DE102017208319A1 - Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung for predetermining at least one radial flow path in a bed reactor and assembly method and use - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a radial flow insert device (10, 110) for predetermining at least one flow path (SP) in the radial direction inwardly through a bed (7) of sorbent in a gas-flowed container (1) of a bed reactor (20), wherein the radial flow inserting device consists of a modular Variety of axially flowable and longitudinally and in the bed eccentrically arrangeable gas distribution units (11) is constructed with Radialdurchlassstruktur (11.5), wherein one or by the Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung defined flow path (SP) of the Gasverteileinheiten radially inwardly on a central longitudinal axis (M) of the container can be aligned, in particular in each case starting from a plurality of distributed in the axial direction along the Gasverteileinheiten height positions (z51). Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for mounting a radial flow insert device in such a container.

Description

The invention relates to a radial flow apparatus for predetermining at least one radial flow path in a bed reactor and a mounting method for providing the radial flow apparatus. In particular, the invention relates to an apparatus and a method according to the preamble of the respective claim.

Reactors with gas traversed beds, especially fixed bed beds, are widely used and in many cases determine the boundary conditions of a process, e.g. the achievable throughput. The corresponding sorption process must be fine-tuned, especially with regard to pressure loss and temperature profile or flow profile in the bed. This is especially true for ammonia plants, or quite generally for plants for synthesis gas treatment. Optimization measures, in particular also to increase the economic benefit, aim in many cases at increasing the capacity of the plants. Higher capacity requires larger volume / mass flow. When using reactors with flow-through (fixed bed) beds, the pressure losses occurring must be overcome. The pressure losses increase with increasing volume flow. Consequently, there is an effort to provide reactors with minimal pressure loss to have more degrees of freedom in capacity increases.

The bed in the reactor can be flowed through in the axial or radial direction. Radial bed reactors bring in most cases a lower pressure drop with it than axial bed reactors, which is particularly important for large systems or high flow rates.

A previous measure to reduce the pressure loss at the highest possible volume flow is therefore to convert existing axial bed reactors in radial bed reactors. This is usually done by introducing the required components and components through a manhole into the reactor. For a separation and re-welding of the reactor wall is for various reasons, not a viable approach to gain better access. In particular, stress relief annealing would be required. The reactors are also often pressure vessels, so that a renewed acceptance or approval with respect to the operating pressure would be required.

There are a number of measures for influencing the pressure loss or the flow profile on the reactor inner wall known, such as in EP 3 037 165 A1 or EP 0 446 592 B1 described. However, these measures can not be applied without difficulty to a pure axial-bed reactor.

EP 0 372 453 A2 and EP 0 265 654 A1 describe in each case an annular insert with two concentrically arranged lateral surfaces for axial-bed reactors, by means of which a conversion to an at least partially radial flow-through radial bed reactor can take place.

EP 1 432 507 B1 describes a basket-like annular cylindrical insert that can be positioned on a shoulder on the inner circumferential surface of a reactor vessel. The insert consists of a plurality of segments (cylinder sectors), each of which can be inserted through an access opening in the reactor vessel, so that the insert can be mounted in the container.

Although the devices described above provide each specific advantages, but there is a need for a device with the simplest possible structure, which can also be retrofitted in a simple manner. A standard in many situations applicable, standardized arrangement for retrofitting a reactor should greatly reduce the cost of retrofitting.

DE 33 18 098 A1 describes a reactor which is flowed from the radial direction, wherein the flow can first be distributed in a ring-cylindrical outer shell formed inside the container, and then to flow radially through the bed.

JP 03-131336 A describes an arrangement for increasing the contact time of a radial flow through a bed. The bed is packed in a ring cylindrical container. Either the flow is introduced into an annular cylindrical area radially outward from the bed or by the annular cylindrical container and then passed from there in the radial direction through the bed, or the flow is passed through a plurality of axial tubes which radially outward from the bed to the bedding are arranged around. The individual tubes are arranged between the inner wall of the reactor and the annular cylindrical container, in particular circumferentially. The individual tubes are arranged separately from the bed, in particular also separately from the annular cylindrical container. A similar technical teaching will be in EP 2 374 531 A1 delivered. Again, there is a packed bed, around which radially outside either a ring-cylindrical cavity or individual tubes are arranged.

Even these publications do not yet provide sufficiently specific technical teaching with regard to a device by means of which the flow through a bed can be designed in the most flexible manner possible, in particular also in connection with a conversion of reactors from axial throughflow into at least partially radial throughflow. While it can be seen from these publications that when a packed bed is inflated, a distribution of flow radially outward around the packing is beneficial, however, these packed beds do not provide the degree of flexibility desired in the applications described below.

The object of the invention is to provide a device and a method which can be ensured in containers of bed reactors in a simple manner as homogeneous radial flow, especially at low pressure drop over the entire bed, especially in connection with newly configured or converted bulk reactors ,

This object is achieved by a Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung for predetermining at least one flow path in the radial direction inwardly through a bed of sorbent in a gas-flowed / gas-flowable container of a bed reactor, wherein the radial flow inserting device modularly from a plurality of axially in the direction of a center longitudinal axis of the container and longitudinally the bulk and arranged in the bulk gas distribution with radial passage structure is constructed, one / by the Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung defined flow path of the eccentrically arranged Gasverteileinheiten radially inwardly directed to the central longitudinal axis or aligned, in particular each starting from a plurality of longitudinally in the axial direction the gas distribution units distributed height positions.

As a result, advantageous pressure conditions during operation of the bed can be realized. In particular, an insert with a modular design with the least possible mass can be provided. A (final) assembly can also be done in tight spaces in a comparatively simple manner in a (pressure) container, especially since the gas distribution units can each be designed as narrow, thin, easily manageable pipes. In this case, a partial Axialradialbettbereich can be realized, if desired. By means of at least one bulkhead at at least one of the ends of the bed or within the bed, the axial flow fraction can be further reduced.

In contrast, the pressure loss is in the strictly axially flowed fixed bed, e.g. at low temperature reactors for the water gas conversion reaction (so-called LT shift reactor) quite high. It has been shown that a reduction of the pressure loss enables efficiency increases.

Previous designs of Radialbetteinsätzen in the form of an integral, non-modular container insert have for many applications on too large a mass and require high installation costs, especially when flat shell elements must be introduced through the manhole opening in the container.

A previous measure in the attempt to provide modular inserts, was in particular in the segmentation or subdivision of the entire use in circular segments. However, curved, provided with different radii, thin-walled hollow shell elements, which rest against the container, in many cases, the risk of instability of the hollow body with it, associated with denting of the surfaces and uncontrolled reduction of the flow cross-section.

Such disadvantages can be overcome with the radial flow insert device according to the invention for any bulk. The comparatively narrow, lightweight gas distribution units can be flexibly moved past existing internals in the reactor. In contrast, asymmetrically shaped hollow elements with differently sized, outer sheath radii would require specially adapted shaped pieces. This would increase the implementation effort and the costs.

In this case, the radial flow device is set up for positive or positive and non-positive final assembly of gas-conducting components within the container, which allows a reversible arrangement in the container, without material connection. This simplifies the assembly, and also allows disassembly. Material bonding (in particular welding) in connection with the assembly is not required, either before or after the installation of the individual components in the container. Although some of the components may have welds. However, the (dis) assembly can be done entirely without material.

In this case, the radial flow insert device also provides the advantage that the bed can optionally be flowed through at least partially axially. The extent of the axial flow component can be adjusted in a comparatively flexible manner, in particular via the flow resistance in the axial bypass guides (Gasverteileinheiten) within the bed.

Furthermore, it has been found that by means of the device according to the invention, an existing, in-service reactor can be converted or retrofitted in a simple manner, in particular by introducing all gas-conducting components through an inlet or through a manhole. Welds on the reactor vessel do not have to be carried out. A heat post-treatment is not required. The container wall can remain untouched, that is without the need for cohesive measures such as welding are required. The container wall can form an abutment or a coupling part for positive or positive and non-positive fastening means.

The avoidance of welding work inside the container not least also contributes to shortening the time required for the assembly. The retrofitting of the radial flow insert device can be done either through an inlet or a manhole, in conjunction with a final assembly in the container, or in the final assembled state, namely a container with a jacket flange, whereby the entire container cross-section is accessible.

The radial flow apparatus can be composed of at least two gas-conducting components from the group: gas distribution units with radial passage structure, support unit, axially flowable and along the bed can be arranged gas collection unit with Radialdurchlassstruktur; be constructed, wherein the gas-conducting components comprise at least a plurality of Gasverteileinheiten and at least one support unit.

The respective support unit is not necessarily a gas-conducting component, but can optionally fulfill a gas-conducting function, in particular since the support unit can be arranged within the bed. This shows a further advantage of the radial flow insert device: Maximum flexibility in the design or adaptation of the radial flow insert device to a particular application. For example, the support unit may be formed as a disc which at least partially seals the bed in the radial direction. If an axial component of the flow should be prevented as completely as possible, e.g. at specific height positions of the bed, so may optionally be provided one or more support units which completely seal off the bed in the radial direction at the desired height position. Optionally, a support unit forms a partially gas-permeable bulkhead, or is arranged only in a narrow radial section, in particular annularly completely encircling, in order to ensure as homogeneous a flow as possible.

The gas collection unit may also be described as a gas discharge unit. In the gas collection unit, the gas passing through the bed is combined and then removed from the bed reactor. The gas collection unit is not necessarily part of the radial flow insert device. Depending on the configuration of the container, the gas collection unit may be already mounted or pre-installed on the container. For example, the gas collection unit may be permanently installed and connected to an outlet of the container. The radial flow insert device can be provided without gas collection unit. Also, there may be cases in which the gas collecting unit is too bulky or bulky to replace, so it is advantageous to provide the radial flow inserting device without the gas collecting unit and to introduce a possibly still to be retrofitted radial passage structure to the already installed gas collecting unit in the vessel.

If the radial flow insert device is provided together with the gas collection unit, it is even possible to exert greater influence on the flow path or on the flow profile forming in the bed. In particular, the Radialdurchlassstrukturen can be fine tuned to each other, for example, each as a perforation. However, a Radialdurchlassstruktur which is tuned to those of the gas distribution units, but can also be subsequently introduced into an already installed gas collection unit.

The radial flow insert device can also be described as a gas distribution tube basket according to an embodiment. As applications for the radial flow insert device can be exemplified: low temperature reactors for the water gas conversion reaction, gas treatment of a hydrogen plant.

A bed is to be understood as meaning a statically arranged or at least partially dynamically displaceable group of sorbent pellets or tablets or other shaped bodies (for example rings). The bed can be a fixed bed. Usually, a bed of catalyst material in pellet form is used. Alternatively, sorbents which are not intended to provide catalytic activity, e.g. Moisture adsorbents such as zeolites. The most advantageous packaging can be selected depending on the application, regardless of the radial flow insert device described here.

In particular, the radial flow apparatus described here also allows the use of loose beds, ie beds of pellets, which are not arranged by a separate container or individual segments, but literally as a bed in the container be arranged loosely as bulk material. The bed must therefore not be a packed bed. Not least, this broadens the spectrum of possible applications.

The diameter of a respective passage (or holes of the perforation) is smaller than the minimum size or diameter of a single pellet or particle of the bed. Optionally, a gas-permeable separating bulkhead may be arranged on the inner and / or outer circumferential surface of the respective wall with passages, in particular a wire mesh.

The radial flow insert device can furthermore be constructed from at least one support unit arranged for the eccentric arrangement of the gas distribution units and for aligning and supporting the gas distribution units on the container and / or relative to each other.

The respective support unit may e.g. be configured as (basket) ring with brackets. One or more support units may form a (basket) support structure, in particular with clamps or at least with attachment points therefor. The basket-like configuration can be formed by the plurality of gas distribution units. For example, 50 to 100 Gasverteileinheiten be provided, which in a final assembly arrangement a large part of the bed in the radial direction in a basket-like manner.

The final assembly (optionally outside of and / or in the container) can be carried out in particular by means of pipe clamps, ironing, screws, ie standardized standard parts, in particular reversible. The gas distribution units can be fastened / mounted on the at least one support unit by means of such standard parts, in particular in the region of the openings.

The radial flow insert device according to the invention makes it possible to adapt the gas distribution units to the respective application. For example, an axial distance of the gas distribution units to each other in the range of 100 to 200mm. A diameter of the gas distribution units is for example 60 to 100 mm. A distance of the center longitudinal axis of the respective gas distribution unit to the inner wall of the container is, for example, 40 to 70 mm, in particular 55 mm.

In the figures, with regard to the clarity, the number of distributor units is reduced, wherein the distributor units are shown with relatively larger diameters. It has been found that a large number of comparatively thin distribution units is particularly advantageous. The optimum number of distribution units depends on the size of the container and the application, in particular also on the type of bed or the type of bulk material used. For example, the number of distributor units may be in the range of 50 to 100, in particular 80. For very large containers, the number can also be over 100.

As materials for the individual components of the radial flow apparatus can be used in particular stainless steels, optionally also other non-corrosive materials. This not least also allows a thin-walled and therefore lightweight construction with low mass.

The container can be filled to the bottom, so that also sets a partial axial flow, be it in the inlet or outflow.

Apart from the upper gas inlet cross-sectional area (inlet), the gas distribution units or gas inlet tubes or gas inlet hollow elements can be completely enclosed by catalyst material or by a (fixed bed) bed, so that a largely symmetrical, radially aligned load profile results for the respective gas distribution unit.

The gas flows first into the gas distribution units, then on with a strong radial direction component to the gas collection unit (central tube) and from there to the outlet or outlet nozzle of the container. Depending on whether or how much a partial axial flow is to be permitted within the bed, the length of the gas collection unit can be reduced starting from the upper end, so that the gas distribution units overlap the gas collection unit axially. With this measure, it can also be avoided that undesired bypass flows form around the bed or only through partial areas of the bed.

According to one embodiment, the radially outflowable gas distribution units are each free-standing and spaced from each other within the bed can be arranged. This arrangement has advantages both in terms of assembly (independence of the individual gas distribution units) and in terms of flow distribution. In addition, a respective gas distribution unit can be designed in a particularly flexible manner for a particular application, for example, be adapted in diameter. The gas distribution units may be formed as comparatively thin tubes, for example in the sum of more than 30 or more than 50 tubes, each free and radially spaced from the container wall and spaced from one another in the bed. This provides a comparatively homogeneous Flow profile, and allows a high degree of flexibility in the design of the radial flow device or the type of flow.

The radial flow insert device can be designed as a tubular basket formed from a plurality of gas distribution units, in particular as a cylindrical tube basket with gas distribution units arranged concentrically about a central longitudinal axis.

The respective gas distribution unit may in particular have a ring-cylindrical geometry. This also provides advantages in terms of thinness and stability. The annular cylindrical geometry allows a comparatively thin wall, and thus a comparatively low pressure loss. The respective gas distribution unit can be provided in the form of a welded tube with longitudinal weld, in particular a tube made of a (preferably rolled) perforated sheet metal strip.

The respective gas distribution unit may e.g. also have a semi-cylindrical geometry, or a geometry in which the outside is adapted to the geometry of the container wall. This provides further variables with regard to arrangement and flow profile, in particular for containers with non-cylindrical inner circumferential surface.

The arrangement of the respective gas distribution unit in the container can be carried out in such a way, in particular with sufficient distance from the wall, that the gas distribution unit is completely enclosed by filling material or catalyst material. This ensures a uniform support effect and allows thermal expansion at comparatively homogeneous material stresses. In particular, upon complete enclosure with pellets or catalyst material, a largely uniform radial force effect on the respective gas distribution unit is realized.

The radial passage structure can be provided by individual (point-like) passages / holes and / or by a flat perforation. A perforation of the respective gas distribution unit and its length can optionally be adjusted individually for the purpose of adjusting the gas distribution or the flow path for each application. For example, holes are provided with a diameter of 2mm. In particular, the diameter is chosen such that pellets or the bulk material can not pass through the holes. The perforation can be punched, e.g. when perforated according to standard. Alternatively, the introduction of holes or a perforation can be done by laser. Both individual holes and an entire perforation may be formed symmetrically with respect to the axial direction and / or the circumferential direction.

The gas distribution units can be varied in length, in particular to influence the flow path or the homogeneity of the flow. The gas distribution units may, due to the design, depending on the container geometry, be straight (strictly axial), or at least partially curved, in particular to dodge existing installations can.

According to one embodiment, the radial flow insert device is set up for positive or positive and non-positive final assembly of the gas-conducting components within the container. This not only provides advantages when retrofitting existing plants. Due to the modular design, there are reliefs in numerous contexts, be it during retrofitting or retrofitting, be it during operation of the radial flow apparatus or a bed reactor. The positive or non-positive coupling to the bed reactor also provides a great deal of freedom in the design and dimensioning of the radial flow insert device.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the gas distribution units and / or a gas collecting unit of the radial flow apparatus which can be arranged centrally in the container define in each case an axially aligned cavity with a flow resistance smaller than the flow resistance in the bed, in which cavity the flow path is formed in the axial direction, in particular a hollow cavity. As a result, in each case a kind of axial bridge or axial bypass can be provided within the bed. Individual axial sections of the bed can be short-circuited or bypassed without the gas coming into contact with the bed. This allows, as yet unregulated, fresh gas e.g. to lead to a central height position of the bed and initiate it there in the bed, with the result that the bed is applied in the axial direction at any height positions in a similar manner with foreign matter. In the case of catalytic beds, the bed is used particularly well.

Preferably, the cavity is cylindrical. Depending on how strong the difference of the flow resistance is, it is easy to influence the flow profile and the size of the axial flow components that form, without having to make any changes to the operating mode or the applied (sub) pressure conditions. Preferably, the cavities are hollow and without filling, in particular by minimal pressure loss in the axial direction to be able to ensure. However, measures can be taken to adjust the pressure loss within the cavities, for example, depending on the nature (packing density, porosity) and the volume of the bed in the container. Such measures can be particularly effective when the bed is covered by a bulkhead in the inflow, so that the flow must be made at least by the Gasverteileinheiten. For example, the cavities can also be filled with inert shaped bodies in order to reduce the difference in the flow resistance and thereby to effect an even greater radial orientation of the flow or a greater charge of the head of the bed. This measure can also be made in sections along the respective Gasverteileinheit / gas collection unit.

In this case, the radial flow insert device can define a plurality of axial flow path sections free of sorbent by means of the gas distribution units. The axial flow path sections may extend along the entire length of the respective gas distribution unit. This provides good gas distribution and introduction into the entire bed.

According to one embodiment, the radial flow insert device defines circumferentially distributed radial inflow points, which are arranged in the axial direction in different height positions at the same radial position. This provides, viewed in the axial direction, at least approximately the same flow conditions at each height position of the reactor, ie a fairly homogeneous flow profile even in the case of elongate containers.

According to one embodiment, the respective radial passage structure of the gas distribution units and / or the gas collection unit has a plurality of passages, in particular in the manner of a homogeneously distributed perforation, in particular distributed homogeneously both in the circumferential direction and in the axial direction. The plurality of passages in the gas distribution units allows a homogeneous gas distribution in the bed. Under certain circumstances, the gas outlet openings are performed differently in sections, in order to improve the uniformity of the flow. The passages can be punched or cut, for example, depending on diameter and wall thickness. The passages can define the respective height positions. As a homogeneous distribution in the circumferential direction is also a distribution to understand that is interrupted at one or more circumferential positions in a narrow area segment, for example, due to a longitudinally extending in the axial direction weld.

According to one embodiment, the gas distribution units and / or the gas collection unit are ring-cylindrical. This can be ensured in a simple manner the most symmetrical or homogeneous flow distribution. Also, forces exerted on the gas distribution units can be intercepted in a comparatively homogeneous manner.

According to one embodiment, the (respective) support unit has openings adapted for receiving the gas distribution units and their relative arrangement to one another, wherein the openings preferably define both the radial and the circumferential position of the respective gas distribution unit in the container. This allows a simple and unambiguous way to specify the relative arrangement of the gas distribution units. The openings may be formed in particular as through holes. The openings can in particular be provided by means of brackets or clamps (standardized standard parts), in particular standard parts, which can be fastened directly to the container wall.

According to one embodiment, the (respective) support unit has an opening for receiving a gas collection unit and for arrangement relative to the gas distribution units. This allows alignment and support by means of the support unit in a simple manner. The assembly can be facilitated. In this case, the gas distribution units and optionally also one / the gas collection unit of the radial flow apparatus or the bulk reactor can be held by the or by means of a plurality of support units independent of the container and aligned relative to each other. This allows the arrangement and orientation of the components regardless of the container geometry.

According to one embodiment, the gas distribution units can be arranged in a predefined / predefinable radial distance to a wall of the container (to the pressure vessel wall), in particular by means of one or more support units. This makes it possible to use the radial flow from the gas distribution units over the entire circumference of the gas distribution units, and thus to provide a large gas exchange area at a comparatively low pressure loss. Last but not least, this can also stabilize the entire arrangement (full external pressure on the gas distribution units).

Since the gas distribution units can be arranged freely in the bed, ie directly in the bed material or in the pellets, the design of the radial flow insert device for a specific application can be carried out in a particularly flexible manner, in particular each with freely selectable radial distance.

In this case, the radial flow insert device can be set up to arrange the gas distribution units in radial support and at a predefined radial distance from a wall of the container, in particular by means of the (respective) support unit in concentric arrangement around a gas-removing gas collection unit with radial passage structure. The radial spacing can be ensured in particular by means of the support unit (s). The respective support unit is preferably formed from a plurality of segments or ring segments, in particular at least three ring segments. The respective segment can be dimensioned such that it can also be introduced through the inlet into the container. For example, a support unit is formed by a plurality of steel construction profiles, which are annular shaped and segmented.

According to one embodiment, the radial flow insert device is modular from at least three and a maximum of four gas-conducting components from the group: plurality of gas distribution units, support unit, bulkhead, centrally arranged gas collection unit; built up. This allows a simple structure made up of a few components. Fasteners are irrelevant, so do not understand as gas-conducting components. The support unit can assume at least insofar a gas-conducting function, as at least in a radial section in the axial direction more or less gas-tight bulkhead is formed by the support unit. Depending on whether / how strong a flow in the axial direction is to be prevented, the support unit can not only extend fully (ring-like), but also from a wall of the container, e.g. to the radial center, or possibly with interruptions even to the gas collection unit. Preferably, the support unit extends radially outward to the wall, whereby (especially due to lower pressure loss) there forming edge currents avoided or at least can be slowed down.

According to one variant, the respective support unit fulfills exclusively a supporting function.

In the final assembled state, the axially arranged gas distribution units may define a ring of radial inflow points distributed over the circumference, in particular concentrically with a gas collection unit or an outlet of the container. This promotes a homogeneous distribution of the gas flow.

According to one embodiment, the gas distribution units each have a downstream, the cavity delimiting end. This improves the efficiency in distributing the flow in the radial direction. A bypass can be avoided. In this case, the end can have individual passages or be perforated in order to be able to realize a partial axial flow as a function of the height position of the end.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the radial flow charging device comprises a bulkhead bulkhead which at least partially seals off the bulk material in the axial direction, in particular a bulkhead bulkhead arranged above the bulk material. Thus, the radial portion of the flow can be amplified. A flow in the axial direction is at least partially blocked or impeded. Ultimately, in this way, the flow path can be defined more accurately, and the pressure loss can be reduced. In an arrangement above the bed, the gas can first be forced into the distribution units. The flow in the axial direction then takes place more or less exclusively in the distributor units. The fill can only be flowed in from the radial direction.

The bulkhead can be completely gas impermeable. Optionally, a partially gas-permeable bulkhead can be used, especially in conjunction with ceramic balls or at least one grid.

The radial flow insert device can be provided with and without upper bulkhead (or cover plate). This can be used to influence the flow path. In particular, the functionality can be modified from a radially radially flowed through radial bed to an axial axial flow at least partially through Axialradialbett. In particular in the upper region of the bed, this makes it possible to influence the inflow of the gas in a simple manner.

Without bulkhead can be avoided in particular by a shortened from above the effective length of the gas collection unit that bypass streams form past the catalyst bed.

Preferably, an upper cylindrical shell portion of the gas collecting unit has no perforation or passages, or the gas collecting unit is shortened from above. Optionally, an essay in the nature of a blind pipe socket for the central manifold can be provided, which can be placed from the top of the central manifold or slipped over to shorten the effective length of the central manifold.

According to an embodiment, an uppermost height position of the radial passage structure of the gas collecting unit is located lower than an upper end of the bed or as a closed end of the gas collection unit, in particular 5 to 25% lower. This allows influencing the flow profile, in particular if no bulkhead is provided, in particular even if the length of the gas collection unit is to remain unchanged. In an upper region of the gas collecting unit then no radial passage structure is formed.

Depending on the design of the lower region of the container and the arrangement and length of the distributor units, an axial-radial flow with a more or less pronounced axial component is formed in the lower region of the container. This can be adjusted depending on the application.

The above object is also achieved by a radial flow inserting device for a bed reactor for specifying at least one flow path in the radial direction inwardly by a bed starting from a plurality of different height positions axially along the bed, in particular a previously described Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung, prepared by arranging and aligning a Variety of axially flowed through and radially outflow gas distribution in the bed and eccentrically to the bed and to a central gas collection unit, in particular by modular final assembly in a container of the bed reactor. This results in previously described advantages. The arranging and aligning can be effected in particular by means of at least one annular support unit, in particular a support unit which can be subdivided into several segments.

The aforementioned object is also achieved by a bed reactor, in particular for or in an ammonia plant, comprising a previously described, modular radial flow insert device with a plurality of axially flowed gas distribution, wherein the radial flow inserting device is formed of gas-conducting components, which is smaller than a or outlet of the bed reactor and can be introduced through the inlet or outlet in a container of the bed reactor. This results in previously described advantages. The bed reactor may e.g. be designed as a fixed bed reactor. The bed reactor may e.g. also be provided for or in a water gas conversion reaction reactor (LT-shift reactor) for syngas production.

The radial flow insert device can be supported on / on one or more consoles, in particular centrally arranged in the container at half height brackets. A corresponding support structure of the radial flow insert device can be arranged in a corresponding height position. The attachment to one or more consoles can be combined with or replaced by attachment to a container support arranged or retrofitted in the foot support ring. A respective console may be e.g. have a T-profile or configured as a T-carrier.

Preferably, the gas distribution units are radially spaced from the inner surface of the container inwardly offset / disposed within the bed directly in the bulk material, in particular at a distance of at least 1/36 or 1/25 of the radius of the container, for example at a distance of a maximum 1/4 or 1/3 of the radius of the container.

According to one embodiment, the gas distribution units extend axially along at least 50%, in particular at least 75% or completely along the bed. This provides the advantage that gas can be provided at all height positions of the bed for radial flow. Not only the head of the bed is charged, but also the middle and downstream lower part of the bed. The bed is used more efficiently. The whole arrangement is more efficient. This not least saves installation space and plant or process costs.

According to one embodiment, the radial flow insert device has a multiplicity of external, axially alignable gas distribution units which can be arranged / arranged around a centrally arranged gas collection unit, in particular at a uniform predefinable radial distance.

According to one embodiment, the gas collection unit is connected to an outlet of the container, in particular integrally. The gas collection unit may be pre-assembled in the container and may have a diameter smaller than the inlet (upper access port). Optionally, the gas collection unit may have a larger diameter than the upper access port, wherein the gas collection unit may be provided segmented and partially pre-assembled for final assembly.

The above object is also achieved by a method for assembling a radial flow inserting device for predetermining at least one flow path in the radial direction inwardly through a bed of a bed reactor, in particular a previously described radial flow insert device, wherein the radial flow inserting device is formed by a plurality of Gasverteileinheiten, which or arranged eccentrically around a gas collection unit by means of at least one support unit and aligned and supported relative to each other, in particular within the bed or within a volume provided for receiving the bulk material. This embodiment allows a particularly simple assembly, as well as a radial flow through the bed of a plurality of height positions.

In this case, the gas distribution units can be arranged in the axial direction in such a way that a bed to be flowed through is radially inflowable or chargeable via an axial section of at least 50% or at least 75% of the bed by means of the gas distribution units.

The gas distribution units can be mounted individually modularly with the support unit.

According to one embodiment, the gas distribution units are arranged with an eccentricity smaller than the radius of the container at a distance from a wall of the container, in particular by means of one / of the support unit. This also provides a favorable flow profile. The distance has not least the advantage that bedding material (pellets) can be easily inserted and removed from the container.

All required (gas-conducting) components can be introduced for assembly through an existing opening in the container (in particular inlet, gas inlet nozzle or manhole), in particular in a prefabricated outside the reactor state. All components can also be arranged within the bed. The packing need not be packed.

After assembly, the filling of the container with bulk material can take place. Optionally, at least one bulkhead in / on the bed can be provided during or after this. Optionally, additionally or alternatively, hold-down grids or at least one layer of ceramic balls can be provided on / in the bed.

Depending on the configuration and accessibility of the container, an automation can take place with regard to individual steps of this type. In particular, the provision of the individual components of the radial flow insert device can be carried out in an automated manner, be it as separate components in the form of a mounting kit, be it already at least partially preassembled.

The final assembly in the container can also comprise a coupling of the respective gas distribution unit with a magazine, a feed device and / or a loading unit. Furthermore, adjustment units and fixing units can be provided. Depending on the accessibility of the container and this assembly process can be carried out at least partially automated or motorized by robot support.

• Bereitstellen oder Vorbereiten wenigstens einer Tragstruktur zur Befestigung der Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung im Behälter;
• Bereitstellen der Gasverteileinheiten, insbesondere im Behälter;
• Bereitstellen der wenigstens einen Stützeinheit, im Behälter;
• Befestigen der Gasverteileinheiten an der Stützeinheit;
• Befestigen der Gasverteileinheiten und/oder der Stützeinheit an der Tragstruktur.

In particular, the assembly can be carried out in the following order:

• Providing or preparing at least one support structure for securing the radial flow device in the container;
• Providing the gas distribution units, in particular in the container;
• Providing the at least one support unit in the container;
• Attaching the gas distribution units to the support unit;
• Attaching the gas distribution units and / or the support unit to the support structure.

The support structure may be formed at least partially by already provided in the container consoles. On these consoles, for example, steel construction profiles in ring form can be fastened with lugs. Clamps can be attached to the tabs.

Optionally, the support structure may also be at least partially formed by at least one support ring, in particular in the region of a bottom of the container. The radial flow inserter can be positioned and supported on the support ring. The support ring can optionally be arranged in a central portion of the container. The support ring can be segmented.

The method may further include providing the gas collection unit and attaching the gas collection unit in the container or on the support unit.

According to one embodiment, the gas distribution units by means of positive or positive and non-positive fastening means, in particular with standardized standard parts from the group: clamps, brackets, fittings; attached to the (respective) support unit. As a result, the pipes can be additionally aligned and stabilized in their positioning.

According to one embodiment, the gas distribution units by means of and / or the support unit by means of positive or positive and non-positive fastening means, in particular with standardized standard parts from the group: (steel) profile segments (in particular Profilsegmenteringe), clamps, brackets, fittings; attached in a container of the bed reactor. As a result, in addition to a correct orientation, an exact height positioning is achieved. Optionally, the Gas distribution units by means of brackets, at least one support ring with tabs and secured by clamps in the container.

The aforementioned object is also achieved according to the invention by using a radial flow apparatus, in particular a previously described radial flow apparatus, for specifying at least one flow path in a container of a bed reactor in the radial direction inwardly by a bed starting from a plurality of different height positions axially along the bed, in particular starting from height positions with the same eccentricity smaller than the radius of the container. This results in the aforementioned advantages.

The aforementioned object is also achieved according to the invention by using a plurality of perforated sheet-metal strips for forming a plurality of gas distribution units for providing a radial flow apparatus, in particular a previously described radial flow apparatus. In this way, in addition to the aforementioned advantages, it is possible in particular to realize a particularly stable arrangement which can be realized in a cost-effective manner. The use can be made to predetermine at least one flow path in a container of a bed reactor in the radial direction inwardly by a bed, wherein the gas distribution units are aligned in the axial direction and positioned within the bed each surrounded by bed material. This results in many of the aforementioned advantages.

• 1 eine geschnittene perspektivische Ansicht einer Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung gemäß einem Ausführungsbeispiel;
• 2 eine geschnittene perspektivische Ansicht einer Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung gemäß einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel;
• 3 eine perspektivische Ansicht einer Anordnung und Ausgestaltung einer Gasverteileinheit einer Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung gemäß einem der Ausführungsbeispiele;
• 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F jeweils in geschnittener Seitenansicht und geschnittener Draufsicht einen von sechs Montageschritten eines Montageverfahrens gemäß einer Ausführungsform;
• 5A, 5B jeweils in geschnittener Seitenansicht und geschnittener Draufsicht sowie in geschnittenen Detailansichten Abstützeinheiten an einem Behälter zur Aufnahme einer Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung gemäß einem der Ausführungsbeispiele; und
• 6A, 6B jeweils in geschnittener Seitenansicht und geschnittener Draufsicht einen axial durchströmten Behälter im Vergleich zu einem radial durchströmten Behälter mit einer darin positionierten Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung gemäß einem der Ausführungsbeispiele.

Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments. It shows

• 1 a sectional perspective view of a radial flow inserting device according to an embodiment;
• 2 a sectional perspective view of a radial flow device according to a further embodiment;
• 3 a perspective view of an arrangement and configuration of a gas distribution unit of a Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to one of the embodiments;
• 4A . 4B . 4C . 4D . 4E . 4F each in a sectional side view and a sectional top view of one of six assembly steps of an assembly method according to an embodiment;
• 5A . 5B each in a sectional side view and a sectional plan view and in sectional detail views support units on a container for receiving a Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to one of the embodiments; and
• 6A . 6B in each case in a sectional side view and a sectional top view of an axially flow-through container in comparison to a radially flow-through container with a positioned therein radial flow inserting device according to one of the embodiments.

For reference numbers that are not explicitly described with respect to a single figure, reference is made to the other figures.

1 shows a container 1 , in particular pressure vessel with a wall 1.1 and an inner circumferential surface 1.11 , The container extends along a central longitudinal axis M , In the container can be a bed 7 can be arranged, in particular after a Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung therein 10 was mounted, leaving a bed reactor 20 is formed, which can be used for example in an ammonia plant.

On a hemispherical head 3 the container is an inlet 3.1 arranged in the form of an inlet nozzle, in particular centrally. Likewise, on a hemispherical bottom 5 an outlet 5.1 arranged in the form of an outlet nozzle. At the outlet nozzle is a gas collection unit 13 coupled or integrally connected in the manner of an axially and centrically aligned tube. Both the head 3 as well as the ground 5 can also have an elliptical geometry.

The radial flow insert device 10 includes a plurality of gas distribution units 11 in the form of axially and eccentrically aligned tubes, wherein here by way of example twelve tubes are shown. Preferably, the number is even greater, in particular in the range of 50 to 100 pieces. The gas distribution units 11 lead the gas within the bed at least over a certain height section past the bed, and thereby form a partial axial bypass of the bed. Within the bed are therefore a variety of Axialbypass units 11 intended.

In the event that the individual Gasverteileinheiten 11 have a longitudinal weld, this is advantageously aligned in the direction of the central longitudinal axis of the container, ie inward. This favors the full distribution of the flow into the bed, without the gas predominantly flowing out only in an inwardly oriented segment of the lateral surface.

Gas flows from a respective inlet 11.3 through a cavity defined by the tube 11.4 in the axial direction down, and depending on the pressure conditions in the radial direction by a Radial passage structure 11.5 , in particular perforation in the wall of the pipe. The tubes each have an enclosed end 11.7 on, so that it can be ensured that the gas continues to flow in any case in the radial direction.

Likewise, the gas collection unit 13 an upper closed end 13.3 and defines a particular cylindrical cavity 13.4 through which the gas in the axial direction through an outlet 13.7 can flow off after it in the radial direction a Radialdurchlassstruktur 13.5 , in particular perforation of the gas collection unit 13 happened. The gas distribution units 11 define a plurality of radial inflow points zrll radially inward into the bed (view AA). Strictly axial in the axial direction z becomes the flow after passing through the gas distribution units 11 , only in this outlet 13.7 aligned.

The gas distribution units 11 and optionally also the gas collection unit 13 are by means of several support units 15 , in particular support rings aligned relative to each other and in the container 1 positioned. The support units 15 have corresponding openings 15:11 or holes for the Gasverteileinheiten, in particular according to the outer contour of the Gasverteileinheiten. Further, optionally, an opening 15:13 be provided for the gas collection unit.

At the top of the gas collection unit 13 is a bulkhead 17 positioned, in particular a bulkhead or a gas-tight cover plate. The height position z17 of the bulkhead 17 in this example corresponds to the upper (closed) end 13.3 the gas collection unit, but may optionally also be arranged above or below, depending on the configuration of the end 13.3 or depending on the design and arrangement of passages 13:51 in the gas collection unit.

Also at the bulkhead 17 can have openings 17:11 for the gas distribution unit and an opening 17:13 be formed for the gas collection unit. This facilitates the relative arrangement and support of the individual components.

The gas distribution units 11 are in the circumferential direction t at a distance dt1 arranged to each other, which depends on the number and the diameter of the gas distribution units 11 results, and which also depends on the size of the pellets of the bed 7 directed. For example, the distance is dtl approximately in the region of 1.5 times the diameter of the gas distribution units 11 , Then the outer walls of the gas distribution units 11 arranged at a distance corresponding to their radius away from each other. In the event that particularly many or very narrow Gasverteileinheiten 11 are provided, the distance may also be larger or smaller.

In the view AA or in 2 or 3 are a wall 11.1 and a lateral surface 11:11 as well as individual passages 11:51 the respective gas distribution units 11 shown. Likewise, the gas collection unit 13 a wall 13.1 , a lateral surface 13:11 as well as individual passages 13:51 on.

2 shows a radial flow insert device 110 according to a further embodiment. A bulkhead is not provided here. A top level position z5 the radial passage structure 13.5 the gas collection unit 13 is about 20% lower than an upper open end or as the respective inlet 11.3 the gas distribution units 11 , The flow path SP of the gas is indicated schematically by the arrows with the arrowed end. The bed height z1 can thereby at least approximately the height position z13 correspond to the closed end of the gas collection unit.

In the BB view it can be seen that the configuration is below the height position z5 that according to the first embodiment can correspond.

3 shows the eccentric arrangement of the gas distribution units 11 in detail. One in the radial direction r measured radial distance dr1 between the respective gas distribution unit 11 and the inner circumferential surface 1.11 of the container 1 in this example is significantly smaller than the radius of the gas distribution unit 11 , in particular about half the size. Depending on the size of the pellets of the bed 7 The distance can be larger or smaller. In the 3 are the variety of height positions z51 represented the individual passages, starting from which the radial profile can form in the respective height position.

In 4A . 4B . 4C . 4D . 4E . 4F assembly steps are shown. In 4A is a container 1 shown without bulk. The bed was removed. In 4B is a center in the container on consoles 9.1 mounted support ring 9.3 shown. The radial flow insert device 10 So can on a support unit 9 , in particular comprising at least one console 9.1 (bearing wall projection) and at least one support ring 9.3 in the container 1 be attached. In 4C are gas distribution units 11 shown, the form-fitting and optionally also non-positively on the support ring 9.3 are supported. In 4D are additional support units 15 assembled. In 4E is the central gas collection unit 13 assembled. In 4F is a bulkhead 17 provided for placement on top of the bed. The bulkhead 17 is preferably mounted after introduction of the bed (not shown).

The radial flow insert device 10 can be as follows in the container 1 to be mounted: After mounting at least one support ring 9.3 become the gas distribution units 11 fixed with suitable clamps or clamps (not shown). supporting rings 15 above and below serve the additional positioning and alignment, so that a radial flow device 10 can be realized in the manner of a gas distribution tube with a defined distance from the wall. Finally, the intended for the gas outlet central tube 13 assembled. After filling with catalyst, depending on the reactor type, a cover 17 assembled. Instead of a cover ceramic balls or a hold-down grid (not shown) may be provided. The installation for a container with foot support ring or floor support ring ( 5B ) is possible with modifications in a similar way.

In 5A is a container 1 with centrally in the circumferential direction at several positions on the wall 1.1 provided consoles 9.1 shown. On these consoles, a support ring or a support unit can be attached.

In 5B is a floor / foot support ring 9.3 on which a radial flow device (not shown) can be positioned and supported.

In 6A is an axially flowed container 1 shown, in which two bedding levels are provided, so with two catalyst beds above the other, wherein the upper bed by a support ring 9.3 and a bulkhead with steel construction support is defined from the lower bed. The bulkhead and / or the support ring can be supported on, for example, eight pieces of brackets. The brackets can be welded to the container wall. In 6B the same container 1 shown, but now converted with a positioned therein radial flow device 10 ,

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Container, in particular pressure vessel

1.1

wall

1.11

(Inner) circumferential surface

3

Head, in particular hemispherical or semi-elliptic

3.1

Inlet, in particular inlet or manhole

5

Soil, in particular hemispherical or semi-elliptic

5.1

Outlet, in particular outlet nozzle

7

fill

9

support unit

9.1

Console (especially supporting wall projection)

9.3

(Foot) supporting ring

10; 110

Radial flow insert device

11

eccentrically arranged gas distribution unit, in particular axially aligned tube

11.1

wall

11:11

lateral surface

11.3

inlet

11.4

cavity

11.5

Radial passage structure, in particular perforation

11:51

single passage

11.7

closed end

13

Centrally arranged gas collection unit, in particular axially aligned pipe

13.1

wall

13:11

lateral surface

13.3

closed end

13.4

cavity

13.5

Radial passage structure, in particular perforation

13:51

single passage

13.7

outlet

15

Support unit, in particular basket ring

15:11

Opening for gas distribution unit

15:13

Opening for gas collection unit

17

Bulkhead, especially partition bulkhead or cover plate

17:11

Opening for gas distribution unit

17:13

Opening for gas collection unit

20

bed reactor

dr1

Radial distance between gas distribution unit and inner circumferential surface

dtl

Distance in the circumferential direction of the gas distribution units to each other

M

central longitudinal axis

r

radial direction

SP

flow path

t

tangential direction or circumferential direction

z

axial direction, in particular vertical direction

z1

bed height

z5

highest height position of Radialdurchlassstruktur

ZR11

Radialeinströmpunkt

z13

Height position of the closed end of the gas collection unit

z17

Height position of the bulkhead

z51

Height position of a single passage

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• EP 3037165 A1 [0005]
• EP 0446592 B1 [0005]
• EP 0372453 A2 [0006]
• EP 0265654 A1 [0006]
• EP 1432507 B1 [0007]
• DE 3318098 A1 [0009]
• JP 3131336 A [0010]
• EP 2374531 A1 [0010]

Claims (16)

Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung (10; 110) for predetermining at least one flow path (SP) in the radial direction inwardly through a bed (7) of sorbent in a gas-flowed container (1) of a bed reactor (20), characterized in that the radial flow inserting device modular of a plurality Gas distribution units (11) with radial passage structure (11.5) can be axially flowed through and can be arranged eccentrically in the bed, one of the flow paths (SP) defined by the radial flow insert device being able to be aligned radially inwardly by the gas distribution units on a central longitudinal axis (M) of the container is, in particular each starting from a plurality of distributed in the axial direction along the gas distribution units height positions (z51). Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung after Claim 1 , wherein the radially outflowable Gasverteileinheiten (11) are each free-standing and spaced apart from each other within the bed can be arranged. Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung is further composed of at least one support unit (15) for eccentric arrangement of the gas distribution units (11) and for aligning and supporting the Gasverteileinheiten on the container (1) or relative to each other; and / or wherein at least one of the support units (15) of the radial flow apparatus has openings (15.11) adapted to receive the gas distribution units and their relative arrangement to each other, wherein the openings preferably both the radial and the circumferential position of the respective gas distribution unit in the container (1 ) define. Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung (10; 110) is adapted for the positive or positive and non-positive final assembly of gas-conducting components within the container (1). A radial flow inserting device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radial flow inserting device defines circumferentially distributed radial inflow points (zr11) which are located at different height positions in the same radial position in the axial direction. Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the respective Radialdurchlassstruktur (11.5, 13.5) of Gasverteileinheiten a plurality of passages (11.51, 13.51), in particular in the manner of a homogeneously distributed perforation, in particular homogeneously distributed both in the circumferential direction and in the axial direction. Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Gasverteileinheiten (11) at a radial distance to a wall (1.1) of the container (1) can be arranged, in particular by means of one / of the respective support unit (15) of the radial flow insert device; and / or wherein the radial flow apparatus is arranged for the arrangement of the gas distribution units (11) in radial support and at a radial distance from a wall (1.1) of the container, in particular by means of the respective support unit in concentric arrangement about a gasabführende gas collection unit (13). Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung modular from at least three and a maximum of four gas-conducting components from the group: plurality of Gasverteileinheiten (11), support unit (15), bulkhead (17), centrally disposed gas collection unit (13); is constructed. Radialstromeinsatzvorrichtung according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radial flow inserting device comprises a bulkhead in the axial direction at least partially shaking bulkhead (17), in particular a bulkhead arranged above the bulkhead; and / or wherein an uppermost height position (z5) of the radial passage structure of the gas collecting unit is located lower than an upper end of the bed or as a closed end (13.3) of the gas collecting unit, in particular 5 to 25% lower. A radial flow apparatus (10; 110) for a bed reactor for imparting at least one flow path (SP) radially inward through a bed (7) from a plurality of different height positions axially along the bed, in particular radial flow insert according to any one of the preceding claims made by placing and aligning a plurality of axially through-flowable and radially outflowable gas distribution units (11) in the bed and eccentrically around the bed and around a central gas collection unit (13), in particular by modular final assembly in a container (1) of the bed reactor. A bulk reactor (20), in particular for or in an ammonia plant, comprising a modular radial flow apparatus (10; 110) according to any preceding claim having a plurality of axially flowed gas distribution units (11), the radial flow apparatus being formed of gas conducting components smaller than are an inlet (3.1) or outlet (5.1) of the bed reactor and by the on or Outlet into a container (1) of the bed reactor can be introduced. Method for mounting a radial flow apparatus for imparting at least one flow path (SP) radially inwards through a bed (7) in a container (1) of a bed reactor (20), in particular a radial flow apparatus (10; 110) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the radial flow inserting device is formed by a plurality of axially flow-through Gasverteileinheiten (11), which are arranged eccentrically within the bed around a gas collection unit (13) and aligned and supported relative to each other. Method according to the preceding method claim, wherein the Gasverteileinheiten (11) are arranged in the axial direction such that the bed to be flowed through an axial portion of at least 50 or 75% of the bed by the Gasverteileinheiten is radially inflowable, and wherein the Gasverteileinheiten on or by means of at least a support unit (15) are mounted individually modular; and / or wherein the gas distribution units are arranged with an eccentricity smaller than the radius of the container (1) at a distance from a wall (1.1) of the container, in particular by means of one / of the support unit (15). Method according to one of the preceding method claims, wherein the gas distribution units (11) by means of positive or positive and non-positive fastening means, in particular with standardized standard parts from the group: clamps, brackets, fittings; attached to the support unit (15); and / or wherein the Gasverteileinheiten (11) and / or the support unit (15) by means of positive or positive and non-positive fastening means, in particular with standardized standard parts from the group: profile segments, clamps, brackets, fittings; be attached in a container (1) of the bed reactor. Use of a radial flow apparatus, in particular a radial flow apparatus (10, 110) according to one of the preceding claims, for predetermining at least one flow path (SP) in a container (1) of a bed reactor (20) in the radial direction inwards through a bed (7) starting from a plurality of different height positions (z51) axially along the bed, in particular starting from height positions with the same eccentricity smaller than the radius of the container (1). Use of a plurality of perforated sheet metal strips for forming a plurality of gas distribution units (11) for providing a radial flow charging device, in particular a radial flow charging device (10; 110) according to one of the preceding claims.

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