DE102016100864B4 - Method for determining the thermal state point of the steam in steam turbines and measuring arrangement for carrying out the method - Google Patents

Abstract

Method for determining the thermal state point of steam in steam turbines, comprising the state variables steam mass fraction and steam temperature, using an infrared light emitter (101) which can emit infrared light in several wavelengths, and an infrared light detector (107), comprising the following method steps:
Picking up a background infrared light spectrum comprising a predetermined frequency range when irradiated in at least one cross-sectional plane along at least one beam path (104) of the infrared light through the sample space (5) filled with infrared-inert gas in the given cross-sectional plane in a given sample space (5) of the steam turbine ) of the steam turbine;
- Recording at least one, a predetermined frequency range comprising transmission infrared light spectrum when irradiated along at least one in the cross-sectional plane of the sample chamber (5) lying beam path (104) through the steam loaded sample chamber (5) of the steam turbine;
- Evaluating the recorded infrared light spectra by means of an evaluation unit (108) with respect to the vapor mass fraction with the aid of Lambert-Beer's law on the absorbance of radiation; and
- Evaluating the recorded infrared light spectra by means of the evaluation unit (108) with respect to the determination of the steam temperature.

Description

The invention relates to a method for determining the thermal state point of the steam in steam turbines represented by steam mass fraction and steam temperature and a measuring arrangement for carrying out the method.

Known from the literature are a number of different methods for determining the thermal state point from at least two thermodynamic state variables of the steam, namely the steam mass fraction, the steam temperature and / or pressure. The measurements required for this are u. a. on methods of measuring light scattering, electric field measurements or analysis of tapped steam from the flow channel.

The steam mass fraction is an important parameter for operational and process control of thermal energy machines, such. B. steam turbines. Since pressure and temperature correlate in the wet steam area, the steam mass fraction must be known in order to determine the thermal state point. With knowledge of the vapor mass fraction directly behind a condensation turbine, the efficiency of the energy machine can be determined.

The determination of the proportion of water in the liquid state of matter is important, since it is known that wet steam in low-pressure turbine stages by drop impact erosion causes considerable damage to turbine guide and -anlaufschaufeln, said damage z. B. can be revealed by long-term determinations of the vapor mass fraction.

The US 2003/0235263 A1 and DE 3302246 A1 disclose methods of vapor mass fraction measurement from acoustic pressure fluctuations. For this purpose, the speed of sound is determined in the two-phase mixture, which can be inferred to its composition.

In other conventional methods, the state point is determined after known thermal state changes and with the aid of the energy balance. By overheating (overheating calorimeter) or throttling (throttle calorimeter) of a wet steam mass flow, the proportion of previously contained liquid phase of the sample can be determined. A combination of the aforementioned calorimeter for steam mass fraction determination is in DE 20 2008 006 925 U1 (Throttle overheating calorimeter). In EP 0 890 833 A2 is determined by cooling a sample vapor and determining the amount of condensate amount of steam mass fraction. Another way to determine the vapor mass fraction is in EP 1 017 997 B1 described, wherein the reference to the wet steam to be measured, a reference steam is added.

In Schatz, M. and Eberle, T., "Experimental study of steam wetness in a model steam turbine rig: presentation of results and comparison with computational fluid dynamics data", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, March 2014, Vol. 228, No. 2, pp. 129-142, an optical measuring method is used which determines the proportion of the liquid phase from the proportion of the light scattered at the drops of the wet steam current. First, the volume concentration is derived from the droplet spectrum, which can be calculated with the aid of the densities of the liquid and gaseous phase of the vapor mass fraction. A disadvantage of this method is that a probe must be introduced into the flow channel and only one point measurement per probe setting is possible, which means that no simultaneous spatially resolving measurement is possible. Similarly, a temperature measurement is not integrated in the optical measurement and must be made separately. Similar measuring arrangements are also off WO 02/12681 A1 . DE 3250075 C2 and DE 10 2011 055 268 A1 known.

Spectroscopic methods for the determination of the vapor mass fraction are in US Pat. No. 7,381,954 B2 . US Pat. No. 7,345,280 B2 . EP 0 896 666 B1 and EP 1 274 988 B1 disclosed. In this case, well-known methods of quantitative infrared light spectroscopy are used. The methods are based on the fact that different substances and substances in different phases interact differently with electromagnetic waves.

EP 0 896 666 B1 describes a method wherein the fluid composition is determined from the differential attenuation of at least three levels of radiation energy and taking into account reference attenuations from reference infrared light spectra. The method is used to determine the proportion of liquid water in a mixture of water, crude oil and natural gas in a pipe flow. A similar procedure is in EP 1 274 988 B1 described.

Out US Pat. No. 7,381,954 B2 and US Pat. No. 7,345,280 B2 Methods are known with which the vapor mass fraction in a sample chamber, z. B. a flow-through pipe, from the specific volumes of the present two-phase mixture, the liquid and gaseous water phase is determined. The specific volumes of pure liquid and gaseous water are tabulated in the literature as a function of pressure or temperature. The specific volume of the two-phase mixture is determined by determining the number of liquid and gaseous water molecules from the comparison of the rotational vibration spectrum of the mixture with a reference infrared light spectrum.

A disadvantage of these solutions is that in the application of steam turbines they either require a probe insertion into the vapor stream or bring a Dampfabzapfung with it, which in any case affects the flow. In addition, if a tap is necessary, the measurement will take place with some delay, and the tapped vapor stream will not be able to participate in complete relaxation. The tapping can also lead to a change in state of the tapped-off steam flow and thus to a systematic measurement error.

In all known methods that can be used in steam turbines, a spatially resolving determination of the state variables is possible only with an inserted into the flow channel probe to z. B. to specify the thermal state point continuously in dependence on the radial position on the turbine blade. Although probes or sampling points can in principle be adjusted, this means that the thermal state can only be determined at one point in one place.

In addition, it is not possible with the known methods, the steam temperature simultaneously to win next to the simultaneous determination of the vapor mass fraction from the optical measurement, so that from the measurement of the vapor mass fraction always the thermal state point can not be derived.

The object of the invention is to provide a method for determining the thermal state point of the steam in steam turbines and a measuring arrangement for carrying out the method, wherein the measurements required for this determination should take place continuously, without flow obstruction, without tapping the steam and spatially resolved within the steam turbine.

The object is achieved according to the invention with the features of claim 1; Advantageous developments of the invention are described in the dependent claims 2 to 9, an advantageous measuring arrangement for carrying out the method results from claim 10.

According to the invention, the method for determining the thermal state point of the vapor based on the determination of the vapor mass fraction and the vapor temperature by at least one spectroscopic measurement in the infrared range.

A light beam with an irradiation spectrum in the infrared wavelength range is emitted by an infrared light emitter via a radiation optics along the beam path of the light beam into a sample chamber of a steam turbine. There is an interaction of the light beam along its beam path with the vapor, absorbing light from it to the vapor. After passage of the light beam through the sample space, a transmission infrared light spectrum is recorded by a detector optical system by an infrared light detector and converted into an electrical signal, which is analyzed in an evaluation unit.

The transmission infrared light spectrum has a distribution of the radiation intensity which is characteristic of the proportion of steam mass and steam temperature. So z. For example, the radiation intensities at specific wavelengths or wavelength intervals, the so-called absorption bands, and / or the maxima of the radiation intensities in the spectral distribution representative of a certain steam mass fraction or a specific steam temperature. By comparison of the transmission infrared light spectrum with spectral distributions, which were determined for known steam mass fraction and steam temperature and z. B. are stored in a database, the steam mass fraction and the steam temperature can be determined.

The vapor mass fraction is defined as the mass of the gaseous water in relation to the mass of the total, liquid and gaseous water. Due to the identical molar mass, the mass ratio is equal to the molar ratio. The vapor mass fraction can be calculated from the proportions of liquid and gaseous water as follows: $$\text{Steam mass fraction}=\frac{{\text{Dimensions}}_{\text{gaseous}}}{{\text{Dimensions}}_{\text{gaseous}}+{\text{Dimensions}}_{\text{liquid}}}=\frac{{\text{amount of substance}}_{\text{gaseous}}}{{\text{amount of substance}}_{\text{gaseous}}+{\text{amount of substance}}_{\text{liquid}}}$$

To determine the vapor mass fraction according to the invention, a background infrared light spectrum in the empty sample space is first determined, ie. h., the sample space or a room with identical geometrical dimensions is only with an infrared-inactive gas, eg. B. with dry air, flooded. Each specific wavelength of the infrared light spectrum is assigned a background intensity.

During operation of the steam turbine, the sample space is exposed to steam. In this state, the transmission of the infrared transmission infrared spectrum takes place, wherein each specific wavelength of the infrared light spectrum is assigned a transmission intensity.

From the background intensity and the transmission intensity, an absorbance, a measure of the intensity attenuation of the incident light during transmission through the sample space, is calculated for each specific wavelength of the infrared light spectrum.

The absorbance correlates according to the Lambert-Beerschen law with the molar amount of liquid and gaseous water, the proportionality factors for different wavelengths are different.

According to the invention, the absorbances at wavelengths are used for the evaluation, in which the intensity attenuation by the liquid phase is low and by the gaseous phase is large and vice versa. From the ratio of these absorbances can be determined after a calibration of the vapor mass fraction. The steam temperature correlates with the absolute values of the absorbances and is calculated on the basis of this correlation with the aid of calibration values from known steam mixtures. Using the knowledge of the steam mass fraction and the steam temperature, the thermal state point is determined.

The advantage of the invention is that the measurements can be carried out with little technical effort and the determination of the efficiency of the entire steam turbine as well as individual stages of the steam turbine is possible, for. B. for the structural optimization of the steam turbine. It is also possible to operate steam turbines at different operating points and to determine operating characteristics in order to realize the operation of a specific stage with given steam mass fraction and thus in the knowledge of the occurrence of drop impact erosion. A complete avoidance of drop impact erosion is z. B. by controlling the operating parameters based on the determination of the thermal state point at the turbine outlet possible, so that here only saturated steam is present.

The recording and evaluation of the transmission infrared light spectrum can be carried out continuously during the entire operating phase of the steam turbine, whereby the state of the steam turbine can be monitored.

Likewise, it is possible with the method to reduce measurement errors by evaluating intensities or absorbances for a plurality of different wavelengths or absorption bands on the transmission infrared light spectrum of a beam path and to improve the accuracy of the determination of the state variables.

Another advantage is that the measurement of the steam mass fraction and the steam temperature can be carried out with only one measuring device and both characteristic values can be determined directly from the transmission infrared light spectral distribution.

A further advantage is that no tapping of the vapor from the sample space and no probe insertion into the sample space are required for the measurement.

It can be provided that the data from the conventional pressure measurement in the steam turbine are used to determine the thermal state point. While for the operation of the steam turbine in the wet steam region, the determination of the thermal state point on the basis of steam humidity and steam temperature and the pressure can be calculated with the aid of substance data, the steam temperature and the pressure for determining the thermal state point are tightened for operation in the superheated steam region.

The vapor mass fraction can be determined on the basis of the absorbances at two wavelength intervals which represent the stretching vibration bands of the water molecules in the liquid and gaseous phase or their combination or overtones. First, a first wavelength interval is selected in which the absorbance is proportional to the molar mass of the gaseous water, z. B. 1.85 ± 0.05 x 10 ^-6 m, and a second wavelength interval in which the absorbance is proportional to the molar amount of liquid water, z. 2.00 ± 0.05 x 10 ^-6 m or 16 ± 4 x 10 ^-6 m. Alternatively, one of the wavelength intervals, which is proportional to the total molar amount of liquid and gaseous water, can be selected. The calculation of the amounts of substance according to the Lambert-Beerschen law.

Alternatively, the vapor mass fraction from the absorbances may be applied at wavelengths within the spectral fine structure of the rotational vibration bands. In this case, a first wavelength is selected for which the absorbance is proportional to the molar amount of the total (gaseous and liquid) water and a second wavelength for which the absorbance is proportional to the molar amount of the liquid water.

The two embodiment variants of the method according to the invention can be used independently of each other for several wavelengths or wavelength ranges or used in combination, whereby a higher accuracy of the determination of the vapor mass fraction can be achieved.

The steam temperature can be determined from single or multiple recorded transmission intensities and absorbances according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law or from their spectral distribution according to Planck's law of radiation. For this purpose, a comparison of known spectral distributions for known steam temperatures with the detected spectral distribution is performed. By means of compensation calculation (curve fitting) the steam temperature is determined. This methodology corresponds to the temperature determination in classical pyrometers.

It can be provided that the measurement is carried out along the beam path of the light beam which lies in a cross-sectional plane oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the steam turbine and arranged between the turbine guide vanes or vanes. Alternatively, the measurement can be realized in steam pipes in front of or behind the steam turbine.

Furthermore, the measurement can be carried out along a plurality of mutually spaced, preferably mutually parallel beam paths. For each beam path steam mass fraction and steam temperature are determined by the method described.

In this embodiment of the invention can be created by methods such as the inverse radon transformation, a spatially resolved map of the state variables steam mass fraction and steam temperature. This makes it possible that position-specific differences of the state variables, eg. B. radially in the flow channel of the steam turbine can be detected. In this way, the evaluation of critical positions along the length of a turbine airfoil is feasible with respect to the occurrence of wetness and damaging drop impact erosion.

In one embodiment of the invention, the determination of the steam temperature is carried out on the basis of the band width of at least one absorption band in the transmission infrared light spectrum. For this method a specific absorption band is to be selected whose band width is inferior to temperature-dependent changes and no variability in relation to the vapor mass fraction. Advantageously, an absorption band, which is not in the range of total absorption and at the same time ensures the highest possible absorbance, z. B. in the wavelength range of 1.96 ± 0.05 · 10 ^-6 m are applied.

Furthermore, from the absorbance in a with respect to the water molecules interaction-free wavelength range of the transmission infrared spectrum, z. B. 1.67 ± 0.05 x 10 ^-6 m, the average droplet size of the wet steam can be determined. For this purpose, comparative measurements of the absorbance at a known mean droplet size of the wet steam are first carried out. Taking advantage of the thus determined correlation between average droplet size and absorbance, the mean droplet size of the steam during operation of the steam turbine is determined on the basis of the infrared spectra measured in the process. The average droplet size is, in addition to the vapor mass fraction, an important criterion for assessing the risk of damage due to drop impact erosion.

The measuring arrangement for determining the thermal state point comprises the Einstrahloptik and the detector optics, which are arranged on the turbine housing, wherein the beam path of the Einstrahloptik aligned with the detector optics. The Einstrahloptik is coupled to the infrared light emitter and the detector optics is coupled to the infrared light detector. The infrared light detector is electrically connected to the evaluation unit.

The radiation optics and the detector optics are advantageously positioned in a cross-sectional plane aligned perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the steam turbine and positioned between the turbine guide vanes, the beam path of the light beam being within this cross-sectional plane and being aligned with the detector optics by the irradiation optics.

It can be provided that the infrared light emitter is coupled to the Einstrahloptik means of a transmission light guide and the infrared light detector with the detector optics by means of a detector light guide. Infrared light emitter and infrared light detector are removed from the steam turbine, z. B. in separately encapsulated enclosures arranged. This is beneficial to the delicate electronic components, i. H. Infrared light emitter and in particular infrared light detector to position outside the range of hot parts of the steam turbine and to avoid damage due to heat.

In one embodiment of the invention, the measuring arrangement consists of several Einstrahloptiken and a detector optics. These are arranged such that lie in the cross-sectional plane of multiple light beams with spaced-apart, preferably mutually parallel beam paths.

Further, the infrared light emitter may be a tunable laser in the wavelength range of 1.0 × 10 ^-7 to 7.8 × 10 ^-3 m, preferably 1.0 × 10 ^-6 to 1.0 × 10 ^-5 m. The tunable laser is suitable for the radiation of the sample space in long beam paths because it provides highly parallel radiation and high light intensity.

• 1: eine Dampfturbine im Bereich der Endstufen im Längsschnitt,
• 2: die Dampfturbine in der Querschnittsebene A-A aus der 1 mit einer Messanordnung mit einer Einstrahloptik und einer Detektionsoptik,
• 3: die Dampfturbine in einer Querschnittsebene senkrecht zur Rotationsachse der Dampfturbine mit einer Messanordnung mit aus mehreren Einstrahloptiken und Detektionsoptiken, und
• 4: ein Diagramm des Dampfmassenanteils über dem Radius von der Rotationsachse der Dampfturbine ermittelt mit der Messanordnung entsprechend 3.

The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to an embodiment and with reference to the schematic drawings. Show this

• 1 : a steam turbine in the area of the final stages in longitudinal section,
• 2 : the steam turbine in the cross-sectional plane AA from the 1 with a measuring arrangement with a radiation optics and a detection optics,
• 3 the steam turbine in a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the steam turbine with a measuring arrangement with a plurality of Einstrahloptiken and detection optics, and
• 4 A diagram of the vapor mass fraction over the radius of the axis of rotation of the steam turbine determined with the measuring arrangement accordingly 3 ,

In the 1 three stages of a steam turbine are shown, wherein each of the three stages is formed by a respective turbine vane grille and one turbine blade grille arranged behind it in the flow direction of the steam flow. The steam turbine includes the turbine housing 3 , the turbine vanes 2 , the turbine blades 1 and the turbine rotor 4 , The longitudinal sectional view above the axis of rotation corresponds to the longitudinal sectional plane DD from the 2 and the longitudinal sectional view below the axis of rotation of the longitudinal section plane EE from the 2 , In the cross-sectional plane AA between the second stage and the third stage is the measuring arrangement with the Einstrahloptik 103 with the attached optical fiber 102 as well as the detector optics 105 with the attached detector light guide 106 arranged. Also schematically are the infrared light emitter 101 in the form of a tunable laser, the infrared light detector 107 and the evaluation unit 108 shown. Alternatively suitable cross-sectional planes for the measuring arrangement are the cross-sectional plane BB between turbine runner and vane grille of the stage 3 and the cross-sectional plane CC at the turbine exit.

In the 2 is the cross-sectional view of the steam turbine in the cross-sectional plane AA with the turbine housing 3 and the turbine rotor 4 shown. From the infrared light emitter 101 infrared light with the irradiation spectrum in the wavelength range of 1.0 × 10 ^-6 to 1.0 × 10 ^-5 m is generated and transmitted via the transmission light guide 102 and the Einstrahloptik 103 becomes a beam of light in the sample space 5 the steam turbine emitted. The Einstrahloptik 103 is positioned so that the light beam in the cross-sectional plane AA along the beam path 104 on the detector optics 105 is aligned. After interaction of the light beam with the vapor in the sample space 5 the steam turbine points the light beam when hitting the detector optics 105 the transmission infrared light spectrum. From the detector optics 105 the infrared light is transmitted via the detector light guide 106 in the infrared light detector 107 conducted in an electrical signal converted and in the evaluation unit 108 analyzed.

In the evaluation unit 108 For example, the absorbance for each wavelength of the infrared light spectrum is calculated from the transmission intensity and a background intensity. The background intensity was determined by recording the background infrared light spectrum in the empty sample space 5 the steam turbine determined.

The molar mass of gaseous water in the vapor is determined by calculation according to the Lambert-Beer law from the absorbance of the stretching vibration band in the wavelength range of 2.00 ± 0.05 · 10 ^-6 m; The molar mass of the liquid water in the vapor is analogously determined from the absorbance of the stretching vibration band in the wavelength range of 1.85 ± 0.05 x 10 ^-6 m.

From the molar amounts of liquid and gaseous water is then determined by calculation of the vapor mass fraction.

The determination of the steam temperature takes place simultaneously on the basis of the spectral intensity distribution, for which purpose a comparison of the absorbances determined for each wavelength with spectra predicted by Planck's law of radiation for specific temperatures is carried out. The method corresponds to the mode of action of classical pyrometers.

In the 3 is an example of a multiple measurement for spatially resolved determination of the state variables steam mass fraction and steam temperature within a cross-sectional plane indicated perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the steam turbine. It is a measuring arrangement with three radiation optics each 103 with connected transmit light guides 102 and three detector optics 105 with connected detector light guides 106 shown, wherein the beam paths 104 are arranged parallel to each other. With this construction, it is possible in the sample room 5 between turbine rotor 4 and turbine housing 3 to determine the state variables radially to the axis of rotation of the steam turbine - in particular along the length of a turbine blade. The length of the turbine blade is determined by the inner radius _i according to the position of the inner turbine blade shroud and through the outer radius r _a characterized according to the position of the outer turbine blade shroud or the turbine blade tip. The length of the turbine airfoil corresponds to the difference between the outer radius r _a and inner radius _i ,

By means of the inverse radon transformation, spatially resolved state variables are calculated. By assigning it to the positions on the turbine bucket blade, a profile of the state variable along the length of the turbine bucket blade can be represented. In the 4 is exemplified by the vapor mass fraction over the radius of the axis of rotation of the steam turbine. On the basis of the individual measurements, a profile of the steam mass fraction, z. As by polynomial regression generated. This makes it possible to perform a condition monitoring of the turbine in order to avoid wet areas and thus the damage by drop impact erosion, especially in low-load driving.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Turbine blades

2

turbine

3

turbine housing

4

turbine rotor

5

sample space

101

Infrared light emitters

102

Transmitting light guide from the infrared light emitter

103

Einstrahloptik

104

beam path

105

detector optics

106

Detector light guide to the infrared light detector

107

Infrared light detector

108

evaluation

_i

Inner radius of the turbine bucket blade

r _a

Outer radius of the turbine bucket blade

Claims (10)

Method for determining the thermal state point of steam in steam turbines, comprising the state variables steam mass fraction and steam temperature, using an infrared light emitter (101) which can emit infrared light in several wavelengths, and an infrared light detector (107), comprising the following method steps: Picking up a background infrared light spectrum comprising a predetermined frequency range when irradiated in at least one cross-sectional plane along at least one beam path (104) of the infrared light through the sample space (5) filled with infrared-inert gas in the given cross-sectional plane in a given sample space (5) of the steam turbine ) of the steam turbine; - Recording at least one, a predetermined frequency range comprehensive transmission infrared light spectrum when irradiated along at least one in the cross-sectional plane of the sample chamber (5) lying beam path (104) through the steam loaded sample chamber (5) of the steam turbine; - Evaluating the recorded infrared light spectra by means of an evaluation unit (108) with respect to the vapor mass fraction with the aid of Lambert-Beer's law on the absorbance of radiation; and - Evaluating the recorded infrared light spectra by means of the evaluation unit (108) with respect to the determination of the steam temperature. Method according to Claim 1 , characterized in that two wavelength intervals are used for the evaluation, which represent the stretching vibration bands of the water molecules in the liquid and gaseous phase, wherein the absorbance of the first wavelength interval is proportional to the molar amount of the gaseous water and the absorbance of the second wavelength interval is proportional to the molar amount of liquid water. Method according to Claim 1 , characterized in that two wavelengths within the spectral fine structure of the rotational vibration bands are used for the evaluation, wherein the absorbance of the first wavelength is proportional to the molar amount of the gaseous and liquid water and the absorbance of the second wavelength is proportional to the molar amount of the liquid water. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3 , characterized in that the determination of the vapor temperature by means of the evaluation unit (108) from the absorbances at one or more wavelengths of the recorded infrared light spectra according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3 , characterized in that the determination of the vapor temperature by means of the evaluation unit (108) by comparing the absorbances of the recorded infrared light spectra with the predicted by Planck radiation law infrared light spectra. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5 , characterized in that the cross-sectional planes are arranged perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the steam turbine. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 6 , characterized in that the cross-sectional planes are respectively defined in the region between the turbine blades (1) and the turbine guide vanes (2) of the steam turbine. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 7 , characterized in that in each cross-sectional plane, the absorbances along a plurality of mutually parallel beam paths (104) are determined. Method according to Claim 8 , characterized in that for each cross-sectional plane a spatially resolved map of the state variables steam humidity and steam temperature is created by means of an inverse radon transformation. Measuring arrangement for carrying out the method according to one of Claims 1 to 9 comprising an infrared light emitter (101) in the form of a laser tunable in the infrared wavelength range and an infrared light detector (107) for receiving an infrared light spectrum in a wavelength range of at least 1.0 × 10 ^-6 to 1.0 × 10 ^-5 m as well as an evaluation unit (108) connected at least to the infrared light detector (107), wherein the infrared light emitter (101) is equipped with a radiation optics arranged on the turbine housing (3) of the steam turbine ( 103) is coupled and the infrared light detector (107) is coupled to a turbine housing (3) of the steam turbine detector optics (105), wherein the Einstrahloptik (103) and the detector optics (105) are aligned so that the beam path of the from the Einstrahloptik ( 103) in the sample chamber (5) of the steam turbine emitted infrared light from the Einstrahloptik (103) to the detector optics (105).

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