DE102012207624A1 - Module unit, network and method for monitoring a power supply network - Google Patents

Abstract

A module unit (DS1) comprising: a first connection device A1, a second connection device A2, a switching unit S1a connected between the first connection device and the second connection device, a detection unit E1a, a control unit (SE1), which is connected on the output side to the switching unit (S1a) and on the input side to the detection unit (E1a), - a receiving unit (E1), which is coupled on the output side to the control unit (SE1), and containing - either a further detection unit (E2a) which detects an electric current or an electric power with respect to a third terminal device (A3) for a consumption unit (V1), or a memory unit (M1) in which a value of the electric current or the electric power for a consumption unit ( V1) is stored.

Description

The invention relates to a module unit for monitoring a power supply network. Furthermore, a first network and a second network of modular units for monitoring a power supply network are specified. A method for monitoring a power supply network is also provided.

• – vergleichsweise geringe Spannung, z.B. kleiner als 100 Volt oder kleiner als 1000 Volt,
• – Gleichspannung,
• – kurze Kabellängen von bspw. kleiner als 100 Meter,
• – das Netz hat nur eine geringe räumliche Ausdehnung von bspw. kleiner als 40 Quadratmetern.

The energy supply network is in particular the vehicle electrical system of a motor vehicle, wherein the vehicle electrical system has a multiplicity of special features:

• Comparatively low voltage, eg less than 100 volts or less than 1000 volts,
• - DC voltage,
• Short cable lengths of, for example, less than 100 meters,
• - The network has only a small spatial extent of, for example. Less than 40 square meters.

• – eine erste Anschlussvorrichtung,
• – eine zweite Anschlussvorrichtung,
• – eine zwischen die erste Anschlussvorrichtung und die zweite Anschlussvorrichtung geschaltete Schalteinheit,
• – eine Erfassungseinheit, die vorzugsweise eine elektrische Größe erfasst,
• – eine Steuereinheit, die ausgangsseitig mit vorzugsweise einem Eingang der Schalteinheit und eingangsseitig mit vorzugsweise einem Ausgang der Erfassungseinheit verbunden ist,
• – eine Empfangseinheit, die ausgangsseitig mit einem Eingang der Steuereinheit gekoppelt ist, und enthaltend
• – entweder eine weitere Erfassungseinheit, die bezogen auf eine dritte Anschlussvorrichtung für eine Verbrauchseinheit einen elektrischen Strom oder eine elektrische Leistung erfasst, oder eine Speichereinheit, in der ein Wert des elektrischen Stroms oder der elektrischen Leistung für eine Verbrauchseinheit gespeichert ist.

The invention relates to a module unit comprising:

• A first connection device,
• A second connection device,
• A switching unit connected between the first connecting device and the second connecting device,
• A detection unit, which preferably detects an electrical quantity,
• A control unit which is connected on the output side with preferably an input of the switching unit and on the input side with preferably an output of the detection unit,
• - A receiving unit, which is the output side coupled to an input of the control unit, and containing
• Either a further detection unit which detects an electric current or an electric power in relation to a third connection unit for a consumption unit, or a storage unit in which a value of the electrical current or the electrical power for a consumption unit is stored.

• – Erfassen eines ersten Stroms oder einer ersten Leistung an einer ersten Stelle des Energieversorgungsnetzes,
• – Erfassen eines zweiten Stroms oder einer zweiten Leistung an einer zweiten Stelle des Energieversorgungsnetzes,
• – Erfassen oder Vorgeben eines Verbrauchswertes für mindestens eine Verbrauchseinheit die an eine Leitung zwischen der ersten Stelle und der zweiten Stelle angeschlossen ist,
• – Vergleichen der an der ersten Stelle erfassten Größe, der an der zweiten Stelle erfassten Größe und des Verbrauchswertes mit einem Sollwert.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for monitoring a power supply network, comprising:

• Detecting a first current or a first power at a first location of the power supply network,
• Detecting a second current or a second power at a second location of the energy supply network,
• Detecting or specifying a consumption value for at least one consumption unit connected to a line between the first location and the second location,
• Comparing the quantity detected at the first position, the quantity detected at the second position and the consumption value with a setpoint value.

It is an object of the exemplary embodiments to specify a modular unit which is suitable for monitoring a power supply network or power supply network, in particular an electrical system of a motor vehicle. The modular unit should in particular be simple. In addition, an associated composite of the modular units, a further composite and an associated method should be specified.

This object is solved by a module unit according to claim 1, by a composite according to the independent device claim, and by a method according to the independent method claim. Further developments are specified in the subclaims.

• – eine erste Anschlussvorrichtung, z.B. eine Lötverbindung, ein Schraubklemmverbindung, o.ä.,
• – eine zweite Anschlussvorrichtung, z.B. eine Lötverbindung, ein Schraubklemmverbindung, o.ä
• – eine zwischen die erste Anschlussvorrichtung und die zweite Anschlussvorrichtung geschaltete Schalteinheit, z.B. eine Halbleiterschalteinheit, wie ein Transistor (IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), FET (Field Effect Transistor) usw.) bzw. ein Thyristor (GTO o.ä.), oder eine elektromechanische Schalteinheit, wie z.B. ein Relais,
• – eine Erfassungseinheit, die vorzugsweise eine elektrische Größe erfasst, z.B. eine Stromerfassungseinrichtung und/ oder eine Spannungserfassungseinrichtung,
• – eine Steuereinheit, die ausgangsseitig mit vorzugsweise einem Eingang der Schalteinheit und eingangsseitig mit vorzugsweise einem Ausgang der Erfassungseinheit verbunden ist,
• – eine Empfangseinheit, die ausgangsseitig mit vorzugsweise einem Eingang der Steuereinheit gekoppelt ist, und enthaltend
• – entweder eine weitere Erfassungseinheit, die bezogen auf eine dritte Anschlussvorrichtung für eine Verbrauchseinheit einen elektrischen Strom oder eine elektrische Leistung erfasst, oder eine Speichereinheit, in der ein vorzugsweise fest vorgegebener bzw. ein maximaler Wert des elektrischen Stroms oder der elektrischen Leistung für eine Verbrauchseinheit gespeichert ist.

One embodiment relates to a module unit comprising:

• A first connection device, eg a solder connection, a screw connection, or the like,
• A second connection device, eg a solder connection, a screw connection, or the like
• A switching unit connected between the first connecting device and the second connecting device, eg a semiconductor switching unit, such as a transistor (IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), FET (Field Effect Transistor) etc.) or a thyristor (GTO or the like), or an electromechanical switching unit, such as a relay,
• A detection unit which preferably detects an electrical quantity, for example a current detection device and / or a voltage detection device,
• A control unit which is connected on the output side with preferably an input of the switching unit and on the input side with preferably an output of the detection unit,
• - A receiving unit, the output side is preferably coupled to an input of the control unit, and containing
• Either a further detection unit which detects an electric current or an electric power in relation to a third connection device for a consumption unit, or a storage unit in which a preferably fixed or a maximum value of the electrical current or the electrical power is stored for a consumption unit is.

This allows errors, in particular short circuits, to be detected quickly on site and switched off by switching off an affected network segment. The receiving unit ensures that too Detection variables of adjacent module units can be included.

The spread of the error and greater damage due to errors can thus be avoided. Other units on the electrical system or another power supply network can continue to work. This protection concept is particularly relevant in vehicles because of the safety of persons in the vehicle and also with regard to the health of other road users. The requirements for vehicle electrical systems in vehicles are increasing dramatically. On the one hand, the electrical systems are becoming more complex due to the increasing number of electrical systems. On the other hand, increasingly driver assistance functions are used, which must be fail-safe. It is possible to use redundant systems for driver assistance functions, which, however, further increases the complexity of the vehicle electrical system. In the event of a fault, it must be selectively switched without jeopardizing the function of the redundant component. In this context, the use of the proposed module units is particularly effective. In particular, the additional effort compared to the achievable effect is acceptable or even classified as small.

Consumption values of consumers may change constantly, e.g. in a data processing system depending on the load of a processor or on / off of a motor, e.g. a windshield wiper motor. Therefore, the consumption values can be recorded or measured after a comparison to SI (System International) variables. Alternatively, maximum consumption values are included, with which the consumption is estimated upward.

The detection can be done by grinding a sensor in a line, for example. A shunt resistor. Alternatively, it may be detected on the line, for example, the electric field or the magnetic field may be dependent on a current flow in the line. In particular, Hall sensors or other sensors can be used. Alternatively, a voltage is tapped

The consumption values may concern consumers of a vehicle electrical system, for example, data processing systems, small motors with outputs of less than 1 kilowatt, lamps and the like. In particular, the consumption values then do not relate to short circuits, transmission losses or voltage transformer losses.

• – CAN (Controller Area Network),
• – LIN (Local Interconnect Network),
• – Flexray,
• – Ethernet, siehe IEEE 802.x (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
• – Profinet-Bus (PROcess FIeld NETwork).

The receiving unit can, for example, work according to one of the following data transmission protocols:

• - CAN (Controller Area Network),
• - LIN (Local Interconnect Network),
• - Flexray,
• - Ethernet, see IEEE 802.x. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
• - Profinet bus (PROcess FIeld NETwork).

These protocols are particularly suitable for use in motor vehicles. The transmission links belonging to these protocols can also be duplicated. The amount of data to be transmitted is relatively manageable and is, for example, less than one kilobyte per second.

Other protection concepts, such as fuses or the use of circuit breakers, may be used in addition to the module units. Alternatively, however, only a protection concept based on the modular units may be used, i. For example, no fuses and no circuit breaker are used anymore. This creates a simple solution.

The module unit is also referred to below as a protection module in the explanation of the figures.

The switching unit may be designed for switching voltages less than 1000 volts or less than 200 volts, i. in particular for conditions as they occur in the DC electrical system of a motor vehicle. The switching powers may be correspondingly small, e.g. less than 1 kilowatt. The motor vehicle can be driven, for example, by an internal combustion engine or by an electric motor. A hybrid drive is also possible.

If an electric motor is used to drive the vehicle, then in addition to the vehicle electrical system there may also be a drive network which, for example, may have a DC voltage which is greater than 100 volts greater than 200 volts or even greater than 300 volts. Due to the insulation resistance, the voltage of the drive network can be less than 1000 volts. However, the modular units can also be designed and used for the drive network.

The modular unit may include a branch from an electrically conductive connection between the first connection device and the second connection device to the third connection device of the modular unit. The branch allows the connection of consumers. The power consumption of the connected consumers can be easily determined in the module unit with branch in addition to the current flow / power flow on a main line. The consumer is connected to the main line.

The consumer can also be separated from the main line in the module unit, especially if the load is faulty. A defective consumer is detected, for example, by way of an excessively high current flow / power flow to the consumer.

Alternatively, the module unit can also be executed without a branch. The modular unit can then contain only one detection unit or several detection units and only one switching unit between the first connection device and the second connection device. The result is a very simple modular system. Instead of a modular unit with a branch then two modular units can be used without branch.

The switching unit may be connected between the first connection device and the branch. Thus, a main line to the module unit can be interrupted.

The switching unit may be a switching unit called a first switching unit. The module unit may include a switching unit called a second switching unit.

Thus, in one embodiment optionally a main line can be interrupted at two points, in particular in front of and behind a branch to a consumer. The number of required module units can be reduced by this measure.

In one embodiment, the switching unit may again be a first switching unit. Another switching unit may be connected between a branch and the third connection device. The further switching unit can be used to switch off a consumer. The number of required module units is reduced by using two switching units per module unit.

In particular, three switching units may also be present in one module unit, for example for disconnecting a consumer from a main line and for interrupting the main line on both sides of a branch leading to the consumer. The modular unit with three switching units can be used for a variety of network configurations, e.g. at a branch or at a main line, wherein the branch can remain unused.

The module unit may include a control unit, which is connected on the output side to an input of the switching unit and the input side to an output of the detection unit. Thus, the control unit is suitable for further processing of the detection result and for actuating the switching unit.

In the case in which the further detection unit exists, the control unit can also be connected on the input side to an output of the further detection unit. Thus, consumption values detected by the further detection unit can be taken into account in the control of the switching unit.

In the case in which a memory unit is provided, the control unit can also be connected on the input side to an output of the memory unit. Thus, in turn, consumption values can be taken into account when controlling the switching unit.

The control unit may include a processor or be constructed without a processor.

• – eine Empfangseinheit, die ausgangsseitig mit einem Eingang der Steuereinheit verbunden ist,
• – eine Sendeeinheit, die eingangsseitig mit einem Ausgang der Steuereinheit verbunden ist.

The module unit can contain at least one of the following units:

• A receiving unit, which is connected on the output side to an input of the control unit,
• - A transmitting unit, which is the input side connected to an output of the control unit.

In particular, when both a transmitting unit and a receiving unit are present, a complete communication interface is created to the outside. Suitable protocols for the communication are, for example, CAN (Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), Flexray, Ethernet and Profinet bus (PROcess FIeld NETwork).

The control unit may include a comparison unit which is connected on the input side to an output of the detection unit and to the further detection unit or which is connected on the input side to an output of the detection unit and to an output of the memory unit.

The comparison unit forms, for example, a sum or a difference for a network node of the electrical system or the energy supply network. According to Kirchoff's law, the sum of all currents in a network node must be zero. The same applies to a network section or to a part of a network if there is no error. Also for the performance analogue relationships apply. A range around zero or a range starting at zero may be used to allow for smaller fault currents.

Currents may flow into or out of the monitored node or network section. Consequently, for example, differences are to be formed. Alternatively, it is also possible to compare the currents / outputs flowing toward the currents / outputs flowing away, whereby again a tolerance range can be taken into account.

Deviations are detected, these are usually due to short circuits in the considered network section. Localization implicitly takes place by including only the values of adjacent module units. These module units can then quickly disconnect the affected network section from the network.

The control unit can control the switching unit in the case of a deviation determined during the comparison, in particular in order to disconnect a load or the main line from the network.

The module unit may include a receiving unit, which is connected on the output side to the control unit and / or to the switching unit. The receiving unit can also be connected to the second switching unit and / or the further switching unit. By the receiving unit calculations and / or comparisons can be carried out in the module unit, which also take into account currents or power to adjacent module units. In addition, a remote control is possible.

One embodiment relates to a composite of at least two of the module units indicated above. The composite contains a unit which is connected to the module units via a data transmission network. The unit may include a comparison unit that compares quantities detected by the modular units or quantities calculated from these quantities with at least one setpoint,
wherein at least one detected variable contains a consumption value of a consumption unit or wherein in the comparison at least one preferably fixed or a maximum consumption value of a consumption unit is considered, which is connected to a line between the module units or to one of the two modular units.

The combination of two monitoring methods in the case in which the modular units also contain control units can build up redundancy, which considerably increases the safety of the occupants, in particular in vehicle on-board systems.

In particular, also in the unit, accounting values are taken into account in the comparison which have been recorded in the module units or which have been estimated.

In an embodiment of the first composite, the control unit may control at least one switching unit in one or in both module units in the event of a deviation of the detected variable or of variables calculated from the detected variables from a setpoint. As a result, control takes place from a position above the module units.

Preferably, a faulty line can be disconnected at both ends, so that the fault has no influence on the rest of the network and the energy flow to the fault location is interrupted. Alternatively, a faulty load can be disconnected.

In particular, in one embodiment of the module unit or of the first composite, a connection of a module unit that is connected to a faulty line or a defective consumer can be electrically separated from the other terminals.

The first composite can be used in particular in an electrical system of a car or motor vehicle. Especially where high redundancy is required and high demands are made on the reliability.

The electrical system in which the first composite is used, may have a voltage less than 100 volts but greater than 5 volts.

• – eine erste Anschlussvorrichtung,
• – eine zweite Anschlussvorrichtung,
• – eine zwischen die erste Anschlussvorrichtung und die zweite Anschlussvorrichtung geschaltete Schalteinheit,
• – eine Erfassungseinheit, die vorzugsweise eine elektrische Größe erfasst, eine Sendeeinheit, die eingangsseitig mit vorzugsweise einem Ausgang der Erfassungseinheit verbunden ist,
• – eine Empfangseinheit, die ausgangsseitig mit der Schalteinheit verbunden ist.

Another embodiment relates to a second composite containing at least two module units, each containing:

• A first connection device,
• A second connection device,
• A switching unit connected between the first connecting device and the second connecting device,
• A detection unit which preferably detects an electrical quantity, a transmission unit which is connected on the input side preferably to an output of the detection unit,
• - A receiving unit, which is connected to the output side of the switching unit.

The second composite may include a unit connected to the module units via a communications network. The unit may include a comparison unit that compares quantities detected by the module units or quantities calculated from these quantities with at least one setpoint. The detected variables may contain at least one consumption value of a consumption unit or the comparison may take into account a preferably fixed or maximum consumption value of a consumption unit which is connected to a line between the modular units or to the modular units.

The modular units can therefore contain control units, but do not have to. This specifies an alternative system to the module units indicated above. Again, the monitoring of a vehicle electrical system by the network on consumption values or at least one Consumption value based. In the alternative variant, the modular units can be executed without a control unit or with a control unit, which, however, does not carry out a comparison of current values or power values.

It is therefore a second composite in which the controller is housed in the central unit.

Also, the second composite can be used in particular in an electrical system of a car or motor vehicle. Especially where high redundancy is required and high demands are made on the reliability.

The electrical system in which the second composite is used may have a voltage less than 100 volts but greater than 5 volts.

• – Erfassen eines ersten Stroms oder einer ersten Leistung an einer ersten Stelle des Energieversorgungsnetzes,
• – Erfassen eines zweiten Stroms oder einer zweiten Leistung an einer zweiten Stelle des Energieversorgungsnetzes,
• – Erfassen oder Vorgeben eines Verbrauchswertes für mindestens eine Verbrauchseinheit die an eine Leitung zwischen der ersten Stelle und der zweiten Stelle angeschlossen ist,
• – Vergleichen der an der ersten Stelle erfassten Größe, der an der zweiten Stelle erfassten Größe und des Verbrauchswertes mit einem Sollwert.

An embodiment also relates to a method for monitoring a power supply network, comprising:

• Detecting a first current or a first power at a first location of the power supply network,
• Detecting a second current or a second power at a second location of the energy supply network,
• Detecting or specifying a consumption value for at least one consumption unit connected to a line between the first location and the second location,
• Comparing the quantity detected at the first position, the quantity detected at the second position and the consumption value with a setpoint value.

For the method, the technical effects mentioned above for the module units apply. Incorporating consumption levels for consumers located between the sites involved in the network results in applications where power supplies can be very selectively isolated from the rest of the network, particularly power supplies to which consumers are also connected.

The method may include detecting a third power or a third power at a third location of the power grid. Thus, the method is also suitable for branches and thus for all network topologies. In one embodiment, the comparison is performed taking into account the size detected at the third position. This means that not only one main line but also a branch or several branches can be included in the monitoring.

In the method, one of the above-mentioned module units, the first composite or the second composite or its embodiments may be included.

Thus, the technical effects mentioned for the module unit and its developments or refinements also apply to the method. The same applies to the first composite and for the second composite or for their developments or refinements.

In one embodiment of the method, a faulty detection unit can be determined automatically. The faulty detection unit or the module unit containing this unit can then be automatically excluded from the method. Thus, in a protection method performed under adjacent module units, the neighborhoods can be redefined by no longer taking into account the faulty module unit when defining the neighborhoods.

In a central protection method using the modular units, in one embodiment, for example, equations which relate to variables detected by the faulty modular unit can no longer be taken into account. This makes it possible, for example, to find so-called automatic solution units (solvers) of equation systems for the description of the vehicle electrical system again solutions. Such solvers work, for example, according to the Newton method, according to a recursive method (Kalman) or in another way. In particular, the equation system can be overdetermined several times, for example overdetermined more than twice or overdetermined more than three times. The system of equations can be overdetermined less than five times in order to keep the number of equations in a frame that is acceptable even with fast computation.

Faulty module units can be determined comparatively easily in one embodiment if equations that relate to these modular units are not taken into account in the solution of an overdetermined equation system. These equations or the relevant module unit can be determined automatically. This means that all module units can be simply tried one after the other. It is also possible to use strategies that lead to statements more quickly, in particular strategies that take into account prior knowledge and / or the topology of the network.

The monitored network or vehicle electrical system can have at least four or at least six segments which can be switched off from one another in one embodiment. The number of segments can be less than 100. Each segment may be included in a comparison of the electrical currents or powers be. Thus, complete protection can be ensured.

In other words, a protection concept for a vehicle electrical system is specified by means of differential protection.

In applications with high reliability requirements of a technical system, e.g. the vehicle control system, the failure of the power supply in parts may not lead to the failure of the entire system. This particularly concerns faults such as short circuits, over- and under-voltages in the electrical system. These must be identified in good time by suitable mechanisms in order to reduce or avoid damage to equipment. Faulty components must be switched off reliably in order to avoid error propagation and thus a failure of the entire system.

Due to the constant increase in electrical consumers, the electrical system is becoming increasingly complex, the cable lengths used longer and the development, production, installation and maintainability increasingly difficult.

Likewise, in recent years, the average energy consumption in a vehicle has steadily increased. It can be assumed that the resulting larger load currents result in an increase of the short-circuit currents.

In vehicles, electrical systems can be used, which follow in their typology of a strand solution. Each line is usually associated with only one energy source. The use of on-board networks in ring solutions is not common.

Fuses and automatic circuit breakers for individual vehicle components and their supply lines can be used. These are usually housed in a central fuse box. In the vehicle, separate backup groups can be assigned to the individual modules (either functionally or spatially).

Power management system in an electrical power system of a motor vehicle can be characterized by regulation of the on-board voltage and control of the battery current by means of the data connection of the generator controller and the intelligent battery sensor The battery current, voltage, and temperature data and important data of the connected consumers can be targeted regulation of the vehicle electrical system voltage and balancing of the energy balance are functionally linked.

Protection concepts can be used which, by means of differential protection, protect the current, e.g. Measure at the consumer (for example, before and after the consumer) and from the difference between the two streams can make a statement as to whether the transfer is carried out functionally or the current balance is disturbed.

Embodiments of the invention relate to on-board electrical systems of vehicles which provide metering devices with respect to power and / or voltage at consumers and / or at appropriate points in the power distribution associated with the communications network and switching devices at the consumers and / or at corresponding locations also connected to the communication network. This relates in particular to the combination of measuring device and switching device in a module that allows targeted protection of the electrical system, with very specifically affected by a fault onboard segments can be passivated.

By comparing the difference between the measuring points can be closed for errors, especially short circuits in a segment of the electrical system. On the one hand, the total balance of the current or the power must be equal to 0, on the other hand, the difference / gradient with respect to current / power in a previously determined as certain bandwidth (for example, by summing the maximum consumption of the associated consumers) move. The measurements can be determined absolutely or over a defined time range. Likewise, the bandwidth can be defined by fixed thresholds or by time / power dependent limits and the corresponding measurements can be compared.

On the one hand, this information is distributed to the neighboring nodes via the communication network (autonomous decision-making at the respective node), on the other hand the information for determining the total balance is forwarded to a central computer. There, if necessary, a switching command to the node is triggered and taken appropriate action. This information can also be used for a real-time simulation of the vehicle electrical system state (and a corresponding state evaluation), e.g. be used on the central computer. If necessary, the switching thresholds can be adjusted as required.

Checking the function of each component or device via the current measurement at the input and output of consumers. The basic idea here is that each component transmits the current from the input to the output according to a defined function.

In on-board systems built according to this system, additional measuring / switching modules can be integrated at each point, which enable a finer passivation of the affected on-board electrical system segment. In this case, it may be necessary for the additional measuring / switching module that the module is communicated with the neighboring modules.

An application of the protection concept by means of differential protection in a vehicle electrical system can now be carried out. In particular, the existing communication network and the existing sensors of energy management can be used and expanded to implement a differential protection-like concept in a vehicle. This cross-domain approach is novel and allows for optimal monitoring of energy flows.

As a result, the availability of the vehicle electrical system and thus the reliability of the power supply, such as the entire vehicle system, can be better ensured. This is achieved, in particular, by reducing the propagation of a fault (in particular a short circuit) in the vehicle electrical system via the activation of the component or device or the on-board network segment directly affected by the fault.

This protection concept can be used for the energy management of the entire vehicle electrical system and is freely scalable, e.g. from two guards to more than a hundred guards.

A module that is both measuring device and switching device can be developed and produced as a standardized component cost. The application of the module can be used generically in the electrical system. "Generic" means that the protective devices can be installed as desired. Simultaneous triggering is impossible. Thus, in comparison to overcurrent fuses or the like in the design, no staggering according to the current or the time must be considered.

In a house, for example, the connection with 64 A (ampere) is secured. The floor at 32 A and the rooms at 16 A. In the event of a short circuit, currents well above 64 A occur. Consequently, you have to stagger the backups one after the other. This is not necessary for differential protection between direct neighbors, i. he must always be maximally fast.

The embodiments and embodiments explained in the introduction can be combined with one another or with the exemplary embodiments explained below with reference to the figures.

In the following, embodiments of the invention will be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings. Show:

1 a vehicle electrical system of a vehicle,

2 a section of a vehicle electrical system,

3 a section of another electrical system,

4 a section of an electrical system with network areas,

5 a section of an electrical system with branch or from a power supply network with branch, and

6 an electrical system of a vehicle, such as a passenger car.

The 1 shows a wiring system 12 a vehicle or a general energy supply network.

The general energy supply network may be a DC network or an AC network. The voltages may be in the low voltage range, medium voltage range or in the high voltage range, in particular at voltages greater than 1000 volts. The following for the electrical system 12 The same applies to the general energy supply network.

With the electrical system 12 On the other hand, it is a DC voltage network of, for example, less than 100 volts.

The electrical system 12 contains a compound 10 from protection modules DS1 to DSn, which in particular can be differential protection modules, if differences in comparison or monitoring are used.

In a variant I, the composite contains 10 no central control unit ZSE. In the protection modules DS1 to DSn, however, in variant I there are control units SE1 to SEn which carry out monitoring for neighborhood areas, for example the protection modules DS1 and DS2 for the line 22 and the immediately adjacent consumers V1 and V2, in particular the consumers V1 or V2 connected to the protection modules DS1 and DS2.

In a variant II, the composite contains 10 In addition to variant I nor a central control unit ZSE, which also has a monitoring under Neighborhood involvement and / or monitoring of the capture units, as described below 4 will be explained in more detail.

In a third variant III, monitoring taking into account neighborhoods of the protection modules DS1 to DSn is carried out only in the central control unit ZSE. In addition, in the variant III, the central control unit ZSE can also monitor the detection units in the protection modules DS1 to DSn, as described below with reference to FIG 4 will be explained in more detail. The protection modules DS1 to DSn perform in the variant III no monitoring taking into account neighborhoods and consumers.

In addition to the three variants I to III, a distinction can be made according to whether the consumption values A) included in the monitoring are only estimated upwards or B) are actually recorded or measured. This is at the bottom of the hand 3 respectively. 4 for the estimation explained. The 3 or a variant of the invention explained in the text 5 refers to the variant with measurement of consumption values. For all three variants I to III, there is therefore both the variant A and the variant B what the number of variants on the value 6 elevated.

The protection modules DS1 to DSn are in one line 20 of the electrical system 12 connected. The administration 20 is guided as a loop. Other topologies are also possible, eg line, star or mesh. An accumulator EQ is connected to the line 20 connected, for example, the positive terminal of the battery EQ.

The protection modules DS1 to DSn can be constructed the same among each other, which is why only the structure of the protection module DS1 will be explained in more detail below. Alternatively, the protection modules may be constructed different from each other, in particular with and without a branch.

• – drei Anschlüsse A1a bis A3a, wobei der Anschluss A1a mit der Leitung 20, der Anschluss A2a mit der Leitung 22 und der Anschluss A3a mit einem Verbraucher V1 verbunden ist,
• – drei Schalteinheiten S1a bis S3a,
• – zwei Erfassungseinheiten E1a und E2a, die eine Spannung und/oder eine Strom bzw. eine Leistung erfassen können,
• – ein Spannungsknoten N1a,
• – eine optionale Steuereinheit SE1,
• – einen optionalen Speicher M1,
• – eine Empfangseinheit E1 und ggf. eine optionale Sendeeinheit S1.

The protection module DS1 contains:

• - Three ports A1a to A3a, the port A1a with the line 20 , the connection A2a with the wire 22 and the terminal A3a is connected to a consumer V1,
• Three switching units S1a to S3a,
• Two detection units E1a and E2a, which can detect a voltage and / or a current or a power,
• A voltage node N1a,
• An optional control unit SE1,
• An optional memory M1,
• - A receiving unit E1 and optionally an optional transmitting unit S1.

• – die Erfassungseinheit E1a ist mit dem Anschluss A1a und mit dem einen Anschluss der Schalteinheit S1a verbunden, z.B. mit dem Arbeitsanschluss eines Leistungstransistors,
• – die Schalteinheit S1a liegt mit einem weiteren Anschluss am Schaltungsknoten N1a, z.B. mit dem anderen Arbeitsanschluss des Leistungstransistors,
• – die Schalteinheit S2a liegt mit einem Anschluss am Schaltungsknoten N1a und mit einem weiteren Anschluss am Anschluss A2a des Schutzmoduls DS1,
• – am Schaltungsknoten N1a liegt außerdem ein Abzweig 14a, der zu der Erfassungseinheit E2a führt,
• – die Schalteinheit S3a ist mit dem dritten Anschluss A3a und mit der Erfassungseinheit E2a verbunden.

The following internal interconnection exists:

• The detection unit E1a is connected to the terminal A1a and to one terminal of the switching unit S1a, for example to the working terminal of a power transistor,
• The switching unit S1a is connected to a further terminal at the circuit node N1a, eg to the other working terminal of the power transistor,
• The switching unit S2a is connected to a connection at the circuit node N1a and to another connection at the connection A2a of the protection module DS1,
• - At the circuit node N1a is also a branch 14a leading to the detection unit E2a,
• The switching unit S3a is connected to the third terminal A3a and to the detection unit E2a.

Other circuit arrangements are also possible, for example interchanging detection unit E1a and switching unit S1a or exchanging detection unit E2a and switching unit S3a. In addition, for example, the switching unit S2a, the detection unit E2a and / or the switching unit S3a may be omitted.

The switching units S1a to S3a may be power transistors, in particular IGBTs. The detection units E1a and E1b can be looped into the lines, be arranged in the effective range of an electric field of the relevant line or contact the line at one or more points. Suitable detection units E1a and E1b contain in particular analog-to-digital converters (ADC).

The administration 22 lies between the connection A2a of the protection module DS1 and the connection A1b of the protection module DS2. A line 24 is between the terminal A2b of the protection module DS2 and the terminal A1n of the protection module DSn, where n is a natural number, eg three or more than three.

The other protection modules DS2 to DSn are constructed in the embodiment as the protection module DS1. So there are also in the protection module DS3:

• A circuit node N1b,
• - a branch 14b .
• Connections A1b to A3b,
• Switching units S1b to S3b,
• - Detection units E1b and E2b, e.g. for detecting a voltage and / or current or a power,
• A voltage node N1b,
• An optional control unit SE2,
• - an optional memory M2, and
• - A receiving unit E2 and optionally an optional transmitting unit S2.

A consumer V2 is connected to the connection A3b of the protection module DS2. A consumer Vn is connected to the terminal A3n of the protection module DSn.

A communication line 32 lies between the receiving / transmitting unit E1 / A1 and a communication line 30 , which connects the protection modules DS1 to DS2. The communication protocols mentioned in the introduction may be on the lines 30 to 36 be used. The wires 30 to 36 can form different topologies, eg a line, a ring, a star or a mesh.

In place of the wires 30 to 36 You can also use a wireless network, eg Bluetooth or ZigBee.

The protection modules DS1 to DSn can also be implemented without branching, so that there is only one detection unit and one switching unit between the first and the second connection of a protection module DS1 to DSn. This applies to all six variants and will be described below 2 to 6 explained in more detail.

In variants I and II, the protection modules DS1 to DSn each contain a control unit SE1 to SEn, which perform a monitoring method taking into account neighborhoods and consumption values. The consumption values are estimated in variant A and stored, for example, in stores M1 to Mn for the respective consumer V1 to Vn. In variant B, the consumption values are recorded or measured using the detection units E2a to E2n.

In variant I, no central control unit ZSE is required. The central control unit ZSE, on the other hand, is required in variant II. Alternatively, variant II can also use peer-to-peer methods.

In variant III, too, the central control unit ZSE, for example a microprocessor or a microcontroller MP, is included. The central control unit ZSE contains a memory M, for example for storing consumption values and / or program instructions which are executed by the processor. About a line 38 is the central control unit ZSE with the wire 30 connected. Alternatively, a radio link can be used. In variant III, the protection modules DS1 to DSn do not have to contain their own control units because they can be remotely controlled by the central control unit ZSE. If the protection modules DS1 to DSn in the variant III each contain control units, however, they do not carry out a separate monitoring method taking into account neighborhoods and consumption values in addition to the monitoring method carried out in the central control unit ZSE.

The electrical system is monitored in all three variants for short circuits, see, for example, short circuit 26 on the line 22 or a short somewhere else. Cable breaks can be canceled by redundancy in their effect, for example, are in a cable break in line 22 still all consumers on the line 20 or over the lines 20 and 24 further supplied with voltage / current or energy. Also, multiple rechargeable batteries can EQ to the line 20 be connected. Usually, the body is used as a return conductor in an automobile. An explicit return conductor is therefore not necessary, but may be more advantageous, for example, with regard to interference couplings. A double cable routing can also be used.

The consumers V1 to Vn can also be included directly in the monitoring via the detection units S3a to S3n. Indirect monitoring is also possible for protection modules DS1 to DSn without branching, as shown below 2 and 4 is explained. Faults in the consumers then act like short circuits and can thus be detected in the same way and disconnected from the power supply.

The 3 shows the processes for measuring the consumption of consumers.

In variant I in combination with variant A, the following steps are carried out in the low-voltage power grid of the vehicle, for example:

In the protection module / module DS1 is a measured current I (1) and possibly a measured voltage U (1), see detection unit E1a. The measured current intensity I (2) and possibly a measured voltage U (2) are present in the protection module DS2, see detection unit E1b.

From the consumer V1, for example, with defined target consumption, consumption is known.

The measured values I (2) and possibly U (2) are transmitted by the protection module DS2 to the protection module DS1.

A comparison of the actual consumption is carried out in the protection module DS1 as the difference between measured values 1 and measured values 2 for the defined Set consumption. It is checked in the protection module DS1 whether the value lies within the bandwidth. If there is a deviation, the short circuit will occur 26 recorded and followed by the shutdown of the electrical system 12 or the line 22 using the switching units S2a.

In variant I, the measured values I (1) and possibly U (1) are also transmitted from the protection module DS1 to the protection module DS2.

A comparison of the actual consumption is carried out in the protection module DS2 as the difference between measured values 1 and measured values 2 for the defined nominal consumption. It is checked in the protection module DS2 whether the value is within the bandwidth. If there is a deviation, the short circuit will occur 26 recorded and followed by the shutdown of the electrical system 12 or the line 22 using the switching units S1b of the protection module DS2.

In variant II, additionally, the measured values I (1) and possibly U (1) are transmitted from the protection module DS1 and the measured values I (2) and possibly U (2) from the protection module DS2 to the control unit ZSE.

A comparison of the actual consumption is carried out in the ZSE control unit as the difference between measured values 1 and measured values 2 for the defined nominal consumption. It is checked in the ZSE control unit whether the value lies within the bandwidth. If there is a deviation, the short circuit will occur 26 recorded and it follows remotely the shutdown of the electrical system 12 or the line 22 using the switching unit S2a of the protection module DS1 and the switching unit S1b of the protection module DS2.

In the variant III, the comparison is performed only in the control unit ZSE, i. not in the protection modules DS1 and DS2.

Also in the other protection modules DSn current strengths I (n) measured on the main line and possibly measured voltages U (n) are present, where n is a natural number greater than 2 but e.g. is less than 100 or less than 200. The consumers Vn either have a defined target consumption, in particular a defined maximum consumption or the consumption is recorded.

Between the protection module DS2 and the protection module DSn lies with respect to the line 24 a corresponding neighborhood as between the protection modules DS1 and DS2 with respect to the line 22 , Thus, also on the line 22 or on other lines of the electrical system 12 Short circuits are detected according to the explained variants I, II and II in combination with the variants A (estimating the consumption values) and B. Measurements or recording of the consumption values can also be detected, in particular also for consumers Variant B, which will be explained in more detail below.

The 2 shows a section of an electrical system 100 or from a power grid. The electrical system 100 is, for example, a section of the electrical system 12 , please refer 1 , or from the electrical system 510 , please refer 6 ,

• – einen Akkumulator 102,
• – zwei Schutzmodule, z.B. Differentialschutz-Module, DS1a, DS2a, und
• – zwei Verbraucher V10, V11.

The electrical system 100 includes:

• - an accumulator 102 .
• - two protection modules, eg differential protection modules, DS1a, DS2a, and
• - two consumers V10, V11.

• – eine Leitung 104 liegt zwischen dem Akkumulator 102 und dem Schutzmodul DS1a,
• – eine Leitung 110 führt vom Schutzmodul DS1a zum Schutzmodul DS2a,
• – eine Leitung 112 führt von der Leitung 110 zum Verbraucher V10,
• – eine Leitung 114 führt von der Leitung 110 zum Verbraucher V11, und
• – eine Leitung 116 führt von dem Schutzmodul DS2a zu weiteren Komponenten des Bordnetzes 100.

The following interconnection exists:

• - a line 104 lies between the accumulator 102 and the protection module DS1a,
• - a line 110 leads from protection module DS1a to protection module DS2a,
• - a line 112 leads from the line 110 to the consumer V10,
• - a line 114 leads from the line 110 to the consumer V11, and
• - a line 116 leads from the protection module DS2a to other components of the electrical system 100 ,

It is assumed that the consumer V10 consumes a maximum of 200 watts. The consumer V11 should consume a maximum of 100 watts. In fact, the consumer V10 is to consume just 100 watts and the consumer V11 20 watts.

If 600 watts are detected in the protection module DS1a and 480 watts in the protection module DS2a, then the difference of 120 watts is less than the maximum consumption of 300 watts, so that a faultless state is present.

Occurs, for example, in short circuit 120 on the line 110 on, so in the protection module DS2a, for example, only 100 watts are detected. The difference is 500 watts, which is significantly greater than the maximum consumption of the consumers V10 and V11 of 300 watts. This will turn off the line 120 caused in variant I in the protection modules DS1a and DS2a, in variant III by the central control unit ZSE, and in variant II redundant both of the protection modules DS1a and DS2a and of the central control unit ZSE.

Same relationships apply at constant voltage for the currents. So that in place of the services can also be referred to streams.

As well as the short circuit 120 on the line 110 Short circuits affect consumers V10 and V11. This is also one Surveillance of consumers V10, V11 possible without their current consumption must be recorded directly, ie with separate or dedicated detection units at the consumers.

The protection modules DS1a and DS2a can be constructed like the protection modules DS1, DS2 to DSn, the branch 14a etc. is unused. Alternatively, the protection modules DS1a and DS2a contain no branch 14a etc.

The 3 shows a section of another electrical system 200 or from a power grid. The electrical system 200 is, for example, a section of the electrical system 12 , please refer 1 , or from the electrical system 510 , please refer 6 ,

The electrical system 200 includes:

• - an accumulator 202 .
• Four protection modules, e.g. Differential protection modules, DS1b, DS2b, DS3b and DS4b, and
• - two consumers V20, V21.

• – eine Leitung 204 liegt zwischen dem Akkumulator 202 und dem Schutzmodul DS1b,
• – eine Leitung 210 führt vom Schutzmodul DS1b zum Schutzmodul DS2b,
• – eine Leitung 212 führt von der Leitung 210 zum Schutzmodul DS3b,
• – der Verbraucher V20 ist an das Schutzmodul DS3b angeschlossen,
• – eine Leitung 214 führt von der Leitung 210 zum Schutzmodul DS4b
• – der Verbraucher V21 ist an das Schutzmodul DS4b angeschlossen, und
• – eine Leitung 216 führt von dem Schutzmodul DS2b zu weiteren Komponenten des Bordnetzes 200.

The following interconnection exists:

• - a line 204 lies between the accumulator 202 and the protection module DS1b,
• - a line 210 leads from protection module DS1b to protection module DS2b,
• - a line 212 leads from the line 210 to the protection module DS3b,
• - the consumer V20 is connected to the protection module DS3b,
• - a line 214 leads from the line 210 to the protection module DS4b
• - the consumer V21 is connected to the protection module DS4b, and
• - a line 216 leads from the protection module DS2b to other components of the electrical system 200 ,

It is assumed that the protection module DS3b for the consumer V20 is currently detecting a consumption of 100 watts and the protection module DS4b for the consumer V21 is detecting a current consumption of 20 watts.

If 600 watts are detected in the protection module DS1a and 480 watts in the protection module DS2a, then the difference of 120 watts is equal to the current recorded consumption of 120 watts, so that a faultless state is present.

Occurs on the other hand, for example, a short circuit 220 on the line 210 For example, only 100 watts are detected in the protection module DS2b. The difference is 500 watts, which is considerably larger than the recorded consumption value of 120 watts for the consumers V10 and V11. This will turn off the line 220 caused variant I in the protection modules DS1b and DS2b or in all adjacent protection modules DS1b to DS4b, variant III by the central control unit ZSE, and variant II redundant both of the protection modules DS1b and DS2b or DS1b to DS4b and the central control unit ZSE.

Same relationships apply at constant voltage for the currents. So that in place of the services can also be referred to streams.

Short circuits in the consumers V20 and V21 are recorded directly in the protection modules DS3b or DS4b.

The protection modules DS1b to DS4b can be constructed like the protection modules DS1, DS2 to DSn, the branch 14a etc. is unused. Alternatively, the protection modules DS1b to DS4b do not contain a branch 14a etc.

The protection modules DS1b and DS4b can, for example, become a protection module 222 summarized, which is constructed as the protection module DS1, which requires a corresponding segmentation. Likewise, protection modules DS4b and DS2b can, for example, become a protection module 224 summarized, which is constructed like the protection module DS2.

The 4 shows a section of an electrical system 300 or from a power grid, where network areas are specified. The electrical system 300 is, for example, a section of the electrical system 12 , please refer 1 , or from the electrical system 510 , please refer 6 ,

The electrical system 300 contains five sections of the network connected in series:

• A first network section ends at a detection unit or the protection module A,
• A second network section extends from the detection unit A to a detection unit B,
• A third network section extends from the detection unit B to a detection unit C,
• A fourth network section extends from the detection unit C to a detection unit D,
• A fifth network section starts at the detection unit D.

It is assumed that in the first network section, a current of 10 A (ampere) flows to the detection unit A. The second network section is to be connected to a consumer V30, which consumes 1 ampere. On the third network section, a consumer V31 is connected, which is also 1 Amps consumed. On the fourth network section, a consumer V32 is connected, which also consumes 1 ampere. Even consumers with different power consumption are possible.

A network area 302 includes the second network section. For the network area 302 the following equation can be established: B = A - V30, ie B = 10 amps - 1 ampere = 9 amps. (1)

A network area 304 includes the third network section. For the network area 304 the following equation can be established: C = B - V31, ie C = 9 amps - 1 ampere = 8 amps. (2)

A network area 306 includes the fourth network section. For the network area 306 the following equation can be established: D = C - V33, ie D = 8 amps - 1 ampere = 7 amps. (3)

A network area 308 comprises the second network section, the third network section and the fourth network section. For the network area 306 the following equation can be established: D = A - V30 - V31 - V32, ie D = 10 amps - 1 ampere - 1 ampere - 1 ampere = 7 amps. (4)

Thus, equations (1) to (4) form an overdetermined system of equations which, in the error-free case, is consistent and can be solved by the known methods, e.g. Gaussian method, Newton's method, Runge-Kutta method or similar In particular, linear solvers can be used because, for example, inaccurate values for the solution need not be determined, but because it only has to be determined whether a solution can be calculated, which is explained in more detail below.

• – Gleichung (1) stimmt.
• – Gleichung (2) stimmt,
• – es ergibt sich gemäß Gleichung (3) D = 4 Ampere – 1 Ampere = 3 Ampere, und
• – gemäß Gleichung (4) D = 7.

If, for example, the detection unit C detects or measures a false current, eg of 4 amperes, then contradictions in the equation system result from the equations (1) to (4):

• - Equation (1) is correct.
• - Equation (2) is correct,
• - It results in accordance with equation (3) D = 4 amps - 1 ampere = 3 amps, and
• - according to equation (4) D = 7.

Thus, equations (3) and (4) are in direct contradiction. This contradiction can be solved if the equation relating to the detection unit C is not considered in the solution, i. the equation (3).

The same considerations apply to errors in the acquisition units A, B and C, but in each case two equations are affected here. An underdetermination of the remaining system of equations could then be avoided by the inclusion of further equations.

Thus, it can be automatically determined that the detection unit B detects or measures incorrectly. Thus, this detection unit can be excluded from a neighborhood based procedure.

The detection units A to D may also have switching units for disconnecting network sections and / or consumers. In this case, instead of the detection units A to D, protection modules can be used, as described with reference to FIGS 1 to 4 have been explained above or on hand of 6 will be explained below. In particular, protection modules can be used with and without branch.

Alternatively, it is possible to refer to services when setting up the system of equations. In this case, voltage fluctuations are taken into account.

Equation systems for, for example, 20 to 30 circuit nodes or more can be solved in a short time when using a processor. In a vehicle network, there are, for example, less than 100 circuit nodes or less than 300 circuit nodes with appropriate segmentation. However, the method can also be used advantageously with four or more nodes.

The 5 shows a section of an electrical system 400 with branch or from a power supply network with branch. The electrical system 400 is, for example, a section of the electrical system 12 , please refer 1 , or from the electrical system 510 , please refer 6 ,

• – einen Akkumulator 402,
• – drei Schutzmodule, z.B. Differentialschutz-Module, DS1c, DS2c und DS3c, und
• – drei Verbraucher V40, V41 und V42.

The electrical system 400 includes:

• - an accumulator 402 .
• - three protection modules, eg differential protection modules, DS1c, DS2c and DS3c, and
• - three consumers V40, V41 and V42.

The following interconnection exists:

• - a line 404 lies between the accumulator 402 and the protection module DS1c,
• - a line 410 leads from protection module DS1c to protection module DS2c,
• - a line 412 leads from the line 410 to the consumer V40,
• - a line 414 leads from the line 410 to the consumer V41,
• - a line 416 leads from the protection module DS2c to other components of the electrical system 400 .
• - a line 420 leads from the line 410 to the protection module DS3c so that there is a branch,
• - a line 422 leads from the line 420 to the consumer V42, and
• - a line 424 leads from the protection module DS3c to other components of the vehicle electrical system 400 ,

Occurs a short circuit 440 on the line 410 With the protection modules DS1c, DS2c and DS3c it can be detected in the same way as above for the 2 explained.

As well as the short circuit 440 on the line 410 In the case of V40, V41 and V42, short circuits have an effect, see the notes to 2 , This also makes it possible to monitor consumers V40, V41 and V42 without their current consumption having to be recorded directly, ie with separate or dedicated detection units at the consumers. Alternatively, however, a capture of the actual consumption values can also be carried out in the case of a branch, as described above with reference to FIG 3 has been explained.

The protection modules DS1c to DS3c can be constructed like the protection modules DS1, DS2 to DSn, whereby the branch 14a etc. is unused. Alternatively, the protection modules DS1c to DS3c contain no branch 14a etc.

The 6 shows a wiring system 510 a vehicle, eg a passenger vehicle. The electrical system 510 includes:

• - Segments 512 to 526 which each contain a plus lead and possibly a minus lead, and which are connected in the order mentioned in a ring structure,
• - For example, two batteries or accumulators 528 and 530 , called battery for short, with the battery 528 on the segment 526 and the battery 530 on the segment 518 connected,
• - Separators 532 to 546 For example, mechanical, electromechanical or electronic switches, eg power field effect transistors, in particular MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor), which in this order between the segments 12 to 26 are switched,
• A data transmission connection or a bus system 550a . 550b for controlling the separation devices 532 to 546 via control lines 552 to 564 and 551 and for interrogating current and / or voltage sensors via sensor lines 572 to 582 , such as
• - A control and communication unit SE on the bus system 550a . 550b ,

In the electrical system 510 Monitoring can be neighborhood-related through the separation devices 532 to 546 be carried out on the hand of the 1 explained control units SE1, SE2, SEn in the separation devices 532 to 546 available. Alternatively or additionally, a central monitoring in the control unit SE can be performed. In both cases, consumption sizes become the consumers at the segments 512 to 526 included, see, for example, consumers 590 and 592 ,

Usually, the body is used as a return conductor in an automobile. An explicit return conductor is thus not necessary, but can e.g. be more advantageous with regard to interference couplings.

The segments 512 and 524 are mutually redundant and serve, for example, the power supply of control units with central tasks. These control units can in turn each be redundant, ie two control units on the segment 512 and two control units on the segment 524 ,

The segments 514 and 522 are also redundant to each other and serve the power of control units to support the steering of the vehicle, see, for example, the control units 590 and 92 on the segment 22 ,

The segments 516 and 538 are also redundant to each other and serve the power of control units, which serve, for example, the automatic braking of the vehicle, in particular brake-by-wire, ie a brake without any mechanical coupling between the pedal and the unit. Automatic braking systems are used, which brake the vehicle without the driver.

The measurement data for the on hand of 1 to 5 explained methods are, for example, only on selected segments 512 detected. Alternatively, measurement data can be sent to all segments 512 to 516 . 520 to 524 and optionally also on the segments 518 and 526 be recorded. The equipment of each segment 512 to 516 . 520 to 524 can be done with detection units operating in the separation devices 532 to 546 are included. In this case, the separation devices 532 to 546 for example, as the hand of the 1 to 5 explained module units constructed. In particular, modular units without branch or module units with unused branch can be used.

The consumers 590 . 592 can be via modular units with branch 14a etc. connected.

In another embodiment, a more meshed topology is chosen instead of a ring topology. Even with on-board networks without redundancy, the invention is used.

The on-board electrical systems, for example, carry voltages less than 100 volts or even less than 60 volts but greater than 5 volts or greater than 10 volts. In electric vehicles, however, the methods described can also be used in the power grid. In this case, the power grid may carry voltages greater than 100 volts or greater than 400 volts. The voltages in the drive network can typically be less than 1000 volts. Due to the use of batteries or rechargeable batteries, mainly DC mains are used. In contrast to signal lines, the voltage on DC on-board networks is comparatively constant and fluctuates, for example, by less than plus / minus 10 percent of a mean or nominal value. However, the methods are not limited to DC networks and can thus also be used in AC networks.

The embodiments explained with reference to the figures can be combined in particular with the exemplary embodiments mentioned in the introduction. The embodiments are not to scale and are not restrictive. Modifications in the context of expert action are possible. Although the invention has been further illustrated and described in detail by the preferred embodiment, the invention is not limited by the disclosed examples, and other variations can be derived therefrom by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited non-patent literature

• IEEE 802.x [0013]

Claims (15)

Module unit (DS1) containing a first connection device (A1a), a second connection device (A2a), a switching unit (S1a) connected between the first connection device and the second connection device, a detection unit (E1a), a control unit (SE1) which is connected on the output side to the switching unit (S1a) and on the input side to the detection unit (E1a), a receiving unit (E1), which is coupled on the output side to the control unit (SE1), and containing either a further detection unit (E2a) which detects an electric current or an electric power in relation to a third connection device (A3) for a consumption unit (V1) . or a storage unit (M1) in which a value of the electric power or the electric power is stored for a consumption unit (V1). Module unit (DS1) according to claim 1, wherein the switching unit (S1a) is designed for switching voltages less than 1000 volts or less than 200 volts. Modular unit (DS1) according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a branch ( 14a . 14b ) of an electrically conductive connection (N1a) between the first connection device (A1a) and the second connection device (A2a) to the third connection device (A3). Module unit (DS1) according to claim 3, wherein the switching unit (S1a) between the first connecting device (A1) and the branch ( 14a ) is switched. Module unit (DS1) according to claim 1, wherein the switching unit (S1a) is a first switching unit, and wherein the module contains at least one of the following switching units: A second switching unit (S2a), - Another switching unit (S2b). Module unit (DS1) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a control unit (SE1), which is connected on the output side to an input of the switching unit (S1a) and which is connected on the input side to an output of the detection unit (E1a). Module unit (DS1) according to claim 6, comprising at least one of the following units: a receiving unit (E1), which is connected on the output side to an input of the control unit (SE1), a transmitting unit (S1), which is connected on the input side to an output of the control unit (SE1). Modular unit (DS1) according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the control unit (SE1) contains a comparison unit which is connected on the input side to an output of the detection unit (E1a) and to the further detection unit (E2a) or the input side to an output of the detection unit ( E1a) and connected to an output of the memory unit (M1). Module unit (DS1) according to claim 8, wherein the control unit (SE1) controls the switching unit (S1a) in the event of a deviation during the comparison. Module unit (DS1) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising a receiving unit (E1), which is connected on the output side to the control unit (SE1) and / or to the switching unit (S1a). Composite ( 10 ) comprising at least two modular units (DS1, DS2) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the modular units (DS1, DS2) each contain a transmitting unit (S1, S2) connected to the detection unit (E1a, E1b) of the modular unit (DS1, DS2 ), the composite ( 10 ) contains a unit (ZSE) that is connected via a data transmission network ( 30 ) is connected to the module units (DS1, DS2), and wherein the unit (ZSE) includes a comparison unit (MP) which compares quantities detected by the modular units (DS1, DS2) or quantities calculated from these quantities with at least one desired value, wherein the detected quantities contain at least one consumption value of a consumption unit (V1, V2) or wherein in the comparison at least one consumption value of a consumption unit (V1, V2) is taken into account, which is connected to a line between the modular units (DS1, DS2) or to one of the modular units (DS1, DS2) is connected. Composite ( 10 ), at least two module units (DS1, DS2), each comprising: a first connection device (A1a, A1b), a second connection device (A2a, A2b), one between the first connection device (A1a, A1b) and the second connection device (A2a , A2b) switched switching unit (S1a, S1b), a detection unit (E1a, E1b), a transmitting unit (S1, S2), which is connected on the input side to an output of the detection unit (E1a, E1b), a receiving unit (E1, E2), the output side is connected to the switching unit (S1a, S1b), wherein the composite ( 10 ) contains a unit (ZSE) that is connected via a data transmission network ( 30 ) is connected to the modular units (DS1, DS2), and wherein the unit (ZSE) includes a comparison unit (MP) comparing quantities detected by the modular units (DS1, DS2) or quantities calculated from these quantities with at least one setpoint value, the detected variables contain at least one consumption value of a consumption unit (V1, V2) or in which at least one consumption value of a consumption unit (V1, V2) which is connected to a line between the modular units (DS1, DS2) or to one of the module units ( DS1, DS2) is connected. Method for monitoring a power supply network ( 12 ), comprising detecting (E1a) a first current or a first power at a first location of the energy supply network ( 12 ), Detecting (E2a) a second current or a second power at a second location of the energy supply network ( 12 ), Detecting or specifying a consumption value for at least one consumption unit (V1, V2) connected to a line between the first location and the second location, comparing the size detected at the first location, the size detected at the second location, and the consumption value with a setpoint. Method according to claim 13, comprising detecting (DS3c) a third current or a third power at a third location of the energy supply network ( 400 ), Making the comparison taking into account the quantity recorded at the third place. Method according to claim 13 or 14, wherein a modular unit (DS1, DS2) according to one of claims 1 to 10, a composite ( 10 ) according to claim 11 or a composite ( 10 ) is used according to claim 12.

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