DE102020112118A1 - Temperature detection device and electrochemical system - Google Patents

Abstract

In order to provide a temperature detection device, in particular for an electrochemical system, which enables the detection of reaching or exceeding a critical temperature quickly and reliably and which can be used as easily as possible in existing systems, it is proposed that the temperature detection device be a triggering device which has an intumescent Material comprises or is formed therefrom, wherein the triggering device is designed such that it changes from a normal state to a triggered state when a trigger temperature of the intumescent material is reached or exceeded, whereby the temperature detection device moves from a normal state to a detection state.

Description

The present invention relates to a temperature detection device for detecting a critical temperature, in particular for an electrochemical system.

Temperature detection devices can be designed as temperature fuses, for example.

In conventional thermal fuses, low-melting metal alloys, such as Rose's metal or Wood's metal, are often used. Such alloys are often based on the highly toxic elements cadmium or lead.

Furthermore, indium is often used in temperature fuses known from the prior art, the natural occurrence of which is very low and which is therefore only available to a limited extent. In particular because of the high demand for indium in the electronics sector, the costs for using indium are high.

The present invention also relates to an electrochemical system.

The electrochemical system can in particular be a module which contains one or more electrochemical cells.

The one or more electrochemical cells can in particular be one or more accumulator cells or one or more battery cells.

Lithium-ion battery cells represent a key technology for drive concepts in electromobility.

In order to protect the electrochemical element, which contains the electrochemically active unit of the cell, for example a lithium-ion battery cell, from harmful environmental influences, the electrochemical element is enclosed in a gas-tight housing.

If the electrochemical cell is overcharged, large quantities of gases can be released in the interior of the housing. These cannot escape through the closed housing, which leads to a drastic increase in pressure in the housing of the electrochemical cell.

Furthermore, an overcharging of the electrochemical cell causes self-reinforcing heating of the electrochemical cell, which can lead to an explosive ignition (“thermal runaway”).

To avoid a “thermal runaway”, intumescent materials are used, among other things.

Intumescent materials, by means of which heat conduction between several battery cells is interrupted in a triggered state, are made of WO 2017/106195 A1 and the US 2017/0179554 A1 known.

Conventionally, intumescent materials are used in flame retardant compositions for use in the fire protection of buildings. For improved fire protection, the intumescent materials should not be electrically conductive, at least when triggered. Such intumescent materials are in the DE 101 62 532 C1 , the DE 10 2012 223 515 A1 , the DE 10 2013 205 348 A1 , the DE 10 2012 224 300 A1 , the DE 102 56 963 B4 , the WO 2008/129242 A2 and the WO 2009/013532 A2 disclosed.

From the US 2012/0043552 A1 intumescent materials are known for special applications in the aerospace sector.

Further intumescent materials and manufacturing processes of the same are in the DE 101 40 490 A1 , the US 6,410,137 B1 , the US 2008/0224105 A1 and the U.S. 5,116,537 A disclosed.

The present invention is based on the object of providing a temperature detection device which enables the detection of reaching or exceeding a critical temperature quickly and reliably and which can be used as simply as possible in existing systems.

This object is achieved by a temperature detection device for the detection of a critical temperature which comprises a triggering device which comprises an intumescent material or is formed therefrom. The triggering device is designed such that when the intumescent material reaches or exceeds a triggering temperature, it changes from a normal state to a triggered state, whereby the temperature detection device changes from a normal state to a detection state.

By using an intumescent material in or as a triggering device, highly toxic or rare materials such as cadmium, lead and / or indium can be dispensed with.

The trigger temperature of the intumescent material is preferably at least about 60 ° C. The trigger temperature of the intumescent material is preferably at most approximately 120 ° C.

The temperature detection device is preferably suitable for use in an electrochemical system, in particular for detecting overheating of one or more electrochemical cells.

An intumescent material suddenly increases in volume and decreases in density when heated to a trigger temperature.

The triggered state of the triggering device and / or the intumescent material denotes a state of the triggering device and / or the intumescent material in which they have been triggered and in which there has been an increase in volume of the intumescent material.

Due to the increase in volume of the intumescent material at the trigger temperature, the temperature detection device is brought from the normal state into the detection state.

The critical temperature which is detected by the temperature detection device preferably corresponds to the trigger temperature of the intumescent material. By using the intumescent material in or as a triggering device, reaching or exceeding the critical temperature can be detected quickly and reliably. In this way, for example, an improper state of one or more electrochemical cells can be identified.

For example, an improper state of one or more electrochemical cells can be identified by a triggering temperature of the intumescent material of at least approximately 60 ° C. and / or at most approximately 120 ° C. before an explosive ignition occurs.

In this way, irreversible damage to an electrochemical system can be avoided.

The temperature detection device preferably forms a temperature safety device, in particular a direct temperature safety device.

In particular, the temperature detection device forms a sensor device and / or a switching device.

For example, an electrical signal which a sensor element of the sensor device detects in a normal state is changed by the triggered state of the triggering device, as a result of which the sensor element enters a detection state.

A current path is preferably closed or interrupted by the release of the intumescent material. For this purpose, it can be favorable if the temperature detection device comprises a voltage source.

In embodiments in which the temperature detection device is a switching device, it can be advantageous if the triggering device in the triggered state is electrically insulating and / or if the triggering device in the triggered state has an electrical resistance which is by a factor of two or more, in particular by one A factor of three or more, is greater than the electrical resistance of the release device in the normal state.

The specific electrical resistance of the triggering device and / or of the intumescent material in the triggered state is preferably approximately 10 ⁶ Ω · m or more.

In addition or as an alternative, the electrical conductivity of the triggering device and / or the intumescent material in the triggered state is lower by a factor of two or more, in particular by a factor of three or more, than the electrical conductivity of the triggering device and / or the intumescent material in the normal state / in not triggered state.

“Electrically insulating” preferably means that materials or elements described here have a conductivity of less than approximately 10 ^-8 S / m at 25 ° C.

The temperature detection device forming a switching device preferably comprises a first electrically conductive element and / or a second electrically conductive element.

In the triggered state of the triggering device, the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are preferably electrically separated from one another and / or a current flow between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element is interrupted.

In the normal state of the triggering device, the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are preferably in electrical contact with one another and / or through the triggering device can be connected or connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner.

It can be advantageous if, due to an increase in volume of the intumescent material in the triggered state, a minimal distance between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element is and / or is increased.

For example, the minimum distance between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element in the detection state of the temperature detection device is at least approximately 10% greater than the minimum distance between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element in the normal state of the temperature detection device.

According to a preferred embodiment, the intumescent material is electrically conductive in the non-triggered state and the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are electrically conductively connected to one another by the intumescent material in the normal state of the temperature detection device. In particular, the intumescent material forms a connection material, for example an adhesive material, between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element.

By triggering the intumescent material and the associated increase in volume, the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are moved away from one another when the intumescent material is triggered.

Due to the increased electrical resistance of the triggering device and / or the intumescent material in the triggered state, a current flow between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element is preferably interrupted and / or separated in the detection state of the temperature detection device.

For example, a power supply to an electrical consumer that is located in the same current path as the temperature detection device is and / or is interrupted.

The electrical consumer can be, for example, an electrochemical system in the state of charge.

Alternatively to the fact that the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are electrically conductively connected in the normal state by the triggering device, it can be provided according to a further preferred embodiment that the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element in the normal state of the temperature detection device are connected to one another by means of a further electrically conductive element via at least one predetermined breaking point.

By triggering the triggering device, at least one predetermined breaking point breaks between the further electrically conductive element and the first electrically conductive element and / or at least one predetermined breaking point between the further electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element due to the increase in volume of the intumescent material.

As already mentioned, it can additionally or alternatively be advantageous if the temperature detection device is a sensor device and comprises a sensor element for detecting a triggered state of the triggering device, the triggering device when a triggering temperature of the intumescent material is reached or exceeded from the normal state to the triggered state passes, whereby the sensor element passes from a normal state into a detection state.

According to preferred embodiments, a short circuit is generated or a current flow is interrupted by the triggered state of the triggering device, and the sensor element is thereby brought into the detection state in each case.

Alternatively, it can be provided that an optical signal or a radio signal which the sensor element detects is changed by the triggered state of the triggering device and the sensor element is thereby brought into the detection state.

It can be advantageous if the sensor element is a binary sensor.

It can be favorable if the temperature detection device has a voltage source which is in particular electrically connected to the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element.

The voltage source can be, for example, a direct current voltage source or an alternating current voltage source.

It can be advantageous if the sensor element comprises a current sensor and / or a voltage sensor or is formed therefrom, and if so the release device is electrically conductive in the released state.

The temperature detection device preferably comprises a first electrically conductive element and / or a second electrically conductive element. The first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are preferably and / or are connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner in the triggered state of the triggering device by the triggering device and / or the intumescent material.

“Electrically conductive” preferably means that the materials or elements described here have a conductivity of approximately 10 ^-8 S / m or more at 25 ° C.

In the normal state of the triggering device, the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are preferably spatially separated from one another and / or electrically isolated from one another.

Thus, in the normal state of the triggering device, electricity can be saved compared to temperature detection devices with a permanent current flow between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element.

A distance between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element is preferably selected such that no voltage flashover can take place between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element.

In particular, the distance is chosen such that a creepage distance along a surface, for example an insulation element, and / or an air gap between the first electrically conductive element and the triggering device or the second electrically conductive element and the triggering device are so large that no voltage flashover between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element can take place.

The “air gap” is preferably the shortest distance between two conductive parts.

A “creepage distance” is preferably a shortest distance along a surface of a solid electrically insulating material between two conductive parts.

In particular, in the triggered state of the triggering device, a short-circuit current flows due to the electrically conductive connection between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element.

In the triggered state of the triggering device, the first electrically conductive element and the triggering device and / or the second electrically conductive element and the triggering device are in electrically conductive contact and / or in material contact, in particular in a contact area.

In particular, the sensor element detects a short-circuit current and / or a voltage drop between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element in the detection state.

In embodiments in which the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are and / or are electrically contacted in the triggered state, the triggering device preferably forms a short-circuiting device.

In this case, an electrical resistance of the triggering device in the triggered state can also have a high resistance, as long as it is low enough that a short-circuit current and / or a voltage drop can be detected by the sensor element.

It can be provided that when the sensor element reaches the detection state, a signal, for example an emergency signal, is output to an interface which can forward this to a functional unit. The interface and / or the functional unit can form part of the temperature detection device.

The first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element can be or are connected in particular by means of one or more insulation elements.

It can be favorable if the one or more insulation elements comprise one or more spacer elements which are connected to the first electrically conductive element on the one hand and which, in particular in each case by means of a connecting material, can be or are connected to the second electrically conductive element on the other hand.

The first electrically conductive element and the one or more spacer elements can be connected to one another with a material fit and / or a force fit and / or a form fit. For example, they are screwed and / or glued and / or welded to one another.

In embodiments in which no connection material is provided, the second electrically conductive element and the one or more spacer elements are preferably directly connected to one another in a materially bonded and / or non-positive and / or form-fitting manner, for example screwed and / or glued and / or welded to one another.

It can be provided that a first spacer element is fixed to the second electrically conductive element by means of a first connecting material and a second spacer element by means of a second connecting material.

The first connecting material and the second connecting material are preferably chemically identical.

Alternatively, connection materials that differ from one another can also be used to fix the first spacer element and the second spacer element.

The one or more spacer elements are preferably electrically insulating. In addition or as an alternative, the connecting material is electrically insulating.

In particular, the one or more spacer elements and / or the connecting material are electrical insulators.

It can be provided that the one or more spacer elements are connected both to the first electrically conductive element and to the second electrically conductive element in each case by means of one or more connecting materials.

According to a preferred embodiment, the first electrically conductive element, the first spacer element, the second spacer element and the second electrically conductive element together at least approximately form a cuboid shape and / or surround a detection area of the temperature detection device on four sides.

For example, the connecting material or the connecting materials are each adhesive materials, by means of which the one or more spacer elements can be glued and / or glued to the second electrically conductive element.

For example, a unit composed of the first electrically conductive material, a first spacer element and a second spacer element is fixed, for example glued, to an electrically conductive component which forms the second electrically conductive element by means of one or two connecting materials.

Before, after or during this time, the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are each connected to a voltage source, for example by means of one or more cables. The voltage source is preferably electrically connected to the sensor element.

As a result of the direct connection of the temperature detection device to the electrically conductive component, a detection area of the temperature detection device is in particular delimited directly by the component and / or the temperature can be measured directly on the component.

By fixing the temperature detection device directly on a component to be monitored, material, for example in the form of cables and / or intermediate elements, can be reduced.

As an alternative to the fact that the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are electrically isolated from one another in the normal state of the triggering device, it can be provided that the sensor element comprises or is formed from a current sensor and / or a voltage sensor and that the triggering device in the triggered state is electrically insulating. The temperature detection device preferably comprises a first electrically conductive element and / or a second electrically conductive element, wherein the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element can or are connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner in the normal state of the triggering device.

Preferably, the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are and / or are electrically separated from one another by the intumescent material in the triggered state of the triggering device. The separation takes place preferably through the increase in volume of the intumescent material in the triggered state.

In embodiments in which the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are electrically separated from each other when the trigger temperature is reached or exceeded by the intumescent material, the sensor element in the detection state detects in particular an increase in an amount of the voltage between the first electrically conductive Element and the second electrically conductive element and / or a current drop.

For example, the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are at least partially in direct material contact with one another in the normal state of the triggering device.

Alternatively, it can be provided that the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner by a further electrically conductive element.

In embodiments in which the triggering device is electrically insulating in the triggered state, it can be advantageous if the intumescent material is not electrically conductive and / or electrically insulating.

Alternatively, it can be provided that the intumescent material is provided with an electrically insulating film and / or an electrically insulating coating.

The first electrically conductive element and / or the second electrically conductive element preferably each form an electrically conductive component.

• - ein Zellverbinder oder ein Teil davon;
• - ein Zuganker oder ein Teil davon;
• - ein Zellkontaktierungssystem oder ein Teil davon;
• - eine Gehäusewandung oder ein Teil davon.

The first electrically conductive element and / or the second electrically conductive element are preferably selected from the following elements:

• - a cell connector or a part thereof;
• - a tie rod or a part thereof;
• - a cell contacting system or a part thereof;
• - a housing wall or part of it.

In addition or as an alternative, it can be provided that the first electrically conductive element and / or the second electrically conductive element form a coating on one of the elements mentioned.

In embodiments in which the first electrically conductive element and / or the second electrically conductive element form a housing wall or a part thereof, the housing wall is, for example, a housing wall of an electrochemical system as a whole or a housing wall of an electrochemical cell of an electrochemical system.

Temperature detection devices, which include both a first electrically conductive element and a second electrically conductive element, can be and / or be attached as a whole to an element to be monitored in a materially and / or non-positively and / or positively locked manner. For example, the temperature detection device is screwed and / or glued and / or welded to the element to be monitored.

Temperature detection devices which include both a first electrically conductive element and a second electrically conductive element have the advantage that the element to be monitored does not have to be electrically conductive itself.

The triggering device is preferably arranged on a side of the first electrically conductive element facing the second electrically conductive element and, in particular, is spaced apart from the second electrically conductive element in the normal state of the triggering device.

Additionally or alternatively, it can be provided that the triggering device is arranged on a side of the second electrically conductive element facing the first electrically conductive element and, in particular, is spaced apart from the first electrically conductive element in the normal state of the triggering device.

It can be advantageous if the intumescent material forms a coating on a side of the first electrically conductive element facing the second electrically conductive element and / or if the intumescent material forms a coating on a side of the second electrically conductive element facing the first electrically conductive element .

In embodiments in which the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element are electrically isolated from one another in the normal state of the triggering device, and / or in embodiments in which the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element in the normal state of the triggering device by means of a further electrically conductive element are contacted, the intumescent material preferably forms either a coating on the first electrically conductive element or on the second electrically conductive element. In the specified embodiments, the intumescent material is preferably at a distance from the electrically conductive element on which it does not form a coating in the normal state of the release device.

In embodiments in which the triggering device makes electrically conductive contact with the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element in the triggered state, it can be advantageous if the intumescent material is electrically conductive in the triggered state.

As an alternative to an intrinsic electrical conductivity of the intumescent material in the triggered state can be provided that an electrically conductive material, for example in the form of one or more foils and / or coatings, is connected to the intumescent material and through an increase in volume of the intumescent material when it is triggered in electrically conductive contact with the first electrically conductive element and / or is brought to the second electrically conductive element.

It can be favorable if the intumescent material comprises a propellant material which comprises expandable microcapsules or is formed therefrom. The expandable microcapsules preferably form a propellant.

In the following, reference is made to a total mass of the intumescent material. This relates in particular to the intumescent material in a dried and / or hardened state, for example in a state before the intumescent material was triggered.

A proportion of the expandable microcapsules in the intumescent material is preferably approximately 1% by weight or more, in particular approximately 5% by weight or more, based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

In particular, the proportion of expandable microcapsules is approximately 40% by weight or less, in particular approximately 15% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

In embodiments in which the intumescent material is intended to have increased electrical resistance and / or reduced electrical conductivity in the triggered state, a proportion of the propellant material is preferably increased, for example by at least approximately 5% by weight more than the proportion described above on the total mass of the intumescent material.

This can result in greater expansion of the intumescent material. A number of electrical conduction paths through the intumescent material in the triggered state can thereby be reduced.

It can be advantageous if the expandable microcapsules are each at least approximately spherical.

By using the propellant material, in particular in the form of the expandable microcapsules, an optimized increase in volume of the intumescent material can take place even at comparatively low triggering temperatures of approximately 100 ° C. or less.

It can be advantageous if the expandable microcapsules have an average diameter of approximately 5 μm or more and / or approximately 50 μm or less.

The “mean diameter” is preferably defined as the arithmetic mean of the individual diameters and relates in particular to an original shape of the microcapsules in non-expanded form.

The expandable microcapsules preferably each have a shell, for example made of a thermoplastic polymer material, in which an aliphatic hydrocarbon is located. If a temperature of the expandable microcapsules exceeds a boiling point of the aliphatic hydrocarbon contained in the expandable microcapsules, in particular an evaporation reaction of the aliphatic hydrocarbon occurs.

Due to the evaporation reaction of the aliphatic hydrocarbon within the closed shell, a volume of the respective expandable microcapsule compared to a volume of the respective expandable microcapsule before the evaporation reaction preferably increases by a factor of about 2 or more and / or by a factor of about 5 or less to.

Preferred aliphatic hydrocarbons in the expandable microcapsules have a boiling point of about 50 ° C or less.

For example, expandable microcapsules are used which contain isobutane and / or isopentane.

In addition to or as an alternative to the use of expandable microcapsules as a propellant material in the intumescent material, it can be provided that the intumescent material comprises a propellant material which comprises or is formed from a propellant and in particular a reaction accelerator.

A proportion of the propellant material different from the expandable microcapsules in the intumescent material is also preferably approximately 1% by weight or more and / or approximately 40% by weight or less, in particular approximately 5% by weight or more and / or approximately 15 % By weight or less, in each case based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

• - eine oder mehrere organische Säuren;
• - eine oder mehrere anorganische Säuren;
• - ein oder mehrere Salze der Kohlensäure;
• - Harnstoff;
• - Hydrazin und/oder Hydrazin-Derivate;
• - eine oder mehrere Azo-Verbindungen; und
• - ein oder mehrere Azide.

The propellant is selected in particular from one or more of the following substances:

• - one or more organic acids;
• - one or more inorganic acids;
• - one or more salts of carbonic acid;
• - urea;
• - hydrazine and / or hydrazine derivatives;
• - one or more azo compounds; and
• - one or more azides.

Preferred organic acids are methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanedioic acid, citric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (tartaric acid), 2-hydroxysuccinic acid (malic acid), ascorbic acid, propenoic acid (acrylic acid), ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid), trans-butenedioic acid (fumaric acid), benzoic acid, nicotinic acid , Abietic acid, oleic acid, agaric acid, maleic acid and / or salicylic acid.

As inorganic acids, carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and / or phosphoric acid are preferred.

In the case of the aforementioned propellants, when the triggering temperature is reached, a chemical reaction preferably occurs, during which gas is generated. Since this resulting gas cannot escape from the intumescent material, there is in particular an increase in volume of the intumescent material.

In embodiments in which acid is used as the propellant, one or more salts of the other acids can also be used in addition to the stated salt or salts of carbonic acid.

For example, ammonium salt (s), lithium salt (s), sodium salt (s), potassium salt (s), magnesium salt (s), calcium salt (s), iron salt (s), in particular iron (II) salt (s) and / or iron III salt (s), aluminum salt (s), zinc salt (s) and / or copper salt (s) of the corresponding acid can be used.

One or more organic acids, for example citric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid and / or stearic acid, have proven to be preferred reaction accelerators. By adding a reaction accelerator to the propellant, the release temperature of the intumescent material can be further reduced.

It can be provided that the intumescent material comprises a binding material. The binding material preferably melts when the release temperature is reached or exceeded and forms a layer over the intumescent material.

A proportion of the binding material is preferably approximately 1% by weight or more and / or approximately 40% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

In particular, the proportion of the binding material is approximately 5% by weight or more and / or approximately 15% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

It can be provided that the binding material comprises a binding agent and in particular a plasticizer or is formed therefrom.

The binder is in particular selected from one or more of the following materials: one or more thermoplastic polymer materials, one or more thermosetting polymer materials and one or more elastomeric polymer materials.

A preferred thermoplastic polymer material / preferred thermoplastic polymer materials are cellulose and / or cellulose derivatives, for example carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and / or polyacrylate derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride and / or thermoplastic polyurethane.

Polyepoxide (s) and / or thermosetting polyurethane (s) can be used as thermosetting polymer material / thermosetting polymer materials.

A preferred elastomeric polymer material is polyurea.

A mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone, for example with an average molecular weight M _w of 360,000, and a plasticizer in the form of polyethylene oxide, for example with an average molecular weight M _w of 1,000, has proven to be a preferred binding material.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone shows good solubility in ethanol and preferably has optimized adhesion properties on materials which are usually used for elements of electrochemical systems. In particular, polyvinylpyrrolidone adheres to aluminum.

It can be advantageous if the binding material is dissolved in a solvent to produce the intumescent material.

Preferred solvents are dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, aniline, anisole, benzene, benzonitrile, isopropanol, tert- Butyl methyl ether, gamma-butyrolactone, methyl ethyl ketone, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, dibutyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, Formamide, n-hexane, n-heptane, methanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, methylene chloride, butanone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylformamide, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, n- Pentane, piperidine, propanol, propylene carbonate, pyridine, sulfanol, tetrachlorethylene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichlorethylene, triethylamine, triethylene glycol, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, water or mixtures thereof.

Ethanol has proven to be a particularly preferred solvent.

A binding material mixture is preferably produced from polyvinylpyrrolidone, for example approximately 16% by weight, polyethylene oxide, for example approximately 4% by weight, and pure ethanol, for example approximately 80% by weight, each based on a total mass of the resulting binding material mixture.

One or more electrically conductive additives are preferably added to the binding material mixture and the constituents are mixed with one another, in particular in such a way that a flowable mixture is produced.

The flowable mixture is preferably applied to the first electrically conductive element or the second electrically conductive element and then dried at room temperature, the ethanol being removed by evaporation.

As an alternative to adding a solvent to the binding material and in particular further components and then removing the solvent by evaporation, it can be provided that the intumescent material is and / or is produced by curing, for example activated by UV (ultraviolet) radiation.

Here, too, one of the solvents described above or mixtures thereof can be used.

In addition to or as an alternative to UV radiation-activated curing, thermally activated curing, for example at temperatures of less than approximately 60 ° C., can also be carried out.

Preferably several, for example two, components react to form the binding material.

Due to the thermally activated and / or UV radiation activated curing, a curing reaction of the components to the binding material can take place, but there is no undesired premature release of the intumescent material or precursors thereof.

• - ein Isocyanat und ein Polyol, wobei bei einer Aushärtereaktion durch eine Polyadditionsreaktion ein Polyurethan entsteht;
• - ein Isocyanat und ein Amin, wobei bei einer Aushärtereaktion durch eine Polyadditionsreaktion ein Polyharnstoff entsteht;
• - ein erstes Präpolymer, insbesondere hergestellt durch eine Kondensationsreaktion von Verbindungen mit einer Epoxygruppe, beispielsweise Epichlorhydrin, und Bisphenolen, Novolaken oder Aminen, und ein Anhydrid, beispielsweise Phthalsäureanhydrid oder Tetrahydrophthalsäureanhydrid, wobei bei einer Aushärtereaktion durch eine Polyadditionsreaktion ein Polyepoxid entsteht;
• - ein erstes Präpolymer, beispielsweise hergestellt durch eine Kondensationsreaktion von Verbindungen mit einer Epoxygruppe, beispielsweise Epichlorhydrin, und Bisphenolen, Novolaken oder Aminen, und ein Amin, beispielsweise Diethylentriamin, Isophorondiamin oder 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylmethan, wobei bei einer Aushärtereaktion durch eine Polyadditionsreaktion ein Polyepoxid entsteht.

For example, the following components are suitable for UV radiation-activated curing to form the binding material of the intumescent material:

• - An isocyanate and a polyol, a polyurethane being formed during a curing reaction through a polyaddition reaction;
• an isocyanate and an amine, a polyurea being formed in a curing reaction by a polyaddition reaction;
• a first prepolymer, in particular produced by a condensation reaction of compounds with an epoxy group, for example epichlorohydrin, and bisphenols, novolaks or amines, and an anhydride, for example phthalic anhydride or tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, a polyepoxide being formed in a curing reaction by a polyaddition reaction;
• - A first prepolymer, for example prepared by a condensation reaction of compounds with an epoxy group, for example epichlorohydrin, and bisphenols, novolaks or amines, and an amine, for example diethylenetriamine, isophoronediamine or 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, with a curing reaction by a polyaddition reaction Polyepoxide is formed.

Alternatively, other substances, for example low molecular weight polymers with a C-C double bond, UV monomers with a C-C double bond and photoinitiators, can be used in a UV-radiation-induced curing.

By using a UV-curable system and / or a system which can be cured to the binding material, in particular at temperatures of less than approximately 60 ° C., an intumescent material with a low release temperature can be produced. Unintentional triggering of the intumescent material or precursors thereof can be avoided.

It can be advantageous if the intumescent material comprises one or more electrically conductive additives. One or more When the intumescent material is triggered, electrically conductive additives preferably form a percolation network and thus optimize the electrical conductivity of the intumescent material in the triggered state.

A proportion of the one or more electrically conductive additives in the intumescent material is preferably approximately 40% by weight or more and / or approximately 95% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

In particular, the proportion of the one or more electrically conductive additives in the intumescent material is approximately 50% by weight or more and / or approximately 90% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

In embodiments in which the triggering device and / or the intumescent material should have a reduced electrical conductivity in the triggered state and / or an increased electrical resistance in the triggered state and / or in which the triggering device and / or the intumescent material in the triggered state are electrically insulating should be, preferably a smaller proportion of electrically conductive additives, preferably at least about 5 wt .-% less, for example at least about 10 wt .-% less, than described above is used. In this way, a number of electrical conduction paths through the intumescent material can be reduced.

Alternatively, the use of electrically conductive additives can be completely dispensed with, so that the intumescent material does not have any electrically conductive additives.

The one or more electrically conductive additives are preferably selected from one or more of the following materials: one or more carbon-based materials, one or more metallic powders, one or more electrically conductive ceramic materials and one or more electrically conductive polymer materials.

A preferred carbon-based material / preferred carbon-based materials are carbon black, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and / or carbon nanobulbs.

Carbon fibers preferably form a fiber additive. Carbon fibers can improve the adhesion of the intumescent material to a surface. Furthermore, carbon fibers serve, in particular, to improve the flexibility of the intumescent material and / or a homogeneous expansion of the same.

Powders of aluminum, copper, titanium, iron and / or silver and / or alloys thereof are preferred as metallic powder (s).

Metal-coated metal particles, for example silver-coated aluminum particles, can also be used as metallic powder.

Nitrides or carbides and / or mixtures thereof are preferably used as electrically conductive ceramic material (s).

A preferred electrically conductive polymer material / preferred electrically conductive polymer materials are trans-polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly (p-phenylene), polythiophene, polystyrene sulfonate-doped poly-3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene (PEDOT: PSS) and / or mixtures from it.

An average particle size D ₅₀ of particles of a metallic powder used as an electrically conductive additive is in particular approximately 5 μm or more and / or approximately 30 μm or less, for example approximately 18 μm.

A proportion of the metallic powder is preferably about 40% by weight or more and / or about 90% by weight or less, in particular about 60% by weight or more and / or about 70% by weight or less, in each case based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

A conductive carbon black with a mean particle size D ₅₀ of approximately 5 nm or more and / or of approximately 15 nm or less, for example approximately 10 nm, is preferably used as the conductive carbon black. In this way, percolation between larger particles can be improved.

A proportion of the conductive carbon black is preferably approximately 0.01% by weight or more and / or approximately 5% by weight or less, in particular approximately 0.5% by weight or more and / or approximately 1.5% by weight .-% or less, in each case based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

In embodiments in which graphite is used, graphite with a mean particle size D ₅₀ of approximately 2 μm or more and / or of approximately 5 μm or less, for example of approximately 3.4 μm, has proven to be particularly preferred.

A proportion of the graphite is preferably about 0.1 % By weight or more and / or about 10% by weight or less, in particular about 1% by weight or more and / or about 5% by weight or less, in each case based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

Graphite preferably facilitates the release of the intumescent material and / or acts as an “internal lubricant”.

• - ein Treibmaterial in Form von expandierbaren Mikrokapseln;
• - ein Bindematerial in Form einer Mischung aus einem Bindemittel, insbesondere Polyvinylpyrrolidon, und einem Weichmacher, insbesondere Polyethylenoxid; und
• - elektrisch leitfähige Additive in Form von Kohlenstofffasern, Silber-beschichteten Aluminiumpartikeln, Graphit und Leitruß.

The intumescent material preferably comprises or is formed from the following materials:

• - a propellant material in the form of expandable microcapsules;
• a binding material in the form of a mixture of a binding agent, in particular polyvinylpyrrolidone, and a plasticizer, in particular polyethylene oxide; and
• - electrically conductive additives in the form of carbon fibers, silver-coated aluminum particles, graphite and carbon black.

The polyethylene oxide used as a plasticizer is also known as polyethylene glycol.

Short fibers are preferably used as carbon fibers, which in particular have an average length of approximately 0.01 mm to approximately 10 mm.

The carbon fibers are preferably contained in the intumescent material in a proportion of approximately 1% by weight or more and / or approximately 50% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material.

It can be provided that the intumescent material comprises an intumescent composition and an exothermically reacting material.

The exothermic reacting material preferably reacts exothermically at a reaction temperature in the range of the release temperature of the intumescent material, for example at least approximately 60 ° C. and / or at most approximately 120 ° C.

Due to the thermal energy released during the exothermic reaction, the intumescent material can be heated and / or is heated in particular to a trigger temperature of the intumescent composition.

The intumescent composition can have a release temperature which is above the release temperature of the intumescent material.

When the release temperature of the intumescent material is reached, an exothermic reaction of the exothermic reacting material preferably occurs first. During the exothermic reaction, thermal energy is released, by means of which the intumescent material is heated at least to a trigger temperature of the intumescent composition. When the triggering temperature is reached, the intumescent composition is triggered and the intumescent material as a whole is triggered.

In embodiments in which the intumescent material comprises an intumescent composition and an exothermically reacting material, the triggered state of the intumescent material in particular also designates the triggered state of the intumescent composition.

• - einem Katalysator, beispielsweise Ammoniumpolyphosphat, Monoammoniumphosphat, Diammoniumphosphat, Melaminphosphat, Melaminpolyphosphat, Melaminpyrophosphat, Guanylharnstoffphosphat, Harnstoffphosphat und/oder Ammoniumtetraborat;
• - einer Kohlenstoffquelle, beispielsweise einem polyfunktionellen Alkohol, einem Kohlenhydrat, einem Protein und/oder Stärke;
• - einem Treibmittel, beispielsweise einem Amin, einem Amid und/oder Chlorparaffin; und
• - einem Binder, beispielsweise einem thermoplastischen Polymermaterial, einem duroplastischen Polymermaterial und/oder einem elastomeren Polymermaterial.

For example, the intumescent composition is a mixture of

• a catalyst, for example ammonium polyphosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, melamine phosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine pyrophosphate, guanyl urea phosphate, urea phosphate and / or ammonium tetraborate;
• - a carbon source, for example a polyfunctional alcohol, a carbohydrate, a protein and / or starch;
• - A propellant, for example an amine, an amide and / or chlorinated paraffin; and
• - A binder, for example a thermoplastic polymer material, a thermosetting polymer material and / or an elastomeric polymer material.

Alternatively, so-called “3-in-1 systems” can also be used as intumescent compositions in which a single ingredient fulfills several of the functions mentioned. For example, the intumescent composition can be sodium silicate or a layer structure with embedded compounds in the intermediate layers, for example expandable graphite, sheet silicates, MXene (M: transition metal), boron nitride or R ₂ Ti ₃ O ₇ compounds (R: H, Li, Na, K or NH ₄ ), include or be formed from it.

"MXenes" are two-dimensional inorganic compounds, which structures made up of layers of transition metal carbides, transition metal nitrides, or transition metal carbonitrides, which are a few atomic layers thick, comprise or are formed from them.

As an alternative to the described intumescent compositions, it can be provided that the intumescent composition according to the previously described embodiments of the intumescent material is formed.

The exothermic reacting material preferably comprises one or more of the following substances or is formed therefrom: azodicarboxamide, oxydi (benzenesulfonohydrazide), p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide, toluenesulfonylsemicarbazide and benzenesulfonohydrazide.

For example, the exothermic reacting material decomposes at a reaction temperature which essentially corresponds to the release temperature of the intumescent material.

It can be advantageous if the intumescent material has a specific thermal conductivity of approximately 0.5 W / (m.K) or more. This can reduce heat inhomogeneities within the intumescent material, which in particular results in a uniform release of the intumescent material.

It can be provided that the intumescent material comprises one or more heat-conducting additives. The one or more heat conduction additives preferably have a specific heat conductivity of approximately 5 W / (m · K) or more.

It can be favorable if the one or more heat-conducting additives are powdery and / or particulate materials. This can enable simplified handling and / or dosing.

For example, the one or more heat-conducting additives are ceramic materials.

A preferred ceramic material / preferred ceramic materials are boron nitride, aluminum oxide and / or aluminum nitride and / or mixtures thereof.

By using one or more heat conduction additives, heat inhomogeneities within the intumescent material can be reduced, so that a homogeneous release of the intumescent material can be made possible.

It can be provided that the intumescent material comprises one or more inorganic fillers, for example silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, chalk and / or mixtures thereof.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention it is provided that the ratio of the volume of the release device after the release of the intumescent material at a temperature of 50 K above the release temperature to the volume of the release device before the release of the intumescent material at a temperature of 50 K below the Trigger temperature is at least 5: 1, in particular at least 100: 1, particularly preferably at least 200: 1.

The invention also relates to an electrochemical system which comprises one or more temperature detection devices according to the invention.

One or more of the features described in connection with the temperature detection device according to the invention and / or one or more of the advantages described in connection with the temperature detection device according to the invention preferably apply equally to the one or more temperature detection devices of the electrochemical system according to the invention.

The electrochemical system is, for example, a module which comprises one or more electrochemical cells.

At least one of the electrochemical cells is preferably designed as a lithium-ion accumulator cell.

In particular, it can be provided that the cell chemistry of at least one of the electrochemical cells is based on Li ₄ Ti ₅ O ₁₂ .

Such a module can in particular be used as an energy source for an electric vehicle, in particular an electric automobile.

The one or more temperature detection devices can be used to detect an improper state, which is associated with an increase in temperature, of one of the plurality of electrochemical cells or of the module as a whole.

In a normal operating state of the electrochemical system, the triggering device is preferably in the normal state and / or the intumescent material is in the non-triggered state.

Further features and advantages of the invention are the subject matter of the following description and the graphic representation of exemplary embodiments.

• 1: eine schematische Schnittdarstellung durch eine erste Ausführungsform einer Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, welche eine Sensorvorrichtung bildet, wobei die Schnittebene durch ein erstes elektrisch leitfähiges Element der Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, ein erstes Isolationselement, ein zweites Isolationselement und ein zweites elektrisch leitfähiges Element sowie durch eine Auslösevorrichtung und ein Sensorelement verläuft, wobei sich die Auslösevorrichtung in einem Normalzustand befindet, in welchem die Auslösevorrichtung an dem ersten elektrisch leitfähigen Element festgelegt und von dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element beabstandet ist und in welchem ein Stromfluss zwischen dem ersten elektrisch leitfähigen Element und dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element unterbrochen ist;
• 2: eine der 1 entsprechende schematische Darstellung der Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, wobei die Auslösevorrichtung sich in einem ausgelösten Zustand befindet, in welchem sich ein Volumen des intumeszenten Materials aufgrund eines Erreichens oder Übersteigens der Auslösetemperatur so weit vergrößert hat, dass die Auslösevorrichtung in elektrisch leitendem Kontakt mit dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element steht, und wobei sich das Sensorelement in einem Detektionszustand befindet, in welchem das Sensorelement einen elektrischen Kurzschlussstrom und/oder einen Spannungsabfall zwischen dem ersten elektrisch leitfähigen Element und dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element detektiert;
• 3: eine der 1 entsprechende schematische Darstellung einer zweiten Ausführungsform der Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, bei welcher das erste elektrisch leitfähige Element und das zweite elektrisch leitfähige Element einen Bestandteil der Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung bilden und mittels zweier Abstandhalterelemente miteinander verbunden sind, wobei sich die Auslösevorrichtung in einem Normalzustand befindet, in welchem die Auslösevorrichtung an dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element festgelegt und von dem ersten elektrisch leitfähigen Element beabstandet ist und in welchem der Stromfluss zwischen dem ersten elektrisch leitfähigen Element und dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element unterbrochen ist;
• 4: eine der 3 entsprechende schematische Darstellung der Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, wobei die Auslösevorrichtung sich in einem ausgelösten Zustand befindet, in welchem sich ein Volumen des intumeszenten Materials aufgrund eines Erreichens oder Übersteigens der Auslösetemperatur so weit vergrößert hat, dass die Auslösevorrichtung in elektrisch leitendem Kontakt mit dem ersten elektrisch leitfähigen Element steht, und wobei das Sensorelement sich in einem Detektionszustand befindet, in welcher das Sensorelement einen elektrischen Kurzschlussstrom und/oder einen Spannungsabfall zwischen dem ersten elektrisch leitfähigen Element und dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element detektiert;
• 5 eine schematische Schnittdarstellung einer dritten Ausführungsform einer Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, wobei die Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung eine Schaltvorrichtung bildet, welche mit einem elektrischen Verbraucher verbunden ist, wobei die Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung sich in einem Normalzustand befindet, in welchem ein erstes elektrisch leitfähiges Element und ein zweites elektrisch leitfähiges Element durch die Auslösevorrichtung elektrisch leitend kontaktiert sind, so dass ein Stromkreis, in welchem sich der elektrische Verbraucher befindet, geschlossen ist;
• 6 eine der 5 entsprechende schematische Darstellung der Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, wobei die Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung sich in einem Detektionszustand befindet, in welchem eine Volumenzunahme des intumeszenten Materials erfolgt ist und aufgrund dessen das erste elektrisch leitfähige Element von dem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element wegbewegt wurde, wodurch ein Stromfluss zu dem elektrischen Verbraucher unterbrochen ist;
• 7 eine schematische Schnittdarstellung einer vierten Ausführungsform einer Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, wobei die Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung eine Schaltvorrichtung bildet, welche mit einem elektrischen Verbraucher verbunden ist, wobei die Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung sich in einem Normalzustand befindet, in welchem ein erstes elektrisch leitfähiges Element mittels eines weiteren elektrisch leitfähigen Elements mit einem zweiten elektrisch leitfähigen Element elektrisch leitend verbunden ist, so dass ein Stromkreis, in welchem sich ein elektrischer Verbraucher befindet, geschlossen ist; und
• 8 eine der 7 entsprechende schematische Darstellung der Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung, wobei die Temperaturdetektionsvorrichtung sich in einem Detektionszustand befindet, in welchem eine Volumenzunahme des intumeszenten Materials erfolgt ist und aufgrund dessen das erste elektrisch leitfähige Element von dem weiteren elektrisch leitfähigen Element wegbewegt wurde, wodurch ein Stromfluss zu dem elektrischen Verbraucher unterbrochen ist.

The drawings show:

• 1 : a schematic sectional illustration through a first embodiment of a temperature detection device, which forms a sensor device, wherein the sectional plane through a first electrically conductive element the temperature detection device, a first insulation element, a second insulation element and a second electrically conductive element and runs through a triggering device and a sensor element, wherein the triggering device is in a normal state in which the triggering device is fixed to the first electrically conductive element and electrically from the second conductive element is spaced and in which a current flow between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element is interrupted;
• 2 : one of the 1 Corresponding schematic representation of the temperature detection device, the triggering device being in a triggered state in which a volume of the intumescent material has increased due to reaching or exceeding the triggering temperature to such an extent that the triggering device is in electrically conductive contact with the second electrically conductive element and wherein the sensor element is in a detection state in which the sensor element detects an electrical short-circuit current and / or a voltage drop between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element;
• 3 : one of the 1 corresponding schematic representation of a second embodiment of the temperature detection device, in which the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element form part of the temperature detection device and are connected to one another by means of two spacer elements, the triggering device being in a normal state in which the triggering device is attached to the second electrically conductive element is set and spaced from the first electrically conductive element and in which the flow of current between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element is interrupted;
• 4th : one of the 3 Corresponding schematic representation of the temperature detection device, the triggering device being in a triggered state in which a volume of the intumescent material has increased due to reaching or exceeding the triggering temperature to such an extent that the triggering device is in electrically conductive contact with the first electrically conductive element and wherein the sensor element is in a detection state in which the sensor element detects an electrical short-circuit current and / or a voltage drop between the first electrically conductive element and the second electrically conductive element;
• 5 a schematic sectional view of a third embodiment of a temperature detection device, wherein the temperature detection device forms a switching device which is connected to an electrical load, wherein the temperature detection device is in a normal state in which a first electrically conductive element and a second electrically conductive element electrically through the triggering device are conductively contacted, so that a circuit in which the electrical consumer is located is closed;
• 6th one of the 5 Corresponding schematic representation of the temperature detection device, the temperature detection device being in a detection state in which there has been an increase in volume of the intumescent material and due to which the first electrically conductive element has been moved away from the second electrically conductive element, whereby a current flow to the electrical consumer is interrupted ;
• 7th a schematic sectional view of a fourth embodiment of a temperature detection device, wherein the temperature detection device forms a switching device which is connected to an electrical load, wherein the temperature detection device is in a normal state in which a first electrically conductive element by means of a further electrically conductive element with a second electrically conductive element is electrically conductively connected, so that a circuit in which an electrical consumer is located is closed; and
• 8th one of the 7th Corresponding schematic representation of the temperature detection device, the temperature detection device being in a detection state in which the intumescent material has increased in volume and as a result of which the first electrically conductive element has been moved away from the further electrically conductive element, whereby a current flow to the electrical consumer is interrupted .

Identical or functionally equivalent elements are denoted by the same reference symbols in all figures.

One in the 1 and 2 The temperature detection device illustrated and designated as a whole by 100 forms a sensor device 101 and comprises a first electrically conductive element 102 , a first spacer element 104 and a second spacer element 106 , which in the present case has a detection area 108 the temperature detection device 100 surrounded on three sides.

The temperature detection device 100 in the present case forms a direct temperature safety device to avoid overheating.

The first spacer element 104 and / or the second spacer element 106 are preferably cohesively and / or positively and / or non-positively with the first electrically conductive element 102 connected, for example welded and / or glued and / or screwed to it.

The first spacer element 104 and the second spacer element 106 are presently formed from an electrically insulating material, for example an electrically insulating polymer material, and serve as spacers between the first electrically conductive element 102 and a second electrically conductive element 110 . The first spacer element 104 and the second spacer element 106 are in the present case electrical insulators.

The present is the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 designed as electrically conductive components.

Preferably comprise the first electrically conductive element 102 and / or the second electrically conductive element 110 a metal material or are formed therefrom.

In addition or as an alternative, it can be provided that the first electrically conductive element 102 and / or the second electrically conductive element 110 comprise or are formed from an electrically conductive polymer material.

The first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 are arranged opposite one another and in the present case are arranged at least approximately parallel to one another.

The first spacer element 104 is present with the first electrically conductive element 102 on the one hand and by means of a first connecting material 112 with the second electrically conductive element 110 on the other hand connectable or connected.

The second spacer element 106 is present with the first electrically conductive element 102 on the one hand and by means of a second connecting material 114 with the second electrically conductive element 110 on the other hand connectable or connected.

In particular, there is a unit made up of the first electrically conductive element 102 , the first spacer element 104 and the second spacer element 106 can be handled and / or manufactured separately.

Said unit can then by means of the first connecting material 112 and the second connecting material 114 on the second electrically conductive element 110 be determined.

The second electrically conductive element 110 can for example be a (metallic) tie rod of a battery module or a part thereof. Alternatively, the second electrically conductive element 110 a housing wall of an electrochemical cell or an electrochemical system 130 or a part thereof or a cell connector or a part thereof.

By connecting the temperature detection device 100 by means of the first connecting material 112 and the second connecting material 114 can be connected directly to an element of an electrochemical system (which is the second electrically conductive element 110 forms) a critical temperature can be detected.

The first connecting material 112 and the second connecting material 114 are preferably chemically identical and / or electrically insulating.

For example, the first connection material 112 and the second connecting material 114 an adhesive material by means of which one of the first electrically conductive element 102 , the first spacer element 104 and the second spacer element 106 formed unit on the second electrically conductive element 110 determinable or fixed.

Alternatively, that the first connecting material 112 and the second connecting material 114 are chemically identical, it can be provided that the first connecting material 112 and the second connecting material 114 are different materials from each other.

The first electrically conductive element 102 , the first spacer element 104 , the second spacer element 106 and the second electrically conductive element 110 are at least approximately cuboid in the present case.

The temperature detection device 100 further comprises a release device 116 , which preferably when reaching or exceeding a critical temperature in the detection area 108 is triggered.

In the in 1 normal state of the release device shown 116 is the release device 116 from the second electrically conductive element 110 spaced so that no electrically conductive contact between the trigger device 116 and the second electrically conductive element 110 consists.

The trigger device 116 comprises an intumescent material 115 or is preferably formed therefrom.

The intumescent material 115 preferably forms a coating on and / or on one of the detection area 108 the temperature detection device 100 facing side of the first electrically conductive element 102 .

A distance 118 between the second electrically conductive element 110 and the trigger device 116 in a plane perpendicular to a main extension plane of the first electrically conductive element 102 The direction taken is preferably selected such that there is no voltage flashover between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 and / or the triggering device 116 and the second electrically conductive element 110 comes.

An amount of the distance 118 preferably corresponds to an amount of the air gap.

In particular, there is a creepage distance along a surface of the first spacer element 104 and / or the second spacer element 106 so large that a voltage flashover from the first electrically conductive element 102 and / or from the triggering device 116 on the second electrically conductive element 110 is avoided.

Preferably form the first spacer element 104 and the first connecting material 112 a first insulation element 120 the temperature detection device 100 .

The second spacer element 106 and the second connecting material 114 in the present case form a second insulation element 122 the temperature detection device 100 .

It can be advantageous if the intumescent material 115 comprises a binding material which is formed from or comprises a binding agent and a plasticizer.

A proportion of the binding material in the intumescent material 115 is preferably approximately 1% by weight or more and / or approximately 40% by weight or less, based on a total mass of the intumescent material 115 .

Polyvinylpyrrolidone has proven to be particularly preferred as a binder. A preferred plasticizer is polyethylene oxide. In particular, the plasticizer prevents cracking and / or disintegration of the intumescent material 115 when it is triggered.

It can be advantageous if the intumescent material 115 a propellant material in the form of expandable microcapsules, for example with a proportion of approximately 1% by weight or more and / or of approximately 40% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 , contains.

The expandable microcapsules preferably have an average diameter of approximately 5 μm or more and / or of approximately 50 μm or less.

The expandable microcapsules preferably comprise a shell made of a thermoplastic polymer material in which an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a boiling point of approximately 50 ° C. or less, for example isobutane and / or isopentane, is contained.

Expandable microcapsules are for example under the name 031 YOU 40 from Nouryon, 85013 Sundsvall, Sweden.

It can be advantageous if the intumescent material 115 comprises one or more electrically conductive additives.

Preferred electrically conductive additives are a mixture of carbon fibers, graphite, conductive black and a metallic powder, for example silver-coated aluminum particles.

The carbon fibers here form a fiber additive, for example.

A proportion of the carbon fibers in the intumescent material 115 is preferably approximately 1% by weight or more and / or approximately 50% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 .

Short fibers are preferably used as carbon fibers.

Short fibers are preferably referred to as fibers which have an average length of approximately 0.01 mm to approximately 10 mm.

Preferred carbon fibers are available, for example, under the name Donacarbo S-241 from ASK Chemicals, 40721 Hilden.

The proportion of the metallic powder in the intumescent material is preferably 115 about 40% by weight or more and / or about 90% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 .

Graphite is used in particular in a proportion of approximately 0.1% by weight or more and / or of approximately 10% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 , used.

For example, graphite with an average particle size D ₅₀ of approximately 2 μm or more and / or of approximately 6 μm or less, for example of approximately 3.4 μm, is used. For example, suitable graphite is available under the name C-NERGY ™ KS6L from Imerys Graphite & Carbon Switzerland Ltd, 6804 Bironico, Switzerland.

Graphite can compensate for the expansion-inhibiting properties of carbon black.

It can be advantageous if carbon black with an average particle size D ₅₀ of approximately 5 nm or more and / or approximately 15 nm or less, for example approximately 10 nm, is used. A proportion of the conductive carbon black is preferably approximately 0.01% by weight or more and / or approximately 5% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 .

Conductive black is available, for example, under the name C-NERGY ™ Super C65 from Imerys Graphite & Carbon Switzerland Ltd, 6804 Bironico, Switzerland.

Particles of the metallic powder preferably have a mean particle size D ₅₀ of approximately 15 μm or more and / or of approximately 20 μm or less, for example of approximately 18 μm.

A proportion of the metallic powder is preferably approximately 40% by weight or more and / or approximately 90% by weight or less, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 .

Silver-coated aluminum particles with a mean particle size D ₅₀ of approximately 18 μm are, for example, under the name eConduct AI 202000 available as silver-coated aluminum grit from Eckart GmbH, 91235 Hartenstein.

To produce the intumescent material, a binding material mixture of binding agent, a plasticizer and a solvent is preferably first produced.

The binding material mixture is then mixed with one or more electrically conductive additives, optionally with the aid of further solvents, so that a homogeneous, flowable mixture is produced.

The flowable mixture is then applied to and / or onto the first electrically conductive element 102 or according to further embodiments on and / or on the second electrically conductive element 110 applied and dried at room temperature, the solvent evaporating. When drying, the intumescent material becomes 115 educated.

As an alternative to the binder described, the following substances can be used as binders: one or more thermoplastic polymer materials, one or more thermosetting polymer materials and / or one or more elastomeric polymer materials.

In addition to polyvinylpyrrolidone, one or more of the following materials can also be used as thermoplastic polymer material / thermoplastic polymer materials: cellulose and / or cellulose derivatives, for example carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and / or polyacrylate derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, Polyvinylidene fluoride and / or thermoplastic polyurethane.

A preferred thermosetting polymer material / preferred thermosetting polymer materials are polyepoxide (s) and / or thermosetting polyurethane (s).

As a preferred elastomeric polymer material, polyurea is used as a binder.

Depending on the selection of the binding agent, the following solvents can be used to produce the binding material mixture: dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, aniline, anisole, benzene, benzonitrile, isopropanol, tert-butyl methyl ether, gamma-butyrolactone, methyl ethyl ketone, chlorobenzene, chloroform, cyclohexane , Dibutyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, 1,2-dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, formamide, n-hexane, n-heptane, methanol, 3- Methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, methylene chloride, butanone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylformamide, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, n-pentane, piperidine, propanol, propylene carbonate, pyridine, sulfanol, tetrachlorethylene, Carbon tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethene, triethylamine, triethylene glycol, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, water or mixtures thereof.

As an alternative to forming the intumescent material 115 by evaporation of the solvent it can be provided that the binding material is produced by a curing reaction, for example under UV radiation and / or thermally at temperatures of less than approximately 60 ° C.

For this purpose, two-component systems are preferably used which react when the components are mixed to form the binding material.

An isocyanate and a polyol can react in a curing reaction induced by UV radiation by means of a polyaddition reaction to form a polyurethane.

An isocyanate and an amine can react in a curing reaction induced by UV radiation by means of a polyaddition reaction to form a polyurea.

A first prepolymer can react with an anhydride in a curing reaction induced by UV radiation in a polyaddition reaction to form a polyepoxide.

In particular, the first prepolymer is produced by a condensation reaction of compounds having an epoxy group, for example epichlorohydrin, and bisphenols, novolaks or amines.

Phthalic anhydride or tetrahydrophthalic anhydride are preferred as the anhydride.

Alternatively, the first prepolymer can react with an amine in a UV-radiation-induced curing reaction in a polyaddition reaction to form a polyepoxide.

Diethylenetriamine, isophoronediamine or 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, for example, can be used as the amine.

In each of the embodiments described above, it can be provided that the intumescent material 115 comprises an exothermic reacting material which reacts exothermically in particular at a reaction temperature of at least approximately 60 ° C. and / or at most approximately 120 ° C.

In embodiments in which an exothermic reacting material is in the intumescent material 115 is included, it can be provided that the intumescent material 115 comprises an intumescent composition which has a release temperature of more than 120 ° C. provided the intumescent material 115 is heated to the release temperature of the intumescent composition by the thermal energy released during the exothermic reaction of the exothermic reacting material.

The intumescent composition preferably comprises a catalyst, a carbon source, a binder and a propellant.

For example, an ammonium polyphosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, melamine phosphate, melamine polyphosphate, melamine pyrophosphate, guanyl urea phosphate, urea phosphate and / or ammonium tetraborate can be used as the catalyst.

For example, a polyfunctional alcohol, a carbohydrate, a protein and / or starch can be used as the carbon source.

An amine, an amide and / or a chlorinated paraffin, for example, can be used as the blowing agent.

A thermoplastic, a thermosetting plastic and / or an elastomer, for example, can be used as the binding agent.

So-called “3-in-1 systems” can also be used as intumescent compositions in which one component has three functions.

For example, the intumescent composition can be sodium silicate or layer structures with embedded compounds in the intermediate layers, for example expandable graphite, layered silicates, MXene (M: transition metal), boron nitride or R ₂ Ti ₃ O ₇ compounds (R: H, Li, Na, K or NH ₄ ), include or be formed from it.

One or more of the following substances can be used as exothermic reacting material: Azodicarboxamide, Oxydi ( benzenesulfonohydrazide), p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide, toluenesulfonylsemicarbazide and benzenesulfonhydrazide.

• - eine oder mehrere organische Säuren;
• - eine oder mehrere anorganische Säuren;
• - ein oder mehrere Salze der Kohlensäure;
• - Harnstoff;
• - Hydrazin und/oder Hydrazin-Derivate;
• - eine oder mehrere Azo-Verbindungen; und
• - ein oder mehrere Azide.

In addition to or as an alternative to the propellant material described, it can be provided that the intumescent material 115 comprises one or more of the following substances as propellants:

• - one or more organic acids;
• - one or more inorganic acids;
• - one or more salts of carbonic acid;
• - urea;
• - hydrazine and / or hydrazine derivatives;
• - one or more azo compounds; and
• - one or more azides.

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanedioic acid, citric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (tartaric acid), 2-hydroxysuccinic acid (malic acid), ascorbic acid, propenoic acid (acrylic acid), ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid), trans-butenedioic acid (fumaric acid), benzoic acid, nicotinic acid are preferred , Abietic acid, oleic acid, agaricic acid, maleic acid and / or salicylic acid are used as organic acid (s) in the propellant or as propellant.

A preferred inorganic acid / preferred inorganic acids are carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and / or phosphoric acid.

In embodiments in which acid is used as the propellant, one or more salts of the corresponding acid can also be used. For example, ammonium salt (s), lithium salt (s), sodium salt (s), potassium salt (s), magnesium salt (s), calcium salt (s), iron salt (s), in particular iron (II) salt (s) and / or iron III salt (s), aluminum salt (s), zinc salt (s) and / or copper salt (s) can be used.

It can be provided that the propellant material further comprises a reaction accelerator, for example one or more (further) organic acids, in order to reduce a triggering temperature.

Citric acid, tartaric acid and / or stearic acid are preferred as organic acid (s) which are / is used as reaction accelerators.

In all of the previously described embodiments of the intumescent material 115 it can be provided that the intumescent material 115 further comprises one or more heat conduction additives.

The intumescent material preferably has 115 as a whole has a specific thermal conductivity of about 0.5 W / (mK) or more.

The one or more heat conduction additives preferably have a specific heat conductivity of approximately 5 W / (m.K) or more.

Preferred heat-conducting additives are made from ceramic materials, for example boron nitride, aluminum oxide and / or aluminum nitride and / or mixtures thereof.

It can be provided that the intumescent material 115 further comprises one or more inorganic fillers. The one or more inorganic fillers are, for example, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, chalk or mixtures thereof.

Alternatively, that the intumescent material 115 directly on the first electrically conductive element during manufacture 102 is formed, the intumescent material 115 can also be produced separately and then cohesively, for example by gluing, to the first electrically conductive element 102 be and / or will be set.

• Zunächst wird eine Bindematerialmischung aus ungefähr 16 Gew.-% Polyvinylpyrrolidon, beispielsweise mit einem mittleren Molekulargewicht M_w von 360 kg/mol, und ungefähr 4 Gew.-% Polyethylenoxid, beispielsweise mit einem mittleren Molekulargewicht M_w von 1 kg/mol, und ungefähr 80 Gew.-% reinem Ethanol hergestellt.

A particularly preferred embodiment of the intumescent material 115 is made as follows:

• First, a binding material mixture of approximately 16% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone, for example with an average molecular weight M _w of 360 kg / mol, and approximately 4% by weight of polyethylene oxide, for example with an average molecular weight M _w of 1 kg / mol, and approximately 80 wt .-% pure ethanol produced.

The constituents of the flowable mixture are mixed with one another in a mixer, for example in a speed mixer, at about 800 rpm to about 1200 rpm, for example for about three minutes. Additional solvent in the form of pure ethanol is added for a more homogeneous mixing and to increase the flowability.

• - 49,6 Gew.-% Feststoffanteil aus Kohlenstofffasern, Graphit, Leitruß, metallischem Pulver und expandierbaren Mikrokapseln;
• - 23,2 Gew.-% Lösungsmittel in Form von reinem Ethanol; und
• - 27,2 Gew.-% Bindematerialmischung.

The resulting flowable mixture has the following composition:

• - 49.6 wt .-% solids content of carbon fibers, graphite, conductive black, metallic powder and expandable microcapsules;
• - 23.2% by weight solvent in the form of pure ethanol; and
• - 27.2% by weight of binding material mixture.

The percentages by weight of the flowable mixture are based on a total mass of the flowable mixture (including the solvent).

• - ungefähr 10 Gew.-% expandierbare Mikrokapseln;
• - ungefähr 10 Gew.-% Bindematerial (ungefähr 8 Gew.-% Polyvinylpyrrolidon und ungefähr 2 Gew.-% Polyethylenoxid);
• - ungefähr 10 Gew.-% Kohlenstofffasern;
• - ungefähr 66 Gew.-% Silber-beschichtete Aluminiumpartikel;
• - ungefähr 3 Gew.-% Graphit; und
• - ungefähr 1 Gew.-% Leitruß.

The resulting composition of the particularly preferred embodiment of the intumescent material 115 has the following composition:

• - approximately 10% by weight of expandable microcapsules;
• - about 10% by weight of binding material (about 8% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone and about 2% by weight of polyethylene oxide);
• - about 10% by weight of carbon fibers;
• - approximately 66% by weight of silver-coated aluminum particles;
• - about 3% by weight of graphite; and
• - about 1% by weight of carbon black.

The weight percent of the intumescent material 115 are based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 , in particular in a state before it was triggered.

The temperature detection device 100 further comprises a sensor element 124 , which comprises, for example, a current sensor and / or a voltage sensor or is formed therefrom.

In the present case, the temperature detection device comprises 100 also a voltage source 126 , by means of which a voltage between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 can be applied or is applied.

The first electrically conductive element 102 , the sensor element 124 , the voltage source 126 and the second electrically conductive element 110 are preferably electrically connected to one another, for example by means of a cable.

The voltage source 126 can for example be a direct current voltage source or an alternating current voltage source.

As the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 through the first insulation element 120 and the second insulation element 122 are spaced from each other and there the trip device 116 in the normal state of the release device 116 from the second electrically conductive element 110 is spaced, is a current flow between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 in the normal state of the release device 116 interrupted.

When the trigger temperature of the intumescent material is reached or exceeded 115 (in the present case at least approximately 60 ° C. and / or at most approximately 120 ° C.) in the detection area 108 the temperature detection device 100 there is a sudden volume expansion of the intumescent material 115 , causing the trip device 116 reaches the triggered state (cf. 2 ). The sensor element 124 is thereby brought into the detection state.

By triggering the intumescent material 115 comes the release mechanism 116 present in a contact area for contact with the second electrically conductive element 110 .

The first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 are then through the intumescent material 115 electrically conductively contacted, whereby a current flow between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 is made. The sensor element 124 detects in the detection state a short-circuit current which is different from zero amperes and / or a drop in the electrical voltage between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 .

It can be provided that the detection state of the sensor element 124 a signal, in particular an emergency signal, is sent to an interface. The signal can be forwarded to a functional unit. The interface and / or the functional unit can be part of the temperature detection device 100 form or with the temperature detection device 100 be connected.

The temperature detection device 100 is preferably part of an electrochemical system 130 .

This can cause overheating of the electrochemical system 130 as a whole or overheating of individual electrochemical cells of the electrochemical system 130 Detected and / or identified at an early stage, thus preventing a “thermal runaway”.

One in the 3 and 4th illustrated second embodiment of a temperature detection device 100 essentially differs in terms of structure and function from that in the 1 and 2 illustrated first embodiment that the trigger device 116 in the in 3 normal state of the release device shown 116 on the second electrically conductive element 110 set and from the first electrically conductive element 102 is spaced.

The first spacer element 104 is in the present case directly on the first electrically conductive element 102 on the one hand and on the second electrically conductive element 110 on the other hand set. In particular, the second spacer element is 106 directly on the first electrically conductive element 102 on the one hand and on the second electrically conductive element 110 on the other hand set.

The first connecting material 112 and the second connecting material 114 are preferably dispensable.

The second electrically conductive element preferably forms 110 a component of the temperature detection device 100 . The temperature detection device 100 can also be set on elements that are not themselves electrically conductive.

For example, the temperature detection device 100 at a connection area 132 on another element, for example another element of an electrochemical system 130 , set.

For example, the temperature detection device 100 at one of the detection area 108 remote side of the second electrically conductive element 110 positively and / or non-positively and / or cohesively, for example by means of gluing and / or screwing and / or welding, fixed to the further element.

When the trigger temperature of the intumescent material is reached or exceeded 115 in the detection area 108 becomes the intumescent material 115 triggered and the release device 116 reaches the triggered state (cf. 4th ).

In the released state of the release device 116 the release device is located 116 in electrically conductive contact with the first electrically conductive element 102 on the one hand and the second electrically conductive element 110 on the other hand, whereby the sensor element 124 is brought into the detection state.

Incidentally, it is correct in the 3 and 4th illustrated second embodiment of a temperature detection device 100 in terms of structure and function essentially with that in the 1 and 2 illustrated embodiment, so that reference is made to the description thereof.

In the in the 1 until 4th . The illustrated embodiments forms the triggering device 116 a shorting device.

Alternatively, it can be provided that in the normal state of the release device 116 an electrically conductive connection between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 exists, which is caused by reaching or exceeding the trigger temperature of the intumescent material 115 and a transition of the triggering device triggered thereby 116 is interrupted in the triggered state (not shown).

According to these embodiments, a current flow is in the detection state of the sensor element 124 interrupted while in the normal state of the sensor element 124 a current flow between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 is detected.

One in the 5 and 6th illustrated third embodiment of a temperature detection device 100 essentially differs in terms of structure and function from that in the 3 and 4th illustrated second embodiment that the temperature detection device 100 a switching device 134 and that the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 in the normal state of the temperature detection device 100 by the release device 116 are electrically connected.

Instead of a sensor element 124 is in the present case an electrical consumer 136 via the voltage source 126 with the first electrically conductive element 102 and with the second electrically conductive element 110 connected, for example by means of cables.

The electrical consumer 136 For example, an electrochemical system can be in the state of charge.

The trigger device 116 is presently electrically conductive in the normal state. Preferably the material is intumescent 115 Electrically conductive when not triggered.

The intumescent material 115 serves here as a connecting material 138 , in particular as an adhesive material, by means of which the first electrically conductive element 102 on the second electrically conductive element 110 determined and by means of which in particular a position of the first electrically conductive element 102 relative to the second electrically conductive element 110 is fixed.

In the present case, the temperature detection device comprises 100 a single spacer element 104 , which in particular is an insulation element 120 forms.

On one of the spacer element 104 remote side of the first electrically conductive element 102 is the first electrically conductive element 102 in the present case the second electrically conductive element 110 inclined to. A minimal distance 140 between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 is present in an area in which the release device 116 is arranged, arranged.

In the in 5 The normal state shown is a current path between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 by the release device 116 closed and the electrical consumer 136 can be supplied with electricity.

The detection area 108 in the present case surrounds the release device 116 .

When the trigger temperature of the intumescent material is reached or exceeded 115 the release device arrives 116 into an in 6th tripped state shown. The temperature detection device 100 as a result, the whole arrives in the detection state.

By triggering the intumescent material 115 accompanying increase in volume becomes the first electrically conductive element 102 in the area of the release device 116 from the release device 116 moved away from the second electrically conductive element, in particular pushed away. Preferably it comes from the release of the intumescent material 115 to a plastic deformation of the first electrically conductive element 102 .

The present is the first electrically conductive element 102 in the detection state of the temperature detection device 100 at least approximately parallel to the second electrically conductive element 110 arranged. The minimum distance 140 is thus over the entire extent of the temperature detection device 100 constant.

The minimum distance 140 between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 is preferably in the detection state of the temperature detection device 100 greater than the minimum distance by at least about 10% 140 between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 in the normal state of the temperature detection device 100 .

It can be advantageous if an electrical resistance of the release device 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 when triggered is greater than the electrical resistance of the triggering device 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 in the normal state / in the non-triggered state.

Preferably, the electrical resistance of the triggering device is 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 in the triggered state by a factor of two or more, in particular by a factor of three or more, greater than the electrical resistance of the triggering device 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 in the normal state / in the non-triggered state.

For example, the specific electrical resistance of the release device 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 when triggered, about 10 ⁶ Ω · m or more.

It can be beneficial if the release device is electrically conductive 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 when triggered, is less than the electrical conductivity of the triggering device 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 in the normal state / in the non-triggered state.

Preferably the electrical conductivity of the triggering device is 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 in the triggered state by a factor of two or more, for example by a factor of three or more, less than the electrical conductivity of the triggering device 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 in the normal state / in the non-triggered state.

The intumescent material shows this 115 for example one compared to the intumescent material 115 According to the first or the second embodiment, an increased proportion of propellant material, for example at least approximately 5% by weight more than described in connection with the first embodiment, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 .

An increased proportion, for example at least approximately 5% by weight more than described in connection with the first embodiment, of expanding microcapsules is preferably used, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 .

This results in an increase in volume of the intumescent material 115 when triggered increases and a number of conduction paths through the intumescent material in the triggered state can thus be reduced.

Additionally or alternatively, it can be provided that the intumescent material 115 comprises a proportion of electrically conductive additives that is preferably about 5% by weight or more, in particular about 10% by weight or more, less than the intumescent material 115 according to the first embodiment, based on the total mass of the intumescent material 115 . Thus a number of electrical conduction paths can be made through the intumescent material 115 can be reduced in the tripped state.

Due to the reduced electrical conductivity and / or the increased electrical resistance of the release device 116 is and / or becomes a current flow to the consumer 136 in the in 6th illustrated detection state of the temperature detection device 100 interrupted.

Alternatively, it can be provided that the release device 116 and / or the intumescent material 115 are electrically insulating when triggered. For this purpose, there are preferably no electrically conductive additives in the intumescent material 115 used.

Incidentally, it is correct in the 5 and 6th The third embodiment illustrated in terms of structure and function essentially corresponds to that in FIGS 3 and 4th second embodiment shown, so that reference is made to the description thereof.

One in the 7th and 8th illustrated fourth embodiment of a temperature detection device 100 essentially differs in terms of structure and function from that in the 5 and 6th illustrated third embodiment that as a switching device 134 trained temperature detection device 100 another electrically conductive element 142 comprises, by means of which the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 in the normal state of the temperature detection device 100 are electrically connected to each other, and that the release device 116 in the in 7th normal state shown with the second electrically conductive element 110 connected and from the first electrically conductive element 110 is spaced.

The other electrically conductive element 142 is presently at least approximately perpendicular to a main plane of extent of the second electrically conductive element 110 and / or at least approximately parallel to the spacer element 104 arranged.

The further electrically conductive element preferably comprises 142 a metal material or is formed therefrom.

In addition or as an alternative, it can be provided that the further electrically conductive element 142 comprises or is formed from an electrically conductive polymer material.

The other electrically conductive element 142 is presently cohesively and / or non-positively and / or positively with the second electrically conductive element 110 connected, for example welded to it and / or glued in an electrically conductive manner and / or screwed.

The present is the further electrically conductive element 142 by means of a predetermined breaking point 144 with the second electrically conductive element 110 tied together. The predetermined breaking point 144 can be formed, for example, by a spot weld or by gluing in areas with electrically conductive adhesive material.

Through the connection via the further electrically conductive element 142 can flow a current through the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second element 110 be trained and the consumer 136 by means of the voltage source 126 in the normal state of the temperature detection device 100 be supplied with electricity.

When the trigger temperature of the intumescent material is reached or exceeded 115 there is an increase in volume of the intumescent material 115 , causing the trip device 116 in the in 8th tripped state shown.

Due to the increase in volume of the intumescent material 115 becomes the release device 116 in contact with the first electrically conductive element 102 brought and pushes one of the second electrically conductive element 110 facing side off against it. This creates a mechanical load in the area of the predetermined breaking point and / or a force acts on the predetermined breaking point 144 .

The predetermined breaking point breaks as a result of the load and / or force 144 and an electrically conductive contact between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 is and / or is interrupted.

The intumescent material 115 is presently electrically insulating in the triggered state. In the non-triggered state, the intumescent material 115 be both electrically conductive and electrically insulating.

For the formation of the intumescent material 115 in such a way that it is electrically insulating in the triggered state, an increased proportion of propellant material, for example expandable microcapsules, is preferably used - as described in connection with the previous embodiment. Additionally or alternatively, the intumescent material 115 no electrically conductive additives.

In addition or as an alternative to the electrically insulating properties of the intumescent material 115 in the triggered state it can be provided that the triggering device 116 has an electrically insulating film and / or coating, which in the triggered state of the triggering device 116 in the expansion direction between the first electrically conductive element 102 and the second electrically conductive element 110 is arranged (not shown).

In the detection state of the temperature detection device 100 is the current flow to the consumer 136 interrupted.

The first electrically conductive element 102 is presently in the detection state of the temperature detection device 100 on one of the release devices 116 facing side of the second electrically conductive element 110 bent away.

Incidentally, it is correct in the 7th and 8th illustrated fourth embodiment of a temperature detection device 100 in terms of structure and function with the 5 and 6th shown third embodiment, so that reference is made to the description thereof.

With the temperature detection device 100 temperature monitoring adapted to the respective requirements can preferably be implemented.

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent literature cited

• WO 2017/106195 A1 [0013]
• US 2017/0179554 A1 [0013]
• DE 10162532 C1 [0014]
• DE 102012223515 A1 [0014]
• DE 102013205348 A1 [0014]
• DE 102012224300 A1 [0014]
• DE 10256963 B4 [0014]
• WO 2008/129242 A2 [0014]
• WO 2009/013532 A2 [0014]
• US 2012/0043552 A1 [0015]
• DE 10140490 A1 [0016]
• US 6410137 B1 [0016]
• US 2008/0224105 A1 [0016]
• US 5116537 A [0016]

Claims (19)

Temperature detection device (100) for detecting a critical temperature, in particular for an electrochemical system (130), characterized in that the temperature detection device (100) comprises a triggering device (116) which comprises or is formed from an intumescent material (115), wherein the triggering device (116) is designed such that it changes from a normal state to a triggered state when a triggering temperature of the intumescent material (115) is reached or exceeded, whereby the temperature detection device (100) moves from a normal state to a detection state. Temperature detection device (100) according to Claim 1 , characterized in that the temperature detection device (100) is a switching device (134) and that the triggering device (116) is electrically insulating in the triggered state and / or that the triggering device (116) has an electrical resistance in the triggered state, which by a factor is two or more greater than the electrical resistance of the triggering device (116) in the normal state, wherein in particular the temperature detection device (100) comprises a first electrically conductive element (102) and / or a second electrically conductive element (110), preferably in the triggered state of the triggering device (116), the first electrically conductive element (102) and the second electrically conductive element (110) are electrically separated from one another by the triggering device (116). Temperature detection device (100) according to Claim 1 or 2 , characterized in that due to an increase in volume of the intumescent material (115) in the triggered state, a minimum distance (140) between the first electrically conductive element (102) and the second electrically conductive element (110) is increased, whereby by triggering the triggering device ( 116) in particular at least one breaking point (144) between a further electrically conductive element (142) and the first electrically conductive element (102) and / or at least one predetermined breaking point (138) between the further electrically conductive element (142) and the second electrically conductive Element (110) breaks due to the increase in volume of the intumescent material (115). Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 3 , characterized in that the temperature detection device (100) is a sensor device (101) and comprises a sensor element (124) for detecting a triggered state of the triggering device (116), the triggering device (116) when a triggering temperature of the intumescent is reached or exceeded Material (115) changes from the normal state to the triggered state, whereby the sensor element (124) passes from a normal state to a detection state. Temperature detection device (100) according to Claim 4 , characterized in that the sensor element (124) comprises or is formed from a current sensor and / or a voltage sensor and that the triggering device (116) is electrically conductive in the triggered state, in particular the temperature detection device (100) having a first electrically conductive element (102 ) and / or a second electrically conductive element (110), the first electrically conductive element (102) and the second electrically conductive element (110) preferably being electrically conductive in the triggered state of the triggering device (116) through the intumescent material (115) are connected to each other. Temperature detection device (100) according to Claim 4 , characterized in that the sensor element (124) comprises or is formed from a current sensor and / or a voltage sensor and that the triggering device (116) is electrically insulating in the triggered state, in particular the temperature detection device (100) having a first electrically conductive element (102 ) and / or a second electrically conductive element (110), wherein preferably the first electrically conductive element (102) and the second electrically conductive element (110) can be or are connected to one another in an electrically conductive manner in the normal state of the triggering device (116) and wherein the the first electrically conductive element (102) and the second electrically conductive element (110) are electrically separated from one another by the triggering device (116) in the triggered state of the triggering device (116). Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 2 until 6th , characterized in that the first electrically conductive element (102) and the second electrically conductive element (110) can be or are connected by means of one or more insulation elements (120, 122), the one or more insulation elements (120, 122) being a or a plurality of spacer elements (104, 106) which are connected to the first electrically conductive element (102) on the one hand and which, in particular in each case by means of a connecting material (112, 114), can be connected or connected to the second electrically conductive element (110) on the other hand are, wherein preferably the one or more spacer elements (104, 106) and / or the connecting material (112, 114) are electrically insulating. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 2 until 7th , characterized in that the first electrically conductive element (102) and / or the second electrically conductive element (110) are selected from the following elements: a cell connector or a part thereof; - a tie rod or a part thereof; - a cell contacting system or a part thereof; and - a housing wall or a part thereof. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 2 until 8th , characterized in that the release device (116) is arranged on a side of the first electrically conductive element (102) facing the second electrically conductive element (110) and in particular in the normal state of the release device (116) from the second electrically conductive element (102) is spaced apart and / or that the triggering device (116) is arranged on a side of the second electrically conductive element (110) facing the first electrically conductive element (102) and in particular from the second electrically conductive element (110) in the normal state of the triggering device (116) ) is spaced apart. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 2 until 9 , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) forms a coating on a side of the first electrically conductive element (102) facing the second electrically conductive element (110) and / or that the intumescent material (115) forms a coating on one of the first electrically conductive element (102) facing side of the second electrically conductive element (110) forms. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 10 , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) is electrically conductive in the triggered state and / or that the trigger temperature of the intumescent material (115) is at most approximately 120 ° C. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 11 , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) comprises a propellant material which comprises or is formed from expandable microcapsules. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 12th , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) comprises a propellant material which comprises a propellant and in particular a reaction accelerator or is formed therefrom, wherein the propellant is preferably selected from one or more of the following substances: a ₁ ) one or more organic acids , in particular methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanedioic acid, citric acid, 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid, 2-hydroxysuccinic acid, ascorbic acid, propenoic acid, oxalic acid, fumaric acid, benzoic acid, nicotinic acid, abietic acid, oleic acid, agaricic acid, maleic acid and / or salicylic acid; a ₂ ) one or more inorganic acids, in particular carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and / or phosphoric acid; a ₃ ) one or more salts of carbonic acid; a ₄ ) urea; a ₅ ) hydrazine and / or hydrazine derivatives; a ₆ ) one or more azo compounds; and a ₇ ) one or more azides. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 13th , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) comprises a binding material, wherein the binding material comprises a binding agent and in particular a plasticizer or is formed therefrom, the binding agent preferably being selected from one or more of the following materials: b ₁ ) one or more thermoplastic polymer materials, in particular cellulose and / or cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate and / or polyacrylate derivatives, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride and / or polyurethane; b ₂ ) one or more thermosetting polymer materials, in particular polyepoxide and / or polyurethane; and b ₃ ) one or more elastomeric polymer materials, in particular polyurea. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 14th , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) comprises one or more electrically conductive additives, a proportion of the one or more electrically conductive additives in the intumescent material (115) being approximately 40% by weight to approximately 95% by weight , based on a total mass of the intumescent material (115). Temperature detection device (100) according to Claim 15 , characterized in that the one or more electrically conductive additives are selected from one or more of the following materials: c ₁ ) one or more carbon-based materials, in particular carbon black, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and / or carbon nanobulbs; c ₂ ) one or more metallic powders, in particular made of aluminum, copper, titanium, iron and / or silver and / or alloys thereof; c ₃ ) one or more electrically conductive ceramic materials, in particular nitrides or carbides and / or mixtures thereof; and c ₄ ) one or more electrically conductive polymer materials, in particular trans-polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly (p-phenylene), polythiophene, polystyrene sulfonate-doped poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT: PSS) and / or mixtures thereof . Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 16 , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) comprises or is formed from the following materials: - a propellant material in the form of expandable microcapsules; a binding material in the form of a mixture of a binding agent, preferably polyvinylpyrrolidone, and a plasticizer, preferably polyethylene oxide; and - electrically conductive additives in the form of carbon fibers, silver-coated aluminum particles, graphite and conductive black. Temperature detection device (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 17th , characterized in that the intumescent material (115) comprises an intumescent composition and an exothermically reacting material which reacts exothermically in particular at a reaction temperature of at least approximately 60 ° C and / or at most approximately 120 ° C, the intumescent material (115) can be heated to a triggering temperature of the intumescent composition due to a thermal energy released during the exothermic reaction. An electrochemical system (130) comprising one or more temperature detection devices (100) according to one of the Claims 1 until 18th .

Images