DE102009014533A1 - Control device for controlling turbocharger or turbocharger connected to internal combustion engine, is provided with storage device in which turbine map of turbine of turbocharger is stored - Google Patents

Abstract

The control device is provided with a storage device in which a turbine map of a turbine of the turbocharger is stored. The turbine map is given for a function of the turbine pressure ratio or the equation for the flow characteristic, where the turbine map is formed one-dimensional. An independent claim is also included for a method for controlling a turbocharger or the turbocharger connected to internal combustion engine.

Description

The The invention relates to a control device and a method for controlling a turbocharger, in particular an exhaust gas turbocharger of a motor vehicle.

in the Generally turbochargers have an exhaust gas turbine, which in a Exhaust gas flow is arranged and over a shaft is connected to a compressor in the intake system. there are a turbine wheel and a compressor wheel on a common Shaft stored. In operation, the turbine wheel via an exhaust gas flow of a driven motor. This drives the turbine wheel turn the compressor wheel, causing the compressor pressure increased in the intake of the engine. This can be done during the intake stroke a larger mass Air enters the cylinder of the engine. This causes more Oxygen available stands and a correspondingly larger amount of fuel can be burned. This can reduce the power output of the engine elevated become.

To regulate parameters in the engine control, according to the driver's load request, among other things, the absorption behavior of a used turbine of the turbocharger is taken into account. The _{absorption behavior of} a radial turbine decreases with increasing speed and therefore requires a characteristic map that depends on at least the pressure ratio Π _tS and the speed. Therefore, so far, the swirling behavior of the turbine of the turbocharger is either stored in the form of two-dimensional maps in the engine control or the speed dependency of the absorption behavior of the turbine is not taken into account at the expense of an associated error.

Therefore It is the object of the present invention to control parameters in the Motor controller to provide a controller and a method which is a control of the turbocharger or an associated Internal combustion engine by means of a simplified turbine map allow.

These Task is by a control device for a turbocharger, with the Characteristics of claim 1 solved.

• – eine Speichereinrichtung in welcher wenigstens ein Turbinenkennfeld einer Turbine des Turboladers abgespeichert ist, wobei das Turbinenkennfeld nur abhängig von dem Turbinendruckverhältnis Π_tS vorgegeben ist, und/oder die Gleichung für den Durchsatzkennwert
  
  abgespeichert ist,
• – wobei die Steuerungseinrichtung den Turbolader und/oder die mit dem Turbolader verbundene Brennkraftmaschine in Abhängigkeit von wenigstens einer Kenngröße steuert, welche mittels dem Turbinenkennfeld und/oder der Gleichung für den Durchsatzkennwert DKW₂ ermittelbar ist.

Accordingly, according to the invention, a control device is provided for controlling a turbocharger and / or an internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger, the control device comprising:

• - A memory device in which at least one turbine _{map of} a turbine of the turbocharger is stored, the turbine _{map is} given only depending on the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS , and / or the equation for the flow rate characteristic
  
  is stored,
• Wherein the control device controls the turbocharger and / or the internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger as a function of at least one parameter which can be determined by means of the turbine characteristic diagram and / or the equation for the throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ .

The control device has the advantage that the characteristic map for the absorption behavior of the turbine of the turbocharger can be reduced to a one-dimensional characteristic map, which depends only on the applied pressure ratio. As a result of such a reduced representation of the absorption behavior of the turbine used compared with the previously used turbine characteristic diagrams, it is possible to considerably save storage space in a storage device which is connected to the control device. As a result, the storage device can be made more compact, for example. The equation for the turbine throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ has the advantage that the one-dimensional turbine characteristic diagram can be described using this equation. This is not possible with the hitherto known equation for the turbine throughput characteristic value, as will be explained in more detail below.

The The above object is further achieved by a method with which Characteristics of claim 8 solved.

• – Bereitstellen wenigstens eines Turbinenkennfeldes einer Turbine des Turboladers, wobei das Turbinenkennfeld unabhängig von der Turbinendrehzahl bzw. nur von dem Turbinendruckverhältnis abhängig vorgegeben ist (S1, S1*) und/oder der Gleichung für den Turbinendurchsatzkennwert
  
• – Bestimmen wenigstens einer Kenngröße des Turboladers mittels des Turbinenkennfelds und/oder der Gleichung für den Turbinendurchsatzkennwert (S2–S7, S2*–S7*), und
• – Steuern des Turboladers und/oder der mit dem Turbolader verbundenen Brennkraftmaschine in Abhängigkeit von der ermittelten Kenngröße.

Accordingly, the invention provides a method of controlling a turbocharger and / or an internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger, the method comprising the steps of:

• Providing at least one turbine characteristic diagram of a turbine of the turbocharger, wherein the turbine characteristic is independent of the turbine speed or only dependent on the turbine pressure ratio (S1, S1 *) and / or the equation for the turbine flow rate characteristic
  
• Determining at least one parameter of the turbocharger by means of the turbine characteristic map and / or the equation for the turbine throughput parameter (S2-S7, S2 * -S7 *), and
• - Controlling the turbocharger and / or connected to the turbocharger internal combustion engine as a function of the determined characteristic.

The method has the advantage that only on the basis of the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS a value of an associated parameter, such. As the turbine flow rate DKW ₂ , can be determined, the turbine pressure ratio can be detected very easily. The turbine map, which is used in this method, for determining a turbocharger requires little storage space, since it does not depend on the speed of the turbocharger or the turbine. The equation for the turbine throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ in turn has the advantage that the one-dimensional turbine characteristic diagram can be described using this equation, and furthermore a parameter for controlling the turbocharger or the internal combustion engine can be determined very simply.

advantageous Refinements and developments of the invention will become apparent the dependent claims and the description with reference to the drawings.

According to one Embodiment of the invention, the turbine map is one-dimensional educated. This has the advantage that the turbine map is essential less space needed as the previous two-dimensional turbine maps.

In a further embodiment according to the invention, the turbine characteristic _map has a characteristic curve, wherein the characteristic curve indicates the turbine _{throughput characteristic value} (DKW ₂ ) only as a function of the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS . This has the advantage that the previous turbine characteristics are omitted for different speeds and replaced by a characteristic, which requires much less storage space.

In another embodiment of the invention, the turbocharger speed control means determines an associated turbine _{pressure ratio} (Π _tS ). Based on the turbine pressure ratio, the controller can very easily take the turbine flow rate DKW ₂ from the turbine map and use this to determine a characteristic of the turbocharger, such as the mass flow through the turbine, for which purpose the equation for the turbine flow characteristic can be used.

In a further embodiment according to the invention, the control device determines, for example, the mass flow ṁ via the turbine, the turbine _{throughput characteristic value} DKW ₂ , the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS and / or the power of the turbine by means of the turbine characteristic _diagram . In other words, the turbine _{flow rate} DKW ₂ and the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS can be _read directly from the turbine _map and used, for example, to determine further turbocharger characteristics. Accordingly, it is also possible, for example, to calculate the mass flow ṁ via the turbine for a specific turbine wheel speed U ₄ or a blade-speech Mach number on the basis of the equation for the turbine throughput characteristic value.

According to one another embodiment of the invention controls the control device by means of the respective parameter or Characteristics, for example a wastegate, a variab le turbine geometry (VTG) of a turbocharger and / or a throttle of one connected to the turbocharger Internal combustion engine. For example, the control device this the mass flow over Determine the turbine based on the turbine map and accordingly open a wastegate or close.

In a further embodiment according to the invention, a memory device is provided, wherein a turbine characteristic map of a turbine of a turbocharger is stored in the memory device, wherein the turbine _map is one-dimensional or only dependent on the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS and / or wherein in the memory device the equation for the modified Durchsatzkennwert (equation (2.1) and / or (2.2)) is stored retrievable. The memory device may be, for example, an optical, magnetic and / or electronic memory such. As a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a ROM memory or a RAM memory or other semiconductor memory. However, the invention is not limited to these examples of the memory device. In the following, the memory device is z. B. part of the engine control or coupled with this. On the basis of the characteristic diagram or the equation for the flow rate characteristic, a turbocharger or an associated internal combustion engine can be controlled very simply with a reduced storage volume.

The Invention will be described below with reference to the schematic figures the drawings specified embodiments explained in more detail. It demonstrate:

1 a turbine map for a turbocharger according to the prior art;

2 a turbine map for a turbocharger according to the invention;

3 a method for determining a turbine map according to the invention for a turbocharger with a wastegate according to an embodiment;

4 a method for determining a turbine map according to the invention for a turbocharger with a variable turbine geometry VTG according to another embodiment;

5 a method for determining a parameter by means of the turbine map according to the invention according to one embodiment;

6 a method for determining a parameter by means of the turbine map according to the invention according to a further embodiment;

7 a control device for controlling a turbocharger or an internal combustion engine having a memory device based on the characteristic map according to the invention.

In all figures are the same or functionally identical elements and devices - if nothing else is stated - with the same reference numerals have been provided.

The Operating behavior of turbines of turbochargers is in the Practice described by turbine maps. In these maps is z. B. the flow rate over the turbine nendruckverhältnis represented. To the flow behavior generally valid, d. H. independent of the inlet temperature and the inlet pressure to be able to one from the theory of similars derived flow parameter defining these two quantities.

angegeben.In 1 First, a turbine map for a turbocharger according to the prior art is shown. In this case, the absorption behavior of the turbine of the turbocharger in the form of a two-dimensional characteristic map is specified and stored in the engine control. In the in 1 The map shown is the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS as a function of the turbine _throughput

specified.

The previously stored flow rate DKW for the turbine is the following:

How out 1 Turbine throughput lines for different rotational speeds of the turbocharger or its turbine are indicated. The map according to 1 but has the disadvantage that it requires a large amount of memory when it is stored in a memory device, such as the engine control.

According to the invention Now the map for the turbine slugging behavior simplifies and thereby also the necessary Memory for reduces the map in a corresponding storage device.

In order to simplify the characteristic diagram for the turbine slipping behavior, the invention provides for a modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ . This modified throughput characteristic DKW ₂ allows the turbine map to be reduced from a two-dimensional map to a one-dimensional map. In other words, in the map according to the invention, instead of specifying a large number of turbine throughput lines for different rotational speeds of the turbocharger or the turbine, a turbine throughput line is predetermined, wherein the turbine _{throughput line} does not depend on the rotational speed of the turbocharger, but only on the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS .

The modified flow rate characteristic DKW ₂ for the turbine which is based on the new map, as described in the following 2 shown is the following:

The equation (2.1) of the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ indicates a specific embodiment or a special case (n = 1/3) of the following equation (2.2) of the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ .

Equation (2.2) again gives the general form for the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ .

ṁ

Massenstrom in kg/s

T

Turbineneintrittstemperatur in K

p

Turbineneintrittsdruck in Pa

Π_tS

total statisches Druckverhältnis über die Turbine

U₄

Umfangsgeschwindigkeit des Turbinenrads in m/s

M_u4

Blade Speech Machzahl (M_U4 = Umfangsgeschwindigkeit des Turbinenrads U₄/Schallgeschwindigkeit)

R

Gaskonstante

γ

Isentropenkoeffizient

n

empirisch anzupassender Parameter welchen den Reaktionsgrad der Turbine abdeckt

The following terms are used.

m '

Mass flow in kg / s

T

Turbine inlet temperature in K

p

Turbine inlet pressure in Pa

Π _tS

total static pressure ratio across the turbine

U ₄

Circumferential speed of the turbine wheel in m / s

M _u4

Blade Speech Mach number (M _U4 = peripheral speed of the turbine wheel U ₄ / speed of sound)

R

gas constant

γ

Isentropenkoeffizient

n

empirically adjusted parameter which covers the degree of reaction of the turbine

How out 2 can be taken, a turbine flow line for the turbine of the turbocharger is specified. The turbine throughput line does not depend on how the turbine throughput lines in 1 , From the speed of the turbocharger or its turbine, but only from the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS . The turbine pressure ratio Π _tS or the total static pressure ratio across the turbine can be easily determined. In this way, a simplified map with only one turbine flow line can be provided. This has the advantage over the previous map according to 1 in that it requires considerably less storage space in a storage device of a vehicle, for example a memory device of the engine control.

The characteristic diagram according to the invention or the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ can be determined, for example, by means of a test stand for the turbocharger.

The diagram in 3 shows the individual steps for determining the turbine map or the modified turbine flow rate DKW ₂ .

ermittelt (Schritt A4). In einem weiteren Schritt A5 wird der Exponent (n) in der weiteren reduzierten Darstellung

so angepasst, dass sich aufgrund des Reaktionsgrades eine eindimensionale Darstellung des Turbinenmassenstromes ergibt. In einem Schritt A6 wird der modifizierte Durchsatzkennwert DKW₂ berechnet.The measurement of a turbine characteristic diagram for an exhaust gas turbocharger with blow-off valve (wastegate) takes place according to the following description:
First, in a first step A0 on a hot gas test stand, a turbine inlet temperature T03 of z. B. 873 Kelvin set. In a further step A1, a turbocharger speed N1 is set. In a next step A2, a pressure ratio over the turbine is set, so that at a fixed exhaust gas back pressure p4 a turbine inlet pressure p3 is applied. It adjusts a corresponding mass flow ṁ which is now measured (step A3). The step A2 is now repeated for different pressure conditions and thereby the self-adjusting mass flow ṁ measured. The mass flows ṁ are then z. B. filed in electronic form. Furthermore, step A1 is repeated and further rotational speeds are set, the steps A2 and A3 for determining the mass flow ṁ at a set pressure ratio being repeated for each rotational speed. Once these mass flows ṁ have been determined, the reduced mass flow will be calculated first

determined (step A4). In a further step A5, the exponent (n) in the further reduced representation

adapted so that due to the degree of reaction results in a one-dimensional representation of the turbine mass flow. In a step A6, the modified throughput characteristic value DKW _{2 is} calculated.

The measurement of the turbine characteristics for a turbocharger with variable turbine geometry (VTG, VNT) is carried out as described below with reference to 4 ,

ermittelt (Schritt A5*). In einem weiteren Schritt A6* wird der Exponent (n) in der weiteren reduzierten Darstellung

so angepasst, dass sich aufgrund des Reaktionsgrades eine eindimensionale Darstellung des Turbinenmassenstromes ergibt. Des Weiteren wird in einem Schnitt A7* der modifizierte Durchsatzkennwert DKW₂ berechnet. Für jede weitere VTG Positionen werden nun die Schritte A2* und A3* wiederholt, um entsprechende reduzierte Massenströme zu ermitteln.First, in a first step A0 * at a hot gas test stand, a turbine inlet temperature T03 of z. B. 873 Kelvin set. Since a different turbine characteristic results for each VTG position, a VTG position is fixed in the next step A1 *. In a further step A2 *, a turbocharger speed N1 is set. In a next step A3 *, a pressure ratio Π is set over the turbine so that a turbine inlet pressure p3 is applied when the exhaust gas back pressure p4 is fixed. It sets a corresponding mass flow ṁ which is now measured (step A4 *). The step A3 * is now repeated for different pressure ratios Π and the resulting mass flow ṁ is measured. The mass flows ṁ are then z. B. filed in electronic form. Furthermore, step A2 * is repeated and further rotational speeds are set, the steps A3 * and A4 * for determining the mass flow ṁ being repeated at a set pressure ratio for each rotational speed. If these mass flows ṁ are determined first the reduced mass flow

determined (step A5 *). In a further step A6 *, the exponent (n) in the further reduced representation

adapted so that due to the degree of reaction results in a one-dimensional representation of the turbine mass flow. Furthermore, the modified throughput characteristic value DKW _{2 is} calculated in a section A 7 *. For each additional VTG position, steps A2 * and A3 * are repeated to determine corresponding reduced mass flows.

In 5 is a flowchart for determining a characteristic, such as the mass flow ṁ on the turbine in a vehicle with a turbocharger with wastegate by means of the turbine map according to the invention or by means of the modified flow rate characteristic DKW ₂ according to the equation (2.2).

In a first step S1, at least one turbine map according to the invention and the formula according to equation (2.2) for the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ are initially provided or stored in a memory device.

In accordance with a further step S2, the rotational speed of the turbocharger of the engine is determined and from this the turbine peripheral speed U _{4 is} calculated. Furthermore, the speed of sound is determined and with this and the turbine peripheral speed U _4, the blade-speech Mach number M _U4 . In a further step S3, the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS and the turbine inlet _pressure p are detected or determined. Furthermore, the turbine inlet temperature T is determined in a step S4. The turbine inlet temperature can also be detected via a corresponding sensor device or sensor device. Alternatively or additionally, the turbine inlet temperature T can also be taken from a suitable characteristic map, in which the turbine inlet temperature T is stored, for example, as a function of the load point of the turbocharger. However, it is also possible to use any other suitable characteristic map or a combination of characteristic diagrams in order to determine or infer the turbine inlet temperature T based on this.

In In a step S5, the isentropic coefficient γ is determined and, for example the parameter n.

Furthermore, in a step S6, by means of the detected pressure ratio Π _tS from a corresponding turbine characteristic field according to the invention, comparable to that in _FIG 2 , which very easily determines associated modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ .

The equation for the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ can be resolved as follows after the mass flow ṁ and the mass flow ṁ can be calculated in a step S7 as an example of a parameter of the turbocharger by means of the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ .

On Basis of the thus determined mass flow ṁ can, for example a wastegate of a turbocharger be actuated, for example to call. The invention is not in the order described above limited to steps S2 to S6. The order can be suitably varied or even individual Steps are summarized or separated.

In another embodiment can with closed wastegate and the knowledge of the speed of the Mass flow and turbocharger speed easy on the adjoining pressure ratio getting closed.

In 6 1 is a flow chart for determining a characteristic variable, such as the mass flow ṁ via the turbine, in a vehicle having a turbocharger with variable turbine geometry (VTG, VNT) by means of the turbine characteristic diagrams according to the invention or by means of the modified throughput characteristic values DKW ₂ according to equation (2.2). ,

In a first step S1 *, one or more turbine maps according to the invention for different VTG positions and the formula according to z. B. the equation (2.2) for the modified flow rate DKW ₂ provided or stored in a memory device.

In accordance with a further step S2 *, the rotational speed of the turbocharger of the engine is determined and from this the turbine peripheral speed U _{4 is} calculated. Furthermore, the speed of sound is determined and with this and the turbine peripheral speed U _4, the blade-speech Mach number M _U4 . In a further step S3 *, the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS and the turbine inlet _pressure p is detected or certainly. Further, in a step S4 *, the turbine inlet temperature T is determined. The turbine inlet temperature can also be detected via a corresponding sensor device or sensor device. Alternatively or additionally, the turbine inlet temperature T can also be taken from a suitable characteristic map, in which the turbine inlet temperature T is stored, for example, as a function of the load point of the turbocharger. However, it is also possible to use any other suitable characteristic map or a combination of characteristic diagrams in order to determine or infer the turbine inlet temperature T based on this.

Further the isentropic coefficient γ is determined in a step S5 * and, for example, the parameter n.

In a step S6 *, furthermore, by means of the detected pressure ratio Π _tS from a corresponding turbine characteristic field according to the invention, with a corresponding VTG position, comparable to that in _FIG 2 , which very easily determines associated modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ .

The equation for the modified throughput characteristic DKW ₂ can be resolved as follows after the mass flow ṁ and the mass flow ṁ can be calculated in a step S7 * as an example of a parameter of the turbocharger by means of the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ .

On Basis of the thus determined mass flow ṁ can, for example a wastegate of a turbocharger be actuated, for example to call. The invention is not in the order described above of steps S2 * to S6 * limited. The order can be suitably varied or even individual Steps are summarized or separated.

In another embodiment can with knowledge of the VTG position and the knowledge of the speed from the mass flow and the turbocharger speed simply to the adjoining pressure ratio getting closed.

by virtue of the variation of the mass flows with the VTG position can also be made out of knowledge for diagnostic purposes of mass flow, speed and pressure ratio to the VTG position conclusion to be pulled.

In addition to the mass flow ṁ as a parameter which can be determined by means of the turbine characteristic field according to the invention or the modified flow rate characteristic DKW ₂ , of course, further suitable characteristics of the turbocharger can be determined hereby, ie both directly and indirectly. The invention is not limited to the mass flow ṁ. The 5 and 6 are merely an example explain in more detail how the map or the modified flow rate DKW _{2 can be used} to control a turbocharger or an internal combustion engine. On the basis of the determined mass flow ṁ devices such as a bypass or variable turbine geometry of a turbocharger can be controlled accordingly, etc. In addition to the mass flow ṁ but also a variety of other parameters from the turbine map or by means of this or the modified flow rate DKW ₂ directly or determined indirectly and a turbocharger or an internal combustion engine based on these parameters are controlled and / or regulated accordingly.

Furthermore, in 7 a control device according to the invention shown, for controlling a turbocharger and / or connected to the turbocharger internal combustion engine. The control device is purely schematic and greatly simplified in 7 shown.

The control device has a memory device or is connected to an external memory device (not shown). At least one, two, three or a plurality of turbine characteristic diagrams are stored in the memory device, as an example in FIG 2 is shown. In this case, a plurality of turbine characteristic maps for different turbine inlet pressures p and turbine inlet temperatures T can be stored. The respective turbine characteristic field has a turbine throughput characteristic curve, which is independent of a speed of the turbocharger. More specifically, the turbine flow rate characteristic of the flow rate DKW ₂ and z. B. the pressure ratio Π _tS dependent. In addition to the turbine map or the turbine maps also, for example, at least one or more other maps are stored in which z. Furthermore, the value for the gas constant R can also be stored in the storage device, the isentropic coefficient γ, the parameter n, and the formula for the modified throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ according to FIG the equation (2.1) and / or according to the equation (2.2). In this way, the controller may retrieve these values to determine, for example, the mass flow rate ṁ across the turbine, as previously described. For this purpose, the control device detects and / or evaluates further variables, such as the rotational speed of the turbocharger or the associated turbine rotational speed U ₄ , the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS and the turbine inlet _pressure p. Such variables can be detected for example via sensor devices and / or retrieved from the engine control.

Furthermore, the control device and / or the memory device may be part of the motor control or be connected or coupled with it. According to the parameters which are determined directly or indirectly via the respective turbine characteristic map and / or the formula for the flow rate characteristic DKW ₂ according to the equation (2.1) or the equation (2.2), such as the mass flow ṁ etc., the turbocharger and / or or the internal combustion engine can be controlled via the control device. In this case, for example, by means of one or more parameters, which are determined based on the turbine characteristic, a wastegate and / or a variable turbine geometry of a turbocharger are controlled and / or for example a throttle valve of an internal combustion engine, which is connected to the turbocharger. However, these are only a few examples of devices of the turbocharger and the internal combustion engine connected to it, which can be controlled by the control device or by the method according to the invention. In principle, any further device of the turbocharger or of the internal combustion engine can be controlled by means of the control device or by means of the method.

The advantage of the map according to the invention or a control of the turbocharger on the basis of this characteristic map lies in the simple, reduced representation of the turbine intake behavior. This representation allows a simple storage as a characteristic in the engine control, as exemplified in 2 is shown. Furthermore, this representation is also suitable, for example, for representation in a hardware in the loop (HIL) system.

The Turbine map according to the invention is stored retrievable in a memory device. The storage device is for example a part d of the engine control.

Claims (19)

Control device for controlling a turbocharger and / or an internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger, wherein the control device comprises: - a storage device in which at least one turbine _{map of} a turbine of the turbocharger is stored, the turbine _{map is} given only depending on the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS , and / or the equation for the flow rate characteristic

wherein the control device controls the turbocharger and / or the internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger in dependence on at least one parameter which can be determined by means of the turbine characteristic diagram and / or the equation for the throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ . Control device according to Claim 1, characterized that the turbine map is formed one-dimensionally. Control device according to at least one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the turbine characteristic _{diagram has} a characteristic curve, wherein the characteristic curve indicates the turbine _throughput characteristic value (DKW ₂ ) as a function of the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS . Control device according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the equation for the flow rate characteristic DKW ₂ for n = 1/3

is and can be stored in the memory device. Control device according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the control device for a rotational speed of the turbocharger determines an associated turbine _{pressure ratio} (Π _tS ) and _retrieves from the turbine _map on the basis of the turbine _{pressure ratio} (Π _tS ) the corresponding turbine _{flow rate characteristic} (DKW ₂ ) or certainly. Control device according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the control device as characteristic or parameters, for example, a mass flow (ṁ) on the turbine, the turbine flow rate (DKW ₂ ), the turbine _{pressure ratio} (Π _tS ) and / or the power of Turbine, determined by the turbine map and controls the turbocharger and / or the connected internal combustion engine based on the determined characteristic or parameters. Control device according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the storage device by means of the respective characteristic, for example a wastegate, a variable turbine geometry (VTG) of a turbocharger and / or a throttle valve of an internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger controls. A method of controlling a turbocharger and / or an internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger, the method comprising the steps of: providing at least one turbine map of a turbine of the turbocharger, the turbine map being independent of the turbine speed (S1, S1 *) and / or the equation for the flow rate characteristic

Determining at least one characteristic of the turbocharger by means of the turbine characteristic map and / or the equation for the flow rate characteristic (S2-S7, S2 * -S7 *), and controlling the turbocharger and / or the internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger as a function of the determined parameter , A method according to claim 8, characterized in that the turbine characteristic _map indicates the turbine _flow rate characteristic (DKW ₂ ) as a function of the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS . A method according to at least one of claims 8 or 9, characterized in that for determining a characteristic of the turbocharger, a rotational speed of the turbocharger is determined and optionally additionally a Turbinenradumfangsgeschwindigkeit (U ₄ , S2, S2 *), wherein in a further step, a turbine pressure ratio (Π _tS ) at this turbocharger _speed (S3, S3 *) is determined and from the turbine _map on the basis of the turbine _{pressure ratio} (Π _tS ) the corresponding turbine _{flow rate characteristic} (DKW ₂ ) (S6, S6 *). Method according to one of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that as a parameter of the turbocharger, a mass flow ṁ is determined via the turbine (step S1-S7, S1 * -S7 *), wherein for determining the mass flow ṁ via the turbine, in a first step, the Blade-Speech Mach number (M _U4 , S2, S2 *) is determined and in a further step (S3-S5, S3 * -S5 *) the turbine pressure ratio Π, the turbine inlet temperature T, the isentropic coefficient γ and the parameter n, wherein, from the equation for the flow rate characteristic, the flow rate characteristic DKW _{2 is} determined (S6, S6 *) and the mass flow ṁ is determined from the equation for the flow rate characteristic (step S7, S7 *). Method according to at least one of Claims 8 to 11, characterized in that the characteristic variable for the turbocharger is, for example, a mass flow ṁ via the turbine (S1-S7, S1 * -S7 *) of the turbines throughput characteristic value DKW ₂ , the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _tS or the power of the turbine is determined. Method according to at least one of claims 8 to 12, characterized by controlling a wastegate, a Variable turbine geometry of a turbocharger and / or a throttle valve an internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger the respective characteristic of the turbocharger. Control device for controlling a turbocharger and / or an internal combustion engine connected to the turbocharger according to one of the claims 8 to 13. A method of determining a turbine map for a turbine of the turbocharger comprising the steps of: providing the equation for the flow rate characteristic

- Setting a turbine inlet temperature T03 (A0, A0 *), - Setting a turbocharger speed N (A1, A2 *), - Setting a pressure ratio across the turbine (A2, A3 *) - Determining a mass flow or turbine mass flow (A3, A4 *) - Setting the parameter n based on the equation of the flow rate characteristic until a one-dimensional representation of the turbine mass flow results (A4, A5, A5 *, A6 *). A method according to claim 15, characterized by calculating the flow rate characteristic DKW ₂ from the equation for the flow rate characteristic. Method according to claim 15 or 16, characterized repeating the step of setting a pressure ratio (A2, A3 *) for further pressure conditions and repeating the step of adjusting the turbocharger speed (A1, A2 *) for further speeds and determination of the respective mass flow (A3, A4 *) and adjusting the parameter n based on the equation of the flow rate characteristic until a one-dimensional representation of the turbine mass flow results (A4, A5, A5 *, A6 *). Storage device, wherein in the storage device, a turbine map of a turbine of a turbocharger is stored, the turbine _map is one-dimensional or only depending on the turbine _{pressure ratio} Π _{tS is} predetermined and / or wherein in the memory device, the equation for the flow rate characteristic

and or

is stored. The memory device of claim 18, wherein the Memory device, for example, an optical, magnetic and / or electronic memory is such. B. a CD-Rom, a Floppy disk, a ROM memory or a RAM memory or another semiconductor memory is.