that protects and houses all components, with the outlet 22 and the inlet 24 being accessible from the outside of the housing. The outer housing 66 is a metallic frame. The heating device 10 is otherwise designed as described above. The heating device 10 can be installed and used, for example, in vehicles, aircraft or buildings.

6 shows a method in which a heater 10 is created. First, a channel 30 is created by providing 110, which is designed as described above. Two half-shells can be connected to one another to form the flat tube 20. A PTC heating device 50 is then created by providing 120, whereby the steps of providing 110, 120 can also take place simultaneously or vice versa. The PTC heating device 50 is then introduced 130 into the intermediate space 40 so that the PTC heating device 50 can be coupled to the heating section 32 in a heat-conducting manner. Finally, the PTC heating device 50 is connected 140 to the flat tube 20, which can be done via a spring element 62.

Reference symbol list

10

Heating device

20

Flat tube

22

outlet

24

inlet

26

Side, first side of the flat tube

28

Side, second side of the flat tube

30

channel

32

Heating section

34

heating wall

36

Curvature, first curvature

38

Curvature, second curvature

40

space

42

Side, third side of the flat tube

44

Side, fourth side of the flat tube

50

PTC heater

52

PTC heating element

54

electrical connection element

60

Isolation means

62

Spring element

64

Connection module

65

Control module

66

Outer casing

100

Proceedings

110

Provide

120

Provide

130

Bring in

140

Connect

L

imaginary center line or imaginary line

LE

imaginary first line of curvatures 36

LZ

imaginary second line of curvatures 38

S

Direction of flow

SE

plane of symmetry

W

heat carrier

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• EP 2440006 A1 [0003]

Claims (11)

Heating device (10) for heating a heat transfer medium (W) flowing through the heating device (10) with a channel (30) between an inlet (24) and an outlet (22) of the channel (30) and with a PTC heating element (52) having PTC heating device (50), wherein the channel (30) comprises a plurality of heating sections (32) following one another in the course of the channel (30), the heating sections (32) each being delimited by two opposite heating walls (34) and at least substantially lie on an imaginary center line (L) running transversely to one of the heating walls (34), and wherein the PTC heating device (50) is thermally conductively coupled to at least one of the heating walls (34), characterized in that the channel (30) through a Flat tube (20) is formed, wherein the flat tube (20) alternates one of the heating sections (32) and a flow direction (S) of the heat transfer medium (W) in the course of the channel (30) from the inlet (24) to the outlet (22). ) forms a deflecting curvature (36, 38), and that the PTC heating device (52) is provided in a space (40) between two heating walls (34) made up of two heating sections (32). Heating device (10). Claim 1 , characterized in that the flat tube (20) is formed in a meandering shape from the heating sections (32) and the curvatures (36, 38), with first curvatures (36) on a first side (26) of the flat tube (20) and second curvatures (38 ) lie on a second side (28) of the flat tube (20) facing away from the first side (26). Heating device (10). Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that the flat tube (20) is shaped to be elongated in cross section by a heating section (32) and/or by a curvature (36, 38). Heating device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an electrical connection element (54) of the PTC heating device (50) in an imaginary extension of the extent of the gap (40) between the heating walls (34) only on one side (42, 44) of the flat tube (20) is provided above. Heating device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a connection module (64), in particular a printed circuit board, for electrically connecting the PTC heating device (50) via the electrical connecting element (54). Heating device (10). Claim 5 , characterized by a control module (65) electrically connected to the connection module (64) for controlling the PTC heating device (50). Heating device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by an insulation means (60) surrounding the PTC heating device (50) in the intermediate space (40). Heating device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a plurality of PTC heating devices (50) are provided in a plurality of gaps (40). Heating device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the PTC heating device (50) is mechanically connected to the flat tube (20), for example via a spring element which compresses the flat tube (20) along the imaginary center line (L) ( 62). Heating device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a flat tube (20) and the PTC heating device (50), possibly also the insulation means (60), the connection module (64) and / or the control module (65). Outer housing (66) where the outlet (22) and inlet (24) are exposed. Method (100) for producing a heating device (10) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by the following steps: - Providing (110) of a channel (30) which is formed from a flat tube (20) which has curves (36, 38 ) and heating sections (32), the heating sections (32) being delimited by two heating walls (34), and a gap (40) being arranged between two heating walls (34) of two heating sections (32), - providing (120 ) of a PTC heating device (50), - introducing (130) of the PTC heating device (50) into the intermediate space (40), and - connecting (140) of the PTC heating device (50) to the flat tube (20) .

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