DE102019212533A1 - Portable user device and method for authorizing access to a means of transport - Google Patents

Abstract

A portable user terminal (4) and a method for authorizing access to a means of transport (10) are proposed. The method comprises: - automatic determination of a movement profile (2a, b; 3a, b) of a user (1) authorized to access the means of transport (10), - automatic comparison of the movement profile (2a, b; 3a, b) with a predefined reference (17a, 17b) and in response to a positive result of the adjustment - automatic transmission of a first signal in preparation for access to the means of transport (10).

Description

The invention relates to a portable user terminal and a method for authorizing access to a means of transport. In particular, the present invention relates to a possibility of defending so-called relay attacks in order to obtain unauthorized access to a means of transport.

In the prior art, access control systems are known in which the user does not have to actively use the vehicle key if he wants to gain access to a means of transport. Rather, the identification of the user can be carried on a radio key or a smart mobile device (e.g. smartphone or similar), while only mechanical access to the means of transport (placing the hand on a door handle or pressing a microswitch in the door handle) initiates an exchange of the ID with the means of transport and thus makes the user recognizable as authorized for access. When these actuators are operated, the aforementioned radio-based key / smart mobile device is authorized. The start of the authorization process can therefore always be extended by a relay attack in the radio room. For this purpose, all radio activities, depending on a radio frequency or a radio range, are extended in range. In the area of the means of locomotion, a first station is temporarily set up, which sends the trigger sent by the vehicle to a second station arranged in the area of the radio key. The second station sends out the extended signal and reaches the radio key, which - assuming that the vehicle initiates an authorization process - sends out the radio identifier. This is recorded by the second station and extended in such a way that the first station receives the identifier and broadcasts it again. This is finally received by the means of transport and the vehicle opens, although the remote control key and the authorized user may be many meters away from the means of transport.

One gateway for the aforementioned technology is that mechanical access (trigger) to the vehicle triggers the authorization process.

In order to thwart the aforementioned procedure in the event of unauthorized access, time of flight (“tof”) measurements of the radio signals are nowadays carried out, based on which authorization signals are declared invalid if they arrive too late at the recipient. Due to the multiple conversion in the relay attacks described above, delays are caused by which the signal finally received on the means of transport is already invalid. In this case, the vehicle is no longer unlocked by the received signal.

Today's radio access systems work, for example, with 125 kHz, 433 MHz or also based on Bluetooth. UWB (Ultra Wide Band) technology is also used, all of which enable a radio signal to be extended between the key / smart mobile device. But even if the above-mentioned time-of-flight measurement is currently the most effective method, it is only a matter of time before faster repeater technologies render this measure ineffective.

DE 10 2013 217 010 A1 and DE 20 2016 105 621 U1 disclose keyless vehicle systems that can be used to repel relay attacks. For this purpose, location-based information relating to the radio key and means of transport is used to ensure that there is sufficient spatial proximity between the transmitter and the receiver, on the basis of which a relay attack can be excluded.

Based on the aforementioned prior art, it is an object of the present invention to achieve improved protection against relay attacks.

The aforementioned object is achieved according to the invention by a method for authorizing access to a means of transport. The means of transportation can be, for example, a car, van, truck, motorcycle, aircraft and / or watercraft. The authorization of access to the means of transport can be understood as a process by which a permitted user is granted access to the means of transport. Here, the identifier assigned to the permitted user is checked by the means of transport or an entity assigned to it and the means of transport is unlocked (e.g. a door or all doors). In a first step, a movement profile of a user authorized to access the means of transport is determined. For this purpose, sensors can be used whose information is processed by an electronic evaluation unit. At this point in time it does not have to be certain that the user is actually an authorized user. Rather, the movement profile of a user or of a wireless communication device transported by him is determined by data technology. The motion profile can be characterized in terms of a relationship between location and time, speed and time, acceleration and time or other sensor data that can be recorded over time. The movement profile or data derived from it is then compared with a predefined reference. The The present reference can, for example, be assigned to an authorized user, that is, it can be identified by other users. If the previously determined movement profile agrees sufficiently with the predefined reference, a first signal for preparing access to the means of locomotion is output in a next step. The first signal can thus indicate that the movement profile corresponds to the movement profile of the authorized user. It is thus a sign that the means of locomotion can grant access to the user having the movement profile. The first signal can be generated, for example, by a smartphone or a smart wearable and transmitted wirelessly. It is fundamentally unimportant whether the first signal is sent directly to the means of locomotion or is only fed to it indirectly (e.g. via the Internet and / or a separate radio key). The preparation of the access does not necessarily have to be the ultimate command for unlocking an access control device, but can be understood as a condition for the means of locomotion to finally unlock (e.g. under further conditions). The first signal can be generated, for example, from a distance of nine meters from the means of transport, so that the actual unlocking can be carried out at a later point in time when the user has approached the means of transport (e.g. up to three meters or two meters) can. For example, the first signal can be understood as a “ping” or trigger, which is used to check whether the means of transport is in the vicinity of the authorized user at all. If this is the case, the first signal in the means of locomotion can lead to antennas being switched to receive for receiving an identifier by means of which authorization to access the means of locomotion takes place. The antennas can be UWB antennas, for example. The first signal can therefore initiate the vehicle or the process for checking access authorization and does not itself have to meet such high integrity requirements as the second signal actually required for the authorization process in the further course. The first signal can, for example, be passed on by other vehicles which are in the vicinity of the means of transport under consideration. These can be means of transport from the same manufacturer or the same operator and / or the same holder, for example, and thus have a minimum level of integrity. The method according to the invention avoids a trigger to be used by the means of transport in connection with a relay attack leading to an unauthorized user being granted access to the means of transport.

The subclaims show preferred developments of the invention.

The movement profile can be recorded, for example, using a smartphone or another smart wearable. Such devices usually have a large number of suitable sensors in order to identify a movement profile and to characterize it in a recognizable manner. For example, acceleration sensors can be used to characterize the movement profile over time by means of horizontal and / or vertical acceleration. As is known, human movement sequences, similar to a fingerprint, can be used to identify an individual and, according to the invention, can therefore be used to authorize the authorized user to access the means of transport. Alternatively or additionally, a gyroscope or rotation sensor can be used to measure the position of the device used and / or to record / characterize the movement profile. Microphones, light sensors, magnetic field sensors, air pressure sensors and antennas can also be used for a wide variety of wireless signals in order to use sensor signals received over time during a movement of the user to record the movement profile or characterize the movement. Particularly in densely populated areas, the sequence in which the user terminal used receives certain radio access networks (e.g. WLAN, Bluetooth, etc.) can identify a path taken as a movement profile. The same applies to microphones, cameras / light sensors and air pressure sensors, etc. Using the aforementioned sensors, a sufficiently detailed recording of the movement profile can be made and the movement profile can be related to a maximum of possible details for the predefined reference before a successful comparison prepares the unlocking of the means of transport.

The movement profile can be characterized, for example, by reaching a predefined speed. For example, at least one minimum speed usually reached on foot can be used as a prerequisite for the movement profile. A vehicle key left at rest would not meet this condition, for example, which would successfully prevent relay attacks in many situations. Alternatively or additionally, the movement profile can be characterized by a direction of movement towards the means of locomotion. It should be noted here that under the direction of movement not only the detection of the user falling below a predefined distance to the means of transport is sufficient, but at least two, in particular three measurements are to be carried out, the results of which are based on a constant or strict Let close monotonous approach to the means of transport. If the vehicle key remains idle or the user moves away from the vehicle, no relay attack can be carried out. Alternatively or additionally, vertical accelerations and / or horizontal accelerations of the user or of the portable user terminal used can be recorded and compared with the predefined reference. In particular, user-specific accelerations, which allow conclusions to be drawn about the type of locomotion (e.g. the gait) of the user, can be determined, characterized and compared with the predefined reference. This avoids that the unauthorized user who has a vehicle key or the portable user terminal for access authorization checking on a route usually covered by the authorized user is granted access to the means of transport, since the unauthorized user has a different, sensor-recorded acceleration profile when approaching points to the means of transport. The movement profile can also be characterized by a previously stored route geometry. In other words, the orientation between the starting point and the destination or also the sections of the path taken relative to one another or in absolute terms are recorded, and it is then checked whether the path corresponds to the present reference. The route geometry can also be recorded three-dimensionally or represented in the predefined reference, so that movements in stairwells and / or elevators also provide suitable combinations of features for the identification of the authorized user. Alternatively or additionally, a temporal sequence of received sensor signals can also characterize the movement profile, so that, for example, signals received by means of antennas, microphones or light sensors and in particular electromagnetic signatures over time and over location characterize the movement profile.

Since the movement profile is an identifier linked exclusively to the authorized user, the predefined reference can be learned or recorded in a training mode, which is initiated, for example, initially, repeatedly or continuously to record a predefined reference. For this purpose, a situation can be created, for example, in which the user authorizes himself as an alternative to the means of transport. This can take place, for example, by means of the radio key or comprise a continuous or recurring request for actuation of the radio key. The user now moves with a suitable portable wireless communication terminal (vehicle key and / or smart mobile device) on his usual route to the means of transport, while the movement profile is recorded by the sensors of the smart mobile device and / or the radio key to be used. Subsequently, a permissible uncertainty can be applied to the movement profile or the determined data by z. B. the aforementioned process is repeated or mathematically a blurring is imposed by means of the determined data. The training mode can then be ended and the predefined reference used. In this way, the predefined reference can be adapted as best as possible to the site-specific conditions and the individual, authorized user.

An approach of the authorized user at a predefined distance to the means of transport can then be determined. In other words, it can be determined that the user has come within one meter, two meters or three meters from the means of transport. In still other words, a direct proximity of the user to the means of transport is determined, which makes it extremely unlikely that an unauthorized user will gain access to the means of transport at the same time. In response to this, a second signal is automatically sent to the means of locomotion in preparation for access. This signal can also be sent to the means of transport by a portable user terminal carried by the authorized user or by a radio key. Here, the actual authorization of the key in connection with the vehicle is exchanged or checked. In particular, authorization classes for access to the means of transport can also be determined. For example, a first identifier can allow subsequent access to the means of locomotion including guidance of the means of locomotion, while a second identifier only allows access to a second row of seats in the passenger compartment and in particular does not allow vehicle guidance tasks. A corresponding second identifier can be assigned, for example, to children of the authorized user who, although they can get on independently, cannot use the means of transport. In a corresponding manner, a third identifier can also be predefined, which can be assigned to postmen or parcel deliverers who should only have access to a trunk but not to the passenger compartment itself. If the aforementioned identifiers and the access rights associated with them are not part of the state of the art, they are hereby explicitly understood to be disclosed as being independent of the aforementioned items for defense against relay attacks and can thus represent a separate subject matter for the application.

In order to save energy, while the request for access by an authorized user to the means of transport is unlikely, the method according to the invention can be initiated in response to the following steps: First, a current position of the means of transport is determined and only in response to a fall below a predefined one Distance between the user and the means of transportation automatically determined the movement profile, as described above. For this purpose, the current position of the means of transport can be stored in a memory of a used smart mobile device and / or the radio key and, for example, the current distance to the means of transport (continuously or event-based) can be monitored by satellite-based location of the smart mobile device or the key. Event-based monitoring can be triggered, for example, by acceleration signals that can be determined when the key is picked up and / or acoustic events and / or changes in position. Then, in the manner of a geofence function, the attainment of a maximum distance to the means of transport is determined, in response to which the determination of the movement profile in the sense of the above statements is triggered.

In some cases it can be advantageous to explicitly determine the access intention of the authorized user while the user is still outside such a distance that unlocking the means of transport appears sensible at the current point in time.

However, the user can already know at this point in time that he will not have a hand free or that he prefers a hands-free access authorization check for other reasons. For this purpose, the intention of the user to want to access the means of transport shortly can be received on a smartphone and / or a vehicle key, in response to which the above-mentioned method is triggered. In other words, the user actuates a button and / or a button on a portable user terminal, in response to which the approach of the user is monitored and, at a suitable time, the determination of the movement profile of the authorized user is also initiated. At this point, the key or the smartphone of the authorized user can already be stowed in a pocket and the user can use his hands to transport bags or other luggage. When you arrive at the vehicle, the vehicle unlocks automatically without having to operate a trigger like a capacitive switch or microswitch. The automatic pivoting of the door can also be initiated by the early and explicit expression of the access request by the user. In this way, too, energy can be saved and the risk of unsuccessful identification of the authorized user can be reduced.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, a portable user terminal is proposed which can be configured as a radio key and / or smart mobile device or smartphone or smart wearable. The user terminal comprises a data input, a data output and an evaluation unit which is linked to the aforementioned elements in terms of information technology. The evaluation unit is set up to automatically determine, by means of the data input, a movement profile of a user authorized to access a means of transport. For this purpose, the data input can be linked to one or more or all of the sensors of the user terminal. In principle, sensors located outside of the user terminal (e.g. stationary surveillance cameras and / or sensors of the means of locomotion of the authorized user) can also be linked to the data input for recording information. The evaluation unit is then set up to compare the movement profile with a predefined reference and, in response to a positive result of the comparison in conjunction with the data output, automatically send a first signal to prepare for access to the means of transport. The first signal can address the means of locomotion and / or a radio key that the authorized user has with him and at least inform the vehicle of the user's intention to initiate an access authorization process promptly. In other words, the means of transport can be prepared to shortly thereafter receive a received identifier (for example in connection with the above-mentioned second signal) and to check this for authorization of the user to access the means of transport. In other words, the portable user terminal according to the invention is set up to execute the features, feature combinations and advantages of the above-mentioned method according to the invention in a corresponding manner in such a way that reference is made to the above statements to avoid repetition.

In particular, the portable user terminal has storage means which are set up to store a data record representing a current position of the means of locomotion. The portable user terminal can, for example, automatically store the current position in the storage means when it is removed from the means of transport or disconnected from it in terms of information technology (for example, the Bluetooth connection is terminated). Alternatively or additionally, the portable user terminal can be dynamically informed about the current location of the means of transport. This can be done via the internet, for example. On the basis of the current position, the portable user terminal can determine a current distance to the means of transport and, when the predefined distance is reached or undershot, initiate or carry out the above steps in an energy-saving manner.

• 1 eine schematische Übersicht über Nutzungsszenarien bei der Ausführung eines Verfahrens zur Autorisierung eines Zugriffs auf ein Fortbewegungsmittel;
• 2 ein Flussdiagramm veranschaulichend Schritte eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens;
• 3 eine schematische Detailansicht über Elemente eines Ausführungsbeispiels eines erfindungsgemäßen tragbaren Anwenderendgerätes; und
• 4 eine schematische Darstellung eines Bewegungsprofils in Relation zu einer vordefinierten Referenz.

Further details, advantages and features of the present invention emerge from the following description of exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawing. Show it:

• 1 a schematic overview of usage scenarios when executing a method for authorizing access to a means of transport;
• 2 a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary embodiment of a method according to the invention;
• 3 a schematic detailed view of elements of an embodiment of a portable user terminal according to the invention; and
• 4th a schematic representation of a movement profile in relation to a predefined reference.

1 shows a car 10 as a means of transport which can be used according to the invention and which has a module 15th to check access authorization. The module 15th is with an evaluation unit 11 information technology linked, which in turn with an antenna 9 and a data store 14th is information technology linked. A first movement profile 2a is due to the geometry of the user's path 1 from his house 20th in the direction of the car 10 marked. A second movement profile 2 B is by the opposite route from the car 10 to the house 20th marked. A third movement profile 3a shows the geometry of a route taken by the user from the car 10 to the desk 302 in an office building 30th and a fourth motion profile 3b shows the opposite way of the user 1 from his desk 302 to the car 10 . The user carries a smartphone 4th as an example of a portable user terminal, which is known to have a large number of sensors (not shown), by means of which information about the movement profiles 2a , 2 B , 3a , 3b can be determined and recorded. As soon as the smartphone 4th finds that it is within the range D _a is located, it will determine the motion profile 2a , 2 B , 3a , 3b trigger and thus access to the car 10 to prepare. The movement profile 2a , 2 B can, for example, solely due to the acceleration that occurs when the user walks 1 from his house 20th occur to the car or vice versa. In addition, the curves that the user 1 runs through in the smartphone 4th included gyroscope and acceleration sensors as well as magnetic field sensors can be recorded or recognized. In addition, an antenna can be used for access to a radio access network 291 determine the local identifier (SSID) and determine the signal curve over time or the distance. In response to reaching an area close to the vehicle D _i becomes the determined movement profile 2a compared with the predefined reference and, in the event of a positive result of the comparison, a first signal to the car 10 sent. The first signal contains information that the comparison was successful and that the authorized user is approaching 1 or his smartphone 4th to the car 10 is done. In response to this, the UWB antennas (not shown) of the car 10 put into operation and when the user comes closer 1 the actual identifier of the user at a distance of two to three meters 1 between the smartphone 4th and the car 10 exchanged. In the case of a successful comparison of the user's personal ID 1 unlocks the car 10 and grants the user 1 thus access. So that the movement profile provides sufficient information that the authorized user 1 the car 10 approaches, the data identifying the movement profile is stored in the smartphone 4th declared invalid within a short period of time, especially if the approaching process of the user 1 to the car 10 canceled or takes too long. This prevents the UWB antennas of the car 10 operated unnecessarily or even incorrectly.

The following are the motion profiles 3a , 3b discussed which is associated with a movement of the user 1 between his desk 302 and his car 10 surrender. During the movement profile 3a after the authorized user leaves 1 using the sensors of the smartphone 4th is recorded by the smartphone 4th first the two curves are determined by means of a position sensor / magnetic sensor, then the spatial proximity or field strengths of the antennas 391 to 395 of the radio access networks within the building 30th and the elevator ride using an air pressure sensor 301 determined before the smartphone 4th with an intelligent coffee machine 303 behind the desk 302 of the user 1 connects, be on the way back 3b the aforementioned information is recorded by means of the same sensors and compared with a predefined reference, which in the course of the movement profile 3a were previously recorded in a training mode. Unless the movement profile 3b essentially the reverse sequence of location and time of the movement profile 3a indicates, a positive adjustment is used as an opportunity when the close range is reached D _i a first signal to the car 10 and send this to the verification of the access authorization of the user 1 or his smartphone 4th prepare, for example, by installing UWB antennas, not shown, of the car 10 be put into operation. Will be a further approach of the user 1 or the smartphone 4th to the car 10 determined (especially a distance of two to three meters), the smartphone initiates 4th exchanging the for unlocking the car 10 required ID via the UWB antennas and the comparison of the ID with a corresponding predefined reference.

2 FIG. 8 shows a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary embodiment of a method according to the invention for authorizing access to a means of transport. In step 100 a movement profile is learned or created as a predefined reference in a training mode. In this case, suitable sensors are operated automatically and while the portable user terminal is being moved, which is then to be used to authorize access to the means of transport, the data provided by them on the basis of received signals are recorded over time. A predefined blurring is then placed over the sensor data and the result is stored as a predefined reference in a data memory of the portable user terminal. In step 200 a current position of the means of transport is determined and in step 300 in response to falling below a predefined distance between the user and the means of locomotion, a movement profile of the user terminal is automatically determined. The movement profile is assigned to a user authorized to access the means of transport. In step 400, the movement profile with the predefined reference, which in step 100 automatically adjusted. In other words it will be in step 300 The determined movement profile is examined for its relationship to the predefined reference and, in response to a positive result of the comparison, a first signal is automatically sent in step 500 in preparation for access to the means of transport. The first signal is sent from the portable user terminal to the means of transportation, in response to which the means of transportation switches the UWB antennas to reception and is thus preconditioned for an authorization process in connection with the portable user terminal. In step 600, an approach of the user to a predefined distance to the means of transport is subsequently ascertained. This can also be done by sensors and by means of the portable user terminal. The approach can take place, for example, to two to three meters, in response to which, in step 700, a second signal for preparing access to the means of transport is automatically sent to the means of transport. The second signal is also sent from the portable user terminal to the means of transportation and contains the actual identifier (ID), which identifies the user as being authorized to access the means of transportation. As a result, it is prevented that a relay attack or theft of the smartphone can grant unauthorized access to the means of transport.

3 shows a detailed view of components of an exemplary embodiment of a portable user terminal according to the invention in the form of a smartphone 4th . A programmable processor 11 as an evaluation unit has data inputs and outputs 12, which are information technology with an antenna 9 for receiving wireless access network messages, with a data memory 14th for keeping program codes ready for executing the method according to the invention and for storing a current position of the means of transport, with a gyroscope 6th to determine rotational movements of the smartphone 4th , with an accelerometer 5 , which is designed as a three-axis sensor, with a magnetic field sensor 7th to determine an alignment of the smartphone 4th compared to the earth's magnetic field, with an air pressure sensor 8th to determine an altitude or change in altitude of the smartphone 4th , with a light sensor 10 as well as with a screen 13 as a display device of the smartphone 4th are information technology connected. Using the antenna 9 is the smartphone 4th also set up to send a first or second wireless communication signal to the means of locomotion (not shown) and, if necessary, to receive satellite-based signals for positioning.

4th shows a vertical acceleration signal 18th over time t . The vertical acceleration signal 18th was learned in a training mode over time, while an authorized user performed a typical walking movement in a secure process. The one through the acceleration signal 18th Learned gait of the user was determined by several temporally consecutive gaits, an inevitable blurring of the signals to one another was used, around a lower limit 17a and an upper limit 17b as a predefined reference. The vertical acceleration peaks that arise with every step are characteristic, characterizing the movement profile of the authorized user and thus making his approach to the means of transport recognizable.

A simple possibility within the scope of the present invention for creating a movement profile of an authorized user is to use sensors to record the path taken by the user when leaving the vehicle until they remain in a safe, fixed location and to determine the corresponding movement data when they return from the safe location to the vehicle to be compared with the aforementioned data. Movement data is also generated immediately in front of the vehicle and before taking a seat in the driver's seat, which can be suitable for recording and recognizing a movement profile. In addition, movement data can be determined at location-relevant points (e.g. in the office, during sports or in a shopping center, in schools, at home, in the parking lot or in the garage) and recognized for authorization of the user.

A portable user terminal, which is set up for wireless communication with the means of locomotion, carries an electronic identification (ID) for this purpose and reports at the earliest when entering a radius of ten meters around the vehicle. Reaching this area around the vehicle of ten meters is derived exclusively from movement data from the portable user terminal. The safe areas are stored in the portable user terminal, the movement profiles determined in them are transferred to the means of transport during authorized access to the means of transport and are constantly updated in order to avoid slow changes and aging processes e.g. B. to be able to recognize and correct in the course of the user. The comparison of the data recorded with regard to the movement profiles includes a plausibility check. If the position data or movement profiles do not match, the vehicle must be opened via a biometric feature on the portable user terminal. This can involve a fingerprint scanner or facial recognition, for example. Optionally, movement data of the portable user terminal can also be determined with regard to a direction of movement towards the means of locomotion (e.g. based on satellites) in order to detect an actual movement towards the vehicle.

As a result, the present invention prevents a relay attack or it avoids complex programming of the security functions in known systems for the defense against relay attacks and the misappropriation of smartphones and other portable user terminals used for the access authorization check. According to the invention, different mechanisms are alternatively or cumulatively presented in order to establish communication between the portable user terminal / vehicle key and the vehicle for the purpose of an access authorization check.

List of reference symbols

1

user

2a, b

Motion profile

3a, b

Motion profile

4th

Smartphone

5

Accelerometer

6th

gyroscope

7th

Magnetic field sensor

8th

Air pressure sensor

9

antenna

10

Car

11

Evaluation unit

12

Data inputs and outputs

13

screen

14th

Data storage

15th

module

16

Light sensor

17 a

lower limit

17 b

upper limit

18th

Vertical acceleration over time

20th

House

30th

office building

100, 200

Procedural steps

291

Home network antenna

300

Process step

301

Elevator

302

writing desk

303

intelligent coffee maker

391-395

Antennas radio access networks

400-700

Procedural steps

a _z

Vertical acceleration

D _i

Vehicle proximity area

D _a

Surrounding area

t

time

QUOTES INCLUDED IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant was generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Patent literature cited

• DE 102013217010 A1 [0006]
• DE 202016105621 U1 [0006]

Claims (13)

A method for authorizing access to a means of transport (10) comprising: - Automatic determination (300) of a movement profile (2a, b; 3a, b) of a user (1) authorized to access the means of transport (10), - Automatic comparison (400) of the movement profile (2a, b; 3a, b) with a predefined reference (17a, 17b) and in response to a positive result of the comparison, - Automatic transmission (500) of a first signal in preparation for access to the means of locomotion (10). Procedure according to Claim 1 wherein the movement profile (2a, b; 3a, b) is determined by means of a - smartphone (4), and / or - acceleration sensor (5), and / or - gyroscope (6). Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the movement profile (2a, b; 3a, b) by means of - A magnetic field sensor (7), and / or - An air pressure sensor (8), and / or - An antenna (9) for access to a local radio access network is determined. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the movement profile (2, 3) is characterized by reaching a predefined speed. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the movement profile (2, 3) is characterized by a direction of movement towards the means of locomotion (10). Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the movement profile (2, 3) is characterized by user-specific vertical accelerations. Method according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising the step: - Learning (100) the movement profile as a predefined reference in a training mode. Method according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising the step: - determining (600) an approach to a predefined distance of the user to the means of locomotion (10) and in response to this, - Automatic transmission (700) of a second signal in preparation for access to the means of locomotion (10). Method according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising the step: - Determination (200) of a current position of the means of transport (10) and in response to falling below a predefined distance between the user (1) and the means of transport (10), - automatic determination (300) of the movement profile. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the first signal is sent from a portable user terminal (4) to the means of transport (10). A portable user terminal (4) comprising - a data input (12), - An evaluation unit (11), and - A data output (12), the evaluation unit (11) being set up, - Using the data input (12) to automatically determine a movement profile of a user (1) authorized to access a means of transport (10), - to automatically compare the movement profile with a predefined reference and in response to a positive result of the comparison, - To automatically send a first signal in connection with the data output (12) in preparation for access to the means of transport (10). Portable user terminal according to Claim 11 , which is set up, a method according to one of the preceding Claims 1 to 10 execute. Portable user terminal according to Claim 11 or 12 which is set up to store a data record representing a current position of the means of locomotion (10).

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