DE102021002209A1 - Measurement of the heat energy equivalent of the lowest frequency vehicle and ambient noise via the impulse energy spectrum of the sound energy density of energy bursts of the periodic and non-periodic bang impulse train of explosion internal combustion engines and similar highly compressed lowest frequency excitation patterns in Ws/m3 or inlinear dBLeq/ms - Google Patents

Abstract

Very low-frequency compressed sound energy below 16Hz, e.g. the periodic and non-periodic bang pulse sequence of internal combustion engines, is still considered “inaudible” infrasound by psychoacousticians and sound designers in the vehicle and noise equipment industry. Therefore, the BlmSchG and the technical instructions for protection against noise and vibrations do not contain a measurement specification such as the loud low- and very low-frequency rattling frequencies below 1kHz up to the loud single bang as individual part times in SI units, measured in terms of thermal energy equivalent and averaged over the assessment time. The TA Noise refers only on the psychometric measurement of the pitch of sinusoidal audio frequencies between 16Hz and 16kHz in dB(A). As a result, contrary to TA Lärm and ISO 226, the volume measurement of machines, engines and low-frequency noises in dB(C) is missing and the lowest-frequency bang impulse sound energy below 16Hz as “inaudible infrasound” is not measured at all. As a result, without exception, all "noise protection reports" relating to low and very low-frequency traffic and ambient noise below 50Hz are more than 40dB too low Systematic measurement errors are avoided by extending the measurement range to the lowest-frequency infrasonic range, thereby increasing the measurement accuracy to over 40dB.

Description

Urban areas are increasingly characterized by traffic noise with the low and ultra-low-frequency, loudly audible asymmetrical rattling of the four-stroke engines between 1kHz and 1Hz. The internal engine explosions of the fuel-air mixture produce loud short-term sonic booms of <1ms, similar to a gun shot, and the same number of energy-free pauses of different lengths between the lowest-frequency booms within one second due to time dilation. This leads to a new type of annoyance when these noisy vehicles are operated intermittently or permanently in residential areas. The main source for the emission of extremely low-frequency, loudly audible impulse noise outdoors is the drastically increasing inner-city traffic and leisure noise, from loud motorsport and leisure facilities, fireworks and music events, as well as the noise from wind turbines and strong vibrations from road damage (potholes) in urban areas . If this very low-frequency, highly harmful noise is not prevented at the source of its origin, e.g. by micro-ceramic absorption exhaust systems or by maintaining the road surface, it will reach residential buildings almost unhindered due to the lack of absorption.

Loud, extremely low-frequency infrasound is also emitted as primary or secondary airborne noise from stationary building technology devices such as mini combined heat and power plants, air heat pumps, heating systems, air conditioning and cooling devices, or percussion drills within residential buildings. The lowest-frequency compressed sound energy below 16Hz, the periodic and non-periodic bang impulse sequence of internal combustion engines, is still considered “inaudible” infrasound by psychoacoustics and sound designers in the vehicle and noise equipment industry. For this reason, the BlmSchG and the technical instructions for protection against noise do not contain any measurement regulations for the measurement frequency and the use of the physical unit of measurement for the sound energy density - alternating pressure E in Ws/m ³ , with which the loudest and lowest-frequency rattling frequencies are measured and thermal energy-equivalent averaged .

This is the reason for the inventive addition to the existing intellectual property rights with which the lowest-frequency rattling impulses between 1 kHz and the loud, non-periodic single bang are measured as an impulse energy spectrum with a measuring frequency of 1 kHz in the SI unit for mechanical-acoustic sound energy density in Ws/m ³ , thermal energy equivalent can be averaged over the assessment time. At the same time, the psychometric frequency weighting of the pitch can be converted from incoherent dB(A) according to ISO 226 to the coherent thermal energy equivalents. Volume level can be converted to dBLeq.

1. State of the art of psychometric measurement technology

The measuring instrument for psychoacoustic perception parameters according to ISO 226 is the human ear. As a highly sensitive sensory organ, the ear is able to distinguish the frequency of sinusoidal sound frequencies between 16Hz and 16kHz as pitch or sound spectrum and the amplitude according to the sound energy density spectrum as volume.

The mean measurement density of the ear corresponds to the frequency of the reference sound pressure energy of the normal tone of 1kHz. The quasi-stationary measurement of the energy and pulse spectrum according to the invention is adapted to the measurement frequency of the ear and the frequency of the reference sound energy of 1 kHz with 1000 measurements per second. The reference sound energy equivalent to the energy of one calorie is called mechanical-acoustic heat energy equivalent. The human ear registers non-sinusoidal periodic and non-periodic low-frequency excitation patterns of sound energy such as the loud sonic booms of the highly compressed periodic and non-periodic bang pulse train of internal combustion engines as regular or irregular low-frequency loud cracking below 1Hz and crackling up to about 125Hz. At ignition frequencies above 125Hz to 1kHz one hears impulses as rough tones or sounds, and above 1kHz to over 16kHz as particularly sharp tones or sounds. They are measured incorrectly in dB(A), as pitch, and over 50dBLeq too low in the meter's Fast mode. The volume level can be measured using the impulse energy spectrum as a mechanical-acoustic sound energy density-alternating pressure quasi-stationary in the SI unit Ws/m ³ of the sound-penetrated room, or linearly in dBLeq. The psychoacoustic tone and information content can be measured objectively at the same time as a tone or sound spectrum or, according to TA Lärm, determined by subjective measurement with the "ears" at the immission location.
The human ear is capable of periodic and non-periodic sound energy over a hearing range of 12 octaves between 0Hz and 22kHz, from the lower hearing threshold of 10 ^-13 W to well above the pain threshold of 10 ² W = 140dBLeq sound energy density alternating pressure, as a loud, low-frequency bang can be heard in the "inaudible" infrasound up to the highest-frequency sharp virtual sound or can also be felt as structure-borne noise energy in the event of a bang. As a result, the lowest-frequency bangs of 16Hz in the close-up range can lead to acute blast trauma and bursting of the eardrum. The lower hearing threshold is variable, it is only measured psychometrically as a relative level in dB(A) as a frequency or pitch and is defined by the non-periodic background noise level at the immission location. The sound energy density alternating pressure is superimposed on the atmospheric air pressure and the background noise level. In contrast to psychoacoustic measurement technology, the lowest-frequency mechanical impulse sound energy density can be linearly measured in partial times of one millisecond Wms via the impulse or energy spectrum, thermal energy equivalent in the SI unit Ws/m ³ , and energetically averaged over the assessment time.

2. The measurement of mechanical-acoustic power and sound energy

For energy conversions, the relationships given in the conversion tables for energy units apply. The mechanical-acoustic or electrical work that is equivalent to a calorie is called mechanical or electrical thermal energy equivalence. According to the theory of relativity, there is equivalence = equal value of mass and energy. The physical unit of mechanical-acoustic sound power Pa is the watt, power times time is the mechanical sound energy in watt-seconds, 1Ws = 1 N/m ² = 120dBLeq.

The psychoacoustic volume of sinusoidal sound frequencies between 16Hz and 16kHz is in DIN-phon, the psychoacoustic pitch according to ISO 226 in dB(A), low-frequency noise below 90Hz, machines and engines are in dB(C) according to TA-Lärm and low-frequency bangs and impulses It. TA noise does not exist below 1 kHz up to the loud non-periodic single bang. According to the invention, however, they can be measured as a pulse spectrum, linear and quasi-stationary with a measuring frequency of 1 kHz as sound energy density surges in the room penetrated by sound in Ws/m ³ and converted into absolute volume levels in dBLeq. Our new insight applies here; the lower the frequency, the louder the bang impulse and the higher the compression of the air molecules, the longer the time dilation, ie the time extension of the energy-free pauses between the periodic and non-periodic sonic booms. This leads to the sound energy of non-sinusoidal sound energy excitation, for example the loud, compressed low-frequency rattling of a motorcycle at 12Hz ignition frequency, as "loud audible low-frequency infrasound" with the psychoacoustic frequency weighting for the pitch perception of sinusoidal sound energy in dB(A) not heat energy equivalent, can only be measured over 60dB too low and energetically averaged. The "inaudibility" of the lowest-frequency infrasound is not due to the frequency as a variable unit of time, but to the variable wavelength and the slow increase in sound energy density of sinusoidal sound energy of tones and sounds, at wavelengths over 22 meters. There is no soft, "inaudible" low-frequency crackling between 1kHz and a loud single bang. There's just no pitch sensation with loud low- and low-frequency traffic noise in the form of compressed pops and rattling below 125Hz to 1Hz. That is why there is no TA Noise-compatible measuring method like our invention, with which the excitation pattern of the lowest and low-frequency sound energy is automatically recognized and can be measured in terms of heat energy equivalent as sound energy density in Ws/m ³ .

This is the reason for the re-registration of the more precise algorithmic measurement method.

With the help of the impulse energy spectrum, the number and amplitude level of the highly compressed sonic boom impulses and the energy-free period in between can be measured as mechanical-acoustic energy in Wms/m ³ within one second, energetically averaged and calculated with high precision as a heat energy-equivalent sound level in dBLeq/16h will.

The following sentence of the division of patent AKZ 10 2018 010 382.0 therefore only applies to sinusoidal, low-frequency excitation patterns of sound energy densities that increase slowly over time below 1 kHz and not to low-frequency noises or the lowest-frequency compressed rattling of the energy burst excitation of internal combustion engines in road traffic. “The lower the frequency, the more difficult it is to emit sound energy. Since, with sinusoidal sound excitation that occurs slowly over time in the elastic medium of air, there is enough time for lateral pressure equalization, so that despite a certain speed of sound, there is no significant sound power at low audio frequencies below 16Hz.”
The mistake of the century in acoustics is based on this fatal observation error of psychoacoustics, it is based on psychoacoustic measurements of sinusoidal audio frequencies between 16kHz and 16Hz for the assessment of "music, singing and speech" according to ISO 226 in dB(A).
Based on our current research results on the aural and extra-aural effects of low-frequency traffic and environmental noise in urban areas, there is no "inaudible" low-frequency impulse sound energy in the infrasonic range between 16Hz and the loud non-periodic sonic boom of a misfiring of electric combustion engines.

• „Bei hochkomprimierten, zeitdilatierten tiefstfrequentem Impulsschall mit hoher Schallenergiedichte der Energiestoßerregung führt die explosionsartige innermotorische Verbrennung zur Überschallgeschwindigkeit der heißen Abgasmoleküle in den Auspuffkrümmern wie im Lauf automatischer Waffen, zu periodischen- und unperiodischen, tiefstfrequenten Überschallknallen.“ Durch die Zeitdilatation kommt es zwischen den kurzen Knallen (<1ms) je nach Frequenz zu energiefreien Pausen unterschiedlicher Länge, das führt zu folgender Satzumkehr :
  • „Je tiefer die Frequenz, und je höher die Schallenergie Kompression, desto länger werden die energiefreien Pausen zwischen den Schallenergiestößen und um so lauter ist das Knattern der tiefstfrequenten Knall- Impulse hörbar, aber mit der psychoakustischen Tonhöhen-Freqenzbewertung in dB(A) nicht messbar.“

The sentence must be changed as follows and integrated into the new supplementary protection right:

• "In the case of highly compressed, time-dilated, ultra-low-frequency impulse sound with a high sound energy density of the energy impulse excitation, the explosive internal engine combustion leads to the supersonic speed of the hot exhaust gas molecules in the exhaust manifolds, as in the barrel of automatic weapons, to periodic and non-periodic, ultra-low-frequency sonic booms." The time dilation causes it to occur between the short bangs (<1ms) depending on the frequency to energy-free pauses of different lengths, which leads to the following block reversal:
  • “The lower the frequency and the higher the sound energy compression, the longer the energy-free pauses between the sound energy bursts and the louder the crackling of the lowest-frequency bang impulses is audible, but not measurable with the psychoacoustic pitch-frequency weighting in dB(A). .”

A sudden bang undermines all protective functions of the ear, there is not enough time for pressure equalization through the eustachian tube and for the contraction of the auditory muscle to dislocate the auditory ossicles for a temporary increase in the hearing threshold.
In contrast to broadband noise and sinusoidal audio frequencies, where loud and quiet tones and noises occur, impulse sound only produces loud, low-frequency crackling and loud, very low-frequency bangs up to non-periodic single bangs.

This knowledge changes all acoustic standards and calculations and in particular the thermal energy equivalent averaging of mechanical-acoustic sound energy. Our sonic invention, which contradicts all psychoacoustic measurements of the last hundred years, is based on this new view of molecular dynamics, the thermal energy equivalent measurement and averaging of lowest-frequency sound energy via the impulse energy spectrum in the SI unit for the sound energy density in Wms/m ³ .

High amounts of energy can be energetically measured, averaged and calculated in SI units much more precisely than in incoherent, psychometrically and frequency-weighted relative sound levels according to ISO 226 (dB(A) to dB(C) and DIN-phon).

According to Einstein's theory of relativity, all mechanical motion is relative, especially the indefinite time weighting of frequency. Lorentz contraction, time dilation and absorption lines are known for electromagnetic light waves or pulses. At the relatively low speed of sound in the gaseous medium air, the compression of the sound energy, the time dilation in periodic impulse sound with the measurement of the length of the energy-free pauses between the energy bursts can be seen as loud infrasound crackling below 16Hz and quasi-stationary in Wms/m ³ as the impulse energy spectrum , measured in terms of thermal energy equivalent, energetically averaged by multiplication, division, addition and subtraction and clearly proven to be a psychoacoustic error.

The longer the pause between the high-energy bangs, the louder the mechanical air vibrations of the eardrum can be heard. In addition, the lowest-frequency impulse sound below 50Hz is not absorbed and, due to the track adaptation (coicidal effect), penetrates simple, rigid noise protection walls, concrete walls and window panes as structure-borne noise and exits again in inhabited rooms as secondary lowest-frequency airborne noise.

Therefore, the measurement of the impulse energy spectrum of the lowest-frequency impulse sound is only possible with an increase in the measurement density (patent application AKZ 10 2018 010 382.0) of the quasi-stationary measurement frequency of 1 kHz, that is 1000 measurements per second.

Thanks to this invention, every single bang or impulse between 1kHz down to the loudly audible lowest-frequency infrasonic range below 1Hz, whether periodic or non-periodic by extending the measuring range to 12 octaves, can be printed out as a pulse spectrum or as a non-periodic single bang impulse, as in slow motion, as a high-resolution level plot , and read out with the software of the measuring device. A line noise source such as a street is therefore not a short-term noise peak but up to a thousand individual level peaks per second when the impulse energy spectrum is measured every 34 cm quasi-stationarily.

3. No rule without an exception

Sinusoidal audio frequencies are characterized by wavelengths between 2.2cm = 16kHz and 22 meters = 16Hz. Due to the slow increase in energy density within 63ms at wavelengths over 22 meters, there is no pitch sensation. Just like you can't hear the wind pressure of a 22 meter gust. Because the wavelength does not match the hearing frequency of the human ear, the eardrum is not shaken by the slow rise in sound or wind pressure energy within 63 ms.

All psychoacoustic measurements were carried out with purely sinusoidal (wavy) audio frequencies according to ISO 226. Since then you can read the same wrong sentence in all acoustic textbooks and publications: "The frequency range of human hearing is between 16Hz and 16kHz. In contrast to the human eye, which can only perceive a frequency range of just under one octave, the human ear hears 10 octaves. This means the pitch of sound waves and the spectral colors of light waves. Asymmetric sound pulse energy can already be heard as low-frequency crackling between 0Hz and 16Hz in the low-frequency "inaudible" infrasound range and light pulses can be seen as light flickering between 0Hz and approx. 50Hz.

In the case of sound waves, the frequency between 16Hz and 16kHz is referred to as pitch or timbre, and in the case of electromagnetic light waves, the frequency of color vision is meant. The psychoacoustic standards, ISO 362, ISO 226, the BlmSchG and the TA Lärm with the frequency weighting in dB(A), do not recognize any audible lowest-frequency sound energy below 16Hz. This requires the conversion of all acoustic standards and measurement regulations of mechanical sound energy based on psychometric measurements of ISO 226 to Wms/m ³ .

With this, the acoustic theory has made a mistake of the century, the pitch proportional to the frequency has been confused for centuries with the heat energy equivalent sound energy, measurable in Wms/m ³ , with the energy equivalent loudness level in dBLeq.

The fact is, there is no "inaudible" ultra-low frequency infrasound below 16Hz and no "inaudible noise" of non-sinusoidal sound energy, e.g. from the rotor blades of helicopters and wind turbines, from propeller planes or from interior noise from percussion drills, jackhammers, from ultra-low-frequency sports field vehicle and road traffic noise.
We found that in psychoacoustics, as in astrology of the 17th century, the sun and the stars still revolve around the earth as the center of the world and the earth has to be flat due to the lack of mass and gravitation.
As a mathematician and astronomer, Galileo advocated the Copernican world system and was almost burned as a heretic by the Inquisition.

History teaches that knowledge always triumphs over stupidity and belief. The belief that the earth is flat and represents the center of the world and that the sun revolves around the earth is still understandable because people did not see it differently in the 17th century and still see it the same way today.

The belief of psychoacoustics in the inaudible low-frequency infrasound is all the more astonishing because the loud lowest-frequency periodic rattling of internal combustion engines in traffic due to the compressed sound energy density alternating pressure, the missing wavelength and the low absorption and ground damping as a non-periodic bang or as a periodic bang sequence can be heard for kilometers even in the lowest-frequency infrasound range below 16Hz, particularly loud and with a downwind.

4. Technical acoustics is a part of molecular mechanics

It deals with the audible energy of the alternating sound pressure. From a physical point of view, acoustics is the study of mechanical oscillations of the molecules in solid, liquid and gaseous media. Low-frequency vibrations are referred to as tremors, the lowest-frequency vibration of an explosion as a bang or as airborne, structure-borne or liquid noise.

Like all mechanical-physical quantities, acoustic quantities are characterized by their unambiguous measurability, regardless of whether they are acoustic-physical properties, processes or states; they are measurable properties that are formally defined as the product of a numerical value and a unit can express. In terms of length, mass, time, velocity and acceleration, work and power, thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic and acoustic energy = equals power (watt) times unit time, the unit time is the watt second 1Ws. The frequency of the reference sound pressure of 1kHz = 1000 sound waves per second is equal to 1Ws, to the SI system of units for mechanical sound energy 1Ws = 1N/m ² , =120dBLeq heat energy equivalent volume level. The sinusoidal frequency of normal sound corresponds to the reference sound pressure of 1Wms, so the reference sound corresponds to the mean auditory frequency of the human ear within the SI time unit of one second.

The 1kHz sine tone is therefore standardized as the reference sound for psychoacoustic volume measurements according to ISO 226 and prescribed as the calibration frequency for all sound level meters. The measurement of the impulse energy spectrum makes the compressed volume energy of non-sinusoidal excitation patterns of acoustic-mechanical sound energy visible for the first time. Frequency levels measured in dB(A), dB(C) and in DIN-phone must be converted via the measured frequency according to ISO 226 as mechanical sound energy into the coherent energy unit Watt per unit time = 1Ws/m ³ equal to 120dBLeq, thermal energy equivalent because the zero point of the ISO 226 was arbitrarily set as the relative level for sinusoidal tones.

The frequency of sinusoidal sound waves is used as a measure of pitch between 16Hz and 16kHz, sinusoidal tones are characterized by loud and soft tones, the volume perception with sinusoidal sound excitation is only at 1kHz reference sound pressure due to the arbitrary determination of the zero point for sinusoidal sound frequencies at +3dB, corresponding to "linear “.

The frequency of periodic bang pulse sequences between 0Hz and 125Hz is not heard as pitch but as loud low- and low-frequency crackling. In contrast to sinusoidal sound frequencies, there are no soft pops or pulses that are due to the non-sinusoidal energy burst or pop excitation of the mechanical-acoustic sound energy.
Therefore, low-frequency impulse sounds and other high-energy low-frequency excitation patterns are particularly easily accessible to a thermal energy equivalent measurement via the impulse energy spectrum. This means that highly compressed impulse sound energy in Wms/m ³ and the frequency of the lowest-frequency impulses below 1kHz to 0Hz can be measured at the same time.

This is not known in noise effects research and according to the state of psychoacoustic measurement technology. Audible sound energy does not consist solely of "low frequency" noise or sinusoidal "sound waves" with wavelength and phase, just as electromagnetic energy does not consist solely of AC energy. Sound level meters are electromagnetic converters that, with the high quasi-stationary measurement density, make sound energy waves or extremely low-frequency bang impulses, heat energy equivalent as electromagnetic waves or energy bursts in Wms/m ³ objectively measurable and visible on the level recorder.

With the measurement of the sound energy according to the invention, of the loud, lowest-frequency infrasound, unknown in psychoacoustics, as spatial sound energy in Wms/m ³ , the subjective psychometric measurements of the annoyance allowances with the ears can be omitted for the first time. This improves the measurement accuracy by 40dB (>99%) in dB(A) compared to the psychoacoustic measurement of music, singing and the human voice according to ISO 226.

The simultaneous, quasi-stationary measurement with the measurement frequency of the reference sound pressure makes it possible to record the heat energy-equivalent sound energy in Wms/m ³ and to average partial times linearly in dBLeq by division and multiplication over the assessment time.

Due to the fatal error of psychoacoustics, only dealing with sound waves and with the measurement of the frequency range of sinusoidal audio frequencies such as tones, sounds, music and speech between 16Hz and 16kHz, systematic expert errors of well over 40dB could occur. Our new invention must inevitably lead to a revision of all standards for the measurement of low and very low frequency traffic and environmental noise.

5. Note

The physical unit of sound power is the watt, sound power times time is the sound energy in one watt second and for the sound energy density the watt second per cubic meter of the sound-penetrated room 1Ws/m ³ = 1N/m ² = 120dBLeq thermal energy equivalent (linear) sound level.
For all energy conversions, the relationships given in the energy unit conversion table apply; the mechanical energy, ie the mechanical work that is equivalent to a calorie, is called mechanical, acoustic or electromagnetic thermal energy equivalent. The law of conservation of momentum and energy applies here, the total energy is always the same even if part of it is converted into absorption energy = heat energy. The thermal energy equivalent level of the mechanical-acoustic sound energy is measured linearly as the energy-equivalent loudness level of the sound energy density in Ws/m ³ or as the absolute sound level and given as the Z level or in dBLeq without psychometric evaluation. The energy balance can only be carried out with coherent units of measurement. For the energy balance, all psychometric readings must be converted into heat energy-equivalent SI units or into linear auxiliary units, into absolute levels.

There are relative and absolute levels. Relative levels are only ratios of values from which no conclusions can be drawn about the numerical values and physical units of the individual variables that are related to one another.
In the case of absolute levels, the value in the denominator is fixed by agreement. It is called the reference size. The level value 0 (zero level) is assigned to the value of the reference variable.
Subjective psychoacoustic measurements of sound energy only result in relative sound energy levels, even if the reference sound pressure of 1kHz was specified as the psychometric zero level. Frequency-weighted sound levels in dB(A), dB(B) and dB(C) or in DIN-phon or sone only allow conclusions to be drawn about the frequency of the pitch perception of sinusoidal audio frequencies. By measuring the impulse or energy spectrum, the thermal energy equivalent volume level (as an absolute level) and by measuring the tone or sound spectrum, the virtual pitch of low-frequency impulse sounds from 125Hz to 1kHz can be measured with high precision within one second.
As a result, the subjective psychomeric measurements of the annoyance allowances for the pitch evaluation in dB(A, for the tonality and information content, the impulsiveness and conspicuous level changes, with the ears of the measuring expert, as well as the low-frequency "noise" according to TA Lärm 7.3 in dB(C) superfluous.

1. Application example (the application examples of the division have been adjusted)

With the new algorithmic, high-resolution quasi-stationary measurement method, the type test procedure for the road approval of motor vehicles according to ISO 362 is adapted for the first time to the hearing ability of the human ear for the loudly audible low- and very low-frequency sounds of non-sinusoidal excitation patterns. By adjusting the measurement, integrating the different driving speeds and correcting the high speed of sound when measuring individual impulses and impulse sounds of the periodic and non-periodic bang impulse sequence, the short-term high impulse amplitudes can be measured for the first time in terms of thermal energy equivalent in Ws/m ³ and energetically averaged will.
This makes it possible for the first time to precisely determine a constant emission variable independent of the driving style, the maximum sound power of vehicles and engines in the SI unit W or Wa. The large testing companies are not able to determine a maximum sound power level for motor vehicles that is independent of speed and driving style. Appendix 1, evaluation of the UBA-FE project.
The assessment of one of the greatest environmental noise pollution, traffic noise, can be carried out with the high-precision measurement of the impulse spectrum in Ws/m ³ , the loud, audible, lowest-frequency impulse noise in the infrasound range in the type test procedure to the state of the art in measurement technology according to TA Noise 7.3, Annex 1.5 and the new application for the supplementary property right adapted and the traffic and ambient noise in urban areas reduced by over 95%.

The vehicle and equipment industry is thus provided with a high-precision measuring method for determining and limiting the maximum sound power in Wa for motor vehicles by improving the ISO 362 type test method by measuring the thermal energy equivalent of the pulse energy spectrum. This means that compliance with the limit values required by law for ongoing production since 2014 can be ensured as part of a COP test.

2. Application example

A noise meter that works according to the new algorithmic measurement and evaluation method and the supplementary property right and can safely monitor the emission and compliance with the immission guideline values of vehicles in ongoing traffic.

3. Application example

Introduction of the measuring method for all suitable systems from which sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal excited loud audible low- and low-frequency noise, impulses or audio frequencies are emitted into the environment.

For example, the procedure for measuring and limiting the volume of ultra-low-frequency impulse noise indoors and outdoors, including at loud disco and leisure events, or of ultra-low-frequency audible infrasound from wind turbines to determine the required distance criteria from residential buildings and the ongoing monitoring of compliance with immission guide values the vector analysis according to the invention, the asymmetric localization and the thermal energy equivalent measurement of the impulse energy spectrum in Ws/m ³ or the conversion into dBLeq are used.

4. Application example

Modification of the existing measuring technology by extending the measuring range to the lowest-frequency infrasound range below 1Hz, for measuring the loudly audible low-frequency airborne noise. For example, the precise measurement of loud single impulses, non-periodic and periodic impulse sequences of internal combustion engines according to the extended hearing range of the human ear of lowest-frequency infrasound, according to the excitation pattern. Integration into the process of locating the loudest noise sources, and detecting vehicle tampering and automatically correcting distance-velocity and measurement density-related systematic measurement errors.

5. Application example

Significant extension and improvement of the algorithmic software program for the metrological determination of the thermal energy equivalent immission-effective sound power level from each immission location and for the detection and measurement of manipulations by the inventive measurement of the pulse energy spectrum in Ws/m ³ , also in mobile hand-held measuring devices.

6. Application example

Specification of the TA Lärm with regard to the definition of acoustic terms such as "noise", low-frequency noise, low- and lowest-frequency impulses, the difference between the pitch and the thermal energy-equivalent volume energy in Ws/m ³ , between periodic and non-periodic sound energy and between sinusoidal ones and non-sinusoidal excitation patterns of sound. As well as the most important objective physio-acoustic sensations that can be measured via the energy spectrum, such as volume, roughness, sharpness, impulsiveness and periodicity, and the purely subjective sensation variables such as pitch and information content. The differences between speed-related level changes and real level peaks, from the lowest-frequency energy bursts of the bang impulses and the longer-lasting level jump when accelerating after changing gears can also be measured by measuring the impulse energy spectrum.

The TA Lärm must therefore be expanded with the specification of the quasi-stationary measuring method according to the invention through the thermal energy equivalent measurement of the noise energy density spectrum in Ws/m ³ and the energetic averaging of the partial times from one second to the total assessment time of 16 hours with the exact measurement specification of the lowest-frequency sound energy.

7. Application example

With the automatic distance locating via the isophone lines, the different absorption and sound propagation can also be determined for impulse sounds and other lowest-frequency excitation patterns of the loudly audible infrasound.
The indirect measurement of the form of excitation-dependent absorption in combination with the thermal energy equivalent measurement of the sound energy density according to the invention via the impulse energy spectrum of the loudly audible low-frequency noise increases the measurement accuracy of the "noise level measurements" in dB(A) by more than 40dB.

8. Application example

The new measurement method is particularly suitable for adapting the provisional calculation regulations for environmental noise from industry and commerce (VBUI) of May 10, 2006 in accordance with the actual environmental noise exposure, also due to the increasing "inaudible" exposure to the loudly audible lowest-frequency sound energy.
This means that the frequency evaluation in dB(A), which is based on the psychoacoustic error of the century, confusing pitch with volume, according to the invention, according to TA Lärm 7.3, Appendix 1.5, can be classified as "low-frequency noise" according to ISO 226 in dB(C) and the Loud audible low-frequency impulses, as thermal energy equivalent volume level L _N , in Ws/m ³ or in dBLeq.
The grossly incorrect noise mapping of the EU environmental noise directive by measuring points according to §29b BlmSchG can be corrected inexpensively with the correction tables 1 to 3 and become effective against the constantly increasing burden of the urban area through low and very low frequency energy bursts from traffic and environmental noise.

9. Application example

The thermal energy equivalent measurement of the impulse energy spectrum of the lowest-frequency sound energy according to the invention in connection with the integrated, system-specific localization of the loudest mobile noise sources and the surface sound sources and the mirror sound sources through buildings is particularly suitable for monitoring systems with a large area.

This applies in particular to mobile noise sources such as motor vehicles, rail vehicles and aircraft, but also to stationary wind turbines, where the legal distance criteria from residential buildings, which must correspond to twice the diameter of the system, do not apply due to the emission of the lowest-frequency noise, which psychoacousticians and experts have declared to be "inaudible". loud impulse sound below 16Hz to below 1Hz, cannot be met. For example, with motor sports facilities such as our research object, a permanent race and test track disguised as a "traffic safety center" on the Sachsenring, illegally operated by the ADAC, in the middle of an urban area with the world-famous GP race track in Hohenstein-Ernstthal.

10. Application example

Likewise, the high-precision quasi-stationary measurement method for the audible low-frequency sounds in the "supposedly inaudible" infrasound range, according to the sound energy density of the lowest-frequency excitation pattern, in connection with the thermal energy equivalent measurement of the impulse energy spectrum in Ws/m ³ and the vector analysis for precise, detailed sound propagation forecasts, already can be used to save costs when planning wind turbines, airport runways and motorsport facilities. In this way, the grossly incorrect noise protection reports and costly improvements can be avoided by subsequent noise protection measures in order to protect the residents from the particularly harmful low-frequency airborne noise in the audible infrasound range.
However, compliance with the statutory noise limits for Indoor and outdoor noise can be objectively measured and reliably monitored via the inventive measurement of the noise energy spectrum in Ws/m ³ or as a volume level in dBLeq.

Technical Acoustics Ivor Veit

2.7. tone and sound

2.7.1 Sound

A tone is a sound that is produced by a harmonic oscillation of a single tone frequency. The sound pressure p changes according to a sinusoidal time function.
Our ear judges a sound according to its loudness and pitch. The pitch depends on the frequency of the sound, it is a (psychoacoustic) quality of perception. - the perception of pitch is also slightly influenced by the volume. However, this influence is extremely small and appears primarily at lower frequencies.

Pitch perception changes with the logarithm of frequency. This means that when there is a change in frequency, the corresponding pitch sensation is not proportional to the amount but to the ratio of the change. For this reason, in technical acoustics, a logarithmic scale is used without exception for the frequency coordinates in the graphic frequency representation of frequency-dependent variables.

2.7.2. sound

Pure tones rarely occur in nature. It is almost always composite sound, ie non-sinusoidal vibrations. If the sinusoidal partial oscillations, ie the partial tones, are in an integer ratio to the lowest occurring tone, ie to the fundamental tone, then one speaks of a sound. The phasing of the partials to one another is irrelevant for the sensory impression of the sound perception, ie for the timbre. the timbre impression is essentially determined by the frequency, the amplitude and the frequency ratio of the partial tones to the fundamental.
Sound composed of sounds with fundamental tones of any frequency is called a sound mixture. Frequency analysis (frequency spectrum) is a valuable tool for examining sounds or sound mixtures. It can be used to analyze the composition of a sound.

2.7.3. musical sensation

The simultaneous performance of tones of the same volume is called a chord. A chord triggers very specific sensations in the listener, depending on the numerical ratio in which the individual tone frequencies are related to one another.

9. Psychoacoustic Measurements

The hearing threshold curve of sinusoidal tone frequencies in dB(A) is strongly frequency-dependent, so two tones with the same sound energy pressure but different frequencies (pitch) are not perceived as being of the same volume.
In order to be able to quantitatively assess subjective loudness sensations, psychometric variables have been introduced in addition to the purely physically measurable variables of airborne sound. The best known of these is the volume, or: the volume level L _N . - the determination of the volume of a sound event, it can be a pure (sinusoidal) tone of any frequency, a mixture of tones (sound) or an aperiodic noise, - is traced back to ISO 226 on a subjective comparison with a calibrated reference or normal sound, whose sound pressure level is variable; the volume to be determined is set to it and then read off. The frequency of the reference sound is 1kHz, which corresponds to the average auditory frequency of the human ear.
The sound, which is to be determined according to its volume, and the normal sound are listened to in alternating sequence by a normal-hearing observer.
The sound pressure level of the reference sound is adjusted in such a way that it is perceived to be just as loud as the sound to be evaluated according to its loudness. The level of the normal tone of the same loudness was defined as a measure of the loudness of the sound event to be measured (of any frequency or any spectral composition). The unit of loudness is the phon, according to ISO 226 it only applies to music, song and speech frequencies.

Audiometric (psychoacoustic) hearing tests are part of the routine ENT medical examinations for noise-induced hearing damage, and a distinction is made between tone and speech audiometry.

Remarks

The psychometric determination of the volume with sinusoidal sound waves is the cause of the century-long mistake in psychoacoustics, the "discovery of inaudible infrasound" between the loud, lowest-frequency 16Hz crackling and the non-periodic loud single bang below 1 Hz.

The energy balance of a patent solution cannot be perpetual motion, ie the loss of efficiency cannot be higher than the energy input.
Each patent can be calculated with an energy balance using the same simple calculation methods as any form of energy, using an equation with a number of n variables or vectors.

Extremely low-frequency traffic noise in the form of the loud rattling of internal engine explosions, thermal energy and exhaust gases are the efficiency losses of combustion engines that increase proportionally with fuel consumption.

The formula of the patent rate is $$\begin{array}{l}\text{law of conservation of energy}+\text{momentum law}-\text{loss of efficiency}=\ddot{\text{u}}\text{excess of the energy balance}\\ =\text{equal patent}\ddot{\text{O}}\text{sung}\end{array}$$

By measuring the pulse spectrum between 0Hz and 1000Hz at the point of immission, the mechanical-acoustic sound energy equivalent to heat energy can be measured for each part-time in Wms/m ³ of the sound-penetrated room and energetically averaged over the assessment time by multiplication and division, addition and substration.

Example:

70dBLeq/1h bei tiefstfrequenten 31 Hz knattern wäre nach der subjektiven Tonhöhenbewertung sinusförmiger Tonfrequenzen nur 27dB(A).The measurement of a pulse spectrum results in 31 periodic or non-periodic pulses with a heat-equivalent sound energy of 1Ws/m ³ =120dBLeq × 31 =135dB equal to 31Wms/m ³ sound energy within one millisecond, that would be energetically averaged over 1 hour: $$\begin{array}{l}31\text{wms}:1000=0.031\text{Ws}:3600\text{s}=0.0000086\text{wh}=70\text{dB}:16\text{H}=0.0000005\text{W}16\text{H}\\ =\text{in dB}135\text{dB}:1000=105\text{dB}:3600\text{s}=70\text{dB}:16\text{H}=58\text{dB/}16\text{H}\end{array}$$

70dBLeq/1h at the lowest frequency 31 Hz would be only 27dB(A) according to the subjective pitch evaluation of sinusoidal audio frequencies.

The sound sensation is an auditory sensation; triggered by the frequency of sinusoidal sound waves between 16Hz and 16kHz, their amplitude determines the volume and their frequency the pitch. For centuries, psychoacoustics has confused the pitch with the volume of purely sinusoidal audio frequencies according to ISO 226. All acoustic standards change as a result of our inventive thermal energy equivalent measurement of the impulse energy spectrum in the SI unit Ws/m ³ for the sound energy density.

Attachment 4.

Conversion tables 1 to 3

Order analysis: Calculation of the ignition frequency of the 1/2, 1st and 2nd engine orders from 1,000 rpm to 8,000 rpm

ändert sich die Schallenergiedichte- Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit schlagartig innerhalb einer Millisekunde.
Sie kann nur mit der erfindungsgemäßen wärmeenergieäquivalenten Messung des ImpulsEnergiespektrums mit der quasistationären Messdichte von 1.000 Messungen pro Sekunde in der SI Einheit von mechanisch- akustischer Energiedichte in Ws/m³ gemessen und in den absoluten Lautstärkepegel Leq/s umgerechnet werden Die wärmeenergieäquivalente Schallenergiedichte E SI Einheitenzeichen: Ws/³ ist definiert als Quotient aus der Schallintensität J und der Schallgeschwindigkeit c, bzw. der Überschallge-schwindigkeit >c = ein Überschallknall , eine plötzliche, laut hörbare tiefstfrequente starke kurzzeitige Lufterschütterung. $$E=\frac{J}{>c}={\text{Ws/m}}^{\text{3}}\left(1{\text{Wms/m}}^3=120\text{dBLeq/1ms}\right)$$

Calculation of the frequency-proportional incoherent pitch level dB(A) in the coherent SI unit Ws/m ³ , or the volume level L _N equivalent to thermal energy in dBLeq.
By the vector ↑ of the supersonic acceleration on the

the speed of increase in sound energy density changes abruptly within a millisecond.
It can only be measured with the thermal energy equivalent measurement of the impulse energy spectrum according to the invention with the quasi-stationary measurement density of 1,000 measurements per second in the SI unit of mechanical-acoustic energy density in Ws/m ³ and converted into the absolute volume level Leq/s The thermal energy equivalent sound energy density E SI unit symbol : Ws/ ³ is defined as the quotient of the sound intensity J and the speed of sound c, or the supersonic speed >c = a sonic boom, a sudden, loudly audible, low-frequency, strong, short-term tremor in the air. $$E=\frac{J}{>c}={\text{ws/m}}^{\text{3}}\left(1{\text{wms/m}}^3=120\text{dBLeq/1ms}\right)$$

In contrast to the sound intensity, which indicates the sound energy passing through per unit area, the sound energy density describes the time average of the sound energy per unit volume; it provides information about the sound energy that can be found at a specific location in the sound-penetrated room. The sound energy density alternating pressure is at the same time a measure of the sound energy that our ear perceives as perceives loudness, your unit is that of a sound pressure of 1Ws/m ³ = 1N/m ² = 120dBLeq thermal energy equivalent absolute loudness level. (Source technical acoustics, basics of physical, hearing-related electroacoustics by Ivar Veit). The formula for measuring the impulse surcharge for the A-frequency evaluation for impulses and conspicuous level changes with line noise sources (roads) must therefore be changed in the BlmSchG and in the TA Noise as follows: so far New noticeable level changes low-frequency pulses < 90Hz Maximum clock level in dB(A) quasi-stationary in Wms/m ³ = frequency proportional pitch energy equivalent pulse level AFTLeq/1s - AFTmax 5s AFTLeq/1ms - ZFTLeq/1ms 100dB(A) - 106dB(A) = + 6dBCorr. (0.01WA - ^200Ws /m3 = + ^199.99Ws /m3 ) (0.01WA-0.04WA=+0.03WA) 100dB(A) - 143dBLeq = + 43dBKlmp. According to ISO 226, 43dB pulse surcharge means a low frequency of 31 Hz of the periodic ignition sequence of an internal combustion engine indirectly measured in real time. Table 1 Calculation of the frequency correction of the 1/2 motor order for the pitch dB(A) in dBLeq. The frequency correction is determined according to ISO 226 via the ignition frequency of the engine order or the heat energy equivalent volume in the SI unit Ws/m ³ is measured directly via the pulse spectrum. 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 8Hz at 1,000rpm + 70dB f corr. = 170dBLeq =100kWs 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 16Hz at 2,000rpm + 60dB f corr. = 160dBLeq = 10kWs 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 25Hz at 3,000rpm + 48dB f corr. = 148dBLeq = 640Ws 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 31Hz at 4,000rpm + 44dB f corr. = 144dBLeq = 250Ws 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 42Hz at 5,000rpm + 40dB f corr. = 140dBLeq = 100Ws 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 50Hz at 6,000rpm + 30dB f corr. = 130dBLeq = 10Ws 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 58Hz at 7,000rpm + 28dB f corr. = 128dBLeq = 6.4Ws 1/2 MO 100dB(A) = 66Hz at 8,000rpm + 27dB f corr. = 127dBLeq = 5Ws 160dBx =10 000W 120dB x = 1.0W 80dBx = 0.000 1W 159dBx = 8,000W 119dBx = 0.8W 79dBx = 0.000 08W 158dB = 6 400W 118dB = 0.64W 78dB = 0.000 064W 157dB = 5 000W 117dB = 0.5W 77dB = 0.000 05W 156dBx = 4 000W 116dBx = 0.4W 76dBx = 0.000 04W 155dB = 3 200W 115dB = 0.32W 75dB = 0.000 032W 154dB = 2 500W 114dB = 0.25W 74dB = 0.000 025W 153dBx = 2 000W 113dBx = 0.2W 73dBx = 0.000 02W 152dB = 1 600W 112dB = 0.16W 72dB = 0.000 016W 151dB = 1 250W 111dB = 0.125W 71dB = 0.000 0125W 150dB x = 1 000W 110dBx = 0.1W 70dBx = 0.000 01W 149dBx = 800W 109dBx = 0.08W 69dBx = 0.000 008W 148dB = 640W 108dB = 0.064W 68dB = 0.000 0064W 147dB = 500W 107dB = 0.05W 67dB = 0.000 005W 146dBx = 400W 106dBx = 0.04W 66dBx = 0.000 004W 145dB = 320W 105dB = 0.032W 65dB = 0.000 0032W 144dB = 250W 104dB = 0.025W 64dB = 0.000 0025W 143dBx = 200W 103dBx = 0.02W 63dBx = 0.000 002W 142dB = 160W 102dB = 0.016W 62dB = 0.000 0016W 141dB = 125W 101dB = 0.0125W 61dB = 0.000 00125W 140dBx = 100W 100dB x = 0.01W 60dB x = 0.000 001W 139dBx = 80W 99dBx = 0.008W 59dBx = 0.000 000 8W 138dB = 64W 98dB = 0.0064W 58dB = 0.000 000 64W 137dB = 50W 97dB = 0.005W 57dB = 0.000 000 5W 136dBx = 40W 96dBx = 0.004W 56dBx = 0.000 000 4W 135dB = 32W 95dB = 0.0032W 55dB = 0.000 000 32W 134dB = 25W 94dB = 0.0025W 54dB = 0.000 000 25W 133dBx = 20W 93dBx = 0.002W 53dBx = 0.000 000 2W 132dB = 16W 92dB = 0.0016W 52dB = 0.000 000 16W 131dB = 12.5W 91dB = 0.00125W 51dB = 0.000 000 125W 130dBx = 10W 90dBx = 0.001W 50dB x = 0.000 000 1W 129dBx = 8W 89dBx = 0.000 8W 49dBx = 0.000 000 08W 128dB = 6.4W 88dB = 0.000 64W 48dB = 0.000 000 064W 127dB = 5W 87dB = 0.000 5W 47dB = 0.000 000 05W 126dBx = 4W 86dBx = 0.000 4W 46dB x = 0.000 000 04W 125dB = 3.2W 85dB = 0.000 32W 45dB = 0.000 000 032W 124dB = 2.5W 84dB = 0.000 25W 44dB = 0.000 000 025W 123dBx = 2W 83dBx = 0.000 2W 43dBx = 0.000 000 02W 122dB = 1.6W 82dB = 0.000 16W 42dB = 0.000 000 016W 121dB = 1.25W 81dB = 0.000 125W 41dB = 0.000 000 0125W 120dB x = 1W 80dBx = 0.000 1W 40dB x = 0.000 000 01W Table 2 Calculation of the frequency correction of the 1st motor order for the pitch dB(A) in dBLeq. The frequency correction is determined according to ISO 226 via the ignition frequency of the engine order or the heat energy equivalent volume in the SI unit Ws/m ³ is measured directly via the pulse spectrum. 1. MO 100dB(A) = 16Hz at 1,000rpm + 60dB f corr. = 160dBLeq = 10kWs 1. MO 100dB(A) = 33Hz at 2,000rpm + 43dB f corr. = 143dBLeq = 200Ws 1. MO 100dB(A) = 50Hz at 3,000rpm + 30dB f corr. = 130dBLeq = 10Ws 1. MO 100dB(A) = 67Hz at 4,000rpm + 27dB f corr. = 127dBLeq = 5Ws 1. MO 100dB(A) = 83Hz at 5,000rpm + 24dB f corr. = 124dBLeq = 2.5Ws 1. MO 100dB(A) =100Hz at 6,000rpm + 20dB f corr. = 120dBLeq = 1Ws 1. MO 100dB(A) =118Hz at 7,000rpm + 18dB f corr. = 118dBLeq = 0.64Ws 1. MO 100dB(A) =133Hz at 8,000rpm + 15dB f corr. = 115dBLeq = 0.32Ws 160dBx =10 000W 120dB x = 1.0W 80dBx = 0.000 1W 159dBx = 8 000W 119dBx = 0.8W 79dBx = 0.000 08W 158dB = 6 400W 118dB = 0.64W 78dB = 0.000 064W 157dB = 5 000W 117dB = 0.5W 77dB = 0.000 05W 156dBx = 4 000W 116dBx = 0.4W 76dBx = 0.000 04W 155dB = 3 200W 115dB = 0.32W 75dB = 0.000 032W 154dB = 2 500W 114dB = 0.25W 74dB = 0.000 025W 153dBx = 2 000W 113dBx = 0.2W 73dBx = 0.000 02W 152dB = 1 600W 112dB = 0.16W 72dB = 0.000 016W 151dB = 1 250W 111dB = 0.125W 71dB = 0.000 0125W 150dB x = 1 000W 110dBx = 0.1W 70dBx = 0.000 01W 149dBx = 800W 109dBx = 0.08W 69dBx = 0.000 008W 148dB = 640W 108dB = 0.064W 68dB = 0.000 0064W 147dB = 500W 107dB = 0.05W 67dB = 0.000 005W 146dBx = 400W 106dBx = 0.04W 66dBx = 0.000 004W 145dB = 320W 105dB = 0.032W 65dB = 0.000 0032W 144dB = 250W 104dB = 0.025W 64dB = 0.000 0025W 143dBx = 200W 103dBx = 0.02W 63dBx = 0.000 002W 142dB = 160W 102dB = 0.016W 62dB = 0.000 0016W 141dB = 125W 101dB = 0.0125W 61dB = 0.000 00125W 140dBx = 100W 100dB x = 0.01W 60dB x = 0.000 001W 139dBx = 80W 99dBx = 0.008W 59dBx = 0.000 000 8W 138dB = 64W 98dB = 0.0064W 58dB = 0.000 000 64W 137dB = 50W 97dB = 0.005W 57dB = 0.000 000 5W 136dBx = 40W 96dBx = 0.004W 56dBx = 0.000 000 4W 135dB = 32W 95dB = 0.0032W 55dB = 0.000 000 32W 134dB = 25W 94dB = 0.0025W 54dB = 0.000 000 25W 133dBx = 20W 93dBx = 0.002W 53dBx = 0.000 000 2W 132dB = 16W 92dB = 0.0016W 52dB = 0.000 000 16W 131dB = 12.5W 91dB = 0.00125W 51dB = 0.000 000 125W 130dBx = 10W 90dBx = 0.001W 50dB x = 0.000 000 1W 129dBx = 8W 89dBx = 0.000 8W 49dBx = 0.000 000 08W 128dB = 6.4W 88dB = 0.000 64W 48dB = 0.000 000 064W 127dB = 5W 87dB = 0.000 5W 47dB = 0.000 000 05W 126dBx = 4W 86dBx = 0.000 4W 46dB x = 0.000 000 04W 125dB = 3.2W 85dB = 0.000 32W 45dB = 0.000 000 032W 124dB = 2.5W 84dB = 0.000 25W 44dB = 0.000 000 025W 123dBx = 2W 83dBx = 0.000 2W 43dBx = 0.000 000 02W 122dB = 1.6W 82dB = 0.000 16W 42dB = 0.000 000 016W 121dB = 1.25W 81dB = 0.000 125W 41dB = 0.000 000 0125W 120dB x = 1W 80dBx = 0.000 1W 40dB x = 0.000 000 01W Table 3 Calculation of the frequency correction of the 2nd motor order for the pitch dB(A) in dBLeq. The frequency correction is determined according to ISO 226 via the ignition frequency of the engine order or the heat energy equivalent volume in the SI unit Ws/m ³ is measured directly via the pulse spectrum. 2. MO 100dB(A) = 33Hz at 1,000rpm + 43dB f corr. = 143dBLeq = 200Ws 2. MO 100dB(A) = 67Hz at 2,000rpm + 27dB f corr. = 127dBLeq = 5Ws 2. MO 100dB(A) =100Hz at 3,000rpm + 20dB f corr. = 120dBLeq = 1Ws 2. MO 100dB(A) =133Hz at 4,000rpm + 15dB f corr. = 115dBLeq = 0.32Ws 2. MO 100dB(A) =167Hz at 5,000rpm + 14dB f corr. = 114dBLeq = 0.25Ws 2. MO 100dB(A) =200Hz at 6,000rpm + 13dB f corr. = 113dBLeq = 0.20Ws 2. MO 100dB(A) =233Hz at 7,000rpm + 12dB f corr. = 112dBLeq = 0.16Ws 2. MO 100dB(A) =267Hz at 8,000rpm + 11dB f corr. = 111dBLeq = 0.125Ws 160dBx =10,000W 120dB x = 1.0W 80dBx = 0.000 1W 159dBx = 8 000W 119dBx = 0.8W 79dBx = 0.000 08W 158dB = 6 400W 118dB = 0.64W 78dB = 0.000 064W 157dB = 5 000W 117dB = 0.5W 77dB = 0.000 05W 156dBx = 4 000W 116dBx = 0.4W 76dBx = 0.000 04W 155dB = 3 200W 115dB = 0.32W 75dB = 0.000 032W 154dB = 2 500W 114dB = 0.25W 74dB = 0.000 025W 153dBx = 2 000W 113dBx = 0.2W 73dBx = 0.000 02W 152dB = 1 600W 112dB = 0.16W 72dB = 0.000 016W 151dB = 1 250W 111dB = 0.125W 71dB = 0.000 0125W 150dB x = 1 000W 110dBx = 0.1W 70dBx = 0.000 01W 149dBx = 800W 109dBx = 0.08W 69dBx = 0.000 008W 148dB = 640W 108dB = 0.064W 68dB = 0.000 0064W 147dB = 500W 107dB = 0.05W 67dB = 0.000 005W 146dBx = 400W 106dBx = 0.04W 66dBx = 0.000 004W 145dB = 320W 105dB = 0.032W 65dB = 0.000 0032W 144dB = 250W 104dB = 0.025W 64dB = 0.000 0025W 143dBx = 200W 103dBx = 0.02W 63dBx = 0.000 002W 142dB = 160W 102dB = 0.016W 62dB = 0.000 0016W 141dB = 125W 101dB = 0.0125W 61dB = 0.000 00125W 140dBx = 100W 100dB x = 0.01W 60dB x = 0.000 001W 139dBx = 80W 99dBx = 0.008W 59dBx = 0.000 000 8W 138dB = 64W 98dB = 0.0064W 58dB = 0.000 000 64W 137dB = 50W 97dB = 0.005W 57dB = 0.000 000 5W 136dBx = 40W 96dBx = 0.004W 56dBx = 0.000 000 4W 135dB = 32W 95dB = 0.0032W 55dB = 0.000 000 32W 134dB = 25W 94dB = 0.0025W 54dB = 0.000 000 25W 133dBx = 20W 93dBx = 0.002W 53dBx = 0.000 000 2W 132dB = 16W 92dB = 0.0016W 52dB = 0.000 000 16W 131dB = 12.5W 91dB = 0.00125W 51dB = 0.000 000 125W 130dBx = 10W 90dBx = 0.001W 50dB x = 0.000 000 1W 129dBx = 8W 89dBx = 0.000 8W 49dBx = 0.000 000 08W 128dB = 6.4W 88dB = 0.000 64W 48dB = 0.000 000 064W 127dB = 5W 87dB = 0.000 5W 47dB = 0.000 000 05W 126dBx = 4W 86dBx = 0.000 4W 46dB x = 0.000 000 04W 125dB = 3.2W 85dB = 0.000 32W 45dB = 0.000 000 032W 124dB = 2.5W 84dB = 0.000 25W 44dB = 0.000 000 025W 123dBx = 2W 83dBx = 0.000 2W 43dBx = 0.000 000 02W 122dB = 1.6W 82dB = 0.000 16W 42dB = 0.000 000 016W 121dB = 1.25W 81dB = 0.000 125W 41dB = 0.000 000 0125W 120dB x = 1W 80dBx = 0.000 1W 40dB x = 0.000 000 01W

Claims (10)

Measurement of the thermal energy equivalence of the lowest-frequency vehicle and ambient noise via the impulse and energy spectrum of the sound energy density of energy bursts of the periodic and non-periodic bang pulse train of internal combustion engines and similar highly compressed lowest-frequency excitation patterns, characterized in that for the first time the volume and not just the "pitch in dB(A)" of low and very low frequency impulse noise between 1kHz and below 1Hz. procedure after claim 1 , characterized in that due to the high measurement density of 1000 measurements per second, all excitation patterns of the mechanical sound energy are objectively measured with the high-resolution measurement of the sound energy spectrum between 0Hz and 1kHz within one second, for the first time thermal energy equivalent in the SI unit for the spatial sound energy density Ws/m ³ will. This means that the subjective, psychoacoustic pitch evaluation in dB(A) can no longer be confused with the volume measurement of machines and engines in dB(C) or the volume measurement of sinusoidal sound energy in DIN -phon and sone according to ISO 226. Procedure according to claims 1 until 2 , characterized in that the measurement density is adapted to the rapid sound energy density alternating pressure of the lowest-frequency impulse sound and to the calibrated reference sound of 1kHz, with 1,000 measurements per second and thus each individual impulse or bang as a volume level and the frequency from 100Hz to 1kHz as a virtual pitch , high-resolution, visibly printed out quasi in slow motion on the level record and measured as thermal energy-equivalent impulse sound energy in Ws/m ³ or in dBLeq. Procedure according to claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that not only the number and the compression of the bang energy bursts per second over the impulse energy spectrum objectively as volume, but also the time dilation, and thus the length of the energy-free pauses between the bang impulses in milliseconds and in meters per second is measured. Procedure according to claims 1 until 4 , characterized in that the measurement of the time dilation also measures the regularity of periodic or the irregularity of non-periodic impulse sound and single bangs such as misfires or the popping of fireworks as impulse or information content within a partial time of one second. Procedure according to claims 1 until 5 , characterized in that with the thermal energy equivalent measurement of the sound energy density spectrum, complex tones, a mixture of tones, sounds, aperiodic noises, low-frequency noises and loud, lowest-frequency crackling of the infrasound energy, which vehicle and psychoacousticians have declared to be “inaudible”, are objectively measured for the first time. Procedure according to claims 1 until 6 , characterized in that with the thermal energy equivalent measurement of the mechanical energy of the noise spectrum in Ws/m ³ or in dBLeq, all common subjective, psychoacoustic perception variables for the assessment of vehicle noise, such as the virtual pitch Z in the psychometric unit Bark = 100mel, the tonality K in tu, loudness N in sone, roughness R in asper and sharpness S in acum, which have only been assessed psychometrically since 1960, can be measured quantitatively and qualitatively for the first time. Procedure according to claims 1 until 7 , characterized in that with the evaluation software developed by us, frequency-weighted sound levels in noise protection reports, according to ISO 226 from dB (A), dB(C) and DIN -phon can be converted into thermal energy equivalent sound energy density levels dBLeq or in Ws/m ³ via the order and vector analysis. Procedure according to claims 1 until 8th , characterized in that the measuring range of the sound level measuring devices for thermal energy equivalent measurement of the sound energy density spectrum is extended to the low and very low frequency infrasound below 125 Hz up to the non-periodic single bang below 1 Hz. Procedure according to claims 1 until 9 , characterized in that the newly developed software automatically detects and corrects noise manipulations on the vehicles and when driving past the measuring points, and compliance with the obligation to abort the immission guideline values by 3dB is signaled immediately.