DE102019102690A1 - Method and arrangement for heat recovery by means of cavitation and their combination with other excitation methods - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for heat generation by means of cavitation in aqueous media from exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic reactions of hydrogen as fuel. Furthermore, the invention relates to a suitable choice of material for the process, the advantageous combination of cavitation with electrolysis, gas discharge and catalytic recombination and the control and control of the processes. An arrangement shown in Figure 4 shows an example of the application of the method as a compact, portable small system. Ultrasound is generated in the piezoelectric generator 5, passed through the emitter 6 in the Kavitationsmedium 7 and triggers cavitation. Target 8, emitter 6 and cavitation medium 7 serve simultaneously as electrolysis cell in-situ to support the exothermic reactions. The end face of the target 8 forms with counter electrode 20, dielectric 19 and gas discharge space 18 a chamber in which the cathode gas 26 flows through a DBD discharge as a post-reaction. In the recombiner 17, the catalytic recombination of cathode gas 26 and anode gas 27 to water takes place.

Description

Technical field and state of the art

The invention relates to a process for effective heat generation and to an arrangement for generating heat using exothermic reactions of hydrogen as fuel. Furthermore, the invention relates to a suitable material selection, the advantageous combination of excitation methods and the control for controlling the effective heat generation.

The basis of the exothermic reactions of hydrogen used in this process are metal-lattice-assisted electromagnetic processes that lead to the exothermic transition of hydrogen atoms into energetically favorable, spatially extremely compact states in which subsequently exothermic electro-weak interactions between the hydrogen nuclei become possible. In the interaction between the constituents of these compact states of hydrogen as a result of collision and resonance processes, but also between components of these compact states and atoms of the metal lattice, electro-weak as well as exothermic electro-strong interactions can take place. The totality of these various metal-lattice-assisted exothermic processes of hydrogen in the form of one of its three isotopes - protium, deuterium and tritium - or an isotopic mixture of these forms the physical basis for the heat generation according to this invention.

The metal-lattice-assisted exothermic reactions are triggered by cavitation in aqueous media in front of metal surfaces, in which high-energy particle jets from the cavitation medium are injected into the metal surface. These processes are enhanced according to the invention optionally by suitable choice of material and structuring of the solid surface, special conditioning of Kavitationsmediums and the supporting effect of electro-catalytic and electrochemical processes.

The release of heat as a result of the electromagnetic condensation processes mentioned in 001 to 003 and the subsequent electro-weak reaction processes is significantly higher than the energy input used for the excitation and significantly higher than the energy yield expected from known chemical and electrochemical conversion processes. The object of the present invention is to provide a method and an arrangement which enable optimum technical control and utilization of this phenomenon which could potentially become of fundamental importance for future sustainable and environmentally friendly energy production.

In 1989, reports of sporadic extraordinary thermal effects in the electrolytic loading of Pd with deuterons, interpreted by the authors as a consequence of nuclear DD fusion reactions and therefore known as "cold fusion", appeared. This interpretation met with massive criticism in the professional world, as ia. neither the necessary overcoming of the coulomb barrier at low temperatures nor the lack of characteristic gamma radiation could be explained and the experimental effects did not appear reproducible at first. Nevertheless, the experimentally observed extraordinary heat effects in the following years could be independently confirmed by many groups. The assumed mechanism of a DD fusion due to strong interaction between two deuterons in the palladium lattice could not be confirmed. The present invention is not based on the assumption of the course of a "cold fusion"!

From the 1990s onward, there were increasing international reports of the occurrence of extraordinary heat effects in other metal-hydrogen systems, in other excitation mechanisms, and also in the hydrogen isotope protium. Examples are experiments with Ni samples in heated H2 gas ( S. Focardi et al., I1 Nuovo Cimento V.111, N. 11 (1998) 1233 ; Levi et al., Http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3913v3; Parkhomov, AG, Int. Journ. of Unconv. Science 7 (3) (2015) 68-72 and 8 (3) (2015) 34-38), metal-hydrogen systems in plasma discharges ( Mills, RL, Lu, Y, Eur. Phys. Journ. 64 (2011) 65,, Piantelli EP 000002368252 B1 ) or plasma electrolysis (Bazhutov et al. WO 2015/108434 A1 ). These phenomena are referred to as Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), also known as Chemically Assisted Nuclear Reactions (CANRs), Lattice Assembled Nuclear Reactions (LANRs) and others

Findings on suitable materials for the initiation of LENR processes, their composition, structuring and conditioning are extensive in several thousand original papers (Bibliography CANR-Organization: http://lenr-canr.org/Complete Bibliography), reviews (SB Krivit : "Energy: Review of Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions", Elsevier Inc. 2013 et al.), Monographs, inter alia, by GH Miley or EK Storms and published patent specifications (Piantelli, EP 000002368252 B1 , Rossi US 9 115 913 B1 Aug.25 2015 and others) and form the scientific background for the present invention with regard to the phenomenon LENR Numerous start-ups worldwide pursue the goal of the practical use of LENR effects (which may be mentioned by way of example: Brillouin Energy, Brilliant Light Power, Leonardo Corporation, Nichenergy SRL, Clean Planet Inc, Industrial Heat LLC, Lenuco, and F / E Groups at corporations such as Airbus, Boing, Mitsubishi, Nissan, etc.).

• - Annahme der Existenz extrem stark gebundener Zustände einzelner Wasserstoffatome, die durch bestimmte Anregungsmechanismen besiedelt werden, wobei Bindungsenergie in Form elektromagnetischer Strahlung freigesetzt wird:
  • > Wasserstoff mit Valenz Null, „Hydrino“, ( Mills et al., Eur. Phys. Journ. 64(2011)65 );
  • > Deep Dirac Levels; Maly, J. A., Va‘vra, J., Journ. Fusion Technology, (27(1)(1995) 59-70 )
• - Bildung räumlich kompakter Zustände aus zwei oder mehr Wasserstoffatomen mit starker elektromagnetischer und Spin-Spin-Kopplung der Teilchen, wobei Bindungsenergie freigesetzt wird und nachfolgend erhöhte Wahrscheinlichkeit für elektro-schwache und elektro-starke Umwandlungen gegeben ist:
  • > Bildung von ultra-dichtem Wasserstoff auf Metalloberflächen; ( Holmlid, L., Int. Journ. of Mass Spectrometry, 15 (2013) 1-8 ; Int. Journ. of Modern Physics E, Vol. 25, N.10 (2016) 16500853; ; Journ. of Cluster Science, May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-1480-5, Springer December 03 2018);
  • > Fempto-Atome und -Moleküle; ( Meulenberg, A., Paillet, J.-L., Journ. of Cond. Matter Nucl. Science 19(2016)192-201 und 19(2016)202-209 )
• - Theorien, welche eine innere Struktur und räumliche Ausdehnung des Elektrons voraussetzen, wodurch es zur Bildungung eines stark gebundenen, nach außen neutralen Zustands kommt, bei dem ein Protonen innerhalb von Elektronen eingefangen wird:
  • > Bildung von „Hydronions“ infolge der Zitterbewegung des Elektrons; ( Calaon, A.; Jorn. of Condensed Matter Nucl. Science 19 (2016) 1-12 );
• - Theorien, welche von einer elektro-schwachen Wechselwirkung zwischen Elektronen und Protonen/Deuteronen unter dem Einfluss kollektiver elektromagnetischer Prozesse im Festförpergitter ausgehen, die zur Bildung kompakter, neutraler Teilchen führen:
  • > schwere Elektronen durch Oberflächen Plasmonen Polaronen; (Widom, A., Larsen, L.; Eur. Phys. Journ. C, 46(2006)107-110; US 7,893,414 B2 , 2011);
  • > exotische elektro-schwache Resonanzen e+H, „Neutronium, Dineutronium“; ( Ratis, Yu.,L.: Int. Journ. Unconv. Science Issue E21(2016)3-10 );
  • > erzwungener Elektroneneinfang, neutrale Protonen/Deuteronen; (Pines et al.; Pines Sci. Consult., NASA Glenn Res. Center, US 2017/0263337A1 , filed March 9, 2016).

Jedes der genannten Modelle beschreibt bestimmte experimentell beobachtete Sachverhalte, dennoch hat sich kein Modell endgültig durchgesetzt - insbesondere wegen der jeweils zugrunde liegenden weitreichenden Annahmen oder Hypothesen.Numerous theoretical models and explanations of LENR processes assume that the release of excess heat is due to previously unknown electromagnetic transformation processes in hydrogen atoms under the influence of dynamic processes of the electrons in the metal lattice, or to a presumed internal structure of electrons, the weak interactions, such as allow electron capture in protons. Strong nuclear transformations then do not take place or only as secondary processes. Some of these model concepts, here exemplarily divided into four groups:

• - Assumption of the existence of extremely strongly bound states of individual hydrogen atoms, which are colonized by certain excitation mechanisms, whereby binding energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation:
  • > Hydrogen with valence zero, "Hydrino", ( Mills et al., Eur. Phys. Journ. 64 (2011) 65 );
  • > Deep Dirac Levels; Maly, JA, Va'vra, J., Journ. Fusion Technology, (27 (1) (1995) 59-70 )
• - Formation of spatially compact states of two or more hydrogen atoms with strong electromagnetic and spin-spin coupling of the particles, wherein binding energy is released and subsequently increased likelihood for electro-weak and electro-strong transformations is given:
  • > Formation of ultra-dense hydrogen on metal surfaces; ( Holmlid, L., Int. Journ. of Mass Spectrometry, 15 (2013) 1-8 ; Int. Journ. of Modern Physics E, Vol. 25, N.10 (2016) 16500853; ; Journ. of Cluster Science, May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-1480-5, Springer December 03 2018);
  • > Fempto atoms and molecules; ( Meulenberg, A., Paillet, J.-L., Journ. of Cond. Matter Nucl. Science 19 (2016) 192-201 and 19 (2016) 202-209 )
• - theories which presuppose an internal structure and spatial extent of the electron, which leads to the formation of a strongly bound, outwardly neutral state, in which a proton is trapped within electrons:
  • > Formation of "hydronions" due to the shaking motion of the electron; ( Calaon, A .; Jorn. of Condensed Matter Nucl. Science 19 (2016) 1-12 );
• - Theories of an electro-weak interaction between electrons and protons / deuterons under the influence of collective electromagnetic processes in the solid-state lattice leading to the formation of compact, neutral particles:
  • > heavy electrons through surfaces plasmonic polarons; (Widom, A., Larsen, L., Eur. Phys., Journal C, 46 (2006) 107-110; US 7,893,414 B2 , 2011);
  • > exotic electro-weak resonances e + H, "neutronium, dineutronium"; ( Ratis, Yu., L .: Int. Journ. Unconv. Science Issue E21 (2016) 3-10 );
  • > forced electron capture, neutral protons / deuterons; (Pines et al .; Pines Sci. Consult., NASA Glenn Res. Center, US 2017 / 0263337A1 , filed March 9, 2016).

Each of these models describes certain experimentally observed facts, yet no model has finally gained acceptance - especially because of the underlying far-reaching assumptions or hypotheses.

The present invention makes reference to those of Holmlid et al. introduced and verified by extensive experimentation the assumption of the formation of ultra-dense hydrogen on metal surfaces (Holmlid, L., Int Journ. of Mass Spectrometry, 15 (2013) 1-8; Int Journ. of Modern Physics E, Vol , 10 (2016) 16500853; Journ. Of Cluster Science, May 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-018-1480-5, Springer December 03, 2018; Holmlid, L., Kotzias, B. AIP Advances 6 (2016) 045111, doi: 10.1063 / 1.4947276), which was also disclosed in a patent by Holmlid ( EP2 680 271 A1 ) and a basis for the confirmed European patent from the Airbus Group ( EP 3 047 488 B1 ). Thereafter, the interaction of heated hydrogen gas (protium or deuterium) with known hydrogen transfer catalysts based on iron oxide and potassium leads to the formation of atomic hydrogen in strongly excited Rydberg states. Out of these, exothermic transitions first occur in dense states H (1) with particle separations of 150 pm and out of these in yet more exothermic transitions into ultra-dense states H (0) and D (0) of several protons or deuterons. In particular, chainlike, superfluid clusters H2N (0) are formed from 2N protons and non-superfluid, small clusters H4 (0) or H3 (0) from 4 and 3 protons, respectively, also for deuterons. They accumulate on a metal surface, in the case of the chain-type type H2N (0) culsts as superconducting and suprafluid condensate. In this condensate, which has several spin states, the particle distances between protons and deuterons are in the range of only 2.3 to 0.5 pm, which increases the probability of the electro-weak and electro-strong interaction between them, and in particular triggered can be affected by the action of an additional excitation, as described by Holmlid et al. shown by laser beam. This after According to the authors, electrically neutral condensate on the outside has a long service life on the metal surface, but does not adhere to dielectrics.

As a theoretical background of the formation of ultra-dense condensate, Holmlid refers to work by Winterberg (F. Winterberg: "Ultradense Deuterium", J. Fusion Energy 29, 317 (2010) and "Ultra-dense deuterium and cold fusion claims", Phys. Letters A374, 2766 (2010)). A detailed description of the catalytic process leading to the formation of the condensate is given in the patent ( EP2 680 271 A1 ) and the publications cited therein. 010 In this specification, the particular state of hydrogen described by the models is referred to as either Strongly Bound Hydrogen (SGW) or Hydrogen Cluster (HC), depending on whether individual hydrogen atoms are associated with extremely strongly bonded electrons or condensates of multiple / many hydrogen atoms are. Thus, it is stated that the method and the arrangement described below retain their full validity if alternative physical mechanisms cause the exothermic formation of particular SGW or HC states of hydrogen, in which similar small particle spacings in the range of a few picometers will be realized. In the present specification, the inventors do not present their own model of the nature and formation processes of such states, but refer to published or disclosed models, preferably that of Holmlid et al. on the formation of an ultra-dense condensate of hydrogen atoms.

Under energy release from the described processes, the sum of the energy release of the exothermic formation of SGW or HC states themselves plus the energy release from possible subsequent exothermic electro-weak or / and electro-strong interactions between two or more hydrogen atoms and between hydrogen atoms and others understood atomic components of their environment. In the case of electro-weak interactions, part of the energy release is lost to the emission of neutrinos for the locally effective energy release in the apparatus. The difference between the remaining, locally effective energy release minus the energy required to trigger these processes is called excess energy, which in the present case occurs as excess heat. The ratio of the sum of excess energy plus energy expenditure divided by energy expenditure is referred to as the coefficient of performance (COP). A minimum requirement for the method, from the point of view of its practical usability, starts with COP> 1, but should be better for COP> 3-4. It is therefore useful and necessary to search for procedural and plant-technical solutions that permanently enable a high COP value, as described below.

• - P. Kalman, T. Keszthely: University of Technology, Budapest, arXiv 1303.1078, 1312.5498, 1312.5853, 1712.05270v3; „Charged particle assisted nuclear reactions in solid state environment: renaissance of low energy physics“, arXiv: 1502.01474v1[nucl-th]5 Feb 2015
• - A.Widom und L. Larsen beschreiben die Bildung schwerer Elektronen infolge von Oberflächen Plasmonen Polaronen und ihre Wechselwirkung mit kohärent schwingenden „patches“ von Protonen oder Deuteronen (Eur. Phys. Journ. C, 46(2006)107-110; US 7,893,414 B2 , 2011, u.a.)
• - Die beschleunigende Wirkung attraktiver ponderomotorischer Kräfte auf geladene Teilchen vor Metalloberflächen wird von Lundin und Lidgren beschrieben („Nuclear Spallation and Neutron Capture Induced by Ponderomotive Wave Forcing“; IRF Scietifiv Report 305, October 2015, ISSN 0284-1703).
• - Ebenso wirken nach Lawandy Bildkräfte beschleunigend auf geladene Teilchen oder Teilchenpakete vor einer Metalloberfläche (N.B. Lawandy:„Interaction of charged particles on surfaces“; Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(2009)234101; doi: 10.1063/1.3270537).

The present specification further refers to a series of theoretical papers describing the peculiarities of the collective electromagnetic interactions of charged particles on the surface and in the lattice of solids which have an effect on the mechanism of formation of SGW or HC states or could reinforce it:

• Kalman, T. Keszthely: University of Technology, Budapest, arXiv 1303.1078, 1312.5498, 1312.5853, 1712.05270v3; "Charged particle assisted nuclear reactions in solid state environment: renaissance of low energy physics", arXiv: 1502.01474v1 [nucl-th] 5 Feb 2015
• A.Widom and L. Larsen describe the formation of heavy electrons due to surface plasmon polarons and their interaction with coherently vibrating "patches" of protons or deuterons (Eur. Phys. Journ. C, 46 (2006) 107-110; US 7,893,414 B2 , 2011, etc.)
• - The accelerating effect of attractive ponderomotive forces on charged particles against metal surfaces is described by Lundin and Lidgren ("Nuclear Spallation and Neutron Capture Induced by Ponderomotive Wave Forcing", IRF Scietifiv Report 305, October 2015, ISSN 0284-1703).
• - According to Lawandy, image accelerating forces act on charged particles or particle packages in front of a metal surface (NB Lawandy: "Interaction of charged particles on surfaces"; Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 (2009) 234101; doi: 10.1063 / 1.3270537).

A further basis of this patent are the findings on cavitation excitation: It is known that the bubble collapse during multi-bubble cavitation "hot spots" with effective temperature up to about 10 ⁴ K and pressures above 10 ³ bar arise at Cooling rates by 10 ¹⁰ K / s. From the collapsing bubbles develop particle jets, which move at high speed towards the metal surface and penetrate into it. There are extraordinary physical and chemical conditions in the otherwise cold liquid! Thus, in terms of its duration in the range 10 ^-10 s to 10 ^-12 s, with high energy transfer in the range of electron volts, sonochemistry assumes an extreme position compared to other chemical processes (Suslick, KS: in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 4th Edition, J. Wiley & Sons: New York, (1998), Vol. 26, 517-541; Flannigan, DJ, Suslick, KS: "Inertially confined plasma in an imploding bubble"; Nature Physics 6 (2010) 598-601).

• - Stringham geht in seiner Patentanmeldung von der Kavitation in der Nähe von Metalloberflächen aus, wodurch es zur Injektion von D⁺-Plasmajets in die Metalloberfläche kommt und sich nachfolgend durch Abkühlungskompression angeblich ein heißes Bose-Einstein-Kondensat (BEC) bildet, in dem Deuteronen verschmelzen können. Als geeignete Metalle werden neben Pd auch Cu, Ag und Ti genannt (Stringham, R.: „Cavitation Reactor and Method of Producing Heat“ Patentanmeldungen US2002/0090047A1 , WO 2005/028985 A2 ; 31 March, 2005; US 2005/ 0123088 A1 ; 09 June, 2005; US 2009/0282662 A1 ; 19 November, 2009; Stringham, R.: „Sonofusion's Transient BEC Clusters“; XVII-th Int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Corea). In den Arbeiten von Stringham wird auf die besonders günstigen physikalischen Bedingungen hingewiesen, welche die Kavitation vor Metalloberflächen für die Auslösung der von ihm unterstellten DD-Fusionsprozesse im Vergleich zu anderen Anregungsmethoden bietet.
• - Tomory beschreibt in seiner Anmeldung Anlage und Verfahren zur Sonofusion im Volumen der Flüssigkeit D₂O, wobei er ebenso von einem Fusionsmechanismus, ähnlich dem in üblichen Plasma-Fusionsanlagen ausgeht (Tomory N.A.: „Sonofusion Device and Method of Operating Same“; Patentanmeldung US 2007/ 0211841 A1 ).

Patent applications for sonofusion: Several patent applications and publications have become known in which the formation of "hot spots" in cavitation excitation has been associated with a possible triggering of DD fusion reactions at low energies, ie the described on the point 005 Cold Fusion concept and, consequently, proceed exclusively from D ₂ O as the cavitation medium.

• - In his patent application, Stringham claims cavitation near metal surfaces, resulting in the injection of D ⁺ plasma jets into the metal surface, followed by cooling compression, allegedly forming a hot Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in which deuterons can merge. Suitable metals besides Pd are also called Cu, Ag and Ti (Stringham, R .: "Cavitation Reactor and Method of Producing Heat" patent applications US2002 / 0090047A1 . WO 2005/028985 A2 ; 31 March, 2005; US 2005/0123088 A1 ; 09 June, 2005; US 2009/0282662 A1 ; 19 November, 2009; Stringham, R .: "Sonofusion's Transient BEC Clusters"; XVII-th int. Conf. Cold Fusion, Corea). The work of Stringham points out the particularly favorable physical conditions that cavitation offers over metal surfaces for triggering the DD fusion processes that it imputes compared to other excitation methods.
• - Tomory describes in his application system and method for Sonofusion in the volume of the liquid D ₂ O, where he also emanates from a fusion mechanism, similar to that in conventional plasma fusion equipment (Tomory NA: "Sonofusion Device and Method of Operating Same"; US 2007/0211841 A1 ).

Electrochemical Water Decomposition: The state of the art is a method of separating oxygen and hydrogen gases either separately as by electrolytic current flow in aqueous solutions of an electrolytic cell O ₂ and H ₂ or to produce as the gas mixture Oxihydrogen and subsequently continue to use by combustion or in fuel cells energetically ..

It is also known that in the cavitation excitation increased hydrogen formation occurs due to the decomposition of water molecules under sound effect (Balakiryan, K., Aganyan, H .: "Multifactorial Hydrogen Reactor", patent application WO 2015/005921 A1 ); PCT / US2013 / 050031/22 /).

Electrochemical Activation of Water (ECA): The method is known to produce very different solutions by electrolytic current flow in the aqueous solution of an electrolytic cell in which anode and cathode compartments are separated from each other by a semipermeable wall - acidic anolyte. Due to their particular physicochemical properties, in particular the formation of reactive radicals, such solutions have hitherto been used, inter alia, for disinfection and water treatment. Autocatalytic hydrogen recombination: Finally, the state of the art is also the exothermic, passive autocatalytic hydrogen recombination in so-called recombinators. This method was originally developed for nuclear technology. By means of catalytic recombination, this technology is intended to ensure the recirculation-free, self-starting recombination of hydrogen to water in case of release of hydrogen gas, also in combination with water vapor and aerosols (Bröckerhof, P., Lensa, W., Reinecke, EA, "Recombinator for elimination of hydrogen from accident atmospheres ", FZ Jülich; DE 19852951C2 , 11.07.2002).

Dielectric barrier discharge: Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), also called "silent electrical discharge", is an alternating voltage gas discharge at normal or overpressure, in which at least one electrode is galvanically separated from the gas space by a dielectric. Discharge occurs through numerous microdischarges, typically in the nanosecond range, or as a continuous, homogeneous discharge (Kogelschatz, U., Eliasson, B .: "The Renaisance of Silent Electric Discharge"; Physical Sheets V.52, I.4 ( 1996) 360-362 / 25 /). In the context of the present patent application, in particular, the ultraviolet excimer induced by DBD discharges is radiation (Eliasson, B., Kogelschatz, U .: "UV Excimer Radiation from Dielectric-Barrier Discharges"; Appl. Phys. B46 (1988) 299-303 ) and the high electron current densities and energies realized in the discharge channels (filaments), which have already led to numerous applications of plasma catalysis by DBD discharges (Kogelschatz, U .: "Silent-Discharge-Driven Excimer UV Sources and Their Applications"; Appl. Surface Science 54 (1992) 410-423). A patent application is known for the use of DBD discharges in H2 gas for exciting LENR processes on nanostructured metals (Krieg, B., NN: "Method and Apparatus for the Continuous Generation of LENR Heat"; DE 10 2014209 A1 ; Registration 23.09.2014; Disclosure 19.05.2016).

II. Description of the method to be patented

Objective and basic components of the procedure

Objective: The present patent application relates to a method by which cavitation in a liquid cavitation medium in the vicinity of metal surfaces is used as an excitation method to exothermic, metal grid-based, electromagnetic condensation processes of hydrogen, as in the points 009 to 012 described as an ecologically beneficial, sustainable, CO ₂ -free and inexpensive heat source to make practically usable. Hydrogen can be present as protium, deuterium, tritium or a mixture of these isotopes.

The method exploits the well-known process of strong energy concentration in the smallest spatial areas in the collapse of cavitation bubbles in liquids and the penetration of particle jets from near-surface collapsing cavitation bubbles into the surface of a metal grid to initiate the process of forming atomic hydrogen and its transition to highly excited states as a result of collective, electromagnetic interactions with the metal lattice exothermic transitions of the hydrogen atoms take place in its ultra-dense states - according to point 010 referred to as Strongly Bound Hydrogen (SGW) or Hydrogen Cluster (HC).

The patented process is based on the Holmlid patent ( EP2 680 271 A1 ) for the production of ultra-dense hydrogen from the gas phase - as in point 009 described. Furthermore, the method presented here builds on the patents of Stringham ( WO 2005/028985 A2 ; US 2005/0123088 A1 ; US 2009/0282662 A1 ), in which the particular suitability of cavitation for triggering exempt LENR processes was disclosed, especially in heavy water D ₂ O and in connection with the metals Pd and Ti. The process described herein broadly broadens the claims contained in said patents and discloses qualitatively novel constituents of the process as well as an arrangement for the technical implementation of the process in the following points.

• - Teilkomplex 1 des Verfahrens, durch den die Generierung von Überschusswärme in einem Kavitationsreaktor mit Reaktionskammer mittels Kavitationsanregung im Kavitationsmedium, unterstützt von weiteren elektromagnetischen Anregungen, erfolgt und in einer oder mehreren nachgeschalteten Nachreaktionsstufen weiter verstärkt wird. Eine nähere Beschreibung dieses Teilkomplexes des Verfahrens erfolgt in den Punkten 023 bis 044.
• - Teilkomplex 2 des Verfahrens dient der Bereitstellung der elektromagnetischen Felder sowie der Ultraschallanregung für die Anregung der zum Teilkomplex 1 gehörenden Prozesse. Eine nähere Beschreibung dieses Teilkomplexes erfolgt in den Punkten 045 bis 050.
• - Teilkomplex 3 des Verfahrens dient der Aufbereitung des Kavitationsmediums und Auskopplung der Nutzwärme. Die Beschreibung dieses Teilkomplexes erfolgt in den Punkten 051 bis 054.
• - Teilkomplex 4 des Verfahrens dient der Erfassung und Kontrolle der Prozessparameter und der Steuerung des optimalen Betriebes der Anlage. Die Beschreibung dieses Teilkomplexes erfolgt in den Punkten 055 bis 057.

Basic structure of the method: The basic structure of the method according to the invention for generating heat from the metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation consists of four essential subcomplexes of the method, as a block diagram in FIG shown:

• - subcomplex 1 the method by which the generation of excess heat in a cavitation reactor with reaction chamber by means of cavitation excitation in the cavitation medium, supported by further electromagnetic excitations, takes place and is further enhanced in one or more downstream post-reaction stages. A more detailed description of this subcomplex of the method is given in the points 023 to 044 ,
• - subcomplex 2 The method serves to provide the electromagnetic fields and the ultrasonic excitation for the excitation of the partial complex 1 belonging processes. A closer description of this subcomplex is given in the points 045 to 050 ,
• - subcomplex 3 the process is used for the treatment of Kavitationsmediums and decoupling of useful heat. The description of this subcomplex takes place in the points 051 to 054 ,
• - subcomplex 4 The process is used to record and control the process parameters and to control the optimal operation of the plant. The description of this subcomplex takes place in the points 055 to 057 ,

Generation of excess heat and optimization measures

Basic version of the process flow: In a basic variant of the process flow in the subcomplex 1 the method for generating excess heat - as schematically shows - the excitation of the cavitation takes place with the help of a piezoelectric sound generator 5 the to the base plate of an emitter 6 is coupled and ultrasonic vibrations to the hydrogen-containing cavitation medium 7 in a housing 9 made of insulator material with a circular or polygonal base, in which a metallic target 8th is located at the near-surface cavitation events (see point 013 ) to be triggered. These send in the bubble collapse Partikeljets in the metal surface and thereby solve those in the points 002 . 003 . 009 and 012 described electromagnetic, metal mesh-based, exothermic processes. The components 5 to 9 form the necessary basic elements of a reaction chamber for carrying out the method. The generation of excess heat can take place in one or more adjacent reaction chambers, in the second case also with different targets ( 8a . 8b , ...) and cavitation media ( 7a . 7b , ...).

Reaction mechanism: With the help of the piezoelectric sound generator 5 Ultrasound excitations in the cavitation medium 7 optionally by harmonic or pulsed oscillating Voltages in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 2 MHz are triggered in the cavitation medium 7 At the bubble nuclei in the volume of the cavitation medium close to the target surface and at the surface bubble nuclei, as a result of the asymmetric bubble collapse, particles and plasma jet are generated in the direction perpendicular to the surface. Under the influence of the applied external electric field, the resulting electrostatic image charges and electrodynamic, ponderomotive forces at the target surface (see point 012 ), the easily movable electrons of the non-thermal plasma are first accelerated in the direction of the metal surface and the magnetic field formed by this current compresses the electron flow to high density, to a Z pinch. As a result of the attractive ponderomotive and image forces that are reinforced in front of nanostructured surfaces (see Lundin & Lindgren, Lawandy, point 012 ), electrons can reach kinetic energy above 1 keV. Bundles of ionized nuclei (protons, deuterons, tritons), ionized atoms, molecules and fragments of fragments from the inventory of the cavitation medium that was in the collapsing vesicle are also drawn towards the metal surface by the electric field. The interaction of the momentary impulse by the incident electron beam with significant kinetic energy solves collective electronic and mechanical oscillations with the natural frequencies of the metal lattice (see Kalman and Keszthely and Widon and Larsen in point 012 ) and leads to the formation of hydrogen atoms in highly excited Rydberg states H *. From these states, the exothermic transitions into SGW states or the formation of condensed HC states take place under the influence of the collective electromagnetic processes in the metal lattice, according to the model description in the points 009 to 012 , In this respect, the present patent does not disclose a new description of the reaction mechanism, but refers to cited papers which also cover the physical basis of the Airbus Group patents ( EP 3 047 488 B1 ) and Widom and Larsen ( US 7,893,414 B2 ) form.

Advantages of Cavitation Excitation: The method of cavitation in front of metal surfaces used in the present patent offers the unique chance, with a relatively low use of electrical power for the operation of the sound source, depending on the size of the sound source, due to the enormous concentration of energy density occurring during bubble collapse Plant and design of the method in the range of only one to a few hundred watts lying to generate high-density particle streams with kinetic energies up to 1 keV, leading to the formation of highly excited states H * and from these to exothermic transitions into HC states. The subsequent electro-weak and electro-strong reactions of the condensates are also triggered by the effect of subsequent cavitation on the metal lattice, so that adjusts to a longer-running cavitation process, a balance between formation and decay of condensate on the metal surface. In contrast to the point 006 listed examples of purely thermal excitation of LENR processes in metal-gas systems, which requires temperatures above 1000 ° C, the reactor can be operated with cavitation excitation at temperatures that are much better suited for the longevity of the reactor structures.

Cavitation in volume: The one in the points 024 and 025 described and used in the context of this invention exothermic process takes place only in the bubble collapse in the immediate vicinity of the metal surface. In contrast, cavitation processes on the bubble germs in the entire volume of the cavitation medium, without direct contact with the processes in the metal lattice, do not or only very slightly lead to the exothermic release of energy and thus reduce the total achievable COP value. This is not the process referred to in the literature as sonofusion! By appropriate design measures of the geometric design of the reaction chamber, the spatial arrangement and shape of the target, in particular by increasing its surface, and by conditioning the Kavitationsmediums 7 in the subcomplex 3 In the process, the relative contribution of cavitation processes near the surface can be enhanced, as in the points 027 to 029 described in more detail.

Modifications of the basic variant of the process flow: The reaction chamber according to the invention can also - as on shown - with two or more nested housings 9a and 9b be equipped, whose media through a membrane 10 - optionally electrically insulating, but transparent for ultrasonic vibrations 10b and / or for electrolytic current flow 10a - are separated. This allows either the elimination of electrochemical current flow or alternatively its use for combining the cavitation with electrochemical excitation of the medium (for details see points 040 to 042 ). The reactor according to the invention also - as on shown - consist of two (or more) reaction chambers, which through a semipermeable membrane 10 a are separated from each other, as well as with an ultrasound transparent membrane / cover layer 10b Electrolytically from the base plate 6 of the piezo generator 5 are separated. In this arrangement, electrochemical excitation takes place solely by current flow between the targets 8a and 8b instead, which according to the invention may also consist of different metals, as well as the Composition of cavitation media in the two chambers in the general case may be different. The combination of cavitation with simultaneous electrolytic excitation represents a significant extension of the method compared to the basic variant according to item 023 represents.

Influence of Mechanical Vibrations and Resonances: The object of this invention is to obtain a maximum COP for the conversion of the sound energy exerted for exciting exothermic metal lattice-assisted electromagnetic condensation processes into hydrogen by cavitation in the vicinity of the metal surfaces. In this process, the metal grid, as well as the liquid Kavitationsmedium, subject to the action of the acoustic field, which is generated by the ultrasonic source and coupled into the Kavitationsmedium. The resulting sound field inside the reaction chamber from a periodic external vibration source is composed by superposition of the input and the reflected sound fields. By feedback due to the piezoelectric effect, it can also change the sound field that is effectively fed into the reaction space, so that a complex sound field of components with the fundamental frequency and its harmonics is set up inside. With suitable geometric dimensioning or adaptation of the fundamental frequency of the vibration source, standing waves with strong local periodic pressure fluctuations occur, which trigger the cavitation particularly intensively.

If the cavitation is triggered by electrical pulse voltages on the piezoelectric sound generator, for example by a square wave with steep rising edges in the ns range, a wide frequency spectrum is emitted from the sound source into the reaction chamber. After all, the bubble collapse itself is a source of sound during cavitation: the duration of the final phase of the collapse is in the range of 10 ^-12 s. During this time, not only particle jets of electrons and ions are sent into the metal surface by the collapsing surface bubble - as in the dot 024 but also a short-term mechanical impulse delivered to the medium and the solid-state lattice, so acoustic vibrations with a very wide frequency spectrum.

• - die vom Piezoschwinger 5 abgegebene Ultraschallenergie möglichst vollständig im Kavitationsmedium 7 absorbiert und zur Erzeugung einer stehenden Welle im Reaktorgefäß 9 genutzt wird,
• - die Kontaktfläche zwischen stehender Welle und Target 8 möglichst groß ist,
• - schwingende Teile aus Metall mit hohem Elastizitätskoeffizienten ausgeführt werden
• - und Befestigungen oder Aufhängungen die mechanischen Schwingungen des Tagets möglichst wenig dämpfen (Stimmgabel-Effekt).

All described sound fields act on the metal lattice, trigger in this vibration of the lattice and interactions between the electronic and phononic excitations, such as the formation of plasmons and polarons. They also have a significant influence on the process of formation of highly excited states of hydrogen atoms H * and their subsequent transition to SGW or HC states. The process according to the invention for generating heat by releasing energy from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation is significantly enhanced by electronic-phononic interactions. This is one reason why LENR processes can be initiated by cavitation much easier, easier to reproduce, and independent of special local features of the solid-state lattice - such as inclusions, imperfections, distortions, phase transitions, microscopic cracks, etc. - than with "mild" Stimulation methods, such as stationary ion transport in the electrolysis cell. 029 Use of mechanical vibrations and resonances: In the method according to the invention for generating heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, the reaction chamber can preferably be structurally designed according to the following features such that

• - that of the piezo oscillator 5 emitted ultrasound energy as completely as possible in the cavitation medium 7 absorbed and to create a standing wave in the reactor vessel 9 is being used,
• - The contact area between standing wave and target 8th as big as possible,
• - Swinging parts are made of metal with high coefficient of elasticity
• - and fastenings or suspensions as little as possible to dampen the mechanical vibrations of the Tagets (tuning fork effect).

• - : Ausführung der Grundplatte 6 als mechanischer Resonator, der zylinder- oder hohlkugelförmig das Medium 7 umschließt und damit das Gehäuse 9 ganz oder teilweise ersetzt, mit zentraler Positionierung des Targets 8;
• - : Ausführung des Targets als massiver Zylinder oder Halbkugel - alternativ als Beschichtung auf der inneren Oberfläche eines Zylinders oder Halbkugel aus Metall mit hohem Elastizitätskoeffizienten - mit zentraler Positionierung der Ultraschallquelle.
• - : Ausführung des Targets 8c mit ausgedehnter oder poröser Metalloberfläche, z.B. als Metallschwamm oder körnige Schüttungen, zur Vergrößerung der aktiven Oberfläche für Wechselwirkungen mit den Plasmajets der Kavitation.

Die konstruktiven Lösungen zur Erhöhung des COP durch optimale Gestaltung des Kavitationsreaktors hinsichtlich räumlicher Anordnung und Materialauswahl seiner Komponenten sind damit noch nicht erschöpfend beschrieben - Variationen sind möglich.Examples of advantageous solutions under this aspect of the method will become apparent shown:

• - : Execution of the base plate 6 as a mechanical resonator, the cylindrical or hollow spherical medium 7 encloses and thus the housing 9 completely or partially replaced, with central positioning of the target 8th ;
• - : Design of the target as a solid cylinder or hemisphere - alternatively as a coating on the inner surface of a cylinder or hemisphere made of metal with a high coefficient of elasticity - with central positioning of the ultrasonic source.
• - : Execution of the target 8c with extended or porous metal surface, eg as metal sponge or granular beds, to increase the active surface area for interactions with the plasma cavitation cavitation.

The design solutions to increase the COP by optimal design of Kavitationsreaktors in terms of spatial arrangement and Material selection of its components are not yet exhaustively described - variations are possible.

Thermal insulation: A process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, in which a jacket of insulating material is preferably arranged around the reaction chamber to achieve a high COP, for thermal insulation and reflection or absorption of escaping ultrasonic waves that are not absorbed in the medium. In this way, these sound losses can also be converted into the dissipated useful heat.

Fuel, materials and cavitation medium

Fuel: Fuel in the process of heat generation from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation is hydrogen, due to the special form of the interaction between the cavitation medium 7 and the solid state lattice of the target material 8th and as a result of the formation of strongly accelerated and compressed electron and particle jets in the cavitation to hydrogen radicals H converted and excited in Rydberg conditions H *. In non-thermal plasma collapse of the cavitation bubbles generates high-energy electrons, which in turn generate H, O and OH radicals as a result of dissociative excitation and ionization processes and thereby also highly excited Rydberg states H * (3s, 4s, 5p, ... ) (see description of the process in the points 009 . 010 . 012 . 013 and 020 ).

• - Wasserstoffatome als Brennstoff des Verfahrens werden vorzugsweise aus chemisch gebundenem Wasserstoff im Kaviationsmedium und zusätzlich aus gebundenem Wasserstoff im Metallgitter gewonnen,
• - die Präsenz von speziellen Wasserstofftransfer-Katalysatoren am Ort der kollabierenden Bläschen dient der Erhöhung der Bildungsrate von H-Radikalen (Punkte 009, 010),
• - gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit und Ableitung von elektrischen Ladungen von den Targets fördern die unterstützenden elektromagnetischen Prozesse (siehe Punkt 012)
• - und nano-strukturierten Oberflächen bzw. Elektroden mit geringem Krümmungsradius erhöhen die elektrische Feldstärke an den Oberflächen und bewirken so besonders hohe Elektronen- und Teilchenenergien bei der Wechselwirkung mit dem Metallgitter.

The described method is configured according to the invention according to the following features:

• Hydrogen atoms as fuel of the process are preferably obtained from chemically bound hydrogen in the cavitation medium and additionally from bound hydrogen in the metal lattice,
• - The presence of special hydrogen transfer catalysts at the site of collapsing bubbles serves to increase the rate of formation of H radicals (points 009 . 010 )
• - good electrical conductivity and dissipation of electrical charges from the targets promote the supporting electromagnetic processes (see point 012 )
• - and nano-structured surfaces or electrodes with a small radius of curvature increase the electric field strength at the surfaces and thus cause particularly high electron and particle energies in the interaction with the metal mesh.

Hydrogen sources: Source of the fuel Hydrogen in the process for generating heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation is preferably conventional water ( H ₂ O ). Also D ₂ O or T ₂ O and mixtures of the three hydrogen isotope compounds are possible, but the latter are more costly and less sustainable.

The water is in the process for generating heat by release of energy from the exothermic, metal mesh-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms in the reaction vessel at the same cavitation medium, supplier of the fuel and even a catalyst, the released in the transition to HC states energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation or radiationless absorbs excess heat to the Kavitationsmedium.

It is not excluded that such small distances between core particles result in the compact, outwardly electrically neutral SGW or HC states that upon further excitation of these structures, further secondary exothermic electro-weak or electro-strong reactions take place. For such secondary processes, differences in the heat release between the three compounds of hydrogen isotopes H, D and T and their mixtures are expected.

• - Metalle mit guter Speicherfähigkeit für Wasserstoff, wie Ti, Ni, Zr, Pd, Ag, Au, von in vielen Untersuchungen als geeignet für die Auslösung von LENR-Prozessen (siehe Punkt 007 und darin zieterte Literaturstellen) erwiesen haben und von denen einige auch in den Patentanmeldungen von Stringham (Punkt 014) erfolgreich verwendet werden,
• - Darüber hinaus sind auch andere Metalle, wie Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co,Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, W, In, Sn u.a., bedingt geeignet, jedoch mit geringerer Wärmeausbeute, bezogen auf gleiche Größe der Anregungsenergie.
• - Gute elektrische Leitfähigkeit des Targets sowie im gesamten äußeren Stromkreis zwischen Emitter 6 und Target 8 sind erforderlich, um hohe Stromdichten und Teilchenenergien infolge der Wirkung von ponderomotorischen Kräften und Bildladungen (siehe Punkt 012) beim Kollaps der Kavitationsbläschen in Oberflächennähe zu erreichen.
• - Mit Wasserstoff beladene Metalle können vorteilhaft als Target eingesetzt werden, da sie beim Auftreffen der Elektronenjets selbst zur Quelle von hochangeregten Wasserstoffradikalen H* werden.

Target material: As target materials for the process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, materials are suitable which have the following features:

• - Metals with good storage capacity for hydrogen, such as Ti, Ni, Zr, Pd, Ag, Au, of many studies as suitable for the initiation of LENR processes (see point 007 and cited references therein), some of which are also contained in the patent applications of Stringham (Item 014 ) be used successfully
• In addition, other metals, such as Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, W, In, Sn, etc., conditionally suitable, but with lower heat yield, based on same size of excitation energy.
• - Good electrical conductivity of the target as well as the entire external circuit between the emitter 6 and Target 8th are required to high current densities and particle energies due to the effect of ponderomotor forces and image charges (see point 012 ) when the cavitation bubbles collapse near the surface.
• - Hydrogen-loaded metals can advantageously be used as target, since they become the source of highly excited hydrogen radicals H * on impact with the electron jets themselves.

• - indem bestimmte Oxidschichten infolge ihrer katalytischen Wirkung erfindungsgemäß zur Erhöhung der Wärmefreisetzung führen und hierfür insbesondere Schichten aus FeO, Fe₂O₃, MnO₂, CuO, Cu₂O₃, NiO, Ni₂O₃, SnO, ZnO, V₂O₅, CoO, Co₂O₃, und auch Co₃(PO₄)₂ auf metallischer Unterlage zum Einsatz kommen,
• - auch für Oxide von Legierungen, so zum Beispiel Co-Mg-Oxide, Ni-Mg-Oxide oder Cu-Mg-Oxide, geeignet sind.

Catalysts: Methods for generating heat by releasing energy from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation are characterized in that the chemical surface properties of the targets 8th , in particular their catalytic effect in the formation of free H radicals and the transition to highly excited states H *, is of particular importance, can be advantageously designed and used

• - Certain oxide layers due to their catalytic effect according to the invention lead to increase the heat release and this particular layers of FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , MnO ₂ , CuO, Cu ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , SnO, ZnO, V ₂ O ₅ , CoO, Co ₂ O ₃ , and also Co ₃ (PO ₄ ) _{2 are used} on a metallic surface,
• - Also for oxides of alloys, such as Co-Mg oxides, Ni-Mg oxides or Cu-Mg oxides, are suitable.

The present invention thus refers to the invention of Holmlid (see point 009 ), which utilized a FeO-based styrenic catalyst and thermal excitation in a hydrogen atmosphere to transient HC hydrogen gas states, substantially extends the range of useful materials and extends the use of hydrogen transfer catalysts in LENR processes Metal surfaces in contact with aqueous cavitation media.

• - Die genannten Promotoren-Alkalielemente können dem Target 8 zugefügt werden als Legierung, Oberflächenschicht, Implantat oder Verbundwerkstoff .
• - Alternativ können Alkalielemente als Promotoren auch dem Kavitationsmedium als deren lösliche Bestandteile hinzugefügt werden, am Bläschenkollaps selbst teilnehmen und den katalytischen Prozess an der Metalloberfläche beschleunigen.
• - Infrage kommen dafür erfindungsgemäß Verbindungen der wasserstoff-ähnlichen Alkalimetalle Li, Na, K, Rb und Cs sowie Verbindungen der Erdalkalimetalle Mg, Ca, Sr und Ba.
• - Damit ergibt sich erfindungsgemäß die günstige Möglichkeit, die Funktion von Promotoren mit der in den Punkten 040 bis 044 beschriebenen Nutzung elektrochemischer Aktivierung durch Einsatz gleicher chemischer Elemente miteinander zu verbinden.

Promoters: Methods for generating heat by releasing energy from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation can be promoted by suitable promoters according to the invention by changing excited alkali atoms in the bubble collapse in their Rybergwerte Li *, Na * or K *, thereby itself to clusters N atoms condense and act as promoters by energy transfer to the enhanced transition of the hydrogen atoms in higher Rydberg conditions H * and their condensation in the HC states H2N (1) effect. This process causes or enhances the exothermic HC transitions caused by cavitation excitation with ultrasound and catalysts and thus the release of excess heat and can advantageously be designed and used with the following features:

• - The said promoters alkali elements can the target 8th can be added as an alloy, surface layer, implant or composite material.
• Alternatively, alkali elements as promoters can also be added to the cavitation medium as their soluble constituents, participate in the bubble collapse itself and accelerate the catalytic process on the metal surface.
• According to the invention, compounds of the hydrogen-like alkali metals Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs as well as compounds of the alkaline earth metals Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba come into question.
• - This results according to the invention, the cheap way, the function of promoters with the in the points 040 to 044 described use of electrochemical activation by using the same chemical elements to interconnect.

• - Xerogel- und Aerogel-Schichten
• - oder Suspensionen aus oder mit Nanopartikeln
• - der Metalle Pd, Ag, Pt, Au und deren Legierungen,
• - aber auch Nanopartikel aus Ni und anderen Metallen

jeweils in Kontakt mit der Tagetoberfläche.Nanostructures: In processes for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal-lattice, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by cavitation nanostructures on the target surface by the emergence of locally higher electromagnetic field strengths at the surface - caused by external fields, attractive image charges and ponderomotor forces and electromagnetic vibration processes (see point 012 ) - cause greater kinetic electron energies in the implantation of the electron and particle jets from collapsing bubbles and thus promote the transition from hydrogen to HC states. Advantageously used according to the invention

• - xerogel and airgel layers
• - or suspensions of or with nanoparticles
• - the metals Pd, Ag, Pt, Au and their alloys,
• - but also nanoparticles of Ni and other metals

each in contact with the Tagetoberfläche.

• - Dielektrika mit großen relativen Dielektrizitätskonstanten,
• - Ferroelektrika wie Bariumtitanat BaTiO₃, Blei-Zirkonat-Titanat PbZrO₃-PbTiO₃ (PZT),
• - Pyroelektrika wie Turmalin, Lithiumtantlat LiTaO₃, Polyvinilenfluorid (PVDF), Bleititanat PbTiO3, Bariumtitanat BaTiO₃ (BTO); Lithiumniobat LiNbO₃ u.a.,
• - Piezoelektrika wie Quarz SiO₂, Bariumtitanat BaTiO₃, Lithiumniobat, Galliumorthophosphat, piezoelektrische Dünnschichten aus ZnO, Aluminiumnitrit auf Silizium, piezoelektrische Karamiken, Polyvinylenfluorid (PVDF) u.a.,
• - katalytisch wirkende Dielektrika mit großer innerer Oberfläche, wie γ-Al₂O₃, Silikagel u.a. Finden Oberflächenkavitationsprozesse an den Grenzflächen zwischen Metallen/Oxiden und Dielektrika statt, unterliegen die Elektronen- und Teilchenjets aus kollabierenden Bläschen am Ort des Auftreffens (Impact) der feldverstärkenden Wirkung der Dielektrika, wodurch die Teilchenenergie steigt und die Wahrscheinlichkeit von HC-Übergängen erhöht wird.

Field Enhancing Materials: In processes for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal-lattice, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation can be used in conjunction with the material of the target 8th and with the cavitation medium 7 advantageous dielectric materials with special properties are used, which have the following features:

• - Dielectrics with large relative dielectric constants,
• Ferroelectrics such as barium titanate BaTiO ₃ , lead zirconate titanate PbZrO ₃ -PbTiO ₃ (PZT),
• Pyroelectrics such as tourmaline, lithium tantlate LiTaO ₃ , polyvinyl fluoride (PVDF), lead titanate PbTiO ₃ , barium titanate BaTiO ₃ (BTO); Lithium niobate LiNbO _3, etc.,
• Piezoelectrics such as quartz SiO ₂ , barium titanate BaTiO ₃ , lithium niobate, gallium orthophosphate, piezoelectric thin films of ZnO, aluminum nitrite on silicon, piezoelectric caramics, polyvinyl fluoride (PVDF) and others,
• - Catalytically active dielectrics with a large inner surface, such as γ-Al ₂ O ₃ , silica gel, etc. If surface cavitation processes take place at the interfaces between metals / oxides and dielectrics, the electron and particle jets from collapsing bubbles are subject to the impact of the field-enhancing ones Effect of the dielectrics, which increases the particle energy and increases the probability of HC transitions.

• - Verbundwerkstoffe aus den genannten Metallen/Metalloxiden mit Keramiken,
• - Komposite auf Kohlenstoffbasis mit Beimischungen aus den genannten Metallen und -oxiden,
• - Schlämme, Suspensionen, Pulver und Schüttungen aus Metallpartikeln und -oxiden,
• - gemischte Schüttungen aus Partikeln von Metallen und feldverstärkenden Dielektrika,
• - Metallschwämme mit großer innerer Oberfläche.

Further Design Options of Targets: Method for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, in which, in addition to pure metals, conductive alloys and catalytically active oxide layers, more complex structures are used as target material, characterized by:

• - composites of said metals / metal oxides with ceramics,
• - composites based on carbon with admixtures of the said metals and oxides,
• - sludges, suspensions, powders and fillings of metal particles and oxides,
• mixed beds of particles of metals and field-enhancing dielectrics,
• - Metal sponges with a large inner surface.

• - Zirkulation des Kaviationsmediums 7 durch ein geschlossenes System aus Reaktionskammer und Konditionierungsgefäß 12, welches sich in Kontakt zur Trenngrenze zwischen flüssiger und Gasphase zur Regulierung des Gasdrucks der gelösten Gase befindet,
• - kontrollierte Zufuhr von H₂ -Gas in-situ mittels elektrolytischer Wasserzerlegung oder alternativ aus einem Gasreservoir oder H₂ -Feststoffspeicher, komplettiert durch Druckmesser M Sicherheitsventil und Bodenabzug,
• - ein Betriebsregime unter 100 °C Betriebstemperatur und unter Normaldruck,
• - oder der Betrieb bei erhöhten Temperatur- und Druckwerten in einem geschlossenen System.

Gas loading: Process for generating heat by releasing energy from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation excitation, in which the cavitation medium 7 advantageously saturated with hydrogen gas H ₂ (alternatively also D ₂ ) to increase the proportion of H ⁺ ions (alternatively D + ions) in the collapsing bubbles to other constituents, thereby increasing the likelihood of transitions into highly excited H * states with subsequent exothermic transitions into HC states. The method is characterized by the following features:

• - Circulation of the cavitation medium 7 through a closed system of reaction chamber and conditioning vessel 12 which is in contact with the liquid-gas separation interface for regulating the gas pressure of the dissolved gases,
• - controlled intake of H ₂ Gas in situ by means of electrolytic water separation or alternatively from a gas reservoir or H ₂ Solid fuel storage, completed by pressure gauge M safety valve and bottom outlet,
• an operating regime below 100 ° C operating temperature and under normal pressure,
• - or operating at elevated temperature and pressure values in a closed system.

Combination of cavitation with electrochemical excitation

• - dass dem Kavitationsmedium Betriebslösungen aus einer separat betriebenen Elektrolysezelle zugeführt werden, die einen erhöhten Anteil von gelösten Gasen H₂ und O₂ sowie Wasserstoff- und Hydroxidradikale, H bzw. OH, Peroxid H₂O₂, Ozon O₃, sowie angeregten Komplexen enthalten,
• - und als Elektrolyten Verbindungen von Alkali- oder Erdalkalionen zum Einsatz kommen. Insbesondere kommen für die Auswahl des Elektrolyten für die elektrochemische Aktivierung vorteilhaft infrage:
• - Basen von Alkali- und Erdalkalielementen, wie LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, die zur Abscheidung von Sauerstoff an der Anode und Wasserstoff an der Kathode führen,
• - Salze der gleichen Elemente, wie Na₂SO₄, K₂SO₄, NaCl, KC1, KNO₃ u.a., bei denen z. T. an der Anode anstelle von Sauerstoff u.U. auch andere Gase, wie Cl₂, ausgeschieden werden,
• - Ammoniumchlorid NH₄Cl, Tetraammoniumchlorid N(CH₃)₄Cl oder andere Salze, die einen hohen Wasserstoffanteil in der chemischen Zusammensetzung aufweisen und bei geeigneter Anregung einen besonders hohen Anteil von Wasserstoff in den Elektrolysegasen erzeugen.

> Säuren, wie H₂SO₄, HCL, HNO₃ u.a. sind ebenfalls geeignet.Electrochemical activation, stage I: Process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, characterized in that

• - That the Kavitationsmedium operating solutions are supplied from a separately operated electrolytic cell containing an increased proportion of dissolved gases H ₂ and O ₂ and hydrogen and Hydroxidradikale, H and OH, peroxide H ₂ O ₂ , ozone O ₃ , and excited complexes .
• - And as the electrolyte compounds of alkali or alkaline earth metal ions are used. In particular, suitable for the selection of the electrolyte for the electrochemical activation are:
• Bases of alkali and alkaline earth elements, such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Mg (OH) 2, Ca (OH) ₂ , Sr (OH) ₂ , which lead to the deposition of oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode,
• - Salts of the same elements, such as Na ₂ SO ₄ , K ₂ SO ₄ , NaCl, KCl, KNO _3, etc., in which z. T. at the anode instead of oxygen and other gases, such as Cl ₂ , may be excreted,
• - Ammonium chloride NH ₄ Cl, tetraammonium chloride N (CH ₃ ) ₄ Cl or other salts which have a high hydrogen content in the chemical composition and produce a particularly high proportion of hydrogen in the electrolysis gases with suitable excitation.

> Acids, such as H ₂ SO ₄ , HCL, HNO _3, etc. are also suitable.

In the selection of chemical compound and concentration of the electrolyte are preferably selected elements corresponding point 035 in the cavitation medium at the same time have the function of promoters for the formation and excitation of atomic hydrogen and are thus suitable according to the invention exert significant influence on the rate of formation of highly excited states H * in the combined electrolysis and cavitation in terms of their gain.

Electrochemical Activation, Stage II: Process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, in accordance with the invention the Kaviationsmedium operating solutions from the cathode compartment, a separately operated, separated by semipermeable wall electrolysis cell, often referred to as catholyte, respectively.

At the cathode, electrolytic water decomposition with basic electrolytes produces hydrogen H ₂ and hydroxyl ions OH ^- , from which more complex hydrogenated compounds such as H ₃ O ₂ ^- . H ₅ O ₃ ^- , H ₇ O ₅ ^- , H ₉ O ₇ ^- arise with a relatively long life, which in turn hydrogenated electrons and hydroxyl radicals OH arise, which have a high reactivity. Hydrogen radicals H can be formed from H ⁺ ions by electron attachment, which in turn pass into Rydberg states H * upon cavitation excitation or undergo further reactions, among others forming long-lived excited atomic and molecular states. The increased proportion of dissolved hydrogen in the catholyte leads to increased formation of highly excited hydrogen atoms H * upon cavitation excitation. Both processes subsequently increase the rate of transitions into HC states. With pH = 9.5 ... 12 and a redox potential of -700 ... -900 mV, catholyte has high reactive potential with a proven long lifetime of its specific, in particular its catalytic properties.

• - Entweder das Target 8 gegenüber dem geerdeten Emitter 6 eine negative Vorspannung erhält, wenn die Reaktorkammer entsprechend aufgebaut ist,
• - zwischen negativ gepoltem Target 8 und dem geerdeten Emitter 6 sich eine semipermeable Trennwand befindet, wie auf schematisch gezeigt, so dass sich unterschiedlich zusammengesetzte Kavitationsmedien (7a und 7b) in den kathoden- bzw. anodennahen Teilen der Reaktinskammer befinden können,
• - oder zwei, positiv und negativ gepolte, separate Targets (8a und 8b) in der durch eine semipermeable Wand geteilten Reaktionskammer befinden und der Emitter 6 durch eine elastische Isolationsschicht vom Elektrolysestromfluss abgekoppelt ist - wie schematisch auf gezeigt,
• - wobei in der Anordnung gemäß der Emitter 6 auch so angekoppelt sein kann, dass die Auslösung der Kavitation hauptsächlich in einem der beiden Segmente der Reaktionskammer stattfindet, vorzugsweise im Kathodenraum.

Electrochemical Activation, Stage III: Process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, in which advantageously the electrochemical activation takes place in-situ, ie directly in the cavitation chamber. This method is characterized in that

• - Either the target 8th opposite the grounded emitter 6 receives a negative bias when the reactor chamber accordingly is constructed,
• - between negatively poled target 8th and the grounded emitter 6 there is a semipermeable partition, as on shown schematically so that different composition cavitation media ( 7a and 7b) may be located in the cathode or anode near parts of the Reaktinskammer,
• - or two positive and negative poled, separate targets ( 8a and 8b) located in the reaction chamber divided by a semipermeable wall and the emitter 6 is decoupled from the Elektrolysestromfluss by an elastic insulating layer - as shown schematically shown,
• - In the arrangement according to the emitter 6 may also be coupled so that the triggering of cavitation takes place mainly in one of the two segments of the reaction chamber, preferably in the cathode compartment.

• - Die gewünschten kurzlebigen Radikale H und angeregten Wasserstoffatome H* als Vorstufen für HC-Übergänge werden direkt im Kavitationsraum gebildet und am Ort ihrer Entstehung dem Kavitationsprozess ausgesetzt,
• - es entstehen kontinuierlich neue Poren- und Bläschenkeime direkt an der Oberfläche der Elektrode, wodurch das Verhältnis von Oberflächen- zu Volumenkaviation langfristig aufrecht erhalten und im Vergleich zum Kavitationsbetrieb ohne Elektrolyse gesteigert werden kann, wodurch besonders günstige Voraussetzungen für HC-Übergänge beim Kollaps der Kavitationsbläschen in Oberflächennähe vorliegen,
• - selbst nach Rekombination der kurzlebigen Radikale H zu H₂ nimmt das in-situ gebildete Wasserstoffgas, solange es gelöst im Kavitationsmedium verbleibt, weiter am Prozess der Bläschenkavitation teil und fördert so die in den Punkten 020 bis 026 beschriebenen Prozesse.

The method for generating heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, combined with in-situ electrochemical excitation, has the following advantages:

• - The desired short-lived radicals H and excited hydrogen atoms H * as precursors for HC transitions are formed directly in the cavitation space and exposed to the cavitation process at their place of origin,
• - There are continuously new pore and bubble nuclei directly on the surface of the electrode, whereby the ratio of surface to volume cavitation maintained in the long term and can be increased compared to Kavitationsbetrieb without electrolysis, creating particularly favorable conditions for HC transitions in the collapse of Kavitationsbläschen are near the surface,
• - Even after recombination of the short-lived radicals H to H ₂ , the in situ formed hydrogen gas, as long as it remains dissolved in the cavitation medium, continues to participate in the process of Bläschenkavitation and thus promotes the in the points 020 to 026 described processes.

Combination of cavitation with post-reactions

Recombination of electrolysis gas: The process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, combined an in-situ electrolysis according to point 042 produced, depending on the operating parameters, to a certain extent electrolysis gas, which is obtained either as Oxihydrogen mixture or separately as anode and cathode gas, depending on whether the electrolysis with not separated electrolysis space ( , or with separate anode and cathode compartments ( or ) takes place. With the goal of the greatest possible heat release is According to the invention in the process a process stage of flameless, electrocatalytic recombination (see point 017 ) added, which flows through the electrolysis gas either in a single pass or recycled several times and is converted back to heat release in water.

Recombinators according to the prior art are used for this purpose, optionally with tubular or plate-like construction with catalyst-coated surfaces, or filled with correspondingly coated ceramic pellets.

• - Rückgewinnung eines Teils der für die Elektrolyse aufgewandten Elektroenergie in Form von Nutzwärme, wodurch die Effektivität des Verfahrens zur Wärmeerzeugung steigt,
• - Rückführung des bei der Rekombination anfallenden Kondensats in Form von H₂O (bzw. D₂O) in das Kavitationsmedium, wodurch ein langfristig autarker Betrieb ermöglicht und Kosten gespart werden,
• - Auffangen von Wasserstoff in SGW- oder HC-Zuständen, der den Kavitationsraum mit dem Strom des Elektrolysegases verlassen hat, sich an den aktiven Oberflächen des Rekombinators festsetzt und dort exotherme Nachreaktionen auslöst,
• - Vermeidung der Freisetzung von Elektrolysegasen an die Umwelt oder alternativ der Notwendigkeit ihrer gesonderten Speicherung in einem Gasspeicher.

The downstream recombination in flameless recombiners in the process according to the invention fulfills a fourfold function:

• Recovery of part of the electric energy used for the electrolysis in the form of useful heat, whereby the efficiency of the process for heat generation increases,
• - Return of the resulting in the recombination condensate in the form of H ₂ O (or D ₂ O) into the cavitation medium, which enables long-term autonomous operation and saves costs,
• - catching hydrogen in SGW or HC Conditions, which has left the cavitation space with the flow of the electrolysis gas, settles on the active surfaces of the recombiner and causes there exothermic post-reactions,
• - Preventing the release of electrolysis gases to the environment or alternatively the need for their separate storage in a gas storage.

• - Anteile von Wasserstoff in SGW- oder HC-Zuständen, die mit dem Elektrolysegas den Kaviationsraum verlassen, werden in den Strukturen des Gasentladungsraumes aufgefangen und durch Einwirkung der Entladungsfilamente zu exothermen elektro-schwachen und elektro-starken Wechselwirkungen angeregt,
• - bereits angeregte Spezies und Radikale aus dem Kaviationsraum, wie im Punkten 024, 31 sowie 040 bis 042 beschrieben, werden zu exothermen Übergängen in SGW- oder HC-Zustände angeregt, insbesondere wenn der Gasentladungsraum sich räumlich dicht an den Kaviationsraum anschließt,
• - Teile des molekularen Wasserstoffs des Elektrolyseprodukts werden in Radikale aufgespalten, angeregt und gelangen ebenfalls durch exotherme Übergänge in SGW- oder HC-Zustände, insbesondere wenn im Entadungsraum die in den Punkten 033 und 034 beschriebenen LENR- und Katalysatormaterialien sowie Wasserstoff speichernde Materialien zum Einsatz kommen. Die DBD-Entladung ist zur Auslösung der beschriebenen Nachreaktionen von Vorteil, da sie
• - in den filamentären Mikroentladungen ein nicht-thermisches Plasma entsteht, mit hoher Elektronenenergie und Stromdichte, welches für die Anregungsprozesse besonders geeignet ist,
• - in Gasen unter Normal- oder Überdruck bereits bei Impulsspannungen unter 1000 Volt Entladungen ausgelöst werden
• - und wegen der geringen mittleren Stromstärke ein im Vergleich zu anderen Formen der Gasentladung geringer Energieaufwand zu ihrer Aufrechterhaltung erforderlich ist.

Combination with gas discharge post-reaction: Process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, combined with an in-situ electrolysis according to point 042 in which a gas discharge space is connected downstream of the after-reaction, in which advantageously a dielectically impeded gas discharge, also as a DBD discharge (Dielectric Barrier Discharge, see point 018 ) takes place. Thus, additional heat is released according to the invention by the following exothermic processes take place as a post-reaction:

• - Shares of hydrogen in SGW or HC states that leave the Kaviationsraum with the electrolysis gas are collected in the structures of the gas discharge space and excited by the action of the discharge filaments to exothermic electro-weak and electro-strong interactions,
• - already excited species and radicals from the cavitation space, as in points 024 . 31 such as 040 to 042 are described, are excited to exothermic transitions to SGW or HC states, especially when the gas discharge space is spatially close to the Kaviationsraum,
• - Parts of the molecular hydrogen of the electrolysis product are split into radicals, excited and also pass through exothermic transitions into SGW or HC states, especially when in the discharge space in the points 033 and 034 described LENR and catalyst materials and hydrogen storage materials are used. The DBD discharge is to trigger the described post-reactions of advantage, since they
• - in the filamentary microdischarges a non-thermal plasma arises, with high electron energy and current density, which is particularly suitable for the excitation processes,
• - Be triggered in gases under normal or overpressure already at pulse voltages below 1000 volts discharges
• - And because of the low average current intensity compared to other forms of gas discharge low energy consumption is required for their maintenance.

stimulation

The subcomplex 2 , according to picture 1 , The method for generating heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation serves to provide the electromagnetic excitation both for the generation of ultrasonic vibrations in the piezoelectric generator, as well as voltages and currents to trigger electrochemical activations (points 040 to 042 ) and post-reactions (points 043 and 044 ).

• - periodische elektrische Leistungsimpulse erzeugt und an den Piezogenerator geleitet,
• - die, abhängig von der gewählten Geometrie, dem Design der Reaktorkammer und den Betriebsparametern des Piezogebers, eine Wiederholungsfrequenz im Bereich von 10 kHz bis 2 MHz und Amplitude im Bereich von 100 V bis 1000 V haben können,
• - eine harmonische oder impulsartige Form, letztere mit Anstiegsflanken im ns-Bereich, haben,
• - wahlweise im Dauerbetrieb oder getaktet angelegt werden,
• - wobei die Taktung der Anregung nach einem durch den Teilkomplex 3 der Steuerung vorgegebenen Zyklus von überlappenden Betriebsphasen mit Kavitations-, Elektrolyse-, oder Nachreaktionsbetrieb und Pausen erfolgt.

Electromagnetic Ultrasonic Excitation: In the process for generating heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, ultrasound excitation will be advantageous

• - generated periodic electrical power pulses and passed to the piezoelectric generator,
• which, depending on the selected geometry, the design of the reactor chamber and the operating parameters of the piezoelectric sensor, may have a repetition frequency in the range of 10 kHz to 2 MHz and amplitude in the range of 100 V to 1000 V,
• - have a harmonic or pulse-like shape, the latter with rising edges in the ns range,
• - either in continuous operation or clocked,
• - Wherein the timing of the excitation after one through the subcomplex 3 the control predetermined cycle of overlapping operating phases with cavitation, electrolysis, or post-reaction and pauses takes place.

• - Anregung von elektronischen und phononischen Schwingungen im Metallgitter, ausgelöst durch die hochfrequenten Anteile der Anregung des piezoelektrischen Schallgebers 5,
• - optimale Nutzung von Nachwärmeeffekten und erforderlicher Kavitationspausen zur Regeneration des Targets, insbesondere für seine Besiedlung mit Bläschenkeimen,
• - zeitliche Koordinierung der elektromagnetischen und der akustischen Felder an der Targetoberfläche zur Verstärkung der exothermen, metallgittergestützten Prozesse. 047 Elektrochemische Anregung: Im Verfahren zur Wärmeerzeugung aus der exothermen, metallgittergestützten, elektromagnetischen Kondensation von Wasserstoffatomen mittels Kavitation kombiniert, mit elektrochemischer Anregung in-situ, stellt der Anlagenkomplex 2 weiterhin die elektrischen Signale für die elektrochemische Anregung bereit, mit der wahlweise elektrochemische Ströme ausgelöst, verstärkt oder unterdrückt werden können, die vorteilhaft ausgelegt werden können als

• - steuerbare stationäre oder getaktete Gleichspannung im Bereich -30 V ... +30 V,
• - unipolare elektrische Impulse, die aus den hochfrequenten periodischen Leistungsimpulsen zur Kavitationsanregung gemäß Punkt (47) abgeleitet sind und deren Amplitude und Phasenlage gegenüber den Leistungsimpulsen zur Kavitationsanregung durch die Steuerung (3) geregelt bzw. verschoben wird,
• - Impulsspannung mit beliebiger Frequenz und gesteuerter Amplitude, die in einem unabhängigen Impulsgenerator erzeugt wird,
• - aus der Netzspannung von 50 Hz erzeugte gleichgerichtete Wechselspannung.

These measures will achieve the following objectives:

• - Excitation of electronic and phononic vibrations in the metal grid, triggered by the high-frequency components of the excitation of the piezoelectric sounder 5 .
• optimal use of residual heat effects and necessary cavitation pauses for the regeneration of the target, in particular for its colonization with bubble germs,
• - temporal coordination of the electromagnetic and acoustic fields at the target surface to enhance the exothermic, metal mesh-based processes. 047 Electrochemical Excitation: In the process of heat generation from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms combined by means of cavitation, with electrochemical excitation in situ, represents the complex of plants 2 continue to provide the electrical signals for the electrochemical excitation, with the optional electrochemical currents can be triggered, amplified or suppressed, which can be advantageously designed as

• - controllable stationary or clocked DC voltage in the range -30 V ... +30 V,
• - unipolar electrical impulses resulting from the high frequency periodic power pulses for cavitation excitation according to point ( 47 ) and whose amplitude and phase position are opposite to the power pulses for cavitation excitation by the controller ( 3 ) is regulated or postponed,
• Pulse voltage of any frequency and controlled amplitude generated in an independent pulse generator,
• - rectified AC voltage generated from the mains voltage of 50 Hz.

• - Steuerung der Neubildungrate von Oberflächenbläschenkeimen sowie der Erzeugungsrate von H Radikalen an der Targetoberfläche infolge der elektrolytischen Wasserzerlegung während des Kavitationsbetriebes bereits bei vergleichsweise geringen elektrolytischen Strömen,
• - Verstärkte Bildung von Elektrolysegasen zur Spülung des Kaviationsmediums und Anschub der exothermen Reaktionen in den Nachreaktionsstufen (Punkte 043 und 044) durch zeitweilige Verwendung größerer elektrolytischer Ströme,
• - Steuerung der zeitlichen Korrelation zwischen den Kavitationsereignissen und der Erzeugung von H Radikalen mit seinen hochangeregten Zuständen H* durch den Einsatz phasengesteuerter impulsförmige elektrolytische Ströme,
• - Unterstützung der metallgittergestützen elektromagnetischen Prozesse gemäß Punkt 012 durch impulsförmige Anregung der Felder zur Auslösung elektrolytischer Ströme. 048 Kavitation als Stromquelle: Kommen im Verfahren zur Wärmeerzeugung aus der exothermen, metallgittergestützen, elektromagnetischen Kondensation von Wasserstoffatomen mittels Kavitation Metalle mit stark unterschiedlichem elektrochemischen Potenzial für den Emitter 6 und das Target 8, bzw. die Targets (8a und 8b) in den Anordnungen gemäß , bzw. zum Einsatz, kann der Reaktor auch als kavitationsgetriebene Stromquelle genutzt werden, da es beim Kollaps der Bläschen zur Ladungstrennung kommt. Die Stärke des bei Kurzschluss zwischen den Elektroden fließenden Stromes ist als ein Maß für die pro Zeiteinheit infolge der Kavitation gebildeten Ladungsträgerpaare und kann damit erfindungsgemäß für die Kontrolle der Effektivität des Kavitationsprozesses und die Steuerung des Prozessablaufs genutzt werden. 049 Resonanzanregung: Eine weitere Auslegungsmöglichkeit der elektromagnetischen Anregung im Teilkomplex 2 des Verfahrens besteht darin, die parasitäre Kapazität Cp des Targets 8 gegenüber dem Emitter 6 mit einer parallel geschalteten Induktivität L und ggf. mit zusätzlicher Kapazität C als Schwingkreis aufzubauen, dessen Eigenfrequenz auf die hochfrequente Kavitationsanregung gemäß Punkt 047 abgestimmt ist. Überlagert mit einer Gleichspannung, führt das zu einem mit der Anregungsfrequenz schwankenden elektrolytischen Stromfluss im Kaviationsmedium 7. Vorteil dieser Anordnung ist, dass die elektromagnetischen Schwingungen im Schwingkreis nur durch Verluste infolge des elektrolytischen Stromflusses gedämpft werden und die diversen elektromagnetischen metallgitterunterstützten Prozesse gemäß Punkt verstärkt werden.

The through the subcomplex ( 2 ) of the process controlled electrochemical excitation in correlation with the also controlled cavitation excitation (point 046 ) offers various possibilities according to the invention for controlling, controlling and optimizing the entire process for generating heat by releasing energy from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms, characterized, inter alia, by the following features:

• Controlling the rate of regeneration of surface nuclei as well as the rate of generation of H radicals at the target surface due to the electrolytic decomposition of water during cavitation, even at comparatively low electrolytic currents,
• - Increased formation of electrolysis gases to purge the Kaviationsmediums and increase the exothermic reactions in the post-reaction stages (points 043 and 044 ) by temporarily using larger electrolytic currents,
• Controlling the temporal correlation between the cavitation events and the generation of H radicals with its highly excited states H * through the use of phased pulsed electrolytic currents,
• - Support of metal grid-supported electromagnetic processes according to point 012 by pulsed excitation of the fields to trigger electrolytic currents. 048 Cavitation as a power source: In the process for generating heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, metals with strongly different electrochemical potential for the emitter come 6 and the target 8th , or the targets ( 8a and 8b) in the arrangements according to . or. For use, the reactor can also be used as a cavitation-driven power source, as it comes to the collapse of the bubbles for charge separation. The strength of the current flowing in the event of a short circuit between the electrodes is a measure of the charge carrier pairs formed per unit time due to cavitation and can thus be used according to the invention for controlling the effectiveness of the cavitation process and controlling the process flow. 049 Resonance excitation: Another possibility of designing the electromagnetic excitation in the subcomplex 2 of the method is the parasitic capacitance Cp of the target 8th opposite the emitter 6 with a parallel-connected inductance L and possibly with additional capacitance C as a resonant circuit whose natural frequency on the high-frequency Kavitationsanregung according to point 047 is tuned. Superimposed with a DC voltage, this leads to a fluctuating with the excitation frequency electrolytic current flow in the cavitation medium 7 , Advantage of this arrangement is that the electromagnetic oscillations in the resonant circuit only by losses attenuated as a result of the electrolytic current flow and the various electromagnetic metal lattice-assisted processes are amplified according to point.

• - durch induktiv eingekoppelte hochfrequente Schwingung, abgeleitet aus der Spannungsquelle der Kavitationsanregung,
• - oder bereits durch den im Punkt 048 beschriebenen kavitationsgetriebenen impulsförmigen Stromfluss angeregt werden.

The oscillations described here in the resonant circuit of the cavitation cell may be preferred

• by inductively coupled high-frequency oscillation, derived from the voltage source of the cavitation excitation,
• - or already by the point 048 described cavitation-driven pulse-shaped current flow are excited.

Coupling with the excitation of secondary reactions: For the excitation of DBD gas discharges to the after-reaction according to point 045 are high-voltage AC voltages with amplitudes in the range of 100 to 1000 V, in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 20 MHz suitable. Because of the low current levels of the discharge current, it makes sense to design the discharge path as part of a resonant circuit tuned to the high-frequency voltage source for the cavitation excitation, or to adapt it by a corresponding LC element (so-called matchbox). Thus, the supplied electric power can be inventively minimized and avoid the need for a second, independent generator.

Cooling and conditioning

In the process for generating heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation is the subcomplex 3 of the procedure, see picture 1 , functionally responsible for the dissipation of the released heat as well as for the provision and preparation of the cavitation medium.

• - durch Zirkulation des Kavitationsmediums zwischen den wärmeerzeugenden Komponenten - Kavitationskammer und Nachreaktionskammern - im Teilkomplex 1 und dem Konditionierungsgefäß 12 im Teilkomplex 3, welches die Wärme an die Flüssigkeit eines Wärmereservoirs abgibt,
• - oder mit einem geeigneten Wärmeträger, der mittels Kühlschlange oder Kühlmantel, die thermisch an das Reaktorgehäuse gekoppelt sind, die freigesetzte Wärme aufnimmt und sie in das Wärmereservoir transportiert .

Eine vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung beinhaltet den Betrieb von Reaktionskammer und Nachreaktionskammern bei gleicher Betriebstemperatur, so dass der Abtransport der Wärme in das Wärmereservoir mit dem gleichen Wärmeträger in einem geschlossenen Kühlkreislauf erfolgen kann.In the process for generating heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, the removal of the released heat takes place alternatively

• - By circulation of Kavitationsmediums between the heat-generating components - cavitation chamber and Nachreaktionskammern - in the sub-complex 1 and the conditioning vessel 12 in the subcomplex 3 , which releases the heat to the liquid of a heat reservoir,
• - Or with a suitable heat carrier, which by means of cooling coil or cooling jacket, which are thermally coupled to the reactor housing, absorbs the heat released and transported them into the heat reservoir.

An advantageous embodiment of the invention includes the operation of reaction chamber and Nachreaktionskammern at the same operating temperature, so that the removal of heat can be done in the heat reservoir with the same heat carrier in a closed cooling circuit.

According to the invention, the unavoidable heat release can be due to electrical losses in the generation of the electrical excitation voltages and currents in the subcomplex 2 The method also, at least partially, be included in the heat recovery by the cooling loop of the heat carrier and the heat release in the sub-complex 2 receives. This is particularly important in the use of the invention for the advantageous design of heaters in the low temperature range of importance to achieve high COP values.

Conditioning of the cavitation medium: The separation boundary between the liquid phase of the cavitation medium and the gas phase is in the process of heat generation by energy release from the exothermic, metal mesh-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation excitation with electrochemical excitation in situ and coupled post-reaction chamber at the boundary between cavitation and post-reaction chamber. The gas pressure above the cavitation medium is thus equal to the gas pressure in the post-reaction chamber (s). If the heat transfer occurs by circulation of the cavitation medium via the conditioning vessel (point 052 ), this is also connected in the upper area with a pressure equalization line to the gas phase. The size and capacity of the conditioning vessel 12 is dimensioned such that cavitation medium is sufficiently stocked for a longer period of operation and can be supplied to the cavitation space.

If the heat transfer with another heat transfer medium, the conditioning vessel is connected separately by means of heat loop with the liquid cavitation medium and the gas phase.

Control and control

In the process for generating heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, the subcomplex comprises 4 , Image 1 , the process control of all relevant operating parameters of the plant and the control of their effective and safe operation. Standard components and products of the MCR technology are used. Scope and equipment of control and control is adapted to the specific structure and purpose of the system.

• - Temperaturen in der Kavitationskammer, den Nachreaktionskammer, im Wärmereservoir,
• - Ströme und Spannungen der Kavitations-, Entladungs- und elektrochemischen Anregung,
• - Druck in der Gasphase oder im Konditionierungsgefäß 12
• - und bei Bedarf weitere Parameter.

Measurement data acquisition: To be recorded, each with one or more sensors

• Temperatures in the cavitation chamber, the post-reaction chamber, in the heat reservoir,
• - currents and voltages of cavitation, discharge and electrochemical excitation,
• Pressure in the gas phase or in the conditioning vessel 12
• - and further parameters if required.

• - Ströme und Spannungen der Kavitations-, elektrochemischen- und Gasentladungs-Anregung,
• - Durchflussgeschwindigkeit der Kühlung/ Wärmeabfuhr,
• - bei Bedarf weitere Größen.

Control: To be controlled

• - currents and voltages of the cavitation, electrochemical and gas discharge excitation,
• Flow rate of cooling / heat removal,
• - other sizes if required.

In the process of heat generation by energy release from the exothermic, metal-lattice-based, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, supported by electrolytic excitation in situ (point 042 ) and adds DBD gas discharge chamber (point 044 ) as well as a recombination chamber (points 043 ) voltage and current of the electrochemical excitation in situ can advantageously be used to control the heat release in the entire system and thus to ensure stable operation with a given heat output, since the strength of the electrochemical excitation, the heat release in the cavitation, Nachreaktionskammer and Rekombinationskammer in the same Direction and with a relatively short reaction time influenced.

Uncontrolled Leistungssexkursionen can be avoided.

• - in der Variation der Zufuhr elektrischer, impulsförmiger Leistung in den piezoelektrischen Generator von Ultraschallschwingungen,
• - sowie in der Steuerung der Amplitude der Hochspannungsimpulse an der DBD-Gasentladung.

In addition, there are other control options for heat release

• in the variation of the supply of electrical, pulsed power into the piezoelectric generator of ultrasonic vibrations,
• - As well as in the control of the amplitude of the high voltage pulses at the DBD gas discharge.

III. Description of an arrangement for using the method

Construction: A compact arrangement for the implementation of the process for the generation of heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, combined with electrolytic excitation in situ and subsequent aftertreatment is shown on the picture 4 shown. The arrangement consists of the following components: Ultrasonic vibrations are generated in the piezoelectric generator 5 generated and via the coupled rod-shaped emitter 6 into the cavitation medium 7 passed, in which these cavitations trigger. The target 8th is designed as a unilaterally open tube, which includes the emitter almost completely and at a small distance, without touching it. The front and lateral surface of the target 8th are pierced by numerous apertures with a diameter of (4-6) mm, the area of which accounts for about (10-20)% of the total surface area of the target.

The housing of the reaction chamber 9 made of insulating material is also part of the thermal insulation 24 , which covers the entire system and a metallic shield 11 , preferably made of aluminum, is surrounded. Next to the reaction chamber is the conditioning vessel 12 , which has openings in the upper and lower part of the reaction chamber, so that the Kavitationsmedium 7 both the reaction chamber and the conditioning vessel 12 evenly fills. In the conditioning vessel 12 there is a heat exchanger 13 , which allows the cooling of the system and the heat transfer to the consumer. In the upper part of the plant is the reservoir for cavitation medium 14 arranged, from which by means of a metering device 15 the liquid level 16 is kept at a constant level during operation of the cavitation medium and the liquid-gas separation spatially fixed so that the conditioning vessel is completely immersed in the liquid, while the target 8th in the area of its end face is already in the gas space. The face of the target 8th is in direct contact with the gas discharge space 18 , From the gas space separated by the layer 19 of the dielectric is the counter electrode 20 , counter electrode 20 , Dielectric 19 , Gas room 18 and face of the target 8th form a chamber in which the DBD discharge takes place for post-treatment. From this chamber there is a connection in the chamber of the recombiner 17 through which gas from the DBD discharge space can flow through a protective grid. The recombinator is filled with Al ₂ O ₃ pellets which are coated with catalyst material for the recombination of hydrogen and oxygen to water. The recombined water drips through a grate at the bottom of the recombiner 17 back into the cavitation medium 7 , it is thus recycled. The gas space in the plant is from the recombiner 17 with a valve 21 coupled, which has a double function: As a protection valve against overpressure and for controlled pressure reduction in the system. The recombiner is also connected to a pressure gauge 22 to control and control the gas pressure in the system. At the bottom of the Kaviationskammer is still a ring of insulating material 23 inserted the wall of the target 8th not affected, but the cross-section for the passage of cavitation medium between housing 9 and Target 8th greatly reduced to the top. Zufüllstutzen for cavitation medium in the reservoir 14 and bottom drain on condensing tank 12 are also provided, but in picture 4 not shown, as state of the art. Between Target 8th and emitter is in the upper part of a transparent transparent, funnel-shaped film 25 inserted to a large extent separation of cathode gas 26 and anode gas 27 to reach. While the cathode gas 26 through the openings in the face of the target 8th in the gas discharge room 18 passes, the anode gas 27 directly the recombinator 17 fed.

• - Der stabförmige Emitter 6 nimmt die Schwingungen des piezoelektrischen Generators 5 auf und leitet auf der gesamten Länge Druckschwankungen in das Kaviationsmedium 7, in dem Bläschenkavitation ausgelöst werden. Aufgrund der Röhrenform des metallischen Targets 8, und des geringen Abstands zwischen Emitter und Target, wird ein großer Teil der Kavitationsereignisse an den Gasbläschen dicht an der inneren Oberfläche oder an den Oberflächenbläschen am Target stattfinden, wodurch in dieser Anordnung ein günstiges Verhältnis zwischen Oberflächen- zu Volumenkavitation erreicht wird (Punkt 024).
• - Das Grundmaterial des Targets ist aus einem der in Punkt 033 genannten Metalle oder Legierungen, insbesondere solche mit hohem Elastizitätskoeffizienten und guter elektrischer Leitfähigkeit gefertigt, so dass Schwingungen des Targetkörpers und induzierte Ströme wenig gedämpft werden (Punkte 028, 029, 031). Der Targetkörper ist nur an seinem oberen Ende in der Wand des Gehäuses punktuell verankert, was der Ausbildung von mechanischen Schwingungen t im Targetkörper dient.
• - Die Oberfläche des Targets ist mit einer Metalloxidschicht gemäß Punkt 034 beschichtet, die Eigenschaften eines Katalysators zur Unterstützung der Bildung von H-Radikalen besitzt.
• - Durch die kreisförmigen Öffnungen im Metallkörper des röhrenförmigen Targets 8 besteht an vielen Stellen Verbindung zwischen dem Kavitationsmedium im Raum zwischen Emitter 6 und Target 8 und dem im Raum zwischen Target und Gehäusewand 9. Bei der Ausbreitung der Schallwellen strömt das Kavitationsmedium 7 mit schnellen Richtungswechseln im Takt der lokalen Druckschwankungen durch diese Verbindungsöffnungen, wodurch zusätzlich oberflächennahe Kavitationsereignisse an der ringförmigen Öffnung im Metallkörper ausgelöst werden.
• - Bereits infolge der normalen Schallabsorption im Kaviationsmedium, vor allem aber auch infolge der Freisetzung von Überschusswärme durch die metallgitterunterstützten exothermen Prozesse (Punkte 024 bis 026) kommt es zur Erwärmung des Kaviationsmediums und zu einem thermisch bedingten Auftrieb (Kamineffekt), der dem Kavitationsmedium im röhrenförmigen Target 8 Auftrieb verleiht und dieses durch Öfnnungen im oberen Bereich in das Kavitationsgefäß 12 übertreten lässt. Kälteres Kavitationsmedium strömt im unteren Bereich aus dem Konditionierungsgefäß zurück in die Reaktionskammer, wo es durch eine ringförmige Sperre aus Iolatormaterial 23 vorzugsweise in den inneren Raumbereich zwischen Emitter 6 und Target 8 gelenkt wird und in diesem hochsteigt. Dieser Schwerkraft-Kreislauf sorgt für den Wärmetransport aus dem Kavitationsraum, in dem die Überschusswärme entsteht, in das Kavitationsgefäß, welches zugleich ein Wärmespeicher ist, aus dem mittels Wärmetauscher 13 Wärme zur Nutzung abgezogen werden kann.

Operation of the cavitation chamber: The arrangement on for the application of the method for generating heat from the exothermic, metal-grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, combined with electrolytic excitation in situ and subsequent aftertreatment utilizes in many ways the inventive aspects of the method described here:

• - The rod-shaped emitter 6 takes the vibrations of the piezoelectric generator 5 on and leads over the entire length pressure fluctuations in the Kaviationsmedium 7 in which bubble cavitation is triggered. Due to the tubular shape of the metallic target 8th , and the small distance between emitter and target, a large part of the cavitation events will take place on the gas bubbles close to the inner surface or to the surface bubbles on the target, whereby a favorable ratio between surface and volume cavitation is achieved in this arrangement (Item 024 ).
• - The base material of the target is one of the in point 033 said metals or alloys, in particular those having a high coefficient of elasticity and good electrical conductivity made, so that vibrations of the target body and induced currents are little attenuated (points 028 . 029 . 031 ). The target body is anchored selectively only at its upper end in the wall of the housing, which serves to form mechanical vibrations t in the target body.
• - The surface of the target is covered with a metal oxide layer 034 coated, which has properties of a catalyst for promoting the formation of H radicals.
• Through the circular openings in the metal body of the tubular target 8th There is a connection between the cavitation medium in the space between the emitter in many places 6 and Target 8th and in the space between the target and the housing wall 9 , As the sound waves propagate, the cavitation medium flows 7 with rapid changes of direction in time with the local pressure fluctuations through these connection openings, which additionally trigger near-surface cavitation events at the annular opening in the metal body.
• - Already as a result of the normal sound absorption in Kaviationsmedium, but above all, as a result of the release of excess heat by the metal-lattice-assisted exothermic processes (points 024 to 026 ) there is heating of the Kaviationsmediums and a thermally induced buoyancy (chimney effect), the cavitation medium in the tubular target 8th It gives buoyancy and this through openings in the upper area in the cavitation vessel 12 let it pass. At the bottom, colder cavitation medium flows from the conditioning vessel back into the reaction chamber, where it passes through an annular barrier of laminator material 23 preferably in the inner space between emitter 6 and Target 8th is steered and rises in this. This gravity circuit ensures the heat transport from the cavitation room, in which the surplus heat is generated, into the cavitation vessel, which at the same time is a heat store, out of which by means of a heat exchanger 13 Heat can be deducted for use.

Electrolytic excitation: The cavitation medium 7 consists of hydrogen-containing compounds according to point 032 , the electrolyte according to point 040 , the promoter elements according to point 035 are added. When applying a negative voltage U _Ely to the target 8th it comes to electrolytic current flow between the target and the grounded emitter 6 made of high quality stainless steel. On the surface of the cathode, preferably in the region of the inner surface of the target, current flow leads to the formation of new surface bubble nuclei, of H radicals and recombined H ₂ Molecules. This will be the point 042 described benefits of the method of electrochemical excitation realized in situ. Electrolysis voltage and current are severely limited, so that there is no intensive formation of electrolysis gas, which would interfere with the Kaviationsprozess. 062 Post-reaction in the gas discharge: The gas bubbles formed in the cavitation chamber with low intensity are filled near the cathode with a mixture of hydrogen and water vapor and near the anode of oxygen and water vapor. The cathode gas ( 26 ) leaves the cavitation space through openings in the face of the target 8th and get into the Gas discharge chamber 18 where the after-reaction according to point 044 takes place. Between through the insulator layer 19 concealed counterelectrode 20 as well as the target 8th , forms when a high-frequency pulse voltage is applied U _DBD the DBD discharge.

A capacitance C derives the high-frequency signal to ground, so that the metal body of the target 8th simultaneously as a negative poled cathode of the electrolysis and serves as an electrode of the DBD discharge. The insulator layer 19 between counter electrode 20 and electrode 8th becomes according to point 37 formed of field-reinforcing dielectric materials. In the filamentary, non-thermal DBD discharge simultaneously exothermic recombination of hydrogen and residual oxygen to water and the corresponding endothermic decomposition of water molecules take place in the steam. In addition to these "conventional" processes, but also heat generation by the exothermic, metal mesh-based, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms takes place, similar to that in the cavitation chamber, in particular on the catalyst-coated outer surface of the front side of the target 8th and as a result of the catalytic action of the water molecules in the discharge space 18 which support the nonradiative transition of highly excited radicals H * to SGW or HC states.

Flameless recombination: in the recombination chamber 17 becomes after-reaction according to points 017 and 043 continued and completed. The mixture of residual hydrogen and water vapor passes through a metal screen for electrical separation from the gas discharge space into the chamber, where it is at the surface of catalyst coated ceramic pellets for recombination with the oxygen of the anode gas 27 to H ₂ O comes. By heat conduction, the heat released in the process, as well as the effluent condensate in the conditioning vessel 12 transferred. The recombination of the electrolysis gas, the pressure build-up in the system is limited, since ideally almost all the electrolysis gas is recombined into water

The on The arrangement shown and described here is an example of how in the points 019 to 057 described erfindungsmäßige design of the method for use can be implemented. Regardless of these specific arrangements, other apparatus solutions based on the described inventive components of the method are possible.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 -

Subcomplex of the process with reaction chamber and post-reaction chamber (s)

2 -

Partial complex of the method for providing electromagnetic and ultrasonic excitation

3 -

Partial complex of the process for the preparation of the cavitation medium and extraction of the heat

4 -

Partial complex of the process parameter control and operation control

5 -

piezoelectric ultrasonic generator

6 -

Basic body for transmitting sound into the cavitation medium, referred to as emitter

7 -

Cavitation medium (for several media according to 7a, 7b, ...)

8th -

Target (for multiple targets according to 8a, 8b, 8c, ...)

9 -

Housing of cavitation space made of insulating material

10 -

Separating membrane / partition, transparent for electrolytic current flow ( 10a) or for ultrasonic vibrations (10b)

11 -

Thermal insulation

12 -

Metal housing of the entire system

13 -

conditioning vessel

14 -

Reservoir for cavitation medium

15 -

Dosing device for cavitation medium

16 -

Fluid gap, separation limit to the gas medium

17 -

Post-reaction chamber with coated Al ₂ O ₃ pellets for recombination

18 -

DBD gas discharge space

19 -

dielectric

20 -

Counter electrode (electrode in the dielectric)

21 -

Gas valve and safety valve

22 -

manometer

23 -

Separating ring made of insulating material

24 -

Thermal insulation of the entire system

25 -

sound-transparent film for the separation of anode and cathode gas

26 -

cathode gas

27 -

anode gas

List of abbreviations used

BEC

Bose-Einstein condensate

COP

Coefficient of performance

DBD

Dielectric Barrier Discharge

EZ

electrolysis cell

HC

Hydrogen Cluster

LENR

Low Energy Nucler Reactions

MSR

Measuring and control technology

SGW

Heavily Tied Hydrogen

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• EP 000002368252 B1 [0006, 0007]
• WO 2015/108434 A1 [0006]
• US 9115913 B1 [0007]
• US 7893414 B2 [0008, 0012, 0024]
• US 2017/0263337 A1 [0008]
• EP 2680271 A1 [0009, 0010, 0021]
• EP 3047488 B1 [0009, 0024]
• US 2002/0090047 A1 [0014]
• WO 2005/028985 A2 [0014, 0021]
• US 2005/0123088 A1 [0014, 0021]
• US 2009/0282662 A1 [0014, 0021]
• US 2007/0211841 A1 [0014]
• WO 2015/005921 Al [0016]
• DE 19852951 C2 [0017]
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Cited non-patent literature

• S. Focardi et al., I1 Nuovo Cimento V.111, N. 11 (1998) 1233 [0006]
• Levi et al., Http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.3913v3; Parkhomov, A.G., Int. Journ. of Unconv. Science 7 (3) (2015) 68-72 and 8 (3) (2015) [0006]
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Claims (16)

The patent claim P01 relates to a method for generating heat from the metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation in a hydrogen-containing liquid medium, characterized in that it consists of four functional subcomplexes: The subcomplex 1 of the process, by which the generation of heat in a reaction chamber by means of cavitation excitation by ultrasound in the cavitation medium, supported by an electrolytic current and further amplified in one or more downstream post-reaction stages by gas discharge and recombination of the resulting electrolysis gases, the subcomplex 2 of the process, which provides the electrical currents and voltages for the ultrasound generation, electrolysis and gas discharge for triggering the processes taking place in the subcomplex 1, the subcomplex 3 of the process, which serves for the preparation of the cavitation and electrolysis medium and for the decoupling of the released heat in subcomplex 1, and the subcomplex 4 of the method, which serves for the detection and control of the process parameters and the control of the optimal operation in the subcomplexes 1 to 3. In the method according to claim P01 for generating heat from the metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, the embodiment of the sub-complex 1 is characterized by - generating the ultrasonic excitation to trigger the cavitation in one or more juxtaposed cavitation with the aid of a piezoelectric generator 5 with pulse-shaped alternating voltages in Frequency range of 10 kHz to 2 MHz, - an inventively conditioned cavitation and electrolysis 7 in each cavitation - a present invention of certain materials existing and structured metallic target 8 in each cavitation, - the contact of the cavitation and electrolysis 7 in the cavitation with a preferably consisting of hydrogen gas gas atmosphere in the pressure range of 1 atm to 10 atm. Processes according to P01 and P02, which is enhanced in the sub-complex 1 for the purpose of increasing the exothermic heat release by other electromagnetic or catalytic processes, is characterized by the features: - electrolytic excitation of the cavitation medium in-situ, directly in the cavitation vessel and simultaneously or alternately with the cavitation excitation, - a gas discharge downstream of the cavitation, which is preferably designed as a DBD gas discharge (Dielectric Barrier Discharge), - recombination of the electrolysis gases released in the cavitation chamber by exothermic, flameless, catalytic recombination in a recombiner. Method according to P01 in which, in accordance with P03 in subcomplex 1 of the method, the cavitation excitation is supported in situ by an electrolytic current, have the following features for connecting the cavitation and electrolysis processes: Emitter (6) and target (8) form poles of an electrolytic cell with direct current flow through the cavitation and electrolysis medium (7), Emitter (6) and target (8) form poles of an electrolytic cell with direct current flow through different cavitation and electrolysis media (7a and 7b) separated by a semi-permeable wall (10) permeable to sound and current, two targets (8a and 8b) form the poles of an electrolytic cell with direct current flow through different cavitation and electrolysis media (7a and 7b) separated by a semi-permeable, current-transmitting wall (10a), the common emitter ( 6) is decoupled from the electrolysis current through a sound-permeable insulating layer (10b). In subcomplex 1 of the method according to P01, P02 and P3, the material of the target 8 for the release of excess heat, in addition to the metals already used in other LENR experiments with good storage capacity for hydrogen, advantageously also other, extremely diverse conductive materials available characterized by further metals, such as Al, Mg, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Zn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, W, In, Sn, alloys of several of the metals mentioned, metal-containing sludges and suspensions, - Powders and beds of particles of said metals in the diameter range of 10 ^-9 to 10 ^-3 m, - mixtures of particles of said metals with particles of dielectrics, the latter preferably from field-enhancing dielectrics (such as ferroelectrics, pyroelectrics or piezoelectrics), - metal sponges with large surfaces, or conductive surface coatings on metals or on insulators. In the process according to claims P01, P02 and P03, catalysts for the hydrogen transfer can advantageously be used to increase the heat release, characterized by the following features: oxide layers on the metallic surface of the target, in particular layers of FeO, Fe ₂ O ₃ , CuO, Cu ₂ O ₃ , NiO, Ni ₂ O ₃ , SnO, CoO, Co ₂ O ₃ , MnO ₂ , ZnO, V ₂ O ₅ and Co ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ , oxide layers of alloys such as Co-Mg - oxides, Ni-Mg oxides or Cu-Mg oxides, - particles of these substances, which are added to the liquid cavitation medium as a suspension or as a constituent of beds (according to P05). In the method according to P01, P02 and P03, in order to increase the heat release, the surface of the target 8 can be advantageously structured, characterized by - deposition of layers of nanoparticles of the metals Pd, Ag, Pt, Au, Ni and their alloys, - as well as structures of the target metals in the micrometer to millimeter range In the method according to P01 and P02, mechanical oscillations of the target (8) over a wide frequency range are advantageously used to reinforce the exothermic, grid-based heat release, in that the cavitation chamber is advantageously equipped with one or more of the following features: - Implementation of the emitter 6 as a cavity-shaped mechanical resonator, with central positioning of the target 8, wherein the target 8 is also used as the cathode of the electrolytic cell and the emitter as an anode. - Execution of the target 8 as a cavity-shaped mechanical resonator with central positioning of the emitter (6) of the ultrasonic source, wherein the target 8 at the same time assumes the function of the cathode. - Execution of the target 8c as a bed or as metal sponge with an extended surface, said material is located on a metallic surface or in a resonator-like hollow body, which also takes over the function of an electrode of the electrolysis cell. In the method according to P01, P02, P04 and P08 substances are advantageously added to the cavitation medium which at the same time act as promoters in the catalytic process and as electrolytes in the electrochemical excitation in-situ and are characterized by the following chemical features: salts and bases of the hydrogen-like alkali metals Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs, - Salts and bases of alkaline earth metals Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba, - Mixtures of salts and bases of alkali and / or alkaline earth metals, - Ammonium chloride NH ₄ Cl, Tetraammonium chloride N (CH ₃ ) ₄ Cl or other salts with a high hydrogen content in the chemical composition. In the method according to P01, P02 and P08, the gases produced during the cavitation and electrolysis at cathode and anode are detected and made available for use in a post-reaction and catalytic recombination to further increase the released heat, characterized by the features - separate detection, Forwarding and use of the anode and cathode gases, - or joint collection, forwarding and use of all electrolysis gases. In subcomplex 1 of the method according to P01 and P02, a post-reaction with a DBD (Dielectric Barrier Discharge) gas discharge is used to increase the exothermic energy release, characterized by - utilization of the high electron current densities and energies in the filaments, which are typical for the non -Thermal, filamentary DBD discharge, - and the particular effectiveness of this form of gas discharge for freshly generated electrolysis gases, recorded in accordance with P10, to expose even short-lived excited species of the DBD gas discharge and equipped with the following features: a) Derivation of separately detected Cathode gas 26 from a cavitation chamber with integrated electrolysis and its subsequent introduction into a spatially immediately adjacent discharge space 18 of the DBD discharge. b) discharge of the entire electrolysis gas from a non-separated cavitation chamber with integrated electrolysis - an oxyhydrogen-water vapor mixture - in an immediately connected DBD discharge chamber. Method according to P01, P02, P08 and P11, in which the downstream recombiner 17 has the following features: a) Plate or honeycomb construction of metal plates with catalyst coating for the reconversion of hydrogen to water. b) tube construction of the post-reaction chamber with catalyst coating of the inner walls. c) Catalyst-coated ceramic pellets as a bed in the post-reaction chamber. Method according to P01 and P02, in which periodic electrical voltages are generated for ultrasound generation in subcomplex 2 of the method and conducted to the piezoelectric generator 5 in subcomplex 1 of the method, characterized in that - these are periodic voltage pulses which correspond to a very broad frequency spectrum - The voltage can be supplied both in continuous operation, as well as clocked, with a temporally optimized by the control change of cavitation and pause time, - derived from the periodic electrical voltages and synchronized with these times, the excitation of the electrolytic processes in -situ in the cavitation chamber (according to P08) as well as in the downstream DBD gas discharge (according to P11) takes place. The method according to claim P01 and P02 to generate heat in a reaction chamber by means Kavitationsanregung, supported by an electrolytic excitation in-situ and amplified in downstream Nachreaktionsstufen (as P11 and P12) is subject to a control of the released heat power by the sub-complexes 2 and 4 of the process, characterized by the following features: - Regulation of the formation of surface bubble nuclei, the formation of H radicals and of H ₂ molecules at the cathode by controlling the current intensity and voltage of the in-situ electrolysis. Controlling the intensity of the cavitation events by controlling the amplitude of the periodic power pulses at the input of the piezo generator 5. Controlling the frequency and strength of the filamentary discharges by controlling the periodic voltage pulses at the electrode of the DBD discharge. - Regulation of the released heat output by timing the periodic power pulses at the input of the piezo generator 5. - Use of these control options in conjunction with the temperature control at the inlet and outlet of Kavitationsmediums in the conditioning vessel to perform the operation with a stable heat release. An arrangement for spatially compact implementation of the method for heat generation from the exothermic, metal-grid-based, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, combined with electrolytic excitation in situ and subsequent aftertreatment according to P01 and P02, P08, P10, P11 and P12, characterized by the following components the arrangement: - Piezoelectric generator 5 for generating ultrasonic vibrations, which are passed via the coupled rod-shaped emitter 6 in the Kavitationsmedium 7 and trigger cavitation in this. - Forming the target 8 as a unilaterally open metallic tube, which includes the emitter almost completely and at a small distance, without touching it and its front and lateral surfaces are pierced by numerous openings whose area is about (10-20)% of the total surface of the target. - The housing of the reaction chamber 9 consisting of insulating material is also part of the thermal insulation 24, which envelops the entire system and is surrounded by a metallic shield 11, preferably made of aluminum. The conditioning vessel 12, which has openings in the reaction chamber in the upper and lower region, is arranged directly next to the reaction chamber, so that the cavitation medium 7 uniformly fills both the reaction chamber 9 and the conditioning vessel 12 and circulates between them, and thus the resulting heat the reaction chamber transported into the conditioning vessel. - In the conditioning vessel 12 is a heat exchanger 13, which allows the cooling of the system and the heat transfer to the consumer. - In the upper part of the arrangement is the reservoir for Kavitationsmedium 14, from which by means of a metering device 15, the liquid level 16 of the Kavitationsmediums is maintained at a constant level during operation and the liquid-gas separation spatially fixed so that the Konditionierungsgefäß completely in the Liquid immersed while the target 8 is already in the region of its end face in the gas space. - The outer end face of the target 8 is in direct contact with the gas discharge space 18 and separated from the gas space through the layer 19 of the dielectric is the counter electrode 20. - Between the emitter 6 and the tubular target 8 is a sound-transparent semipermeable film 25 for separation of anode gas 27 and cathode gas 26, which are fed separately into the recombiner 17 and into the gas space 18. Counter-electrode 20, dielectric 19, gas space 18 and outer face of the target 8 form a chamber in which the DBD discharge takes place for post-treatment according to P11. From this chamber there is a connection in the chamber of the recombiner 17, through which gas flows from the DBD discharge space through a metallic protective grid. - The recombiner 17 is filled with Al ₂ O ₃ pellets, which are coated with catalyst material for recombination of hydrogen and oxygen to water according to P12, the recombined water dripping through a grid at the bottom of the recombiner 17 back into the cavitation 7 and thus recycled in the process. - The gas space in the arrangement is equipped from the recombiner 17 with a valve 21, which serves as a protective valve against overpressure and for controlled pressure reduction in the system. - The recombiner 17 is further connected to a pressure gauge 22 for controlling the gas pressure in the system. - In the lower part of Kaviationskammer a ring of insulator material 23 is inserted, which does not touch the outer wall of the target 8, but greatly reduces the cross section for the passage of cavitation medium between the housing 9 and the target 8 upwards. - Zufüllstutzen for Kavitationsmedium in the reservoir 14 and bottom outlet on Kondensierungsbehälter 12 are provided. Arrangement according to P15, for generating heat from the exothermic, metal grid-supported, electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms by means of cavitation, combined with electrolytic excitation in situ and subsequent aftertreatment, which utilizes in many ways the aspects of the inventive method according to P01 to P14 described herein, characterized by the following Features: - A controllable in the amplitude, palpable, periodic pulse voltage U _Kav triggers according to P01, P02 and P13 vibrations of the piezoelectric generator 5 from. - The rod-shaped emitter 6 receives the vibrations of the piezoelectric generator 5 and directs pressure fluctuations in the conditioned according to P09 Kaviationsmedium 7, to trigger Bläschenkavitation. Due to the small distance between emitter 6 and target 8, a large part of the cavitation events on the bubble nuclei takes place close to the inner surface or directly on the surface bubbles on the target 8, whereby in this arrangement a favorable surface-to-volume cavitation relationship according to point 024 is reached. The base material of the target 8 is made of one of the metals or alloys mentioned in item 033 or P05, in particular those with high coefficient of elasticity and good electrical conductivity, so that vibrations of the target body and cavitation-induced currents are little attenuated, according to the points 028, 029 and 031. The target body is anchored at its upper end at points in the wall of the housing 9 and has a tubular shape, which is the formation of weakly damped vibrations of the target body with sound excitation, which support according to P01 and P08 the metal mesh-based process. The surface of the target 8 is coated with a metal oxide layer according to item 034 and P06, which has properties of a catalyst for promoting the formation of H radicals. The inner surface and the outer face of the target 8 are further structured according to P07. Circular openings in the metal body of the tubular target 8 establish a connection between the cavitation medium 7 in the space between the emitter 6 and the target 8 and the space between the target 8 and the housing wall 9 and additionally serve to trigger near-surface cavitation events at the annular opening in the metal body. As a result of the sound absorption in the cavitation medium and the heat release by the exothermic, metal lattice-assisted processes, according to the points 024 to 026 and P01, there is heating of the Kaviationsmediums 7 and a thermally induced buoyancy, the cavitation 7 in the tubular target 8 through openings in the Upper area in the conditioning vessel 12 leaves. Colder cavitation medium flows in the lower area from the conditioning vessel 12 back into the reaction chamber 9, where it is preferably directed by an annular barrier of insulating material 23 in the inner space between emitter 6 and target 8 and rises in this. - This gravity-driven circuit provides according to P01, subcomplex 2 for the heat transfer from the Kavitationsraum into the conditioning vessel 12, which is also a heat storage, from the heat exchanger 13 heat for use or cooling can be deducted. - The cavitation 7 consists of hydrogen-containing compounds according to item 032, are added to the electrolyte with promoter elements according to P09 and give this properties of a cavitation and electrolysis medium according to P01, P02 and P04. - Upon application of a negative pulse-shaped or constant voltage U _Ely to the target 8, there is a stationary or pulsed electrolytic current flow between the target 8 and the grounded emitter 6. At the surface of the cathode, it comes to the formation of new surface bubble nuclei, of H radicals and recombined H ₂ molecules. - Thus, the advantages of the method of electrochemical excitation described in P02, P04 to P09 are realized in situ. The gas bubbles formed in the cavitation space are separated according to P10 by a transparent film 25 in cathode gas 26 and anode gas 27 - The cathode gas leaves the cavitation space through openings in the end face of the target 8 and enters the gas discharge space 18, where the post-reaction takes place according to P11. - Between the covered by the insulator layer 19 counter electrode 20 and the outer structured end face of the target 8, formed upon application of a periodic high-frequency pulse voltage U _DBD the filamentary DBD discharge according to P11. The insulator layer 19 between the counterelectrode 20 and the electrode 8 is formed according to point 37 and P05 from field-amplifying dielectric materials. In the filamentary non-thermal DBD discharge according to P11, the conventional exothermic recombination of hydrogen and oxygen into water and the corresponding endothermic decomposition of water molecules in the vapor take place simultaneously. In addition, however, heat is also generated by the exothermic, metal grid-supported, Electromagnetic condensation of hydrogen atoms takes place, similar to the cavitation chamber, in particular at the coated with catalyst according to P06, structured according to P07 outer surface of the end face of the target 8. - The anode gas 27 and the effluent from the gas discharge pass through a metal grid in the recombiner 17th in which the post-reaction according to points 017 and 043 and P12 is continued and completed. The recombination of the electrolysis gas limits the pressure build-up in the system. By thermal conduction, the recombination heat released in the recombiner 17 is transferred to the conditioning vessel 12 and contributes to the heat balance of the process. - The resulting condensate is recycled.

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