DE102012110673A1 - Machine tool and method for measuring a workpiece - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a machine tool, in particular a grinding machine, and a method for measuring a workpiece in a machine tool. The machine tool can have a workpiece holder (14), a tool unit (28), a measuring device (48) and a control device (56) which can be coupled to the measuring device (48) and the tool unit (28), the measuring device (48) is received on the tool unit (28) and has at least one switching measuring head (66; 68), the at least one switching measuring head (66; 68) being received on a carrier piece (80) which has a plurality of defined target positions for the at least one switching measuring head (66; 68) provides, and wherein the control device (56) is designed to detect signals triggered by the at least one switch measuring head (66; 68) when touching a workpiece (96) and to use an actual position of the tool unit (28) to determine an actual position of the at least one switching measuring head (66; 68).

Description

The invention relates to a machine tool, in particular a grinding machine, with a workpiece holder, a tool unit, a measuring device and with a control device which can be coupled to the measuring device and the tool unit. The invention further relates to a method for measuring a workpiece in a machine tool, in particular a grinding machine.

Machine tools, in particular grinding machines, are known in the prior art. For example, cylindrical grinding machines can have rotationally symmetrical tools, such as grinding wheels, which can interact in a suitable manner with a workpiece for material removal. Cylindrical grinding machines can be designed for example for external cylindrical grinding, internal cylindrical grinding or for plunge grinding or Schrägeinstechschleifen. In addition to grinding wheels, sanding belts can generally also be used for cylindrical grinding. In addition to rotationally symmetrical surfaces, it is also possible to machine eccentrically formed workpiece surfaces if the workpiece holder and the tool unit can be driven in a suitable manner and moved relative to one another. In this way, for example, camshafts, crankshafts or similar workpieces can be processed or ground with eccentric geometries.

A workpiece to be machined can be accommodated approximately between two tips of a workpiece holder or on one side in a workpiece holder. In addition, the so-called centerless grinding is known in which the workpiece is not taken up in the grinding machine between tips, but can be taken and guided about support rails, regulating wheels, guide rollers or the like.

From the DE 10 2009 042 252 A1 a grinding machine is known which has a measuring device which is designed for in-process measurement on test specimens during a machining operation. For this purpose, the measuring device has a measuring head, which is connected via a linkage pivotally connected to a base body of the measuring device. The measuring head has a deflectable measuring probe, which is coupled to a measuring prism and intended to determine the diameter or roundness of the test object. The linkage should be designed to be able to track movements of the test object at least over a certain range, for example a rotation of a crank pin of a crankshaft about its axis of rotation.

In principle, even in the case of grinding machining of eccentrically arranged cylindrical surfaces, in this way an in-process measurement can be carried out at least in sections. This can be done simultaneously with the grinding process. However, the measuring device has a complex structure. The linkage is elaborately designed and laborious to control during operation.

The so-called in-process measurement, ie a measurement during a machining cycle, can allow highly accurate machining operations and contribute to increasing the manufacturing quality and process reliability. For this purpose, however, it is regularly necessary to provide for each workpiece dimension to be measured, that is to say for each diameter, a measuring head which is precisely matched to the dimension to be expected. This can be, for example, a single-purpose measuring head, or else a measuring head on which approximately two measuring probes are adjustably accommodated, which have a distance from each other which corresponds to the expected distance. The measuring probes must be precisely adjusted to the dimension to be tested and aligned accordingly.

Such an in-process measuring head is approximately in the DE 196 16 353 A1 shown. The disadvantage here can be complicated setup, adjustment or calibration processes, which are necessary in order to adapt the measuring head for the respective intended use. In particular, in individual machining, small series and medium series can be about the setting of the measuring head bring a not negligible amount of time.

Against this background must already be objected that the from the DE 10 2009 042 252 A1 known measuring device may not be able to meet the required in an in-process measurement accuracies. The associated measuring head has a measuring probe and a measuring prism, which are coupled via a plurality of linkage elements of the linkage with an absolute Maßbezug. In the position of the measuring head relative to the DUT, all deviations along individual elements of the kinematic chain of the linkage can enter. This can be disadvantageous, in particular in the section-by-section measurement of eccentric workpieces. The position of the measuring head relative to the test object, for example relative to its angular position, can be faulty.

Against this background, the invention has for its object to provide a machine tool, in particular a grinding machine, in which at low cost, a highly accurate and highly flexible measurement of workpieces is permitted. Furthermore, a method for measuring a workpiece, in particular a Workpiece diameter, can be specified, which can be performed with such a machine tool.

• – eine Werkstückaufnahme mit zumindest einem Werkstückhalter zur Aufnahme eines Werkstücks,
• – eine Werkzeugeinheit mit einer Werkzeugspindel, insbesondere mit einem Schleifkopf, zur Aufnahme und zum Antrieb eines Werkzeugs, insbesondere zumindest einer Schleifscheibe, wobei die Werkzeugeinheit zumindest entlang einer Zustelllachse relativ zum Werkstück verfahrbar ist,
• – eine modulare Messeinrichtung, die an der Werkzeugeinheit aufgenommen ist, wobei die Messeinrichtung zumindest einen Schaltmesskopf aufweist, wobei der zumindest eine Schaltmesskopf an einem Trägerstück aufgenommen ist, das eine Mehrzahl von definierten Soll-Lagen für den zumindest einen Schaltmesskopf bereitstellt, und
• – eine Steuereinrichtung, die mit der Messeinrichtung und der Werkzeugeinheit koppelbar ist, wobei die Steuereinrichtung dazu ausgebildet ist, durch den zumindest einen Schaltmesskopf beim Antasten eines Werkstücks ausgelöste Signale zu erfassen und anhand einer Ist-Lage der Werkzeugeinheit eine Ist-Position des zumindest einen Schaltmesskopfes zu ermitteln.

This object is achieved according to the invention by a machine tool, in particular a grinding machine, which has the following:

• A workpiece holder with at least one workpiece holder for holding a workpiece,
• A tool unit with a tool spindle, in particular with a grinding head, for receiving and for driving a tool, in particular at least one grinding wheel, wherein the tool unit is movable relative to the workpiece at least along an infeed axis,
• A modular measuring device, which is accommodated on the tool unit, wherein the measuring device has at least one switch measuring head, wherein the at least one switch measuring head is accommodated on a carrier piece which provides a plurality of defined desired positions for the at least one switch measuring head, and
• - A control device which can be coupled to the measuring device and the tool unit, wherein the control device is adapted to detect triggered by the at least one switch measuring head when probing a workpiece signals and based on an actual position of the tool unit an actual position of the at least one switch measuring head to investigate.

The object of the invention is completely solved in this way.

In accordance with the invention, a greatly increased functionality can be provided with a small additional outlay. By recourse of the control device to position data, which are detected during the process of the tool unit anyway or can be detected without substantial additional effort, the actual position of the at least one switch measuring head can be determined with high accuracy. By way of example, the actual position of the switch measuring head can be determined on the basis of a trip time of the at least one switch measuring head and the associated actual position of the tool unit. This can allow conclusions about workpiece geometries or workpiece dimensions.

The carrier piece provides a plurality of desired positions for the at least one switch measuring head. In this way, the at least one switch measuring head can be fastened at different positions. This can help to fulfill different measuring tasks. The measuring tasks may include, for example, a radial contact with the workpiece. The measuring tasks may further comprise an axial engagement with the workpiece. The at least one switch measuring head can be received on the support piece in such a way that, for example, a feeler arm can be introduced into a depression or recess on the workpiece. The can basically be done axially or radially. The recess or recess may be formed approximately as a bore or groove. A bore can be designed as an axial bore or radial bore. A groove may be formed approximately as a longitudinal groove or circumferential groove. Various defined positions and orientations of the at least one switch measuring head allow an accurate determination of a large number of dimensions.

A plurality of defined desired positions for the at least one switch measuring head can also allow a probing and measuring of workpieces, which have significant differences in terms of their dimensional ranges and magnitudes. In this way, it is possible to measure both relatively "large" and relatively "small" workpieces without substantial retooling work. The detection of different position and shape tolerances is conceivable. Preferably, two Schaltmessköpfe be added to the carrier arrow. In this way, the workpiece can be measured with even greater flexibility. According to a preferred embodiment, the at least one switching measuring head is designed as a trigger switch (or: trigger switch). In other words, the at least one switch measuring head may be designed to generate only two status signals. This may be the status "no contact" as well as the status "contact". In this way, by means of a "contact" signal generated by the at least one switching measuring head, an indirect determination of the position of the switching measuring head can take place, taking into account the actual position of the tool unit. Information about a workpiece geometry can be obtained. The actual position of the at least one switch measuring head can basically be detected absolutely or relatively.

In particular, when the tool unit has more than one movable axes for their displacement, the actual position of the at least one switch measuring head can be detected in several directions or spatial axes. The tool unit is displaceable relative to the workpiece at least along a feed axis. Accordingly, the (absolute or relative) actual position of the at least one switch measuring head can be detected on this axis. Moreover, if the tool unit can be moved along at least one further axis relative to the workpiece, the determination of the actual position can take place on the basis of a corresponding plurality of spatial axes. Such a movement may include, for example, an advancing movement. By way of example, a two-dimensional or three-dimensional position determination of the at least one switch measuring head can be achieved. It It is understood that the tool unit can be moved directly or indirectly. In general, a relative movement between the tool unit and the workpiece may be included. In other words, a movement of the workpiece relative to the tool unit may also represent a relative movement between the tool unit and the tool. Also in this movement detectable actual positions of the tool unit can be used to determine the actual position of the at least one switch measuring head. Furthermore, the tool unit can also be moved indirectly. This can be done about a cross table, which allows movement in two directions.

It is fundamentally conceivable to carry out a relative or absolute calibration of the modular measuring device on the basis of reference objects. The calibration may relate in particular to the at least one switch measuring head. Reference objects can be provided, for example, as fixed or detachable reference geometries on the machine tool. By touching a reference object with a known position and / or known geometry, the calibration can be done. An absolute calibration may include an accurate determination of the actual position of the at least one switch measuring head in relation to the actual position of the tool unit. In this way, individual points can be absolutely recorded. A relative calibration may include, for example, probing two defined points on a reference object. For example, if a distance between these points is already known, a relative calibration can be carried out without having to detect the respective absolute positions of the at least one switch measuring head.

In a preferred development, the modular measuring device has at least two switch measuring heads which are accommodated at a distance from one another on the carrier piece, wherein the at least two switch measuring heads have a basic distance from one another in a first measuring configuration, which defines a measuring range, wherein the base distance is chosen larger than a known reference dimension, and wherein the control device is designed to detect an actual position of the tool unit along the feed axis, and based on a travel path of the tool unit when touching a workpiece, which is introduced into the measuring range, with the at least two switch measuring heads taking into account the reference dimension and / / or the base distance to determine an actual distance, in particular an actual diameter. In particular, the at least two Schaltmessköpfe may be spaced in a direction parallel and / or in alignment with the Zustellachse. The base distance can be determined approximately between two scanning arms of the Schaltmessköpfe and / or their Tastkugeln or comparable contact elements. The at least two switch measuring heads can be part of a measuring attachment.

According to this development, the measuring attachment in comparison to the expected dimension of the workpiece to be measured on an "oversize", which can be compensated during measurement, however. For example, when measuring a diameter of the workpiece, a first switching measuring head of the at least two switching measuring heads is first moved along the feed axis by a movement of the tool unit, on which the measuring device is received, until a measurement can take place. Subsequently, the workpiece is approximately touched on the opposite side by a second switching measuring head of the at least two switch measuring heads, by moving the tool unit along the feed axis.

In this double probing the travel of the tool unit can be determined. Starting from the base distance, which is determined using the known reference dimension, the actual distance can be determined in a simple manner. In this way, the machine tool is designed in a particularly advantageous manner to perform a measurement that can combine elements of an absolute measurement and a relative measurement. Machine-side inaccuracies, such as deformations due to heating during operation or the like, can regularly enter into the measurement result only on the relative distance of the two absolute actual positions of the tool unit along the feed axis when probing. The measurement can be carried out with little error.

On the measuring attachment itself, in particular the base distance between the at least two Schaltmessköpfen, machine-side influencing factors can not act in a significant way. Compared to the in-process measurement, in which the measuring attachment has to be adjusted with high accuracy to the expected dimension, there is a significantly increased flexibility. In this way, high production quality can be ensured, for example, even in individual production, small series or medium series with little effort. Especially in such applications, the time required for the measurement, in which, for example, no engagement of the grinding wheel can take place, is not of great importance. It is understood that the ability to detect the actual positions can be used to determine the travel path. The travel can correspond to the distance between two actual positions of the tool unit along the feed axis when probing. The actual positions can be recorded absolutely or relatively.

Known absolute measuring heads usually have at least two complex measuring cells, to each of which a button is assigned. Due to the design the buttons are arranged to be movable and, for example, scissors-shaped or executed as mutually movable, substantially parallel legs. Thus, absolute measuring heads are usually very elaborately designed. Weight and installation size are considerable. Due to high investment costs, absolute measuring heads are no longer used as measuring instruments for a large number of applications. The complex structure of an absolute measuring head, in which the probes are arranged to be movable relative to one another, is often associated with a reduction in the measuring accuracy. Such measuring heads can be realized only with high costs due to their complex structure.

In contrast, the combination of the measuring attachment with the at least two switching measuring heads, which have a fixed base distance from one another in the first measuring configuration, leads to higher measuring accuracies with the movable tool unit, which is provided anyway, with significantly less constructional effort and cost expenditure. As mentioned above, a machine-side deviation, such as the so-called thermal gear, only on a small relative value, namely the difference between two actual positions of the tool unit, influence the measurement result. An oak of the measuring device based on the known Referenzmaßes can lead to a large proportion of the base distance conscientiously error-free or poorly received in its determination.

In the case of known in-process measuring heads, for example, if a plurality of diameters are to be ground on the same workpiece in one clamping, separate measuring means, for example a separate measuring head, must be kept ready for each of these diameters. The "oversized" measuring attachment can allow each of these diameters to be checked during production without the workpiece having to be unclamped. Also in this context, a significantly reduced capital expenditure and space requirements can result in almost the same accuracy.

It is understood that the term "introduction" can be relatively understood. An introduction of the workpiece in the measuring range between the at least two switching measuring heads of the measuring device can also take place, for example, by the switching measuring heads being moved toward the workpiece. The at least two switching measuring heads can be designed, for example, as tactile switching measuring heads or else as contactless measuring measuring heads.

In a preferred development, at least one switch measuring head is accommodated on an adapter piece, which is matched to the carrier piece and can be fastened in a plurality of defined desired positions on the carrier piece. For example, if two switch measuring heads are provided, each switch measuring head can be assigned an adapter piece. The adapters may be received directly or indirectly on the carrier piece. An indirect attachment can be done with the inclusion of other intermediate parts. By way of example, the carrier piece may have a defined attachment geometry for at least one adapter piece, preferably two adapter pieces. The attachment geometry may include mating surfaces and / or a defined hole pattern for fasteners. It is understood that on the at least one adapter piece an at least partially corresponding with the mounting geometry fitting geometry can be provided. The at least one adapter piece can be connected to the carrier piece in a detachable manner. For this purpose are about screw, clamp connections or the like. The compound can also have matching elements, such as dowel pins. Fitting elements can enable a highly accurate position assignment. It is also understood that the at least one switch measuring head can be received directly or indirectly on the respective carrier piece. An indirect recording can be done with the inclusion of a fitting. The adapters can basically be designed identically. However, it is also conceivable to use differently designed adapter pieces. This may be about a first adapter piece and a second adapter piece, wherein the second adapter piece is different from the first adapter piece.

According to a further embodiment, the at least two switch measuring heads are accommodated in a second measuring configuration spaced apart from one another in a spatial direction on the carrier piece such that a switch measuring head can axially touch the workpiece. This can be done approximately in a Z-direction, which runs parallel to a workpiece spindle axis. The Z-direction may correspond approximately to a workpiece axis. In this way, the workpiece can be axially approached and touched with a switch measuring head, without the other (axially offset) switch measuring head axially contacting the workpiece. Axial probing can be done for example to determine the axial dimensions of the workpiece. Furthermore, by means of a plurality of axial probes approximately a flatness (also flatness) of an axial surface of the workpiece can be determined.

According to a further embodiment, at least one switch measuring head has a curved sensing arm, which terminates at an angle to a longitudinal axis of the switch measuring head. Thus, the at least one switch measuring head or its scanning arm can penetrate into recesses and depressions on the workpiece. Furthermore, by means of a curved probe arm, for example, a distance between two switch measuring heads can be varied. It goes without saying For example, if two or more switch gauges are used, only one or a plurality of switch gauges will not be provided with a curved probe arm. Tastarme of Schaltmessköpfen can be replaced regularly without much effort. Thus, by using different Tastarmgeometrien the flexibility of the measuring device can be further increased. A "curved" sensing arm may be understood to mean a sensing arm that may include various geometries. A "straight" probe arm is regularly formed as a pin-shaped or rod-shaped body of revolution whose axis coincides with the longitudinal axis of the switch measuring head. The longitudinal axis of the switch measuring head can correspond to a main extension direction of the switch measuring head. In contrast, a curved probe arm can be bent and / or angled. A curved probe arm can in principle also have a crank.

According to a further embodiment, the measuring device has a measuring attachment, on which the at least two switch measuring heads are accommodated, wherein the measuring attachment can be pivoted in order to introduce the workpiece into the measuring region. In this way, the measuring attachment can be moved by a simple pivoting movement in the direction of the workpiece in order to perform the probing can. This can be done for example by a linear drive, such as a hydraulic cylinder. By pivoting collisions can be avoided, which can occur, for example, when moving the tool unit in an abrasive machining.

Apart from such a pivoting device regularly no further separate drive means are required for the measuring device. The measuring attachment can be designed approximately U-shaped. The first and the second switch measuring head can form the legs of the U. The interior of the U can determine the measuring range.

According to a further aspect, the measuring device has a coupling mechanism, which allows a pivoting between a measuring position and an out-of-engagement position.

A coupling mechanism can be designed to save space. By the coupling mechanism, two end positions can be defined, namely about the measuring position and the disengaged position. In particular, the measuring position can be realized by constructive measures, such as stops or the like, with high reproducibility.

If the measuring position and the disengaged position are defined by mechanical designs on the coupling mechanism, a simple drive element or actuator can be selected to drive the measuring device. Elaborate control devices for the coupling mechanism can be avoided in this way. Instead of a coupling mechanism may alternatively be provided about swivel joints with defined pivoting range or coupled about controllable motors pivot arms. It may be advantageous if the motors have a high positioning accuracy.

According to a further embodiment, the base distance and the actual distance have a ratio of approximately a maximum of 2: 1, preferably a maximum of 1.5: 1, more preferably a maximum of 1.2: 1, even more preferably a maximum of 1.1: 1. The smaller the ratio between the base distance and the actual distance, the lower the machine-side influences in determining the actual distance.

In contrast, a higher flexibility of the measuring device can result with a large ratio between the base distance and the actual distance. The measuring attachment can be suitable for a large number of actual distances, in particular actual diameters. Machine-side influences come essentially only over the travel, which corresponds approximately to the difference between the base distance and the actual distance.

The base distance can be determined by moving the tool unit along the feed axis and probing both sides of the reference dimension recorded in the tool holder, taking into account the travel path of the tool unit. With a low ratio between the base distance and the reference distance, a high accuracy in the determination of the base distance can be ensured. Highest accuracies can be achieved if the reference dimension corresponds to almost the base distance, that is only slightly smaller.

According to a further embodiment, at least one switching measuring head of the at least two switching measuring heads can be deflected in a proportionality range, wherein the control device is designed to detect the deflection of the at least one switching measuring head. For this purpose, the at least one switch measuring head can be provided with a displacement transducer for detecting the deflection. Position transducers can be designed, for example, as inductive displacement transducers, capacitive transducers or as potentiometer transmitters. Other principles for detecting the deflection are conceivable. A detection of the deflection can also be done via strain gauges. Piezo elements could also be used. Deflectable probes allow regular at least in the proportionality range a highly accurate position detection. The deflection of the at least one switch measuring head can be taken into account when determining the actual distance. In this way, about absolute machine influences can be detected and compensated when moving the tool unit for probing the tool. In knowledge of the deflection of the at least one switch measuring head of the travel of the tool unit can be corrected.

On the other hand, according to various preferred embodiments, it may just be preferred to use switch measuring heads which are merely designed to output a trigger signal (also: trigger signal). In other words, the switch gauges may have about two states ("contact" or "no contact") but not output intermediate states. Such switch measuring heads can basically also be made deflectable. About a minimum deflection of a sensing arm about a probing can be detected. Such a deflection can, for example, change the state of a circuit of the switch measuring head (open or close). Such switching measuring heads are less expensive than measuring heads, which have complex internal path detection systems.

According to a development, the workpiece can be accommodated on a workpiece spindle, which can be driven rotationally selectively about a workpiece spindle axis, wherein the workpiece spindle axis is preferably arranged perpendicular to the feed axis, and wherein the tool spindle preferably has a tool spindle axis which is arranged parallel to the workpiece spindle axis. A workpiece spindle designed in this way can also be called a C-axis. A controllable C-axis may allow targeted measurement of actual distances at various locations along the circumference of the workpiece. By repeated probing of the workpiece with the at least one switch measuring head, the scope of the measuring device can expand. In particular, in combination with the workpiece spindle which can be driven selectively about its workpiece spindle axis, that is to say the C axis, it is possible to detect, for example, irregularities of the workpiece. In this way, for example, form tolerances can be checked.

According to a development, the tool unit can be moved parallel to the workpiece spindle axis relative to the workpiece. In this way, actual distances can be determined at a plurality of different axial positions of the recorded workpiece. An axial method of the tool unit further allows an axial probing of the workpiece by the at least one switch measuring head. In addition to the determination of radial dimensions or distances, axial geometry elements or distances can thus also be detected.

According to a further aspect, the control device is designed to move the tool unit selectively along the feed axis during a coupled movement and to selectively drive the workpiece spindle about the workpiece spindle axis. Such a coupled movement allows the detection of eccentric geometries, such as crankshaft crankpin or camshaft cam surfaces, or other non-circularity. It is conceivable to detect the respective actual distances by probing both switch measuring heads along certain positions of the rotating eccentric workpiece on both sides. In addition or as an alternative to this, surface inaccuracies in excess of surface inaccuracies can be detected, for example, if the tool unit is moved in such a way that the switch measuring head comes to rest several times during rotation of the workpiece. With the aid of the aforementioned functionality, it is also possible to detect, for example, longitudinal grooves or similar geometric elements which extend essentially axially on the workpiece. It may also be about about splined profiles, tooth profiles, polygonal profiles or the like.

According to a further aspect, the control device is designed to also move the tool unit selectively parallel to the workpiece spindle axis in a coupled movement. Thus, besides roundness tolerances, which are limited to approximately an axial position of the workpiece, it is also possible to determine cylinder shape deviations. For this purpose, the tool unit with the measuring device can be moved axially along the workpiece during the measurement. The probing can take place, for example, along a spiral path on the workpiece.

The tool unit may include, for example, a cross table or may be received on a cross table, which provides guides for the feed axis and the movement relative (for example, parallel) to the workpiece spindle axis. It is understood, however, that the tool unit can also be designed differently or guided. Basically, could be dispensed about a cross table with two guides. The tool unit could be accommodated approximately on a guide for the feed axis. A movement of the tool unit parallel to the workpiece spindle axis can in principle also be effected by a movement of the picked workpiece relative to the tool unit. Further designs are conceivable.

According to a further aspect, the control device is designed to be the tool unit to move selectively with the measuring device in an overdrive or a duty cycle. In this way, an optimum between saving time by increasing the travel speed and reliability can be maintained. In touch operation, such as a crawl, the tool unit can be abruptly stopped. This can also take place, for example, when the measuring attachment signals that at least one of the at least two switch measuring heads is touching the workpiece with a specific contact force. On the other hand, infeed movements in which no collisions are to be feared can take place with high accelerations or speeds.

According to a further embodiment, the control device is designed to selectively drive and relocate the tool unit and the tool in a downstream processing operation on the basis of the actual distance of the workpiece, in particular the actual diameter. In this way, a correction value can be determined, for example, in the course of the measurement of the workpiece, which is to be based on a downstream processing. In this way, the workpiece can be brought about piece by piece by means of mutual surveying and correcting to the required final dimensions. On the basis of the correction value, the control device can purposefully deliver the tool unit and drive the tool in a defined manner.

According to a further aspect, the control device is coupled to a position transmitter of the tool unit, on which the actual position of the tool unit can be detected. The position sensor can be coupled, for example, with an incremental or absolute material measure, which allows highly accurate detection of the actual position of the tool unit on the feed axis. The comparison of different actual positions of the tool unit allows a highly accurate determination of the travel.

• – Bereitstellen einer modularen Messeinrichtung, die zumindest entlang einer Zustellachse relativ zu einem Werkstück verfahrbar ist, das an einer Werkstückaufnahme aufgenommen ist, wobei die Messeinrichtung an einer Werkzeugeinheit mit einer Werkzeugspindel aufgenommen ist, wobei die Messeinrichtung zumindest einen Schaltmesskopf aufweist, der an einem Trägerstück aufgenommen ist, das eine Mehrzahl von definierten Soll-Lagen für den zumindest einen Schaltmesskopf bereitstellt,
• – Verfahren der Werkzeugeinheit relativ zum Werkstück,
• – Erfassen von Signalen, die durch den zumindest einen Schaltmesskopf beim Antasten eines Werkstücks ausgelöst werden, und
• – Ermitteln einer Ist-Position des zumindest einen Schaltmesskopfes anhand einer Ist-Lage der Werkzeugeinheit.

The object of the invention is further achieved by a method for measuring a workpiece in a machine tool, in particular a grinding machine, with the following steps:

• - Providing a modular measuring device which is movable relative to a workpiece at least along a feed axis, which is accommodated on a workpiece holder, wherein the measuring device is received on a tool unit with a tool spindle, wherein the measuring device has at least one switch measuring head, which received on a support piece is that provides a plurality of defined desired positions for the at least one switch measuring head,
• Moving the tool unit relative to the workpiece,
• Detecting signals which are triggered by the at least one switch measuring head when a workpiece is being touched, and
• - Determining an actual position of the at least one switch measuring head based on an actual position of the tool unit.

In this way, a significantly expanded functionality can be provided in a simple manner without substantial additional effort. A variety of different measuring tasks can be performed. Absolute and / or relative measurements can be made.

• – Bereitstellen einer modularen Messeinrichtung, die zumindest zwei Schaltmessköpfe aufweist, die zueinander beabstandet an einem Trägerstück aufgenommen sind, das das eine Mehrzahl von definierten Soll-Lagen für die zumindest zwei Schaltmessköpfe bereitstellt,
• – Vorbereitung einer Messung, umfassend:
• – Einstellen eines Basisabstands zwischen den zumindest zwei Schaltmessköpfen, der größer als ein bekanntes Referenzmaß einer Referenzgeometrie gewählt ist und einen Messbereich definiert,
• – Aufnahme der Referenzgeometrie in der Werkzeugmaschine,
• – Einbringen des Referenzmaßes in den Messbereich,
• – Verfahren der Messeinrichtung relativ zur Referenzgeometrie und Antasten des Referenzmaßes mit den Schaltmessköpfen, dabei Erfassung der Ist-Lagen der Messeinrichtung, somit Erfassung des Verfahrweges der Messeinrichtung, und
• – Ermitteln des Basisabstands unter Berücksichtigung des Referenzmaßes und der Ist-Lagen der Messeinrichtung beim Antasten,
• – Durchführung zumindest einer Messung, insbesondere zur Bestimmung eines Werkstückdurchmessers, umfassend:
• – Aufnahme eines Werkstücks in der Werkzeugmaschine, Einbringen einer Messgeometrie des Werkstücks in den Messbereich,
• – Antasten der Messgeometrie des Werkstücks mit den Schaltmessköpfen, dabei Erfassung des Verfahrweges der Messeinrichtung, und
• – Ermitteln eines Ist-Abstands der Messgeometrie unter Berücksichtigung des Basisabstands und des Verfahrweges der Messeinrichtung beim Antasten.

The method can be developed by the following steps:

• Providing a modular measuring device which has at least two switch measuring heads, which are received at a distance from one another on a carrier piece which provides the one plurality of defined desired positions for the at least two switch measuring heads,
• Preparation of a measurement comprising:
• Setting a base distance between the at least two switch measuring heads, which is larger than a known reference dimension of a reference geometry and defines a measuring range,
• - recording the reference geometry in the machine tool,
• - introducing the reference dimension into the measuring range,
• - Method of the measuring device relative to the reference geometry and probing the reference dimension with the Schaltmessköpfen, while detecting the actual positions of the measuring device, thus detecting the travel of the measuring device, and
• Determining the base distance taking into account the reference dimension and the actual positions of the measuring device when touching,
• - Carrying out at least one measurement, in particular for determining a workpiece diameter, comprising:
• - Recording a workpiece in the machine tool, introducing a measuring geometry of the workpiece in the measuring range,
• - Touching the measuring geometry of the workpiece with the switch measuring heads, thereby detecting the travel of the measuring device, and
• - Determining an actual distance of the measuring geometry, taking into account the base distance and the travel of the measuring device when probing.

Again, it is understood that the step of introducing can be done by a relative movement between the reference dimension of the reference geometry and the measuring device. With the method, a calibration or calibration of the measuring device can be carried out in a simple manner. After that, the measuring device with the at least two switch measuring heads is suitable for measuring a multiplicity of workpiece geometries, provided that these can be inserted into the measuring range.

After a single comparison of the measuring device based on a known reference dimension, the measuring device can be used for a variety of measuring operations. For example, the measuring may be integrated into a production process, which includes, for example, a roughing, a fine machining and a finish machining in the case of a workpiece that has once been clamped.

It is understood that the actual positions of the measuring device, which can be used to determine the travel of the measuring device, as about absolute positions or as relative positions in relation to a material measure can be understood. When determining the actual distance of the travel of the measuring device can be determined relatively or absolutely.

The method can be carried out in particular with a machine tool according to one of the aforementioned aspects. It is understood that the method according to one or more aspects of the aforementioned machine tool can be further developed.

The object of the invention is further achieved by a machine control program having program code adapted to cause a controller to perform the steps of the method of any one of the aforementioned aspects when the machine control program is executed on the controller.

It is understood that the features of the invention mentioned above and those yet to be explained below can be used not only in the particular combination indicated, but also in other combinations or in isolation, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description of several preferred embodiments with reference to the drawings. Show it:

1 a plan view of a machine tool;

2 a partial perspective view of a machine tool based on 1 ;

3a . 3b Side views of a measuring device for use in the machine tool according to 2 in a disengaged position and a measuring position;

4 a simplified schematic view of a measuring attachment and a reference workpiece;

5a . 5b different positions of the measuring attachment according to 4 when touching a workpiece;

6a . 6b different positions of the measuring attachment according to 4 when probing a workpiece with respect to the description according to 5a . 5b modified control;

7 a view of the measuring attachment according to 4 in detecting shape tolerances of a workpiece;

8th a view of the measuring attachment according to 4 when touching a workpiece, which rotates eccentrically;

9 a perspective view of another measuring device, approximately with the machine tool according to 2 can be combined, the measuring device is in a first module configuration;

10a . 10b perspective partial views of the measuring device according to 9 in a second module configuration and a third module configuration;

11 an exploded perspective view of a modular kit comprising a support piece and a first adapter piece and a second adapter piece;

12 a side exploded view of the modular kit according to 11 ;

13 a highly simplified schematic perspective view of a workpiece and a measuring attachment for illustrating a measuring task;

14a . 14b highly simplified schematic frontal views of another workpiece and a measuring attachment to illustrate a further measurement task;

15 a greatly simplified schematic perspective view of yet another workpiece and a measuring attachment to illustrate still another measurement task; and

16 schematic flow diagrams of a method for calibrating a measuring device and a method for measuring a workpiece.

In 1 is a machine tool represented and total with 10 designated. The machine tool 10 is presently designed as a grinding machine. It is understood that the following illustrations may not necessarily be drawn to scale. Rather, it is possible to deviate from a uniform standard for reasons of illustration. This can be the case, for example, in a comparison of different figures with each other, but also in representations within a single figure. The machine tool 10 has a machine table 12 on, which may be formed as part of a frame about. On the machine table 12 is a workpiece holder 14 recorded and conducted. The workpiece holder 14 has a workpiece headstock that is connected to a workpiece spindle 16 is provided. The workpiece spindle 16 is a tailstock 18 assigned. Between the workpiece spindle 16 and the tailstock 18 a workpiece can be picked up (in 1 not shown).

The workpiece spindle 16 has a workpiece spindle axis 20 on which the workpiece is optionally driven in rotation, cf. also one with 24 designated arrow. The workpiece spindle axis 20 can also be referred to as C-axis. A C axis can be a targeted, controlled rotation of one in the workpiece holder 14 Allow recorded workpiece. One with 22 designated arrow indicates a possible movement along a so-called Z-axis, see. also 2 , Along the Z axis, a relative movement between the workpiece and a machining tool can take place. For this purpose, either the workpiece, the tool, or both can be moved together along the Z-axis. The Z-axis is parallel to the workpiece spindle axis 20 or congruent with this.

At the machine table 12 the machine tool 10 is also a tool unit 28 added. The tool unit 28 can a tool table 29 exhibit. The tool table 29 can be designed as a cross table. Other designs are conceivable. The tool unit 28 has a tool spindle 30 on, which is designed in the present case as a grinding head. On the tool spindle 30 is a tool 32 , here about a grinding wheel, added. The tool 32 can through the tool spindle 30 around a tool spindle axis 34 to be rotated around, cf. one with 36 designated arrow. In 1 is the tool 32 only partially visible. The tool unit 28 also has a hood 38 on that much of the tool 32 covered.

Especially if the tool unit 28 a tool table 29 in the form of a cross table, the tool spindle 30 along a with 40 designated arrow relative to the workpiece holder 14 be moved. The arrow 40 can also be assigned to the Z axis, cf. 2 , In particular, when the workpiece holder 14 during machining of the workpiece not for longitudinal displacement along the arrow 22 is provided, the relative movement between the workpiece and the tool 32 by a method of the tool spindle 30 with the tool recorded on it 32 along the arrow 40 respectively.

One with 42 designated arrow describes a delivery direction, which can be assigned to an X-axis, see. in turn 2 , Along the X-axis can be a delivery of the tool 32 in the direction of the workpiece to engage with it. The X-axis can also be called the infeed axis, cf. the delivery axis 70 in 2 , The movement along the X axis or infeed axis 70 can be done by suitable guide means of the tool table 29 and / or the machine table 12 be guided.

By way of example, in FIG 1 the tool unit 28 also a B-axis 44 on. In the illustration according to 1 runs the B-axis 44 perpendicular to the view plane. The B axis 44 allows pivoting of the tool spindle 30 , see. one with 46 designated pivoting arrow. The B axis 44 may allow a plurality of tool spindles 30 with tools 32 on the tool unit 28 provided. If necessary, these can be adjusted by pivoting the B axis 44 be transferred to a processing position. In this way, a flexible processing, such as with tools 32 be made possible with different abrasive materials. Thus, for example, different grinding wheels for roughing, fine machining or finish machining can be brought into engagement with the workpiece without any special setup effort. The assignment of the B axis 44 to the Z axis, cf. the arrows 22 and 40 , or to the X-axis, cf. the arrow 42 , may also be different than in principle 1 be designed. An example could be the B-axis 44 alternatively also parallel to the workpiece spindle axis 20 or to the tool spindle axis 34 be arranged. In such a design, for example, another tool could be accommodated on a boom, which on the tool spindle 30 is included and for pivoting the other tool to the tool spindle axis 34 is pivotable in the direction of the workpiece (in 1 not shown).

It is understood that the machine tool 10 even without the B-axis 44 be executed can, especially if only one tool spindle 30 is provided.

On the tool spindle 30 is a measuring device 48 recorded, cf. also 2 , The measuring device 48 has a measuring attachment 50 on. One with 52 indicated arrow indicates that the measuring device 48 with the measuring attachment 50 pivotable on the tool spindle 30 is included.

The machine tool 10 also has a control device 56 on, which can be designed in particular to the workpiece holder 14 with the workpiece spindle 16 , the tool unit 28 with the tool spindle 30 , the tool 32 and optionally the B-axis 44 or the workpiece spindle axis 20 specifically to control their drive or to their relocation. Movements can be made along the X-axis or the Z-axis. Furthermore, the control device 56 be adapted to components of the machine tool 10 Operating parameters, such as location parameters, to be supplied. The control device 56 may comprise, for example, a detection unit, an evaluation unit and a control unit.

In 2 is to illustrate the axes X, Y, Z of the machine tool 10 a coordinate system 58 shown. It will be understood that the said axes and directions are for illustrative purposes only and not for the purpose of limiting the subject matter of the disclosure. It is further understood that movements of components of the machine tool 10 basically can be relative to each other. That is, if, for example, a first element is to be movable relative to a second element, either the first element or the second element can perform the movement. It is also conceivable that both elements are moved together.

In 2 is on the tool spindle 16 the workpiece holder 14 a workpiece clamping device 60 taken, which may be designed as a chuck. For illustrative purposes, was in 2 on the representation of various components of the machine tool 10 waived. By way of example, there is no tailstock 18 shown. It is understood that just about a short workpieces a one-sided recording on the workpiece clamping device 60 can suffice. In contrast, for example, particularly long and / or thin-walled workpieces about next to the workpiece spindle 16 and the tailstock 18 , see. 1 additionally supported by at least one intermediate bezel (not shown).

The measuring device 48 has a Einschwenkmimik, about as a linkage mechanism 64 can be trained. The measuring device 48 is on the tool spindle 30 (or the tool unit 28 ) and together with this along the Zustellachse 70 be moved. The delivery axis 70 may correspond to the X-axis or be arranged parallel to it. The arrow 42 indicates the associated float.

In 2 is the measuring device 48 in the measuring position. In the measuring position is the measuring attachment 50 , the first switch measuring head 66 and a second switch gauge 68 in the region of the workpiece spindle axis 20 moved or pivoted.

In the 3a and 3b is an exemplary construction of the measuring device 48 explained. The measuring device 48 has a pivot mechanism provided by the linkage mechanism 64 is embodied. The coupling mechanism 64 is in the present case designed as a double rocker. Other mechanisms for implementing the Einschwenkfunktionalität the measuring device 48 are conceivable.

The coupling mechanism 64 has two coupling links 72a . 72b on, which are designed as swinging about. The wings 72a . 72b are rotatable on the tool spindle 30 recorded, cf. also 2 , The wings 72a . 72b are each with coupling links 74a . 74b connected, which are designed as coupling. In the in the 3a and 3b illustrated aspect ratios can be for both the wings 72a . 72b as well as for the paddocks 74a . 74b when pivoting, cf. the arrow 52 , each result in a parallel guide. Other aspect ratios are readily conceivable.

The paddocks 74a . 74b are in their front area with a boom 76 connected. The boom 76 is with the paddock 74a linked via a swivel joint. The paddock 74b is with the boom 76 connected via a longitudinal groove. The coupling mechanism 64 For example, it can be configured to meet certain permissible installation space conditions. In particular, in contrast to a pure swivel arm can result in space advantages. It is understood, however, that the pivoting of the measuring device 48 can also be effected in other ways. In 3a is a positioning cylinder 77 hinted that with the swingarm 72b is coupled. When extending the adjusting cylinder 77 can the linkage mechanism 64 be pivoted. Other drive means and pivot points for pivoting are conceivable.

On the boom 76 is a carrier piece 80 added. The carrier piece 80 and the boom 76 can be integrally formed. The carrier piece 80 and the boom 76 can basically be designed in several pieces. Each of the switch sensors 66 . 68 of the measuring attachment 50 is a probe arm 67 . 69 assigned. The feeler arms 67 . 69 can have Tastkugeln or similar shape elements with which a workpiece can be contacted.

In the 3b shown representation can be about the measurement position according to 2 correspond. In contrast illustrated 3a about a disengaged position of the measuring device 48 , In the measuring position according to 3b can the measuring attachment 50 with the first switch measuring head 66 and the second switch gauge 68 enclose a workpiece approximately in such a way that a mutual probing is made possible. The switch measuring heads 66 . 68 or their Tastarme 67 . 69 define a measuring range 78 , which determines about the maximum size of a workpiece to be measured or a portion of the workpiece to be measured.

In 4 is exemplified as the measuring attachment 50 the measuring device 48 with the switch measuring heads 66 . 68 can be calibrated before the measurement. For this purpose, a known reference geometry 82 , such as a reference workpiece, in the measuring range 78 been introduced. The reference workpiece with the reference geometry 82 can be about in the workpiece holder 14 the machine tool 10 be included. The introduction into the measuring range 78 can be done by pivoting the measuring device 48 respectively.

The reference geometry 82 of the reference workpiece has a known reference dimension 84 on. For calibrating or calibrating the measuring attachment 50 becomes the reference measure 84 or the reference geometry 82 alternately with the first switch measuring head 66 or the second switch measuring head 68 touched on the side. The associated movements of the tool spindle 30 , see. 2 , are by the arrows 42a . 42b indicated. The measuring attachment 50 is an example of the Einschwenkmimik 64 (see. 3a and 3b ) and the tool spindle 30 with a position sensor 92 and a material measure 90 linked, which is about an actual position of the tool unit 28 along the delivery axis 70 describes.

It is understood that the measuring attachment 50 or the switch measuring heads 66 . 68 can cooperate in a similar manner with a material measure, which is about an actual position of the tool unit 28 along a longitudinal axis (or: feed axis) describes (in 4 not shown). This axis can be parallel to the Z axis. In this way, an orientation in two dimensions ( 2D ) respectively. Should the tool unit 28 Total also be indirectly or directly further along the Y-axis relative to the workpiece movable, equally can be done along this axis a position determination. Accordingly, it is possible according to further embodiments, the position of the measuring attachment 50 or the switch sensors 66 . 68 in three dimensions ( 3D ).

When touching the reference geometry 82 with the first switch measuring head 66 and the second switch gauge 68 associated actual locations can be detected. In a simple way can from the distance between these actual positions and the known Referenzmaß 84 a base distance 86 be determined. The base distance 86 can serve as the basis for all subsequent measurements on workpieces. The from the position transmitter 92 detected position data can about the controller 56 be supplied for evaluation. The situation detection can also be done elsewhere. The position transmitter 92 can be designed as an incremental encoder or as an absolute encoder. Furthermore, optical, inductive, capacitive or magnetic measuring principles can be used.

In 4 intervenes with 88 indicated arrow further indicates that about the second switch gauge 68 can be made deflectable by a certain amount. According to some embodiments, such a deflection of the switch measuring head 68 be detected and the control device 56 be supplied. The first switch measuring head 66 can be designed in the same way. When touching the reference geometry 82 As part of the calibration process, for example, the first switch measuring head 66 and the second switch gauge 68 be calibrated in their neutral position, that is without significant deflection. For this purpose, about the actual position of the tool spindle 30 along the delivery axis 70 be varied until that of the switch gauges 66 . 68 each output position signal is approximately zero. In such a neutral position, for example, so-called measuring circuits of the first and second switch measuring head 66 . 68 be nullified, if possible and necessary. In subsequent measurements, the deflection of the first switch measuring head 66 or the second switching measuring head 68 when probing in addition to the actual positions of the tool spindle 30 along the delivery axis 70 be taken into account in order to determine exact distances. Such functionality, however, only relates to some exemplary embodiments that include extended functionality of the switch gauges 66 . 68 Make use. According to alternative preferred embodiments, the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 be designed simpler.

In the 5a and 5b is an example of the determination of a diameter of a workpiece 96 shown. In 5a comes the first one Touch probe 66 of the measuring attachment 50 for contact with the workpiece 96 , A subsequent procedure of the tool spindle 30 and thus also the measuring attachment 50 causes the second switch gauge 68 on the opposite side to the plant to the workpiece 96 arrives. The travel of the tool spindle 30 is through with a 98 indicated arrow illustrates. Knowing the base distance 86 , see. 4 , and the travel path 98 can easily be an actual distance 100 , in particular an actual diameter, of the workpiece 96 be determined. Similar measurements for distance determination can be made in other spatial directions. With a combination of several axes, which also serve as measuring axes, distances in two-dimensional space or even in three-dimensional space can be determined.

In the 4 through the arrow 88 indicated deflection of the switch measuring head 68 or of the switch measuring head 66 may result in correction values being used in determining the actual distance 100 can be considered. Alternatively, the respective probing of the first and the second Schaltmesskopfes 66 . 68 the tool spindle 30 be moved so long until that through the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 emitted signal about a neutral position, ie a zero deflection or a near-zero deflection corresponds. However, these variants only apply to some conceivable designs of the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 to.

When determining the actual distance 100 can machine-side influencing factors, such as the thermal gear of the machine tool 10 , basically only over the small travel path 98 act on the measurement result. The "excess", which is about the difference between the base distance 86 and the reference distance 84 corresponds, allows a survey of a variety of different workpieces 96 with different dimensions.

In the 6a and 6b will be the one 5a and 5b fundamentally similar measurement procedure explained. The probing of the workpiece 96 However, this is done with different delivery speeds or probing speeds. So it may be about advantageous, the switch gauge 66 initially in a rapid traverse or overdrive feed a pre-position in which this the workpiece 96 not contacted yet. To avoid damage to the measuring attachment 50 or the workpiece 96 can proceed, starting from the pre-position, the further delivery in a single operation, until the switch measuring head 66 ' the workpiece 96 touches.

In the same way, the probing of the switch measuring head 68 carried out by this is first supplied in an overdrive to a pre-position. Starting from the pre-position, the further delivery or the further probing can take place in a slow deceleration, cf. one with 102 designated arrow. The switch measuring head 68 ' has the workpiece 96 touched. Starting from the travel path 98 and the known base distance 86 can be the actual distance of the workpiece 96 be determined.

7 illustrates that the measuring attachment 50 further applications are allowed. This in 7 workpiece to be tested 96 has one with 104 indicated form deviation on. This may be, for example, a roundness deviation or a cylinder shape deviation, cf. with example 106a . 106b designated tolerance symbols. The switch measuring head 66 may be designed deflectable and according to some embodiments when circulating the workpiece 96 around the workpiece spindle axis 20 the shape deviation 104 detect continuously or discontinuously. In this context, it may be preferred if the Schaltmessköpfe 66 has a large range of proportionality in order to be able to detect even large deviations. However, it is provided according to further preferred embodiments, the switch gauge 66 as a trigger switch (also: control pulse trigger) to design. The switch measuring head 66 Thus, the deflection (such as a sensing arm) itself does not need to detect highly accurately, but rather can generate a trigger pulse (trigger pulse) at a certain deflection. This characteristic can also be applied to the switch gauge 68 hold true.

Cylinder shape tolerances can be detected approximately when the tool spindle 30 at which the measuring device 48 is recorded when circulating the workpiece 96 parallel to the workpiece spindle axis 20 is displaced along the Z axis. By way of example, such a cylindrical surface can be scanned along a spiral path. In this way, the workpiece can 96 Be scanned.

In 8th Is the workpiece 96 designed such that around a central portion 108 an eccentric section about the workpiece spindle axis 20 circulates. Such at least partially eccentrically designed workpieces 96 can be measured approximately if the control device 56 is designed to, the tool spindle 30 along the X axis, ie the delivery axis 70 , and at the same time the workpiece 96 to drive the so-called C-axis, the present with the workpiece spindle axis 20 coincides. By way of example, the coupled movement can be expected contact points of the first switch measuring head 66 on the workpiece 96 follow in its eccentric circulation. In this way, roundness tolerances or cylinder shape tolerances can in principle be detected. However, it is also conceivable eccentric workpieces 96 in sections to drive and in each case with two Schaltmessköpfen 66 . 68 analogous to the 5a . 5b respectively. 6a . 6b Actual distances, such as actual diameter, to capture.

9 such as 10a and 10b show perspective views of a modular measuring device 48 That's about the tool unit 28 the machine tool 10 according to 2 can be included. In the different representations is the measuring device 48 in different module configurations. The measuring device 48 can be designed to be pivotable about the measuring attachment 50 to shift flexibly and quickly between a measuring position and a disengaged position, cf. 3a and 3b , The measuring device 48 may comprise a linkage mechanism which is drivable by a suitable drive to allow the pivoting movement. An in 9 illustrated coordinate system X, Y, Z illustrates the associated axes of the machine tool, see. also 2 , The measuring attachment 50 has a carrier piece 80 on, on which the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 are included. The switch measuring head 66 is via an adapter piece 110 on the carrier piece 80 added. The switch measuring head 68 is via an adapter piece 112 on the carrier piece 80 added. The carrier piece 80 is designed to the adapter pieces 110 . 112 and thus the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 to be received in a plurality of defined nominal positions. In this way, a plurality of module configurations can result, whereby the measuring device 48 can be used highly flexible for a variety of measurement tasks.

9 exemplifies a first module configuration. The first switch measuring head 66 and the second switch gauge 68 are substantially parallel to each other and at the same height (with respect to the Y-axis) on the support piece 80 added. The measuring range 78 (along the X-axis) between the feeler arms 67 . 69 is wide, allowing even larger workpiece from the switch gauges 66 . 68 can be included, such as to determine a diameter.

10a shows the measuring device 48 in a second module configuration. The adapter piece 110 is unlike his in 9 position shown removed from its original position and laterally indirectly via the adapter piece 112 on the carrier piece 80 added. The switch measuring head 66 is in 10a not shown for illustration reasons. The switch measuring head 66 can in the in 10a shown in a "parking position" axially offset (relative to the Z-axis, see. 9 ) to the switch measuring head 68 be included. The switch measuring head 66 and even the adapter piece 110 but could also completely from the carrier piece 80 be distant. At the switch measuring head 68 is an example of a curved probe arm 69a added. The probe arm 69a is angled. With the probe arm 69a can the switch gauge 68 in the in 10a shown measuring configuration touch a workpiece axially. In this way, axial surfaces can be detected or axial distances can be determined. Furthermore, the sensing arm 69a penetrate into an axial recess or recess of a piece of value. In this way, for example, inside diameter and similar measured values can be detected.

10b illustrates a third conceivable module configuration of the measuring device 48 , Similar to in 9 shown first module configuration are the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 along the X-axis (or: feed axis) spaced apart on the support piece 80 added. At the switch measuring head 68 comes a curved probe arm 69a for use. An angled end of the probe arm 69a is aligned parallel to the X axis. In this way, close the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 or the probe arms 67 . 69a in 10b a measuring range 78 (Along the X-axis), which is generally narrower than the measuring range of in 9 fails shown module configurations. For height compensation (alignment in Y direction) is the adapter piece 112 for the switch measuring head 68 in a desired position on the support piece 80 taken from the target location in the 9 illustrated module configuration differs. In this way it can be ensured that even when using the curved probe arm 69a the relevant contact elements or contact balls of the probe arms 67 . 69a are arranged at the same height, so have an equal value along the Z-axis. By means of in 10b shown module configuration can basically be similar to 9 Diameter and similar distance values are determined. In this case, workpieces to be measured can generally have smaller diameters than in the case of 9 , Furthermore, with this measurement configuration, a workpiece can also be touched radially (along the feed axis or X-axis), wherein the probe arm 69a can penetrate in recesses or recesses on the workpiece. In this way, for example, longitudinal grooves, keyways, gears or the like can be measured.

It is understood that further module configurations are conceivable. The in the 9 . 10a and 10b shown measuring configurations represent only exemplary designs. A module configuration can in principle by a defined target position of the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 be characterized. Further, a module configuration may also be a design of one of the probe arms 67 . 69 be defined.

11 and 12 illustrate a design of a modular kit 114 in an exploded view. The modular kit 114 Basically, the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 to be associated, these are in the 11 and 12 not shown. The modular kit 114 includes the carrier piece 80 , the first adapter piece 110 and the second adapter piece 112 , With the modular kit 114 can be around in the 9 . 10a and 10b shown module configurations are realized. As already mentioned above, the carrier piece 80 together with the boom 76 be integrally trained. Basically, a separate design is conceivable. On the carrier piece 80 can contact surfaces 116 . 118 for the adapter pieces 110 . 112 intended. At the adapter pieces 110 . 112 can be provided corresponding counter surfaces (in the 11 and 12 concealed). Furthermore, both the carrier piece 80 as well as the adapter pieces 110 . 112 have suitable passport contours, such as threaded holes and / or mating holes.

In this way, a highly accurate position fixation of the adapter pieces 110 . 112 and thus the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 respectively. This can be ensured even if the measuring device 48 is converted, for example if a change of the respective module configuration by conversion of the modular kit 114 he follows. The contact surface 116 can accommodate the adapter piece 110 be educated. The contact surface 118 can accommodate the adapter piece 112 be educated. It is basically conceivable, the adapter pieces 110 . 112 to perform similarly. According to such an embodiment, the contact surfaces 116 . 118 be similarly designed or similar. In this way, the manufacturing cost of the adapter pieces could 110 . 112 be reduced. However, it is also conceivable, the adapters 110 . 112 deliberately different and the contact surfaces 116 . 118 adjust accordingly. According to a further embodiment, it is provided, the adapter pieces 110 . 112 such that at least one of the adapter pieces 110 . 112 can be attached to the other (see. 10a ).

12 illustrated by dash-dotted lines different configurations of the modular kit 114 that can be used to create different module configurations. The adapter piece 110 can be about in a desired position at the contact surface 116 of the support piece 80 be included, cf. one with 120a designated line. In addition, the adapter piece 110 in a further desired position on the adapter piece 112 be fastened, cf. one with 120a designated line. In this way, the adapter piece 110 indirectly on the carrier piece 80 be recorded. It can thus be about a "parking position" for the adapter piece 110 realize. The adapter piece 112 can in different nominal positions on the support piece 80 be included, cf. With 122a . 122b designated lines. The target positions 122a . 122b They differ essentially in their position on the Y-axis. Thus, about different lengths of the Schaltmessköpfe 66 . 68 or their probe arms 67 . 69 be compensated. It is understood that in 12 Coordinate system X, Y shown for illustrative purposes is substantially applicable when the measuring device 48 the measurement configuration is located, so if the measuring device 48 is pivoted in the direction of a workpiece to be measured.

13 shows a highly simplified schematic perspective view of a workpiece 96a and a measuring attachment 50 to illustrate a measurement task. For illustrative reasons, the measuring attachment 50 with the switch measuring heads 66 . 68 only symbolically shown greatly simplified. The associated module configuration can be approximately the one in 10b correspond representation shown. The measuring task may consist, for example, of an axial stop surface 126 of the workpiece 96a to touch. The stop surface 126 can be about a shaft paragraph 124 connect. The axial probing (in Z-direction) of the stop surface 126 may be part of the determination of an axial distance. It is also conceivable, several points of the stop surface 126 to determine a positional tolerance or shape tolerance. This may be about the flatness of the stop surface 126 act. In the configuration shown can also be about a diameter of the shaft shoulder 124 be determined.

14a and 14b show highly simplified schematic frontal views of another workpiece 96b and a measuring attachment 50 to illustrate another measurement task. The measuring attachment 50 can basically be in a module configuration that corresponds to the measuring attachment 50 in 13 equivalent. Other configurations are conceivable. The in the 14a . 14b illustrated measuring task can be performed using only a switch measuring head 66 . 68 be performed. It therefore offers in principle about the in 11a shown measurement configuration when the probe arm 69a of the switch measuring head 68 is correspondingly curved and aligned. The workpiece 96b has a groove 128 on, in particular a longitudinal groove, in the shaft shoulder 124 is introduced. The probe arm 69a can be radial in the groove 128 penetrate to measure these. The probe arm 69a can basically be used to a groove bottom of the groove 128 to touch. The probe arm 69a However, it can also be used to sidewalls of the groove 128 to touch. In this way, the groove with little effort completely or be measured almost completely. The touch of the probe arm 69a of the measuring attachment 50 to the side walls of the groove 128 requires a defined rotation of the workpiece 96b , see. one with 24 designated arrow in 14a and one with 24 ' designated arrow in 14b , This can be achieved by a defined rotation of a workpiece spindle 16 around a workpiece spindle axis 20 respectively. As mentioned above, such functionality may be referred to as C-axis functionality, for example. Through an interaction of the control of the so-called C-axis and the drive of the tool unit 28 can the groove 128 be measured with high accuracy.

15 shows a highly simplified schematic perspective view of yet another workpiece 96c and a measuring attachment (in 15 only partially shown) to illustrate another measurement task. The measuring attachment can basically be in a module configuration which is approximately in 10a is illustrated. This measuring task can be a curved probe arm 69a of the switch measuring head 68 axially in the bore or recess 129 penetrate the workpiece. Provided that the length of the curved and oriented in the Z direction portion of the sensing arm 69a sufficient, could be about a depth of the hole or recess 129 be determined. Furthermore, however, with the Tastarms 69a but also a detection of the inner diameter of the bore or recess 129 be performed.

The modular design of the measuring device 48 allows you to perform various measurement tasks with a single modular kit 114 , Necessary conversion work can be carried out without much effort. So it is possible to outer diameter of workpieces 96 to determine with high precision. According to a modified measuring task, a detection of a cylindricity or eccentricity can take place. This can be achieved by coupling the drives of the workpiece spindle axis 20 (C-axis) and the tool unit 28 respectively. A defined method of the tool unit 28 parallel to the workpiece spindle axis 20 in the Z-direction allows a so-called longitudinal positioning of the at least one switch measuring head 66 . 68 , So about an axial probing a stop surface. With a correspondingly curved probe arm axial bores can also be measured in the workpiece, about to determine their diameter. A radial process of the tool unit 28 (X-direction) allows a so-called peripheral positioning, so a radial probing of the workpiece 96 , By combining various functions, even complex measuring tasks can be completed, such as the measurement of longitudinal grooves or circumferential grooves.

16 illustrates various steps of a method for measuring workpieces, such as with the machine tool 10 can be carried out.

The method can be an initial block 130 which may include, for example, an oak or calibrate. In a first step 132 a reference dimension, such as a reference body, is provided and introduced into a measuring range. The insertion can be done for example by pivoting a measuring device.

In a subsequent step 134 For example, a first probing of the reference dimension can take place with a first switching measuring head. The first touch 134 can be through the steps 136 . 138 be completed. The optional step 136 may include an electrical calibration of a measuring circuit of the first switch measuring head. The step 138 may include detecting an actual position along an X axis or Zustellachse.

After that, one step can take 140 connect, which includes a second probing by means of a second switch measuring head. The step 140 the second touch can be the steps 142 . 144 include the step 140 can decide. The optional step 142 may include the electrical calibration of a measuring circuit of the second switch measuring head. The step 144 may include detecting a second actual position along the feed axis or the X-axis.

In a subsequent step 146 Based on the detected values and the known reference value, a base distance can be determined which can serve as a basis for further measurements. A step 148 decides to calibrate or calibrate.

One with 150 described block describes by way of example the measurement of a workpiece using the previously determined base distance. In a first step 152 a workpiece to be measured is received and introduced into the measuring range thereof, for example by pivoting the measuring device.

In an optional step 154 a pre-position can be approached with a first feed rate. In a further step 156 a first measuring position can be approached, in which a first probing of the workpiece with the first switch measuring head takes place. The starting can take place at about a second delivery speed. In a further step 158 The position values associated with the first probing can be recorded.

In a subsequent optional step 160 a second pre-position can be approached with the first feed rate. A downstream step 162 includes starting a second measuring position, in which the second switching measuring head the workpiece 96 can contact. The starting can take place at about a second delivery speed. In a further step 164 the position values associated with the second probing are recorded.

The first and second probing is followed by a step 166 in which, based on the data obtained and the base distance, an actual distance is determined. The measuring process is completed by a step 168 completed, which may include about a swinging of the measuring device about. An arrow 170 indicates that after a single calibration, a plurality of measurements can be made. In this case, different actual distances can be determined, provided that they can be introduced into the measuring range.

The method steps described may be the subject of a machine control program, for example.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• DE 102009042252 A1 [0004, 0008]
• DE 19616353 A1 [0007]

Claims (15)

Machine tool, in particular a grinding machine, comprising: - a workpiece holder ( 14 ) with at least one workpiece holder ( 16 . 18 ) for receiving a workpiece ( 96 ), - a tool unit ( 28 ) with a tool spindle ( 30 ), in particular with a grinding head, for receiving and driving a tool ( 32 ), in particular at least one grinding wheel, wherein the tool unit ( 28 ) at least along an infeed axis ( 70 ) relative to the workpiece ( 96 ), - a modular measuring device ( 48 ) attached to the tool unit ( 28 ), the measuring device ( 48 ) at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ), wherein the at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ) on a carrier piece ( 80 ), which has a plurality of defined desired positions for the at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ), and - a control device ( 56 ) connected to the measuring device ( 48 ) and the tool unit ( 28 ), the control device ( 56 ) is adapted to, by the at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ) when probing a workpiece ( 96 ) triggered signals and based on an actual position of the tool unit ( 28 ) an actual position of the at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ) to investigate. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to claim 1, wherein the modular measuring device ( 48 ) at least two Schaltmessköpfe ( 66 . 68 ), which are spaced apart on the support piece ( 80 ), wherein the at least two Schaltmessköpfe ( 66 . 68 ) in a first measurement configuration a base distance ( 86 ) have a measuring range ( 78 ), the base distance ( 86 ) greater than a known reference measure ( 84 ), and wherein the control device ( 56 ) is adapted to an actual position of the tool unit ( 28 ) along the feed axis ( 70 ), and based on a travel path ( 98 ) of the tool unit ( 28 ) when probing a workpiece ( 96 ), which is in the measuring range ( 78 ) is introduced, with the at least two Schaltmessköpfen ( 66 . 68 ) taking into account the reference measure ( 84 ) and / or the base distance ( 86 ) an actual distance ( 100 ), in particular an actual diameter, to be determined. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one switch measuring head ( 66 . 68 ) on an adapter piece ( 110 . 112 ) received on the carrier piece ( 80 ) is tuned and in a plurality of defined desired positions on the support piece ( 80 ) is attachable Machine tool ( 10 ) according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the at least two switch measuring heads ( 66 . 68 ) in a second measurement configuration in such a spatial direction ( 40 ) spaced apart on the support piece ( 80 ), that a switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ) the workpiece ( 96 ) can touch axially. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ) has a curved sensing arm ( 67 ; 69 ) which terminates at an angle to a longitudinal axis of the switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ). Machine tool ( 10 ) according to one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the measuring device ( 48 ) a measuring attachment ( 50 ), on which the at least two switch measuring heads ( 66 . 68 ), and wherein the measuring attachment ( 50 ) is pivotable about the workpiece ( 96 ) into the measuring range ( 78 ). Machine tool ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the measuring device ( 48 ) a coupling mechanism ( 64 ), which allows pivoting between a measuring position and a disengaged position. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the workpiece ( 96 ) on a workpiece spindle ( 16 ) which is selectively supported about a workpiece spindle axis ( 20 ) is rotationally driven, wherein the workpiece spindle axis ( 20 ) preferably perpendicular to the feed axis ( 70 ), and wherein the tool spindle ( 30 ) preferably a tool spindle axis ( 34 ) parallel to the workpiece spindle axis ( 20 ) is arranged. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to claim 8, wherein the tool unit ( 28 ) parallel to the workpiece spindle axis ( 20 ) relative to the workpiece ( 96 ) is movable. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the control device ( 56 ) is adapted, in a coupled movement, the tool unit ( 28 ) selectively along the feed axis ( 70 ) and the workpiece spindle ( 16 ) selectively around the workpiece spindle axis ( 20 ) to drive. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to one of claims 9 or 10, wherein the control device ( 56 ) is adapted, in a coupled movement further the tool unit ( 28 ) selectively parallel to the workpiece spindle axis ( 20 ) to proceed. Machine tool ( 10 ) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the control device ( 56 ) is designed to be based on the actual Distance ( 100 ) of the workpiece ( 96 ), in particular the actual diameter, the tool unit ( 28 ) and the tool ( 32 ) to selectively drive and relocate in a downstream processing operation. Method for measuring a workpiece in a machine tool ( 10 ), in particular a grinding machine, comprising the following steps: - providing a modular measuring device ( 48 ), at least along an infeed axis ( 70 ) relative to a workpiece ( 96 ) that can be moved on a workpiece holder ( 14 ), the measuring device ( 48 ) on a tool unit ( 28 ) with a tool spindle ( 30 ), the measuring device ( 48 ) at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ), which on a support piece ( 80 ), which has a plurality of defined desired positions for the at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ), - method of the tool unit ( 28 ) relative to the workpiece ( 96 ), - detecting signals generated by the at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ) when probing a workpiece ( 96 ), and - determining an actual position of the at least one switch measuring head ( 66 ; 68 ) based on an actual position of the tool unit ( 28 ). The method of claim 13, further comprising the steps of: - providing a modular measuring device ( 48 ), the at least two Schaltmessköpfe ( 66 . 68 ), which are spaced apart on a support piece ( 80 ), which contains the one plurality of defined desired positions for the at least two switch measuring heads ( 66 ; 68 ), - preparing a measurement comprising: - setting a base distance ( 86 ) between the at least two switch measuring heads ( 66 . 68 ) larger than a known reference measure ( 84 ) of a reference geometry ( 82 ) and a measuring range ( 78 ), - recording the reference geometry ( 82 ) in the machine tool ( 10 ), - introduction of the reference measure ( 84 ) into the measuring range ( 78 ), - procedure of the measuring device ( 48 ) relative to the reference geometry ( 82 ) and touching the reference dimension ( 84 ) with the switch measuring heads ( 66 . 68 ), thereby recording the actual positions of the measuring device ( 48 ), thus detection of the travel path ( 98 ) of the measuring device ( 48 ), and - determining the base distance ( 86 ) taking into account the reference measure ( 84 ) and the actual positions of the measuring device ( 48 ) when probing, - performing at least one measurement, in particular for determining a workpiece diameter, comprising: - receiving a workpiece ( 96 ) in the machine tool ( 10 ), Introducing a measuring geometry of the workpiece ( 96 ) into the measuring range ( 78 ), - probing the measuring geometry of the workpiece ( 96 ) with the switch measuring heads ( 66 . 68 ), while detecting the travel path of the measuring device ( 48 ), and - determining an actual distance ( 100 ) of the measurement geometry taking into account the base distance ( 86 ) and the travel path of the measuring device ( 48 ) when touching. Machine control program comprising program code adapted to control a control device ( 56 ) to carry out the steps of the method according to claim 13 or 14, when the machine control program on the control device ( 56 ) is performed.

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