DE102009038949A1 - New use of heterocyclic substituted 1,2,4-triazinediones - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to the new use of heterocyclically substituted 1,2,4-triazinediones in the control of diseases caused by parasitic protozoa, in particular coccidiosis.

Description

The present invention relates to the novel use of heterocyclic-substituted 1,2,4-triazinediones in the control of parasitic protozoan-induced diseases, in particular coccidioses.

Diseases caused by parasitic protozoa, such as coccidioses, are common infections in animals; so are z. B. subcutaneous infections caused by protozoa of the genera Coccidia, sarcosporidium and toxoplasma in the pig worldwide. As a further example, Isospora suis infections are mentioned, which have only been recognized in recent years as the cause of follicular diarrhea and intensively researched. Triazine compounds such as toltrazuril or diclazuril have long been known as anti-coccidiosis agents. However, after many years of use and use, resistances have formed that limit or make impossible the use of existing products.

A group of heterocyclic substituted 1,2,4-triazinediones which are useful for controlling parasitic protozoa is disclosed in U.S. Pat EP 0 330 041 A2 described. Other applications of these compounds are in EP 0 353 526 A2 and EP 0 377 904 A2 disclosed.

The mechanism of action of triazines has not been fully elucidated. Generally, an effect on the "apicoplasts" is suspected ( Hackstein et al. 1995 ).

We have now surprisingly found that, in spite of great structural similarity, the triazines differ in their binding behavior to specific binding proteins: for example, certain heterocyclic substituted 1,2,4-triazinediones show no inhibition of the enzyme activity at the specific toltrazuril receptor. Therefore, these compounds are particularly suitable for the treatment of toltrazuril or diclazuril resistant field strains.

There is a need for the provision of active against parasitic protozoa active ingredients with improved properties, in particular with improved spectrum of activity, for example against resistant coccidia.

in welcher
R¹ für über Kohlenstoff gebundene heteroaromatische Reste steht, die gegebenenfalls substituiert sind,
X für O, S, SO oder SO₂ steht,
R² für einen oder mehrere, gleiche oder verschiedene Reste der Gruppe Wasserstoff, Halogen, Nitro, Alkyl, Alkoxy, Alkylthio, Halogenalkyl, Halogenalkoxy und Halogenalkylthio steht,
R³ für Wasserstoff, gegebenenfalls substituiertes Alkyl, Alkenyl, Alkinyl, Aralkyl steht,
sowie ihrer physiologisch verträglichen Salze zur Herstellung von Arzneimitteln zur Bekämpfung von Krankheiten, hervorgerufen durch Toltrazuril-resistente und/oder Diclazuril-resistente parasitische Protozoen.The invention relates to:
The use of compounds of the formula (I)

in which
R ^{1 represents} carbon-linked heteroaromatic radicals which are optionally substituted,
X is O, S, SO or SO ₂ ,
R ^{2 is} one or more identical or different radicals of the group hydrogen, halogen, nitro, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy and haloalkylthio,
R ^{3 is} hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl,
and their physiologically acceptable salts for the preparation of medicaments for combating diseases caused by toltrazuril-resistant and / or diclazuril-resistant parasitic protozoa.

Since there continues to be a need for the provision of active ingredients and medicaments for new indications, the invention further relates to:
The use of the abovementioned compounds of the formula (I) and their physiologically tolerated salts for the preparation of medicaments for combating coccidioses, caused by coccidia selected from Neospora spp. and Besnoitia spp ..

Preferred compounds of the formula (I) are compounds in which
R ^{1 is} optionally halogen, alkyl, cyano, nitro, o-alkyl, s-alkyl, haloalkyl, substituted thiazolyl, oxazolyl, benzthiazolyl or benzoxazolyl;
X stands for O, S
R ^{2 is} halogen or C _1-6 alkyl
R ^{3 is} hydrogen or C _1-4 alkyl, in particular methyl.

Particular preference is given to compounds of the formula (I) in which
X stands for O,
R ^{1 is} thiazolyl, benzthiazolyl or benzoxazolyl optionally substituted by C _1-4 alkyl, especially methyl; C _1-4 haloalkyl, in particular trifluoromethyl; Halogen, in particular chlorine, bromine, fluorine; Nitro, CN, amino, C _1-4 -alkylamino, C _1-4 -haloalkylamino, acylamino, C _1-4 -alkoxy, especially methoxy; C _1-4 haloalkoxy, especially trifluoromethoxy; C _1-4 alkylthio, in particular methylthio; C _1-4 -haloalkylthio, in particular trifluoromethylthio, C _1-4 -alkylsulfonyl, in particular methylsulfonyl and C _1-4 -haloalkylsulfonyl, in particular trifluoromethylsulfonyl,
R ^{2 is} one or more radicals of the group hydrogen or halogen, in particular chlorine, bromine, C _1-4 -alkyl, in particular methyl,
R ^{3 is} hydrogen.

Very particular preference is given to compounds of the formula (I) in which
X stands for O,
R ^{1 represents} thiazolyl or benzthiazolyl optionally substituted by chlorine or methyl or trifluoromethyl,
R ^{2 is} one or more radicals of the group hydrogen, methyl or chlorine,
R ^{3 is} hydrogen.

Among the most preferred compounds, the following substituent meanings are emphasized:
R ¹ is optionally substituted by chlorine, methyl or trifluoromethyl-substituted benzothiazolyl.
R ² is a methyl radical.

As a preferred single compound, the following compound (Ia) may be mentioned:

The compounds of the formula (I) including the compound (Ia) are disclosed in EP 0 330 041 A2 and can be prepared according to the methods described therein.

However, the general or preferred radical definitions or explanations given above can also be combined with one another as desired, ie between the respective ranges and preferred ranges.

Substituent definitions of the general formula (I) are explained in more detail below:
Alkyl is a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as. For example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl.

Alkoxy represents an -O-alkyl radical in which alkyl is as defined above.

Alkylthio is an -S-alkyl radical in which alkyl is as defined above.

Haloalkyl is an alkyl radical as defined above in which one or more, in particular 1 to 3, hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen atom, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

Haloalkoxy represents a straight-chain or branched alkoxy radical having 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms in which one or more, in particular 1 to 3, hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen atom, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine; z. B. -OCF ₃ .

Haloalkylthio represents a straight-chain or branched alkylthio radical having 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 to 4, carbon atoms in which one or more, in particular 1 to 3, hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen atom, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine ; z. B. CF ₃ S-.

Haloalkylsulfonyl is a straight-chain or branched alkylsulfonyl radical having 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, particularly preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in the alkyl part of which one or more, in particular 1 to 3, hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a halogen atom, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine.

Alkenyl is a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8, preferably 2 to 6, particularly preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms and one or more double bonds, very particularly preferably having 2 to 3 carbon atoms and one double bond. Examples which may be mentioned are: vinyl, allyl, n-prop-1-en-1-yl and n-but-2-en-1-yl.

Alkynyl represents a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 8, preferably 2 to 6, particularly preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms and one or more triple bonds, very particularly preferably having 2 to 3 carbon atoms and a triple bond.

Aryl is preferably an aromatic radical having 6 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferred aryl radicals are naphthyl or especially phenyl.

Aralkyl is an aryl radical bound via an alkyl radical as defined above, for example naphthylmethyl, phenylethyl or benzyl.

Heteroaromatic radical (heteroaryl) in the context of the invention generally represents an aromatic, mono- or bicyclic radical, preferably having 5 to 10 ring atoms and up to 5 heteroatoms from the series S, O and / or N. Preferred are 5-6 heteroaryls with up to 4 heteroatoms. The heteroaryl radical may be bonded via a carbon or heteroatom. Examples which may be mentioned are: thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl.

Optionally substituted radicals carry one or more further substituents, preferably these are 1 to 3, particularly preferably a substituent. These further substituents are preferably selected from: alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, alkylthio, halogen, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, nitro, amino, alkylamino and dialkylamino. Most preferably, the substituents are selected from halogen and alkyl.

However, the general or preferred radical definitions or explanations given above can also be combined with one another as desired, ie between the respective ranges and preferred ranges.

Depending on the type and number of substituents, the compounds of the formula (I) may optionally be present in different compositions as geometric and / or optical isomers (for example enantiomers) or regioisomers or their isomer mixtures (for example racemates). Both the use of the pure isomers and the isomer mixtures are claimed according to the invention.

If appropriate, the active compounds can also be used in the form of their salts, solvates and solvates of the salts.

As salts physiologically acceptable salts of the active ingredients are preferred in the context of the present invention.

Physiologically acceptable salts of the active ingredients include, depending on the structure of the active ingredient acid addition salts of mineral acids, carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, eg. Salts of hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, naphthalenedisulfonic, acetic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, lactic, tartaric, malic, citric, fumaric, maleic and benzoic acids.

Physiologically acceptable salts of the active compounds optionally also include salts of customary bases, such as, by way of example and by way of preference, alkali metal salts (for example sodium and potassium salts), alkaline earth salts (for example calcium and magnesium salts) and ammonium salts derived from ammonia or organic amines with 1 to 16 C atoms, such as, by way of example and by way of preference, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethyldiisopropylamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, dimethylaminoethanol, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-methylmorpholine, arginine, lysine, ethylenediamine, N-methylpiperidine and choline.

Solvates in the context of the invention are those forms of the active ingredients which form a complex in the solid or liquid state by coordination with solvent molecules. Hydrates are a special form of solvates that coordinate with water.

If appropriate, prodrugs of the active compounds may also be used in the context of the invention. The term "prodrugs" includes compounds which may themselves be biologically active or inactive, but are converted to the actual active ingredient during their residence time in the body (for example metabolically or hydrolytically).

The compounds according to the invention can be prepared for use according to the invention in customary pharmaceutical formulations and applied in various ways. In the simplest case, the pharmaceutical formulation (also referred to as pharmaceutical preparation) consists of the active substance. Usually, however, the active ingredient is formulated with conventional pharmaceutical auxiliaries (eg, solvents, carriers, other additives) in a manner known per se to form a preparation.

Preparations suitable for animals are:
Solutions such as injectable solutions, oral solutions, concentrates for oral administration after dilution, solutions for use on the skin or in body cavities, infusion formulations, gels;
Emulsions and semi-solid preparations for oral or cutaneous use and for injection; semi-solid preparations are, for example, suspensions, pastes;
Formulations in which the active substance is processed in an ointment base or in an oil in water or water in oil emulsion base;
solid preparations such as powders, premixes or concentrates, extrudates, granules, pellets, tablets, boluses, capsules; Aerosols and inhalants.

Injection solutions are administered intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously.

Injection solutions are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitable solvent and optionally adding additives such as solubilizers, acids, bases, buffer salts, antioxidants, preservatives. The solutions are sterile filtered or, if necessary, aseptically prepared and bottled.

Oral solutions are applied directly. Concentrates are administered orally after prior dilution to the concentration of use. Oral solutions and concentrates are prepared as described above for the injection solutions, whereby sterile work can be dispensed with.

Solutions for use on the skin or in body cavities are dripped, brushed, rubbed, sprayed on, bathed. These solutions are prepared as described above for the injection solutions. It may be advantageous to add thickening agents in the preparation.

Gels are applied to the skin or brushed or incorporated into body cavities. Gels are prepared by adding solutions prepared as described for the injection solutions with sufficient thickening agent to give a clear mass with an ointment-like consistency.

Pour-on formulations are infused or sprayed onto limited areas of the skin, whereby the active ingredient either penetrates the skin and acts systemically or spreads on the body surface.

Pour-on formulations are prepared by dissolving, suspending or emulsifying the active ingredient in suitable skin-compatible solvents or solvent mixtures. Optionally, further adjuvants such as dyes, absorption-promoting substances, antioxidants, light stabilizers, adhesives are added.

Emulsions can be applied orally, cutaneously or as an injection. Emulsions are either water-in-oil type or oil-in-water type.

They are prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in one phase and homogenizing it with the aid of suitable emulsifiers and optionally further excipients such as dyes, absorption-promoting substances, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers, viscosity-increasing substances.

Suspensions may be applied orally, cutaneously or as an injection. They are prepared by suspending the active ingredient in a carrier liquid optionally with the addition of further auxiliaries, such as wetting agents, defoamers, dyes, absorption-promoting substances, suspension stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers, humectants.

Pastes can be administered orally or cutaneously. They differ from the liquid to viscous suspensions and emulsions described above by their higher viscosity.

Extrudates are semi-solid to solid forms, preferably administered orally. Extrusions can be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with suitable excipients and then extruding the mixture under pressure, usually at elevated temperature, through dies. The mixture can z. B. contain adjuvants for adjusting the viscosity, the humidity and the melting behavior.

For the preparation of solid preparations, the active compound is mixed with suitable excipients, if appropriate with the addition of auxiliaries, and brought into the desired form.

Carriers are usually physiologically acceptable solid inert substances. As such, inorganic and organic substances are used. Excipients are common preservatives, antioxidants, dyes.

Other suitable auxiliaries are lubricants and lubricants.

The active compounds may also be encapsulated in the form of their abovementioned solid or liquid formulations.

The active ingredients can also be applied in the form of an aerosol. For this purpose, the active ingredient in a suitable formulation is finely divided under pressure.

It may also be advantageous to use the active ingredients in formulations which release the active ingredient with a delay.

The active ingredients can also be administered together with the feed and / or the drinking water, this is z. B. common in poultry.

The active ingredients are surprisingly low toxicity to warm-blood for the control of parasitic protozoa according to the invention, which occur in livestock and livestock in livestock, breeding, zoo, laboratory, experimental and hobby animals. They are effective against all or individual stages of development of the pests and against resistant and normally sensitive strains. By controlling the parasitic protozoa disease, deaths and reductions in performance (eg in the production of meat, milk, wool, skins, eggs, honey, etc.) are to be reduced, so that through the use of active ingredients a more economical and easier animal husbandry is possible.

The parasitic protozoa include:
Mastigophora (flagellata) such. B. Trypanosomatidae z. B. trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense, T. congolense, T. cruzi, T. evansi, T. equinum, T. lewisi, T. percae, T. simiae, T. vivax, Leishmania brasiliensis, L. Donovani, L. tropica, such. B. Trichomonadidae z. G., Giardia lamblia, G. canis.

Sarcomastigophora (Rhizopoda) as Entamoebidae z. B. Entamoeba histolytica, Hartmanellidae z. Acanthamoeba sp., Hartmanella sp.

Apicomplexa (Sporozoa) as Eimeridae z. E. Adenoids, E. alabahmensis, E. anatis, E. anseris, E. arloingi, E. ashata, E. aubumensis, E. bovis, E. brunetti, E. canis, E. chinchillae, E Clupearum, E. columbae, E. contorta, E. crandalis, E. debliecki, E. dispersa, E. ellipsoidales, E. falciformis, E. faurei, E. flavescens, E. gallopavonis, E. hagani, E. intestinalis E. iroquoina, E. irresidua, E. labbeana, E. leucarti, E. magna, E. maxima, E.media, E. meleagridis, E. meleagrimitis, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. ovis, E. parva, E. pavonis, E. perforans, E. phasani, E. piriformis, E. praecox, E. residua, E. scabra, E. spec., E. stiedai, E. suis, E. tenella, E. truncata, E. truttae, E. zuernii, Globidium spec. , Isospora belli, I. canis, I. felis, I. ohioensis, I. rivolta, I. spec., I. suis, Neospora caninum, N. hugesi, Cystisospora spec., Cryptosporidium spec. as Toxoplasmadidae z. B. Toxoplasma gondii, such as Sarcocystidae z. B. sarcocystis bovicanis, S. bovihominis, S. neurona, S. ovicanis, S. ovifelis, S. spec., S. suihominis such as Leucozoidae z. B. Leucozytozoon simondi, such as Plasmodiidae z. Plasmodium berghei, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. spec., Such as Piroplasmea z. B. Babesia argentina, B. bovis, B. canis, B. spec., Theileria parva, Theileria spec., As Adeleina z. B. Hepatozoon canis, H. spec.

Furthermore, Myxospora and Microspora z. Glugea spec. Nosema spec.

Furthermore, Pneumocystis carinii, and Ciliophora (Ciliata) such. B. Balantidium coli, Ichthiophthirius spec., Trichodina spec., Epistylis spec.

The compounds of the present invention are also effective against protozoans that occur as parasites in insects. As such, parasites of the strain Microsporida, in particular of the genus Nosema, may be mentioned. Nosema apis is especially named in the honey bee.

Preference is given to the treatment of coccidioses.

Particularly noteworthy in pigs are those protozoan genera and species that cause subclinical infections in pigs, in particular: Trypanosoma congolense simae, T. vivax vivax, T. congolense congolense, T. brucei evansi, Tritrichomonas suis, Trichomitus rotunda, Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, Eimeria debliecki, E. suis, E. scabra, E. perminuta, E. spinosa, E. polita, E. porci, E. neodebliecki, Isospora suis, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis miescheriana, S. suihominis, Babesia trautmanni, B. perroncitoi, Balantidium coli.

Particularly noteworthy in cattle are those protozoan genera and species that cause subclinical infections in cattle: Trypanosoma equiperdum, T. evansi, T. vivax, T. congolense, T. brucei, Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia , G. bovis, G. caprae), Tritrichomonas fetus, T. suis, Entamoeba bovis, E. ovis, E. dilimani, Blastocystis spec., Eimeria bovis, E. zuernii, E. alabamensis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. auburnensis Cryptosporidium parvum, C. muris, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Hammondia heydorni, Besnoitia besnoiti, B. tarandi, B. caprae, Sarcocystis cruzi, S. hirsuta, S. hominis, Babesia divergens, B. bovis, B. bigemina, Theileria parva, T. lawrencei, T. annulata.

For the breeding and breeding animals include mammals such. B. cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats, camels, water buffalo, donkeys, rabbits, fallow deer, reindeer, fur animals such. As mink, chinchilla, raccoon, birds such. As chickens, geese, turkeys, ducks, pigeons, bird species for home and zookeeping. It also includes farmed and ornamental fish. Particularly noteworthy are pigs of all species, subspecies and breeds.

Laboratory and experimental animals include mice, rats, guinea pigs, golden hamsters, dogs and cats.

Hobby animals include dogs and cats.

The fish include farmed, farmed, aquarium and ornamental fish of all ages, living in fresh and salt water. The farmed and farmed fish include z. Carp, eel, trout, whitefish, salmon, bream, roach, rudd, chub, sole, plaice, halibut, Japanese yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), Japanaal (Anguilla japonica), Red seabream (Pagurus major), Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax ), Gray mullet (Mugilus cephalus), Pompano, Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), Tilapia spp., Chichlidae species such. Plagioscion, Channel catfish. Particularly suitable are the agents according to the invention for the treatment of fish fry, z. B. carp of 2 to 4 cm body length. The remedies are also very suitable in the eel mast.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the active ingredients are used according to the invention in pigs. As an example of a particularly important pathogen in pig Isospora suis is called.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, the active compounds are used according to the invention in cattle. So examples of particularly important pathogens in cattle are called Eimeria bovis, Neospora caninum and Besnoitia besnoitii.

According to another particularly preferred embodiment, the active ingredients are used in poultry, such as. As in ducks, geese, turkeys and especially chickens.

The term resistance is linked to the effectiveness of chemical compounds.

The effectiveness of agents against parasitic protozoa is determined in so-called infection models ( Haberkorn and Greif 2000 ). The test procedure is carried out according to guidelines of the FDA, which require 3 treatment groups: 1. treated, infected animals, 2. untreated, infected animals, 3. untreated, uninfected animals ( Chapman 1998 ). The studies can be performed either in caging or floor husbandry. Above all, the weight, Lesion scores and Oocystenausscheidung are determined as experimental parameters.

"Resistance" is a loss of effectiveness. Therefore, it is generally accepted that infection models can also be used to determine the efficacy for determining the "resistance" of an active substance. Here, a <50% effectiveness in the treated and infected group as an indication of resistance, a 25 to 50% reduction in effectiveness as a loss of sensitivity ( Chapman 1998 ). However, a loss of sensitivity is also due to resistance developments. Resistance should therefore be understood here as meaning at least a 25% reduction in efficacy, preferably at least a 50% reduction in efficacy.

"Toltrazuril-resistant" therefore means that the protozoa in question exhibit the above-described reduction in efficacy when treated with toltrazuril.

Corresponding means "diclazuril-resistant", that in the protozoa concerned a reduction in the effectiveness of treatment with diclazuril can be shown.

Toltrazuril and diclazuril resistance often occur together. According to the invention, however, the use against protozoa is detected, which are resistant either only to Toltrazuril or only against diclazuril.

Resistance can be triggered by a mutation within the parasite genome. If this mutation coincidentally affects the specific binding protein (= target of the active substance), the active substance can no longer bind to the target protein. Thus, for example, a point mutation of the target enzyme dihydrofolate reductase DHFR was found as the molecular cause of the development of resistance to folic acid antagonists (pyrimethamine) ( Basco et al. 1995 ). Point mutations experimentally introduced into the DHFR region of previously sensitive isolates cause resistance in the parasite strain ( Donald 1993 ). The development of resistant strains seems to have a molecular basis. Changes in the genome could be shown with the RAPD-PCR technique ( Greif et al. 1996 ). In our studies, isolates 4 were equally resistant to toltrazuril and diclazuril in 5 examined Eimeria.

Preferred dosages are 0.1-200 mg of active ingredient per kg of body weight of the animal to be treated, more preferred are dosages of 1 to 50 mg / kg and very particularly preferred dosages of 2-20 mg / kg, in particular 5 to 10 mg / kg.

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention without, however, limiting it:

Biological examples:

A. Cage Experiment Coccidiosis / Chicks with Toltrazuril-resistant Field Strain RIJ 070320-1 (Table 1)

Coccidium-free 8 to 12-day-old male chickens (eg LSL Brinkschulte / Senden) receive the test substances from 3 days before (day-3) infection (= ai) to 8 (9) days after infection (= pi) in the concentration specified in ppm with the feed. In each cage, 3 animals are kept. One to several such groups are used per dosage. The infection is carried out by means of a gavage directly into the crop with about 50,000 sporulated oocysts of the resistant field strain RIJ 070320-1. For the assessment of efficacy, the following criteria are taken into account: Weight gain of Start of the experiment until the end of the experiment, infection-related mortality, macroscopic assessment of faeces with regard to diarrhea and blood excretion on days 5 and 7 pi (scores 0 to 6), macroscopic evaluation of the intestinal mucosa, especially of the caeca (rating 0 to 6) and oocyst excretion, and the proportion ( in%) of the oocysts sporadic within 24 hours. The number of oocysts in the faeces was determined using the McMaster counting chamber (see Engelbrecht and co-workers "Parasitological Working Methods in Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1965) ). The individual findings are set in relation to the untreated uninfected control groups and an overall score is calculated (vgtl. Lark McDougald, LP Joyner, PL Long Proceedings of the Georgia Coccidiosis Conference Nov, 18.-20. 1985 Athens / Georgia USA ).

Experimental results with compounds of the invention are exemplified in Table 1 below. The enhanced efficacy of the resistance-disrupting compound is particularly evident in the reduction of oocyst excretion and in weight development as compared to the toltrazuril-treated experimental groups.

Kn

= nicht infizierte Kontrollgruppe

Ki

= infizierte Kontrollgruppe

In the following table, the column "Treatment" indicates the value

kn

= uninfected control group

Ki

= infected control group

In the column "Dose", the concentration of the active substance in the feed is stated in ppm.

In the column "Death rate", the percentage of animals that died is given below% and the number of animals died / animals used in the experiment is stated below n.

In the column "wt. in% Kn "the ratio of the weight of the treated animals to the weight of the uninfected control group is given.

In the columns "Faeces", "Intestine" and "Oocysts in% Ki" individual details on the effect are made.

• * Baycox^® 2,5% (Lösung, Handelsware)

In the column "% impact" the overall rating is scored; 0% means no effect, 100% means full effect. Tab. 1: Efficacy of the compound (Ia) against the toltrazuril-resistant field strain RIJ 070320-1 (chick) tribe treatment dose death rate Weight in% Kn faeces intestine Oocysts in% Ki % % N effect kn 0 - 0 0/6 123.7 g 0 0 0 100 Ki 0 - 0 0/6 91 0 0 100 0 RIJ 070320-1 RIJ 070320-1 toltrazuril * 25 ppm 0 0/3 89 0 0 62 0 RIJ 070320-1 toltrazuril * 25 ppm 0 0/3 92 0 0 82 0 RIJ 070320-1 toltrazuril * 50 ppm 0 0/3 82 0 0 52 0 RIJ 070320-1 toltrazuril * 50 ppm 0 0/3 97 0 0 64 0 kn 0 - 0 0/6 97.6 0 0 0 0 RIJ 070320-1 Ki 0 - 0 0/6 88 0 0 100 0 RIJ 070320-1 Vbdg. (Ia) 3 ppm 0 0/3 102 0 0 0 100

• * Baycox ^® 2.5% (solution, merchandise)

B. Ground keeping coccidiosis / turkey (Table 2)

Coccidium-free 8 to 11-day-old male turkey chicks (eg BIG 6 / Moorgut Karzfehn) receive from 3 days before (day-3) the infection (= ai) to 8 (9) days after infection (= pi) Compounds according to the invention (test substances) in the concentration specified in ppm with the feed. In each keeping device of the floor keeping 5-10 animals are kept. One to several such groups are used per dosage. The infection is carried out by means of a gavage directly into the goiter with about 65,000 sporulated oocysts of each field isolate. These are highly virulent, Baycox resistant strains. For the evaluation of efficacy the following criteria are taken into account: weight increase from the beginning of the experiment to the end of the experiment, infection-related mortality, macroscopic assessment of the faeces with regard to diarrhea and blood excretion on day 7 pi (evaluation 0 to 4), macroscopic evaluation of the intestinal mucosa, in particular the caeca and the small intestine (Rating 0 to 4) and the Oocystenausscheidung. The number of oocysts in the faeces was determined using the McMaster counting chamber (see Engelbrecht and co-workers "Parasitological Working Methods in Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1965) ). The individual findings are set in relation to the untreated uninfected control groups and an overall assessment is calculated (cf. Haberkorn and Greif 1999 )

Experimental results with inventive compound are exemplified in Table 2 below. The enhanced efficacy of the resistance-disrupting compound is particularly evident in the reduction of oocyst excretion and in weight development as compared to the toltrazuril-treated experimental groups.

Kn

= nicht infizierte Kontrollgruppe

Ki

= infizierte Kontrollgruppe

In the following table, the column "Treatment" indicates the value

kn

= uninfected control group

Ki

= infected control group

In the column "Dose", the concentration of the active substance in the feed is stated in ppm.

In the column "Death rate", the percentage of animals that died is given below% and the number of animals died / animals used in the experiment is stated below n.

In the column "wt. in% Kn "the ratio of the weight of the treated animals to the weight of the uninfected control group is given.

In the. Columns "Faeces", "Intestines" and "Oocysts in% Ki" are given individual effects.

• * Baycox^® 2,5 % (Lösung, Handelsware)

In the column "% impact" the overall rating is scored; 0% means no effect, 100% means full effect. Tab. 2: Efficacy of compound (Ia) against toltrazuril-resistant field strain LVL 080918 D (turkey) tribe treatment dose death rate Weight in% Kn faeces intestine Oocysts in% Ki % Effect % n kn 0 - 0 0/5 318 g 0 0 0 100 Ki 0 - 11 1.9 49 0.5 0.95 100 0 LVL 080918 D toltrazuril * 25 ppm 0 0/5 64 1 0.9 16 50 LVL 080918 D toltrazuril * 25 ppm 0 0/5 63 1 0.9 114 29 LVL 080918 D toltrazuril * 50 ppm 0 0/5 84 0 0.8 80 43 LVL 080918 D toltrazuril * 50 ppm 0 0/4 95 0 0.4 74 50 LVL 080918 D Vbdg. (Ia) 5 ppm 0 0/5 98 0 0 0 100 LVL 080918 D Vbdg. (Ia) 5 ppm 0 0/5 103 0 0 0 100

• * Baycox ^® 2.5% (solution, merchandise)

C.1 Clinical study on pigs (Isospora suis / field strain)

Conventional suckling piglets with a live weight of at least 900 grams are orally infected by inoculation on the 4th day of life per piglet with 1,500 sporulated oocysts of a pathogenic field strain of Isospora suis. The animals are kept as usual in practice with the mother sow and by the way. Several sows are kept with their litters, so that a total of seven piglets per treatment group can be randomized to the respective treatment groups.

The infection dose is chosen so that the infected, untreated piglets develop typical diarrhea, excrete oocysts and grow more slowly. For the evaluation of the efficacy of the treated groups the criteria of faeces, oocyst excretion and biomass development are used. The faeces are judged by a key from 1 to 4 (1 = normal, 2 = pasty, 3 = semi-liquid, 4 = liquid). The number of oocysts in the faeces is determined using a McMaster counting chamber. The methodology of the infection model is also included Mundt et al. (2006) described. The individual findings are set in relation to the results of the infected untreated control group in order to assess its efficacy.

C.2 Study on cattle (Eimeria bovis / field isolate)

Conventional suckling calves at the age of about 2 to 4 weeks at baseline are orally infected by inoculation with 150,000 sporulated oocysts of a pathogenic field strain of Eimeria bovis per calf. The animals are kept individually in running and cubicles with visual contact between them. They are soaked twice a day (milk replacer) and also receive roughage pellets and water ad libitum. On day 14 after infection, the animals are randomized to the treatment groups. Per treatment group are at least 4 to 5 calves.

The infection dose is chosen so that the infected, untreated calves develop typical diarrhea and excrete oocysts. For the assessment of the efficacy of the treated groups the criteria of faeces and oocyst excretion are used. The faeces are assessed by a key from 1 to 4 (1 = normal to slightly pasty, 2 = semi-liquid to liquid, 3 = watery, 4 = with blood and / or tissue admixtures). The number of oocysts in the faeces is determined using a McMaster counting chamber. The methodology of the infection model is also included Mundt et al. (2003) called for efficacy assessments. A very detailed description of an identical model of infection with the closely related species Eimeria zuernii is found Mundt et al. (2005) , The individual findings are related to the results of the infected untreated control group as well as the infected and toltrazuril-treated group (positive control) in order to assess the efficacy.

• d. p. i. = Tage nach der Infektion
• Opg = Oocysten per Gram Kot

The results of studies C.1 and C.2 are summarized in Table 3: Table 3: Experimental Infection and Treatment with Vbdg (Ia) treatment groups Parameters / Results Target animal / pathogens Connection / dpi Dosage mg / kg Oocysts% of days Diarrhea day% Weight increase% Piglets / I. suis Vdd. (Ia) / dpi: 2 5 0 1.2 230 10 0 0 233 20 0 0 222 untreated - 27.4 45.2 153 Min / max Opg Calves / E. bovis Vdd. (Ia) / dpi: 14 2.5 0/4850 Diarrhea occurred for other reasons and was therefore not rated Not rated because of strong fluctuations 7.5 0/150 15 0/250 toltrazuril 15 0/50 untreated - 1600/15400

• dpi = days after infection
• Opg = Oocysts per Gram droppings

D. In vitro test for Neospora caninum effect

Biological test system for the evaluation of the effectiveness against Neospora caninum (strain NC-1): The test system is based on the principle of a "microtiter monolayer disruption assay" = MMDA. For this 96-well microtiter plates are inoculated with VERO cells (african green monkey). The cell culture medium consists of 95% RPMI 1640, 2% FCS, 1% L-glutamine, 1% sodium carbicarbonate, 1% penicillin / streptomycin. After forming a cell lawn, culture plates are infected with unicellular Neospora caninum tachyzoites (48,000 tachyzoites per well) and later treated for 24 h (37 ° C under 5% CO ₂ ) with test compounds dissolved in cell culture medium. The effectiveness of the test compounds on the rate of propagation of the parasite stages is determined by plaque formation of the VERO cells and the number of newly formed tachyzoites after counting in the microscope.

Untreated and infected monolayers serve as a positive control and treated uninfected monolayers serve as a toxicity control. When a compound effectively kills the parasite stages, the cell monolayer is not destroyed and the parasite stages can not multiply in number. Table 4: Evaluation criteria Neospora caninum rating Optical impression 0 = no effect Monolayer completely destroyed 1 = weak effect Monolayer partially destroyed, to recognize parasite nests 2 = full effect Monolayer undestroyed, no tachyzoites detectable T = cytotoxic Cells dead, peeled off P = precipitation Active ingredient fails, formulation necessary Table 5: Results of N. caninum in vitro Dose (ppm) connection 200 100 10 1 0.1 friulimicin 2 1 0 0 0 toltrazuril T T 1 0 0 Vbdg. (Ia) P P 2 2.1 1

E. In vitro test for Besnoitia effect

Besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites (Bb1Evora03 isolate) are kept in VERO cells. The cell culture medium DMEM contains 2% fetal calf serum, 50 IU / ml penicillin and 50 μg / ml streptomycin. Parasite stages are harvested using a cell scraper, passaged several times through a 25-g needle and purified on a cellulose CF11 column.

Contiguous monolayers of VERO cells in 24-well tissue plates are infected with besnoitia tachyzoites (5 x 10 ⁴ ) and incubated for 2 h at 37 ° C, 5% CO ₂ and then treated with test compounds dissolved in the cell culture medium. For the determination of selective cell toxicity, uninfected VERO cell monolayers are treated. Samples for the measurement of proliferation rate are taken at different times after infection and treatment. Each test is conducted in three independent experiments.

Evaluation of the test: Processing of DNA samples and quantitative PCR

The DNA purification was carried out with the aid of a DNA kit (Quiagen, Basel, Switzerland). For quantitative PCR, primers were directed against the ITS1 region of B. besnoiti. The quantification was carried out on a titration series of microscopically numbered Besnoitia tachyzoites. The statistical significance between controls and experimental wells was calculated using Student's t-test using Microsoft Excel. P-values <0.05 are considered statistically significant.

bibliography

• Basco L.K. et al. (1995): Point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase thymidylate synthase gene and pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 69: 135-138
• Mundt H.-C. et al. (2003): Efficacy of toltrazuril against artificial infections with Eimeria bovis in calves. Focus on Parasitology, Parasitology Research 90, Supplement 3, 166-167 ,
• Mundt H.-C. et al. (2005): Pathology and treatment of Eimeria zuernii coccidiosis in calves, investigations in an infection model, Parasitology International 54, 223-230 ,
• Mundt H.-C. et al. (2006): Isospora suis: an experimental model for mammalian intestinal coccidiosis. Parasitology Research 97, 167-175 ,
• Chapman HD (1984): Drug resistance in avian coccidian, Vet Parasitol 15, 11-27 ,
• Chapman HD (1998): Evaluation of the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs against Eimeria species in the fowl. International Journal of Parasitology 28, 1141-1144 ,
• Donald RGK (1993): Stable molecular transformation of Toxoplasma gondii, a selectable dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase marker based on drug-resistance mutations in malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 11703-11707 ,
• Greif G. et al. (1996): Intraspecific polymorphisms of Eimeria species due to resistance to anticoccidial drugs. Parasitology Research 82, 706-714 ,
• Haberkorn A, Greif G. (1999): Animal Models of Coccidia Infection. Handbook of Animal Models of Infection, chapter 99, Academic Press ,
• Hackstein JH, Mackenstedt U, Mehlhorn H, Meijerink JP, Schubert H, Leunissen JA (1995), Parasitology Research 81 (3), 207-16

Example of an application: Cremophor suspension

100 mg of the compound of formula (Ia) are mixed with 200 .mu.l Cremophor EL ^® (polyethoxylated castor oil, a, BASF,) are mixed, then a suspension is prepared by adding 3 ml of water.

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited patent literature

• EP 0330041 A2 [0003, 0014]
• EP 0353526 A2 [0003]
• EP 0377904 A2 [0003]

Cited non-patent literature

• Hackstein et al. 1995 [0004]
• Haberkorn and Greif 2000 [0076]
• Chapman 1998 [0076]
• Chapman 1998 [0077]
• Basco et al. 1995 [0081]
• Donald 1993 [0081]
• Greif et al. 1996 [0081]
• Engelbrecht and co-workers "Parasitological Working Methods in Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1965) [0084]
• Lark McDougald, LP Joyner, PL Long Proceedings of the Georgia Coccidiosis Conference Nov, 18.-20. 1985 Athens / Georgia USA [0084]
• Engelbrecht and co-workers "Parasitological Working Methods in Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin (1965) [0092]
• Haberkorn and Greif 1999 [0092]
• Mundt et al. (2006) [0101]
• Mundt et al. (2003) [0103]
• Mundt et al. (2005) [0103]
• Basco LK et al. (1995): Point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase thymidylate synthase gene and pyrimethamine and cycloguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 69: 135-138 [0110]
• Mundt H.-C. et al. (2003): Efficacy of toltrazuril against artificial infections with Eimeria bovis in calves. Focus on Parasitology, Parasitology Research 90, Supplement 3, 166-167 [0110]
• Mundt H.-C. et al. (2005): Pathology and treatment of Eimeria zuernii coccidiosis in calves, investigations into an infection model, Parasitology International 54, 223-230 [0110]
• Mundt H.-C. et al. (2006): Isospora suis: an experimental model for mammalian intestinal coccidiosis. Parasitology Research 97, 167-175 [0110]
• Chapman HD (1984): Drug resistance in avian coccidian, Vet Parasitol 15, 11-27 [0110]
• Chapman HD (1998): Evaluation of the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs against Eimeria species in the fowl. International Journal of Parasitology 28, 1141-1144 [0110]
• Donald RGK (1993): Stable molecular transformation of Toxoplasma gondii, a selectable dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase marker based on drug-resistance mutations in malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 11703-11707 [0110]
• Greif G. et al. (1996): Intraspecific polymorphisms of Eimeria species due to resistance to anticoccidial drugs. Parasitology Research 82, 706-714 [0110]
• Haberkorn A, Greif G. (1999): Animal Models of Coccidia Infection. Handbook of Animal Models of Infection, chapter 99, Academic Press [0110]
• Hackstein JH, Mackenstedt U, Mehlhorn H, Meijerink JP, Schubert H, Leunissen JA (1995), Parasitology Research 81 (3), 207-16 [0110]

Claims (8)

Use of compounds of the formula (I)

in which R ^{1 represents} carbon-bonded heteroaromatic radicals which are optionally substituted, X is O, S, SO or SO ₂ , R ^{2 is} one or more, identical or different radicals of the group hydrogen, halogen, nitro, alkyl, Alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy and haloalkylthio, R ³ _{(I) is} hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, and their physiologically acceptable salts for the preparation of medicaments for combating diseases caused by Toltrazuril-resistant and / or diclazuril-resistant parasitic protozoa. Use according to claim 1 of the compound

Use of compounds of the formula (I)

in which R ^{1 is} carbon-bonded heteroaromatic radicals which are optionally substituted, X is O, S, SO or SO ₂ , R ^{2 is} one or more, identical or different radicals of the group hydrogen, halogen, nitro, alkyl, alkoxy , Alkylthio, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy and haloalkylthio, R ³ _{(I) is} hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, and their physiologically acceptable salts for the preparation of medicaments for combating coccidioses caused by coccidia selected from Neospora spp , and Besnoitia spp .. Use according to claim 3 of the compound

Use according to one of claims 3 or 4 for controlling coccidiosis caused by Neospora caninum. Use according to one of claims 3 or 4 for controlling coccidiosis caused by Besnoitia besnoiti. Method of combating diseases caused by toltrazuril-resistant and / or diclazuril-resistant parasitic protozoa in animals, characterized in that the animal is administered an agent containing a compound according to formula (I) as defined in claim 1. Method for combating coccidiosis caused by Neospora caninum in animals, characterized in that the animal in question is administered an agent containing a compound according to formula (I) as defined in claim 1. Method of combating coccidioses caused by coccidiosis caused by besnoitia besnoiti in animals, characterized in that the animal is administered an agent containing a compound according to formula (I) as defined in claim 1.