DE102008003866A1 - Modular real-time-energy indicator for use in domestic installation, particularly buildings or housing unit, has multiple modules, where each module is adapted for real time detection of energy content of similar energy carrier - Google Patents

Abstract

The modular real-time-energy indicator has multiple modules, where each module is adapted for real time detection of the energy content of a similar energy carrier. The modules are adapted to real-time calculation of data on the basis of the detected energy content of an energy carrier.

Description

The The invention relates to a modular real-time energy indicator. Real-time power indicator are known from the prior art. So there is for the display of the electrical power drawn from a socket Intermediate plug-in modules, which based on the through the intermediate module flowing stream indicate the associated performance.

such Energy meters have the disadvantage that they are actually exclusive for electricity, or exclusively on the indication of the energy content of his energy source are suitable.

In front In this background, the task sets this limit one Real-time energy display on a single energy source to overcome.

Solved This task is characterized by the characteristics of the independent Claims, such as through a modular real-time energy indicator, comprising more than one module: each module is suitable for real-time acquisition the energy content of at least one similar energy carrier; suitable for real-time calculation of data based on this detected Energy content of at least one energy source; suitable for simultaneous real-time output of this calculated in real time Data from more than one module.

Under A real-time energy indicator will subsequently become an energy indicator understood, who displays the energy that he measures in real time, without delay. This causes a Inform users immediately about the current energy consumption is. This has the advantage of being based on this up to date information Immediately take action.

Modular is the real-time energy meter because it has more than one module, each module being suitable for real-time detection of the energy content is. This causes a user with only a single Energy meter immediately above the current energy consumption informed by more than one non-similar source of energy is, if in each of the modules the energy consumption of a similar Energy carrier is measured. This has the advantage that he based on this current information on the total energy consumption a large number of energy sources is informed immediately and Immediately take action.

When a module is called a detection unit that is appropriate based on suitable parameters, the energy or amount of substance and / or an energy or material flow of an energy carrier to determine and send this information to a central registration unit to convey.

similar are energy sources, if they are energy carriers of the same Phase (solid, liquid, gas) through it Conversion process, e.g. B. combustion, in a different form of energy being transformed. Similar energy sources are z. As fuel oil and liquid biofuels or natural gas and biogas. Through this summary of similar energy sources is caused to capture similar energy sources only one module each has to be described.

At least a similar energy source is given, if at least a similar energy source, such. For example, oil and yet another energy source, such. B. Gas displayed are displayed, as well as other similar energy sources can be. This causes a small space Variety of information is output. This has the advantage that the user in one place a lot of information receives and this does not have to search together scattered.

The Real-time calculation of data based on this collected energy content at least one energy carrier causes z. B. the Energy content of the oil to be supplied to the combustion process serves as the basis for data determination, ie the link this energy content with other data that represents something else can, as the energy content. This allows then, for example, costs are calculated, efficiencies, comparative values, Reference values etc.

This has the advantage that this energy values with energy values be made comparable from other sources, and / or these Energy values on the environment in which they are taken, such as z. B. the structural environment, or a climatic zone, etc. normalized to neutralize or adapt their influence. This has the advantage that the energy content of the respective energy sources be better compared using the data they have collected can.

The output of this real-time computed data from more than one module causes a user This calculated and thus prepared and thus more meaningful data from more than two energy sources gets displayed at the same time immediately. This has the advantage that he can take appropriate measures immediately.

By the real-time output directly in kWh (energy), and / or kW or W (performance) as well as the expense corresponding costs causes the energy values of different energy sources are comparable. This can be the cheaper energy source be identified. The comparison can be over specific periods of time and / or for instantaneous services.

There The real-time output is done on demand, will energy for saved the operation of the real-time energy indicator. The request can z. B. by the user and / or by reaching certain System states of the detection area triggered become. Modules of the real-time energy indicator can also to be able to use several different types of energy to capture.

The Modules of the real-time energy indicator are suitable as energy sources thermal energy carriers z. B. district and local heating and / or electrical energy sources z. B. based on the public Network and photovoltaic systems and / or chemical energy sources z. B. in the form of oil and gas and / or mechanical energy z. B Waves and / or radiant energy driven by wind and water z. B. solar radiation and / or renewable energy z. B.

biomass and to detect and evaluate geothermal energy. With that you can all available today for the operation of a building stationary energy types are recorded.

In The real-time calculation of data flows user and building data such as B. Type and size of the building, Number of users. This can be surface and / or Calculate volume as well as persons and time specific characteristics and compare with other buildings or areas of coverage.

In the real-time calculation of data flow current and / or average climate data of the location of the building and / or reference sites. This can be climate-dependent Convert consumption data to any other climates.

There all data can be stored in a memory is Access to past readings possible. This has the advantage of having lots of data about a past one Time are available and correlations between the Values can be determined.

The Meaning of an abstract value is for the user often low. Therefore, the real-time energy monitor contains Reference values that represent the energy consumption of the last year and / or the average consumption of comparable units and / or correspond to a value specified by the user himself can. This allows the user to compare his values with others To classify objects better and to recognize changing tendencies and counteract increased consumption.

Of the Use of the real-time energy indicator is that the Real-time calculation of data is done in such a way that in the same Energy pointer the real-time calculated data of more than one Energy sources can be displayed in real time. As the energy and material flows of a building or coverage often not independent of each other it is important to get these streams in real time and to show at the same time. It can energy improvements are derived.

With the claims A6 to A13, it is possible that the Real-time calculation of data is done in such a way that in the same Energy pointer based on the real-time calculated data the overall efficiency a coverage area of at least one single energy source can be displayed in real time. Thus, the efficiency of individual Plant components and / or the entire energy conversion chain displayed become. In particular, this can improve the efficiency of regulations and the coordination of the system components are displayed.

Thereby, that the data is transmitted to an external collection point can be, is a detailed and differentiated Object-specific evaluation of data by a specialist at any time possible. Also heat cost accounting and / or consumption-based billing can be done with it and energy certificates are created.

The data calculated in real time correspond to the actual absolute values and / or are kli mabereinigt. For the prognosis z. B. the expected costs are the actual consumption values of interest, for the comparison z. For example, with the consumption of the previous year, the values must be adjusted according to the prevailing climate of the respective year. The data is always available in the required format. These data can be used to compare with data from an energy business plan. This allows the user to react promptly to deviations of the actual values from the values expected in the energy industry plan. The energy business plan can be created or created by the user.

According to claim 22, the real-time energy monitor is characterized in that Consumption forecast includes specially entered target values. The user can see the expected consumption in the real-time energy meter enter. This currently determines the expected Target consumption and compares this with the actual Consumption. Deviations are thus recognizable at any time, the user can react immediately.

The Data calculated in real time can be generated by means of additional actuators be used to control and optimize control devices, because the real-time energy indicator uses this data in the for Domestic engineering regulations necessary frequency and in the required actuality.

About that In addition, the described invention in a house installation comprising a modular real-time energy indicator. As such, the described invention may be an integral part of Home installation, for example, by electrically with the existing house installation is connected, or in already existing control circuits or at least partially replaced. As such, the described invention can be an integral part the z. B. building envelope, for example by at least partially in the existing building envelope is integrated, or at least firmly connected to this.

Summary

The invention relates to a modular real-time energy meter, comprising more than one module: each module is suitable for real-time detection of the energy content of at least one similar energy carrier; suitable for the real-time calculation of data based on this detected energy content of at least one energy source; suitable for the simultaneous real-time output of these calculated in real-time data of more than one module, whereby a standardizable on the environmental conditions overall comparison of complex energy exchange systems, such as. B. buildings is possible, each of which is fed by a variety of different energy sources. In 1 the input and output data interfaces as well as the functional units of the real-time energy indicator are shown.

A exemplary embodiment is illustrated by the drawings and their description. Show it:

1 : Data interfaces and functional units of the real-time energy indicator

2 : Plant schematic and measuring points

3 : Counter flow heat exchanger

4 : Target / actual heating demand

5 : Target fuel consumption

6 : Target Electricity

7 : Deviation from the target value

8th : Consumption analysis

9 : Energy monitor, configuration, video

10 : Energy monitor, parameters / energy checks

11 : Menu tree

12 : EnergyMonitor, parameter input

13 : EnergyMonitor, default page, target values Formula symbols used

used abbreviations

• CHP - combined heat and power plant
• BW - condensing boiler heating
• DC - Direct Current, DC
• Dena German Energy Agency
• DGS - German Society for Solar Energy e. V.
• EEG Renewable Energy Law: Law for the priority of renewable energies in Germany
• EIB - European Installation Bus
• EIB / KNX - successor standard of EIB
• EnEG - Energy Saving Act
• EnEV - Energy Saving Ordinance
• EU Directive - Energy performance of buildings, Directive 2002/91 / EC
• RU - energy supply company
• GDH - Fabrics, Commerce, Services
• HeizAnlV - heating system regulation
• HK - heating circuit
• KfW - Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
• LONBus - Local Operating Network Bus
• M-Bus - Metering Bus
• NT - low temperature heating
• OIS Model - Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model
• PROFIbus - Process Field Bus
• PV - photovoltaic, photovoltaic
• StrS - radiation sensor
• TGA - technical building equipment
• WMZ - heat meter
• WRG - heat recovery
• WSVO - Thermal Insulation Ordinance: Regulation on energy-saving heat protection
• WZ, WWZ - water meter, hot water meter

1 Introduction

The ecological and economic reasons, the current energy supply structure towards a Changing sustainable and self-sufficient energy supply are the subject of numerous discussions in politics and business. Through the media, the political and scientific arguments are brought closer to society as a whole. Especially in the Western world, hardly anyone doubts the need for change. Nevertheless, these countries are struggling to advance change from idealism to achieve long-term security of livelihoods, our environment.

In the economically less developed regions of the world, where the People by far not the standard of living of the US and Europe have, it looks different. Here is the awareness often characterized by pure will to survive. On the one hand exists in these countries, which account for 80% of the world's population but consume only 20% of the energy resources, only a small saving potential, on the other hand it would be one economic, political, social and environmental catastrophe, if this part of the world population the same energy and Need raw materials, like the rest of the world.

The The following graph shows how different per capita energy consumption is in international comparison. The US alone, 5% of the world population represents 25% of fossil energy sources consumed.

If So the long-term supply of energy secured and a prerequisite is to be created to secure world peace, remains only the creation of a sustainable energy and resource cycle system. Only a model implementation in the industrialized countries can be a successful transfer to the "emerging" regions such as Asia, India, Africa and Brazil possible do.

In Germany accounts for approx. 45% of the annual energy demand the use of buildings in the area of household and commercial / trade / services (GHD). As one concludes from this on a high energy saving potential If this could be a worthwhile approach, methods for saving energy could be to develop in this sector. From the assumption, from this high Share of German energy consumption for building use also close to a great savings potential The idea for this master thesis was born.

about half of energy consumption in the household sector and GDH are used for space heating.

Options, permanently check the entire system for efficiency, are described in the present work. Limited The monitoring of energy consumption is not limited to the space heating, but captures all the energy sources the the building for different uses be supplied. The "efficiency test" remains also not only renovated buildings and new buildings reserved, but can also immediately in the unsanierten building stock, the greatest savings potential can be used.

It is also known from research results that user behavior significantly influences the energy consumption in buildings [BINE]. Thus, the specific final energy consumption for heating, hot water and ventilation for 22 identically constructed passive houses, according to the results published by [BINE], ranges from 15 kWh / m ² a to 55 kWh / m ² a, with an average consumption of 32 kWh / m ² a.

Here is the consumption of household electricity not yet considered. In another settlement with 51 identical houses, which was also studied in this research project, the range of specific electricity consumption was from 10 kWh / m ² a to 52 kWh / m ² a.

by virtue of This user influence is a special focus of the Master thesis on the study of the possibilities, the user to energy-saving To encourage behavior has been laid.

Size Parts of the methods described in the Master thesis for evaluation The data collected in the application are not on the energy flows confined in buildings. They also open up all processes related to energy flows, apply.

2 Goal and structure of the master thesis

2.1 Goal of the Master Thesis

The aim of this Master's thesis is the description of a system, here called EnergieMonitor, which monitors and promotes the efficient and economical use of energy in buildings. This will be a system describes the energy flows in buildings, analyzes data for current issues and outputs information about efficiency and savings potential via a display and records data for later evaluations.

For the evaluations are next to the values of energy flows also current climate data, physical and geometric building data and user parameters. This can current, on the respective building related evaluations carried out become.

in the Contrary to the usual recording of plant efficiency, when only the efficiency of individual, separate system components (eg boilers), usually once a year in nominal load cases measured, the EnergyMonitors enables the continuous Determination of total system efficiency. Depending on the arrangement and Configuration of the EnergyMonitor includes this overall system efficiency Producer, storage and distribution losses. For several heat generators can be checked how good these are on each other are coordinated. Through continuous monitoring Plant efficiency also makes maintenance conditions permanent determined.

One further large savings potential offers the needs-based Use of energy to achieve the desired comfort. Unnecessary ventilation, overheating of the rooms, Heating and lighting of unused rooms u. s. w. are Energy waste without any comfort gain. In these cases gives the EnergyMonitor tips on energy-saving behavior.

Furthermore The EnergyMonitor can display the predicted energy consumption (eg. After EnEV calculation) with the actual energy consumption compare and so on potential savings or deviations from to indicate the calculation. For some time, is in the dena projects the 3rd phase "low energy house in stock" Such monitoring for 3 years to check the success required.

Not Lastly, the user himself can choose his energy plan for create his object and enter the target values in the EnergyMonitor. The monitor constantly checks the default values with the current consumption data and predicts if the given Target values are achieved. This can be another savings incentive in the Users are awakened.

Not At last, such a system was only recently introduced by the latest developments in microelectronics and data processing possible. When Example are here the facilities for the collection and settlement of Consumption data mentioned in buildings. billing companies put more and so-called electronic for consumption Heat cost allocator, which can be remotely read by radio. These devices record the radiator and room temperature, store monthly mean and final values and send them by radio permanently installed or mobile receivers. This is one continuous and automatic recording of interesting values possible. These transmitters come with two energy-efficient lithium batteries, operated for up to 15 years. A complex and expensive installation can be due to battery operation eliminates what a retrofit in existing buildings much easier. A wired solution is but always possible

On the same way can hot and cold water meters be read. Many utilities set a similar one Technology for the consumption of gas and electricity and capture the delivered energy in megawatt and kilowatt hours. Even with water meters, the meter readings are increasingly transmitted by radio to mobile receiver.

in the Private sector are such techniques in weather stations and home automation systems encountered.

by virtue of the advancing distribution, these devices become always cheaper. However, for data collection has become and the data passing yet no standard evolved, though these devices already in many different applications can be found. Some manufacturers and service providers have a proprietary one Developed solution for data processing. A Interface to other systems is not provided. One Data-compatible system for measuring equipment like them needed for the Energy Monitor is currently not available on the market. Therefore, in the master's thesis a proposal for standardized data communication, based on those already used in building technology Protocols, worked out.

Similar developments as those just described also apply to the technical possibilities in the field of data storage and processing as well as the operating and display options by means of mini-PC, touch screen, panel PC and the like.

The Data communication via Internet and online remote data evaluation open up further possibilities, equipment and user behavior Check for optimization options to be able to.

at but all technical possibilities must always the cost, the complexity and usability, as well focus on the energy efficiency of the EnergyMonitor.

2.2 General conditions

subdivided in legal, financial and technical conditions briefly described in addition to the aspects already indicated in the introduction, which political and social requirements and considerations have shaped the idea for the EnergieMonitor. Here it becomes clear that there are different reasons, a system like to develop and use the EnergyMonitor.

2.3 Hardware and data communication

In The master's thesis will initially be a selection of already Existing components shown for the construction of a Energy Monitor system needed. The components like for example, sensors, data communication, data storage and Display devices are mostly available But often come from proprietary solutions and are therefore not compatible. The general development in the Building technology, to remote collection of consumption data, but leaves in the near future on integrated solutions hope for an affordable price. In principle, there are solutions already possible with building control technology today but too expensive for a wide use. For the "average user" are These solutions are unsuitable because too much expertise to operate is required and in existing buildings these systems can be retrofitted only with great effort. Suggestions for standardized solutions are described in Chapter 4 Measurement, Data Communication / Logging and Display made.

2.4 Input values and measured values

Subsequently the data required for evaluation are described. If data must be entered by the user, can These mostly from already existing energy demand calculation or the Energy certificates are taken. Many data are transferred automatically The sensors are currently and continuously recorded. The number of Data collected depends on the technical equipment of the Building and the chosen balance room. When Balance sheet are, for example, individual residential units, single-family homes, Office floors, manufacturing processes etc. conceivable.

Chapter 7 Energy Checks describes the processing of the data. Here, methods are shown how conclusions can be drawn from the entered and measured data on energy waste and inefficient energy conversion. Optimization options are explored and the potential savings, based on empirical values from practice, presented to the user. The evaluation of the data can be done online and the result displayed on the display described in chapter 8 User Interface. However, the data can also be used as described in Chapter 9 Data evaluation, subsequently for more complex evaluations. An Internet application according to the CO ₂ check for pumps, heating systems, buildings and the like is conceivable. For examples of these checks, see the homepage www.co2-check.de directed.

in the Chapter 7 energy checks is shown how the data obtained for strategies of self-optimizing controllers to let.

2.5 user interface

One focus of the Master's thesis is the design of the man-machine interface, because it connects the user with the entire building and the system technology on an additional level. The design of the display incorporates aspects of occupational psychology as a formative science. As mentioned above, users can be driven by financial incentives to save energy. The user gets clear and easily interpretable information on how to behave in an energy-efficient way. Furthermore, one can use reference values of comparable objects to classify their own energy indices or specify their own target values (upper limits) for consumption. Also by the savings incentive ge wakes.

Not less important is another functionality of the EnergieMonitor. This continuously monitors the function of the technical Plant on efficiency and determines annual efficiencies, in turn can be compared with reference values. Delivers to For example, if the solar system has no output, this will be signaled to the user and he can tell if this is a normal behavior because of Example, the buffer is already hot, or whether he has one Specialist should consult, because the buffer despite sunshine stays cold.

To The EnergyMonitor determines possible returns and compares these to consumption. Leave it Recognize unused potential savings and through conversion exploit the plant.

Out For reasons of clarity and ease of use are intentionally not made available to the user via the EnergyMonitor Control and control functions provided. The monitor has an evaluation and display function. This concept is chosen wisely, as it is shown in practice has that the complexity of setting options disproportionately increases with the number of centrally controlled devices that themselves can hardly be mastered by professionals. If the EnergieMonitor regulates (optimizes) the system technology, then via a direct interface and only in the frame of self-optimizing control algorithms.

Therefore builds the philosophy of the EnergieMonitor on a decentralized, if possible independently controlled plant units, their "hopefully!" efficient interaction monitored by the EnergieMonitor in the form of a total system efficiency becomes.

2.6 Offline Evaluation Optimization

The Results of the above energy and efficiency checks can be over the user interface is permanently queried. The continuous Recording and storing the data provides the important opportunity Evaluate data also later. It's not just numerous state variables of the building before, but also in this period on the object vorgelegenen Climate values. With this data can be extensive evaluations carried out and opened up further potential savings become.

a Another advantage is the continuous recording of data, from the thermodynamic behavior of the building and the equipment is visible. This is how the heating energy consumption leaves in the building at different outside temperatures on the thermal behavior of the building envelope and close to user behavior. From temperature gradients in the heating system may possibly affect the design and balancing the system technology are closed.

2.7 Savings potential

Out the experience of already implemented optimization measures and the savings using self-optimizing Control systems, the savings potential of the energy monitor is estimated. While average savings potential due derive technical improvements from research results, There are hardly any scientifically proven findings on the savings from the changed user behavior. This may be because that the ideas for "user control" and their Implementation so far little has been scientifically developed. A possible Reason for that is that technical changes and their effects are well quantified. In contrast to User behavior remains a size that only can be statistically recorded.

2.8 Next steps

In This chapter summarizes the technical developments still need to be done, for the system EnergieMonitor required sensors, data transmission and evaluation to provide. Many of the individual components are on the market already available, but not always compatible with each other. Buildings will become weak due to legal regulations evaluated standardized rules and z. Eg by the key figures in energy certificates and energy requirement calculations comparable in terms of energy. This evaluation will take place at a certain time and will be the actual consumption later barely posed. That's why a corresponding evaluation standard should be used developed in the field of energy monitoring and efficiency control thus, on a broad basis, also the continuous energetic Evaluation of the building takes place and thus the energy saving potential can be fully exploited by increasing efficiency.

Appropriate Development work is also for the supportive Software for evaluation, updating and online communication and are described in this chapter. Not least the design of the user interface is the subject of further improvement efforts, Among other things, the experiences in practical use result.

3 The framework conditions

3.1 Legal framework

The above-mentioned reason-based environmental and economic needs for a change in the energy supply system have, over time, taken over the political path in national and international agreements, directives, laws and regulations. In Germany, for example, as a result of the oil crisis in 1973, the Energy Savings Act (EnEG) was adopted, authorizing the Federal Government to adopt energy-saving regulations. This law was created to counter Germany's dependence on oil imports from abroad. The 1992 International Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro took place on the basis of scientific evidence on the effects of increasing energy consumption and related CO ₂ emissions, as well as the accompanying climate change.

As a result of this conference, world-wide groups of agendas have been formed whose goal is to identify opportunities for the sustainable use of our resources. At European level, the EU Directive 2002/91 / EC on the total energy performance of buildings, which is to be implemented by the respective European countries, taking into account the regional and climatic characteristics. The Energy Saving Ordinance, the so-called EnEV, is based on this guideline, as well as the German Heat Insulation Ordinance (WSVO 77) already in force since 1977 and the Heating System Ordinance (HeizAnlV 78) adopted in 1978.

The Among other things, EnEV gives the maximum energy requirement values for Residential building before and sets the calculation rules for the energetic evaluation of the building envelope, as well for the plant engineering firm. Some derive from the EnEV calculation resulting values, are reflected in the methods of energy saving used. See the description of the methods in Chapter 7 Energy checks of the master thesis. The newest addition to the EnEV now also includes regulations for the calculation of non-residential buildings and the obligation to create energy certificates with the determination of energy indicators. These badges are actually for all buildings at the time of a tenant or Ownership obligation. Except from this obligation but are for example architectural monuments. For the others Buildings exist until 01.07.2009 transitional regulations. By the comparable for the respective building type Energy Indicators, intended to discuss the power of real estate and rental market the energy saving potential in new construction, especially but also in existing buildings, by means of energetic renovation, be used.

• • 1. Mittels Berechnung unter Beachtung der bauphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Gebäudehülle und unter der Festlegung standardisierter Klimabedingungen und Nutzerverhalten.
• • 2. Aufgrund von gemessenen Verbrauchswerten von mindestens drei aufeinander folgenden Jahren, unter Berücksichtigung von Faktoren zur Klimabereinigung.

Basically, there are two ways to determine the energy ratios.

• • 1. By calculation taking into account the physical properties of the building envelope and under the definition of standardized climatic conditions and user behavior.
• • 2. Based on measured consumption values of at least three consecutive years, taking into account factors for climate clean-up.

Of the EnergieMonitor is capable of displaying the latest energy figures for the building and thus supplies for the user the possibility of energetic quality of his building, as well as the actual Consumption with the forecasted demand (for example from the EnEV calculation).

For more information and contents of the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) as well as the entire legal basis, visit the homepage of the German Energy Agency (dena) www.dena.de directed. Brochures on EnEV can also be ordered via this address. It is noteworthy that according to § 2 of the EnEG devices for monitoring and functional control of building services, ie such as the EnergieMonitor, are legally required and promoted.

3.2 Technical conditions

The task for now and the future is to create a sustainable energy cycle and to use inexhaustible energy sources. But this should not be at the expense of the environment or climatic To evoke change and to meet the social needs of humanity. The current fossil energy sources can not be replaced by a single alternative in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, to achieve the above goal, a large number of measures must be taken, above all the energy savings.

The The specification of this master's thesis is therefore to show methods as with the already available technical equipment, energy as efficient as possible in the user's desired Shape can be converted. The application of the indicated methods to save energy is possible immediately. Still to be developed technical aids for applying further methods and increasing efficiency are described in the form of a specification.

• 1. Energiebedarf erst gar nicht entstehen lassen.
• 2. Energiewandlung, -transport und -speicherung von der Quelle bis zur Nutzung, sowie die Energiegenerierung möglichst effizient gestalten.

There are two main ways to save energy:

• 1. Energy needs do not arise in the first place.
• 2. Make energy conversion, transport and storage from source to use, and energy generation as efficient as possible.

What the EnergyMonitor performs on both points will be in the following Chapters treated in detail and on concrete examples demonstrated. In addition, in more and more funded Model projects demanded the monitoring of energy flows. As mentioned earlier, in the program of the German Energy Agency (dena), (Low energy house in structure) demanded that after the carried out Remedial measure the energy flows three years be "supervised" for a long time.

3.3 Current state of development and research projects

The conclusion of international studies shows that optimum use of innovative heating, ventilation and air conditioning technology, including lighting management and sun protection systems, could save 30% -70% of the energy used for building use, without sacrificing comfort and convenience for the user [ TGA9 / 07, page 24ff ]. For example, R & T Gebäudetechnik reports 25% energy savings achieved through the installation of new control technology and the use of "Panther" controllers from CentraLine, Honeywell [ TGA9 / 07, page 32ff ]. However, this energy saving is also based on the continuous remote monitoring of the system by a specialist and the manual readjustment of control parameters.

The energy service provider Techem AG is taking a different approach with its "ecotech" system [ TGA9 / 07, page 38 ]. In practice, energy savings of 7% to more than 10% are achieved by reducing the flow temperature. This system works, within specified limits, by means of Fuzzy Logic principle self-optimizing. For this purpose, information is used that is already available as part of the cost of heating, in addition, the flow temperature of the heater must be recorded. At the moment we are working on the theoretical description of the savings effects and on the optimization of the fuzzy logic parameters.

Further Savings effects are achieved by the inclusion of weather forecast data expected on the plant control. This could be through the thermal inertia of buildings unnecessary Heating and cooling cycles are avoided. Due to the buffer and storage effect of buildings for (thermal) Energy could also use active load management with climate prediction data operated for the power grids.

The just presented technical developments set either one regular manual check advance the plant efficiency, or try from one (possibly not well maintained) facility nor the optimum out of useful energy pick up. However, the user needs to determine the useful energy requirement, and this remains out of both systems.

Of the reviewed in this master thesis EnergieMonitor reviewed the overall system efficiency continuously and generates clues for the user to energy-saving behavior. Because man prefers to act rather than dictate the user will only be given behavioral recommendations. Out For psychological reasons, it is therefore up to the user, if he heeds the hints.

4 metrology, data communication / logging, display technology

4.1 The balance room

To Start is to consider what information is necessary and are wished to do so in the aftermath to determine required sensors.

Energy flows are to be recorded and accounted for by value. In addition, values (eg CO ₂ concentration and relative humidity) that can be used to estimate indoor air quality are to be recorded. For this purpose, a balance area must first be defined. Concrete examples of balancing rooms in practice are listed in Chapter 7 Energy Checks. In this chapter we start from a balance sheet of the most general form.

you Imagine a more or less perforated box outdoors, the structure of which is unknown. Watching are only Lines and pipes that come out of the box and disappear into the ground. In addition, living in the box living beings who are communicate badly with each other through sound signs. We do not understand this so-called language. The for They can not give us any interesting information give, but that's not a big loss, since they themselves do not know what they are doing.

• • Thermische Energie
• • Elektrische Energie
• • Strahlungsenergie
• • Chemische Energie
• • Mechanische Energie

The question is therefore:
Which energy flows pass the boundaries of the balance area and in which form? The following classes of energy forms are considered:

• • Thermal energy
• • Electrical power
• • Radiation energy
• • Chemical energy
• • Mechanical energy

These Energy classes, their energy sources and the energy exchange processes will now be described in more detail, since these are a criterion for the selection of sensors are.

The energy, the energy flow and the balance space

• Q(t) Energie im Bilanzraum zur Zeit t₂ [kWh]
• Q .(t) Summe der ein- und ausströmenden Energie,
  
• c₁ Konstante; Energie im Bilanzraum zur Zeit t₁ [h]

The energy Q within the balance space at time t ₂ results from the initial state at time t ₁ and the meanwhile incoming and outgoing energies. It can be calculated with the following formula. Energy that flows into the balancing room is positively defined and energy flowing from the balancing room is defined negatively. The energy state of the balance space at time t ₂ is as follows:

• Q (t) energy in the balance space at time t ₂ [kWh]
• Q. (t) Sum of the incoming and outgoing energy,
  
• c ₁ constant; Energy in the balance space at time t ₁ [h]

Thermal energy:

thermal Energy is bound to matter and can be due to heat conduction (Diffusion) as well as by convection are transported. Latter is still in free convection (location of the center of gravity of the heat transfer medium changes due to density differences in one Gravitational field) and forced convection (location of the center of mass the heat transfer medium changes due to pressure differences). As heat transfer media for thermal energy comes in buildings air, (Heating) water, solar fluid and solid (construction) materials such as wood, masonry, glass, metal and plastic in Question. The thermal energy flow is also called heat.

• u u-Wert, bauteilspezifischer Wärmedurchgangskoeffizient, berechnet nach [ DIN EN ISO 6946:1996 ] [W/m²K]
• A Fläche des Bauteils [m²]
• T_i Temperatur innen [°C]
• T_a Temperatur außen [°C]
• R_si Wärmeübergangswiderstand innen [m²K/W]
• R_se Wärmeübergangswiderstand außen [m²K/W]
• d_i Dicke der Schicht i des Bauteils, (falls das Bauteil aus mehreren Schichten besteht) [m]
• λ_i Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Schicht i [W/mK]

The heat flow due to heat conduction (driven by a temperature difference) can be calculate for a given part as follows: Q. = u · A · (T i - T a ) F 4-2 With

• u u value, component-specific heat transfer coefficient calculated according to [ DIN EN ISO 6946: 1996 ] [W / m ² K]
• A surface of the component [m ² ]
• T _i temperature inside [° C]
• T _a temperature outside [° C]
• R _si heat transfer resistance inside [m ² K / W]
• R _e Heat transfer resistance outside [m ² K / W]
• d _i thickness of the layer i of the component (if the component consists of several layers) [m]
• λ _i thermal conductivity of the layer i [W / mK]

Note that formulas F 4-2 and F 4-3 only approximate the physical-thermal behavior of components and describe them in the stationary case. This means that the environmental conditions must be constant long enough so that a balance between supplied and delivered energy is established. In heat demand calculations, for example according to [ DIN 4108-6 ], however, these formulas are used.

m .

Massenstrom der die Wärme transportiert [kg/h]

c_p

Massenspezifische Wärmekapazität [Wh/kgK]

T_h

hohe Temperatur des Mediums, z. Bsp. Heizungs-Vorlauf [°C]

T_n

niedrige Temperatur des Mediums, z. Bsp. Heizungs-Rücklauf [°C]

The heat flow due to convection can be calculated according to the following formula: Q. = m · c p * (T H - T n ) F 4-4

m.

Mass flow transporting heat [kg / h]

c _p

Mass specific heat capacity [Wh / kgK]

T _h

high temperature of the medium, z. Eg heating flow [° C]

T _n

low temperature of the medium, z. Eg heating return [° C]

Electrical power

The Electrical energy is usually in a few places in the balance room and can therefore be recorded centrally, which usually for billing purposes with electricity meters anyway already happening.

radiant energy

ε₁,ε₂

Emissionsgrade der Fläche 1 und 2 [-]

A

Strahlungsaustauschfläche [m²]

σ

Stefan-Boltzmann-Konstante, 5,67·10^–8 [W/m²K⁴]

T₁, T₂

Thermodynamische Temperaturen der Fläche 1 und 2 [K]

The radiation energy of interest here refers to the thermal radiation, ie electromagnetic waves in the wavelength range of 400 nm-10 ⁶ nm. The balance space is in constant radiation exchange with its surroundings. The calculation of the net energy inflow or outflow is calculated according to the following formula:

ε ₁ , ε ₂

Emissivities of area 1 and 2 [-]

A

Radiation exchange surface [m ² ]

σ

Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67 · 10 ^-8 [W / m ² K ⁴ ]

T ₁ , T ₂

Thermodynamic temperatures of area 1 and 2 [K]

you Note that Formula 4-5 is only valid in the case of large, even, parallel exchange surfaces applies. An exact determination The flow of energy is in practice due to the numerous inhomogeneities and irregularities are not possible. Therefore, approximate and average values are used for the calculation used.

Chemical energy

m

Masse des Energieträgers [kg]

H_u

unterer massenspezifischer Heizwert, [Wh/kg]

beim Einsatz von Brennwerttechnik (Ausnutzung der Kondensationswärme im Abgas) wird auch mit H_o, dem oberen Heizwert gerechnetOften, when it comes to a building, the balance room is supplied with energy in chemically bound form. For example in the form of heating oil, natural gas and biomass (logs, pellets). This is different for buildings that are heated by heat pumps. Here only electrical energy is supplied. The energy supplied can be calculated using the following formula: Q = m × H u F 4-6

m

Mass of the energy carrier [kg]

H _u

lower mass-specific calorific value, [Wh / kg]

When using condensing technology (utilization of the heat of condensation in the exhaust gas) is also calculated with H _o , the upper heating value

Mechanical energy

Theoretically and virtually in the audit area could also be mechanical Energy, for example via one of a wind or water wheel driven shaft, are guided into the balance space. However, this is more of a special case and therefore will not treated in this context, albeit with the appropriate sensors captured the energy and implemented by the in the EnergieMonitor Algorithms could be evaluated.

Now are the essential ones flowing across the system boundary Energy described. But of interest are also types of energy that occur within the audit area and for a specific purpose serve. Before we take a look at the audit room, we want to to clarify the audit area.

at From then on, a balance sheet should be an entire building or a building area, a so-called zone. The system limit is set so that all of the environment or the Environment to the audit room guided energies, this also theoretically available. Processes for energy conversion, storage and distribution take place within the system boundary.

• • Endenergie
• • Nutzenergie
• • Energieverluste

Within the system boundary, we want to distinguish between the following energies, regardless of the form of energy:

• • final energy
• • useful energy
• • energy losses

final energy

The Final energy is the energy that is left to the balance room from the balance sheet limit is available.

usable

The Useful energy is the energy that is ultimately, for example, with 20 ° C room temperature or room lighting, the user is available.

energy losses

It Two types of energy losses are distinguished. On the one hand the losses across the system boundary, on the other hand the losses that initially remain in the balance sheet. These Distinction becomes in the calculation of the energy saving potential and the increase in efficiency is important. In addition to the above mentioned forms of energy, there is also the primary energy, which occurs outside the audit area. She is a measure of the resource consumption and is used in energy demand calculations expelled.

The value of energy in the sense of exergy is not dealt with in this master thesis in the determination of the energy saving potential. However, this interesting approach should be investigated and analyzed in further research. Here the energy flows are accounted for according to the calculations of the EnEV. Furthermore, we do not want to lose ourselves in the smallest energy units in the calculations. The internal energy of an ant, which through one of the many holes in the box the system limits of the balance sheet is not relevant.

Out knowledge of the different forms of energy at the system boundary occur and the interesting energy flows within of the audit area can be a list of required Create sensors. As a reminder, it is pointed out again that the balance area has different dimensions and functions (condominium, one-family house, block of flats, office floor, Commercial complex) and accordingly different energy flows must be recorded.

• • Temperaturen von Fluiden und Feststoffen
• • Massen bzw. Volumen von Energieträgern, fest, flüssig, gasförmig
• • Elektrische Energie
• • Thermisch wirksame Einstrahlung, Globalstrahlung
• • Luftgeschwindigkeiten

To calculate the energy flows, record:

• • Temperatures of fluids and solids
• • Masses or volumes of energy carriers, solid, liquid, gaseous
• • Electrical power
• • Thermal radiation, global radiation
• • Air speeds

through The density can be converted between volume and mass. Of the Mass or volume flow is possibly over replacement sizes and to determine corresponding diagrams. For example, from the Power consumption of a fan motor (measured) and the thus generated pressure difference (measured) over the device characteristic the corresponding volume flow can be determined.

Out the thus read volume flow and the still to be measured air temperature and the assumption of an average relative humidity and the specific heat capacity of the air calculate the average enthalpy current.

Next the heat there are other factors for the comfort in the balance room are crucial. For investigation meaningful parameters are currently extensive research projects under way. In the context of this master thesis Let's look at two relatively easy-to-grasp parameters restrict.

• • Luftfeuchtigkeit
• • CO₂-Gehalt der Luft

To determine the indoor climate, the following values are to be recorded:

• • Humidity
• • CO ₂ content of the air

5 input values

Guiding principle for parameter input

For the evaluation of the measured values and the nominal / actual comparison described in Chapter 7 Energy checks, parameters must be set in the EnergyMonitor. As an example, the existing system technology and the energy carrier must be entered. On the other hand, energy-relevant building-specific data (eg heated volume, useful area) as well as usage-specific data (eg number of persons, times of use, etc.) must be entered. The building data can be used to calculate the energy demand according to [ DIN V 4108 Part 6 ] for residential buildings and [ DIN 18599 part 2 ] for non-residential buildings. If an energy demand calculation is not available, this can also be created later. Otherwise, some of the checks and energy figures will have to be dispensed with for the time being.

The Design of the parameter input is guided by the idea that the required values even from a layman without specific knowledge can be determined and entered. different Degrees of detail will be available if possible Default or selection values are specified. Depending on existing technical equipment, become (by the user or installer) building technical Modules added modularly, the required parameters queried, as well as the presence of the necessary sensors for Data acquisition checked.

The Construction-specific data should be engineering have been determined and can the required according to EnEV Energy requirement calculations are taken. The more detailed this Information is available, the more concrete energy saving potential be shown. In the simplest case is still the comparison of own energy consumption with reference values possible, and thus checking if the building is the planned one or the desired energy efficiency class.

• • Nutzerparameter (1, 1.9)
• • Gebäudeparameter (1, 1.8)
• • Anlagenparameter (1, 1.7)
• • Zielwertvorgaben (1, 1.5)
• • EnEV-Bedarfswerte (1, 1.8)

The parameter input is divided into the areas:

• • user parameters ( 1 , 1.9)
• • building parameters ( 1 , 1.8)
• • Plant parameters ( 1 , 1.7)
• • target values ( 1 , 1.5)
• • EnEV demand values ( 1 , 1.8)

User parameters ( 1 , 1.9)

Around personal consumption values for plausibility check and display statistical values, In the user parameter module, the number of persons holding the balance sheet can be determined use, be specified. If parts of the audit space become permanent not used, so the heated share of the total balance room to reduce. The same applies if the building temporarily not used. Then the usage period will be reduced accordingly. Furthermore, the user can choose the desired enter average room temperature.

Building parameters ( 1 , 1.8)

In the building information module, the house type (apartment, house, office, public building, commercial) is to be selected first. The other queried parameters are most easily and completely taken from the energy demand calculation, which in any case must be available for new buildings or has been subsequently created for existing buildings, perhaps as part of an energy consultation. The energy certificates also show most of the data. To enter is the energy reference area A _N. Attention, this does not have to match the living space. Furthermore, the heated volume V and the Hüllfäche A _H. If required, the specific transmission heat loss H _{t is also} available. This value indicates, which heat per 1 K temperature difference between room and outside temperature is lost by transmission. He is thus a measure of the insulation quality of the outer shell.

The EnergyMonitor is able to calculate the expected energy consumption based on the measured data for the balance area (geometry) and the components (H _t value) based on the measured actual climate data and compare them with the actual consumption values. Based on this information, a separate consideration of the heat losses through transmission and ventilation is possible. While transmission losses depend mainly on the nature of the building envelope and the climatic conditions of the environment, ventilation losses are significantly influenced by the type of use and behavior of users. In leaky buildings, the ventilation losses also depend on the outside temperatures and the wind situation. This can be used to derive recommendations for energy-saving measures.

Plant parameters ( 1 , 1.7)

• • Ölheizung
• • Gasheizung
• • Pelletsheizung
• • Wärmepumpe
• • Blockheizkraftwerk (BHKW)
• • Festbrennstoffe
• • Wasserbereitung
• • Puffer/Boiler
• • Wärmeübergabesystem
• • Hilfsenergie
• • Lüftungsanlage mit und ohne Wärmerückgewinnung (WRG)
• • Thermische Solaranlage
• • Fotovoltaikanlage
• • Elektrozähler
• • Wasserzähler
• • Klimasensoren

This subchapter describes the possible input parameters as examples for the following plants:

• • oil heating
• • Gas heating
• • pellet heating
• • heat pump
• • combined heat and power plant (CHP)
• • solid fuels
• • Water preparation
• • Buffer / boiler
• • heat transfer system
• • Power supply
• • Ventilation system with and without heat recovery (WRG)
• • Thermal solar system
• • Photovoltaic system
• • Electric meter
• • Water meter
• • climate sensors

Heating oil

As interested in all heat generation systems here supplied energy. By selecting "oil heater" is the energy source heating oil set, the lower Calorific value to 10.4 kWh / kg preset. This value can be changed and will be marked as no longer default. enter is also the rated capacity of the boiler and the type (Constant temperature, NT, BW).

gas heating

Provided no further gas consumers are installed in the building, the consumption value displayed on the counter corresponds to the the amount of energy supplied to the heater. This can either over an automatic optical detection or over an already existing data interface, possibly for consumption remote recording of the energy supplier. Indicate is also the Rated output of the boiler and the type of system (NT, BW).

Pellet heating ( 2 , 2.2)

The supplied energy corresponds to the amount of pellets, these is proportional to the revolutions of the feed screw. By marking the shaft and optical detection, the number revolutions are detected. Enter the parameter, how much Pellets are fed per revolution. This is from the manufacturer to ask. Enter also the nominal power of the Boiler and type (NT, BW).

heat pump

for the time being an electrically operated heat pump is provided. (By other power driven heat pumps are in the EnergyMonitor also implementable) The drive energy is thus through a separate electricity meter easy to record. adjust is, whether it is an air / water, brine / water or water / water Heat pump is because they differ in the number of working. Furthermore the nominal power has to be adjusted.

Combined heat and power plant (CHP)

The Energy sources for CHPs are mostly gas, (bio-) diesel or vegetable oil. As with fuel oil, the amount of energy for (bio-) diesel and vegetable oil an oil meter can be determined. The gas quantity is over one Counter with data interface or via optical Detect detection. The CHP module is therefore the source of energy to choose, as well as the thermal and electrical rated power adjust

solid fuels

In many single-family homes but also increasingly smaller ones Apartment buildings are in the apartments stoves for burning so-called solid fuels such as wood or coal encountered. These stoves are more or less used for heating used the living spaces, but some are also considerable Quantities of the heating demand thereby covered. The user should check for energy needs and efficiency definitely as good as possible in a period of time Enter the amount of fuel burned.

Water heating

at the water heating is crucial, whether this is from the boiler is taken over or done separately. At the disconnected Water heating is to indicate the energy source.

Buffer / boiler / combination buffer

to Evaluation of the memory losses are details of the existing To make system technology. The buffer is used for storing thermal Power for the heating system, the boiler makes warm Water ready. For systems the heating water and hot water in a device (eg stratified tank, tank in tank systems), the selection Combo buffer must be made. In all cases, the entire contents of the container in liters.

Heat transfer system

in principle There are two heat transfer systems to distinguish. On the one hand the radiators and on the other hand the surface heating systems, such as underfloor and wall heating due to the larger heating surfaces with lower System temperatures get along. For checking the optimum, the lowest possible flow temperature for later offline evaluation this information to the heating system of interest. When this equipment parameter is selected were the type of heat transfer system (radiator, Floor heating, wall heating, air heating) and if known specify the design temperatures.

power supply

The electrical energy for the operation of the heating and Ventilation systems is used, is referred to as auxiliary power. In energy demand calculations and to determine the primary energy demand of a Building, the auxiliary energy is charged extra. If a separate meter for recording the power consumption is installed, select this module. In the comment field The registered pumps and system components should be entered become.

Ventilation system with and without heat recovery (WRG) ( 2 , 2.5)

It must be set in the EnergyMonitor whether a decentralized or central ventilation system is installed. In the case of a central system, indicate whether it is an exhaust air system, a ventilation system with or without heat recovery or a ventilation system with heat recovery and downstream air / air or air / water heat pump. The heat recovery coefficient Φ to be taken from the data sheets of ventilation systems with heat recovery must also be stated. The recovery rate indicates what percentage of the heat (based on the temperature) that would be lost through window ventilation (T _i - T _a), can be recovered using a heat recovery (T _on - T _a), ie:

at new ventilation units should be over the value 85% lie.

Thermal solar system ( 2 , 2.1)

Around to calculate the efficiency of the solar system are in this module the size and the orientation, and the type of plant (flat / tube collector). At the energy check more accurate statements about the functionality To be able to receive the combination with a radiation sensor is recommended.

photovoltaic panels

For the function monitoring of photovoltaic systems are located numerous systems are on the market. Because PV systems are largely independent work in the building from the rest of the plant technology, The function can also be monitored independently. Via communication interface to the feed-in counter The yields can be combined with the irradiation sensor system-specific monitoring. The system size is entered in kWp, the type of modules and the orientation.

Water meter ( 2 , 2.3)

Interesting is also the water consumption, if possible after cold and Hot water separately. This is what the module water meter, here hot and cold water can be collected separately or from Total meters of hot water to be deducted.

Electric meter ( 2 , 2.8)

With An electric meter can be created in this module. Of the Consumption is checked for special load profiles. For example, relatively high peaks or constant base load or even during the absence of the users or at night.

The model house in 2 shows a detached house with typical equipment, as it occurs more frequently in the future in new buildings. Heating by means of regenerative energy sources (pellets) and water-bearing distribution system. Solar support of heating and domestic water heating. Use of a central buffer to store energy during the summer and to reduce the burner timing during the heating season. To ensure the air quality, the required air exchange rate is mechanically ensured as required by means of a residential ventilation system. To further reduce heat losses through ventilation, the ventilation system is equipped with a counterflow heat exchanger for heat recovery.

Target values, specifications of the user ( 1 , 1.5)

to Cost and consumption control, the user can according to a Energy Business Plan own targets for fuel and pretend water. Inputs are annual and monthly values, each possible for 18 months in advance.

by virtue of the actual consumption values becomes the consumption Monthly or year-end forecast. Thus, the compliance can the target values are constantly checked.

EnEV demand values ( 1 , 1.8)

For a target-actual comparison of the calculated demand values with the actual ones Consumption values are the calculated demand values in the module "EnEV demand values" to enter. Care must be taken here that, from the calculations, the heating requirement, So the useful energy necessary for heating the rooms is, must be registered. This results from the heat losses through transmission and ventilation, diminished around the internal and solar profits. The heating demand is in the calculations usually in kWh.

at the compilation of energy demand calculations according to EnEV, are for most buildings use the heating period procedure and the monthly balance sheet procedure allowed as calculation method. During the heating period process a single annual heating demand for provides the average climate at the central German location, You get from the monthly balance sheet for each month calculated a Heizwärmedungsswert, Accordingly in the module "EnEV demand values" the alternatives Annual value or monthly values selected and entered accordingly become. Since the values from the EnEV calculation are based on of the reference climate at the location "Germany" the measured consumption value must be used for the target / actual comparison be climate-purified. This is what the EnergyMonitor does the measured outside temperature and the stored standard climate data independently through.

parameter list

In The following list shows the user, building and system parameters, as well as the input options for Target value and the EnEV demand values are listed. Depending on which functions the user configures in the EnergyMonitor, and which sensors are installed, this can more or less Perform checks. Not all parameters are always used for online evaluation, some (eg rated services) are intended for offline evaluations.

None the parameter must be entered by the user. If for example only the solar system can be checked for efficiency should no user parameters be entered. That's the EnergyMonitor flexible, can be extended at a later date be and can change conditions to adjust.

Deposited in the EnergyMonitor values

In order for the EnergyMonitor to be able to display the measured consumptions and calculated energy indices in comparison to the average values of other buildings, the monitor displays reference values for the different building types ( 1 , 1.1). These reference values come from the VDI Guidelines of the 2067 Series "Economy of Building Services" and Series 3807 "Energy and Water Consumption Characteristics for Buildings and Land" , If required, this data can be updated via the update function of the EnergyMonitor.

The same applies to the reference climate data ( 1 , 1.10) in Germany, the one for German represent the country's fictitious average climate. Since the energy requirement according to EnEV was calculated under specified boundary conditions, a conversion of the setpoint value to the actual climatic data is necessary for a target / actual comparison. The actual climate data at the location, z. B. outside temperature and radiation, are known from the measurement. The climate data for the location Germany and 15 other regions come from the DIN 4108 - Part 6 , The allocation of the building location to the standardized climatic region is made via the postal code, which can be entered in the building parameters.

6 Measured values

Preliminary note

at the previous building management systems and system regulations are sensors and sensing devices, according to the to install and configure the capturing value. The data are configured in specially for the respective building Software evaluated. That leads to every building to an individually developed solution and thus at high cost. In addition, each system is designed differently is why the user or operator must be trained separately.

One The aim of this master's thesis is, therefore, an object-oriented Standard, which determines the values to be recorded on the basis of the selected system engineering and configuration the associated sensors automated or the user Intuitively guide your Energy Monitor to the desired level To bring it up. Quasi a plug-and-play system for the EnergyMonitor.

• • Klimawerte
• • Behaglichkeitswerte
• • Wärmeerzeugung (Heizung)
• • Kälteerzeugung
• • Thermische Solaranlage
• • Lüftungsanlage mit und ohne Wärmerückgewinnung (WRG)
• • Wärmespeicherung/-übergabe (Puffer/Boiler/Heizflächen)
• • Hilfsenergie
• • Wasserzähler
• • Elektrozähler

Again, the division into modules as already known from the previous chapter. The following modules are planned for the first expansion stage.

• • Climate change
• • Comfort values
• • heat generation (heating)
• • refrigeration
• • Thermal solar system
• • Ventilation system with and without heat recovery (WRG)
• • heat storage / transfer (buffer / boiler / heating surfaces)
• • Power supply
• • Water meter
• • Electric meter

Climate data ( 2 , 2.9)

Of the current heat demand of a building becomes relevant determined by the outside temperature, whose course therefore too capture is. To determine the possible solar gains the current radiation supply must be measured. Wind, humidity and air pressure are already detected by modern home weather stations and sent via wireless or wired to a central office. These values could, as well as the commercial digital ones Weather forecasts, used for heating and climate control become. For the EnergieMonitor, the capture is enough the outside temperature and the global radiation.

Comfort values ( 2 , 2.6 and 2.7)

The EnergieMonitor gives the user clear signals, which behavior has a favorable effect on the energy consumption. One way to save energy is to interrupt the supply of energy when a desired comfort criterion is reached. For this purpose, the air temperature, humidity and the CO ₂ value are to be measured in the rooms. For this purpose, a mobile sensor, which can be used in different places, makes sense.

Heat generation (heating) ( 2 , WMZ1 and 2.2)

at Heat generation in buildings depends on it which degree of utilization (ie efficiency over a averaged over a certain period of time, eg B. a year) reached the plant. The efficiency in nominal load operation can usually be easily read the datasheet remove. In old systems, this is often much better than the degree of utilization. Even the annual utility, the different Utilization of capacity utilization is achieved Equipment not.

Of the actual annual efficiency is easy determine when the amount of energy supplied, determined By quantity measurement and calorific value, with the amount of energy delivered is set in proportion. To the effort for to limit the metrological equipment is recommended to add to the production losses also the distribution losses. That is, the amount of energy delivered should be the amount of useful energy correspond. Accordingly, an energy meter (or Flow and return temperature and volume flow meter) at the Place to place where the heat energy in the heated Case is led. From here are line losses to internal heat gains (except when laying cables in the outer wall). With this arrangement, the annual efficiency of the entire investment system.

If the degree of utilization falls below a certain value to consider in detail whether it is generating, storing or distribution lies. Should the counter not be at the limit the envelope surface can be installed, is a calculated compensation of the heat consumption value by detecting the length of the pipes that are not in the heated Cover are laid, possible. To the estimate The line losses can average values based on the Pipe dimension and their dam standard can be determined.

additionally It is interesting to see the running times, downtimes and the To record the number of cycles of the boiler. Out of it can be Statements about the profitability of this mode of operation to meet.

refrigeration

As Heat generation systems can also be used for cooling Energy utilization rates by detecting the energy supplied and calculate the energy extracted from the room and compare it with reference values. Again, the counters should be at the limit of the chilled Case will be placed to the "net" cooling capacity in the balance area.

Thermal solar system ( 2 , Solar radiation)

More frequently Solar regulators are offered, which also heat the output Show. For this purpose, a heat quantity measurement is advisable, the takes place near the buffer, since losses of the Collector and piping. The validity of the displayed values, currently in the market located solar controller with heat quantity measurement depends however, by the interpretation ability of the user from, since it has no comparative values available through the controller be put. Plant defects are only recognized here if the Regulator can be checked regularly. As the Control function is substantially improved, is discussed in Chapter 7 Energy checks shown.

Ventilation system with and without heat recovery (WRG) ( 2 , 2.5)

Under Ventilation systems are systems that use motorized Support a desired air change in a room, a zone or a building. The air exchange should therefore be controlled and made as needed. The term needs is not to be underestimated and contains several statements. He means that much is ventilated that a comfortable indoor climate is ensured and structural damage, z. B. by condensation in moist Spaces is avoided. He also means that there is aired where air pollution due to moisture, odors and pollutants arise. On the other hand, it is no longer ventilated as necessary. Just leave today in the airtight construction to greatly reduce heat losses through ventilation.

requirement is that the ventilation equipment works efficiently. This is checked by the EnergyMonitor. In the event that more energy for the engines of the ventilation system is spent, as compared to the window ventilation can be saved, the user gets a hint. The user gets also through the EnergieMonitor the hint, if a ventilation system must be serviced.

to Determining the efficiency of the plant must be the effort (usually in the form of electrical energy) the benefit, ie saved thermal energy the (Nach-) heating, are opposite. Proof of the economic use of energy, must take into account the different Ventilation systems done. See also chapter 7 energy checks.

at pure exhaust air systems, the outside temperature, the internal temperature, the electrical fan power and the volume flow measured become. The volume flow can usually only with large Measure effort and great inaccuracy. Is easier the measurement of the pressure in the piping on the ventilation unit is applied.

at Ventilation systems with heat recovery must be used to determine the heat recovery effect additionally the supply air temperature at the ventilation system be measured. Can be changed over a period pressure changes in the ventilation ducts at the same power level, This may be an indication of upcoming maintenance work. Many of these values are in the controls of the ventilation systems captured and should have a standardized interface be given to the outside.

Heat storage / transfer (buffer / boiler / heating surfaces) ( 2 , F1, F2) The temperature conditions in the storage and distribution system are necessary for a large number of evaluations. As an example, here are the determination of the standby losses, as well as the review of the system settings and the control algorithms called. Practice shows again and again that at the point of heat storage and distribution due to unfavorable settings (too high flow temperatures, always heated storage) avoidable losses.

power supply

To Possibility, the auxiliary power should be recorded separately. Newer generation pumps can use bus technology be equipped. This can also be more interesting Values such as delivery head, volumetric flow, Record operating hours, energy and power consumption.

Water meter ( 2 , 2.3)

Of the economical use of the resource water is becoming increasingly important This food is not because of the occurring dry periods always and everywhere in sufficient quantity available will stand. In addition to the shortage, the expansion and the necessary renewal of the municipal pipeline networks to one Increase the cost of tap water. To the user in the future to sensitize for its water consumption is its continuous capture and visualization makes sense.

water meter are increasingly equipped with radio modules for remote reading. Thus, these counters could wireless us without extra effort connected to the EnergyMonitor. Condition is again a unified data transfer protocol. additionally By logging the water consumption can also be effective Leakage protection can be realized.

Electric meter ( 2 , 2.8)

Increasingly "Consumers" sneak into the buildings which permanently convert electrical energy into heat. In the heating season these consumers are one, albeit uneconomic, Heat generation method in the summer months These devices also generate additional cooling requirements. about the continuous detection of the related electrical power, can be determined by peak values and base load references tracking down hidden consumers.

In 2 is the model house presented with a selection of measurement technology. The places in the 2 Plotted measuring points are chosen wisely. With this measuring equipment, extensive energy analyzes and efficiency checks are possible. See chapter 7 energy checks.

The Measuring points are chosen so that line, distribution and Memory losses in the calculation of the total system efficiency can be included. This is how the entire irradiation offer the solar system detected by the radiation sensor, the solar Yields are measured just before being fed into the buffer. The losses of the pipes from the roof to the basement are thus taken into account in the quotient of solar yield and radiation supply. The same applies to the acquisition of useful heat, which measured only at the transition into the heated shell becomes.

The climate sensors, which in the future will ensure adequate ventilation, must be installed where the greatest indoor air pollution is to be expected. For the humidity sensor z. B. the bathroom, the kitchen or rooms with low surface temperatures, suitable places. The CO ₂ sensor ( 2 , 2.6) should be placed in the most used space. As the use of the rooms in the course can also change the day mobile sensors are a sensible alternative to fixed mounted. The room temperature sensor should be installed in a "reference room" that best represents the desired room temperature. To avoid places that are exposed to strong temperature fluctuations, for example, by sunlight, radiators or cooking activities.

7 energy checks

The possible energy checks depend of course from the configured systems, the installed measuring technology and from the parameters entered by the user and possible target values from. The EnergyMonitor is also already with few input variables, due to numerous stored defaults able to energy figures deliver and perform plausibility checks.

With the continuous measurements and evaluations of the EnergyMonitor results in the most diverse climate and conditions of use a new quality of efficiency control and the Uncovering savings potential. It will be one Gaps in the systematic detection of potential savings closed in the building and plant area.

In the business and financial world it is quite common commercial business plans for a given To create a period in advance and keep up-to-date with the current achieved values. This will be early Deviations from the planning are visible and it can be remedied by appropriate measures counteracted the current trend of consumption become.

in the EnergieMonitor can make such energy business plans for heating, electricity and water, year and month-specific deposited the monitor takes over the continuous check of the plan and gives actual mellowings and the predicted Final values for the period under review.

A other type of checks that EnergieMonitor also performs, are the calculations of degrees of utilization and labor numbers for entire plant systems that convert final energy into useful energy. It can thus "average" levels of utilization over a certain period of time, among the typical for the object Part load ratios are determined. With that you can Notes on service and maintenance work are generated. In the new version of the EnEV 2007 will be the maintenance and review of ventilation and air conditioning systems every 10 years legally required. As mentioned above, another one is big advantage of the EnergyMonitor is the calculation of the total system efficiency.

This shows if the different plant components such as several heat generators, solar system and storage facility are optimally matched to each other.

The Just described checks are for review the efficient use and the efficient production of energy. Another way to reduce energy consumption, is the need-based use of energy to ensure the desired room climate. The EnergyMonitor therefore shows Ventilation demand or requires closing the Open the window when the desired indoor climate is reached. can the user between window ventilation and operation of the ventilation system decide, shows the EnergieMonitor the energetically each cheaper Ventilation variant on.

The following is a selection of energy checks that are relevant to the model house in 2 can be performed. A list of all possible checks would be beyond the scope of the master's thesis, and numerous other evaluations can be carried out offline if necessary based on the recorded data.

7.1 Efficiency

Heat generation - heat storage - heat distribution

As already mentioned above, the efficiency of energy conversion in the building is expressed by a total system efficiency, which is derived from the energy supplied (final energy, eg fuel, electricity) ( 2 , z. B. BZ1, 2.8) and the energy output (useful energy, eg heat) ( 2 , z. B. WMZ1) can be calculated. Therefore, when acquiring the values, make sure that the sensors are installed in the appropriate places in the system where the respective types of energy occur.

• • Kaltwassertemperatur T_KW = 10°C
• • Warmwassertemperatur T_WW = 45°C

lässt sich die für das Warmwasser benötigte Wärmeenergie aus Qtw = V·ρ·cpw·(TWW – TKW) F 7-1mit

V

gemessene Wassermenge in Liter

ρ

Dichte des Wassers 1,0 kg/l

c_pw

spezifische Wärmekapazität des Wassers 1,06 kWh/kgK

berechnen.To the in 2 Plotted points is the useful energy by means of the heat meter WMZ1, the final energy detected by the fuel meter BZ1 and the water required for hot water through the counter WWZ. With the assumptions

• • Chilled water temperature T _KW = 10 ° C
• • Hot water temperature T _WW = 45 ° C

lets out the heat energy required for the hot water Qtw = V · ρ · c pw * (T WW - T KW ) F 7-1 With

V

measured amount of water in liters

ρ

Density of water 1.0 kg / l

c _pw

specific heat capacity of water 1.06 kWh / kgK

to calculate.

The losses reflect the different building situations. Even if the new building is absolutely better than the existing one with the energy consumption and losses, the losses in the case of unfavorable system design can be significant as a percentage. 0% loss means that the system components are not available at all. The producer can theoretically even have an efficiency of over 100%, quasi supplying energy to it. In practice, this energy production works only by utilizing condensing technology, the energy content is not based on the calorific value, but on the lower calorific value. The average loss values to be used for calculations are for new construction in the [ DIN V 4701-10 ], for existing buildings one finds corresponding values in [ DIN V 4701-12 ] and in [dena, workbook].

η_HZ

Nutzungsgrad Heizanlage [-]

Q_h

Nutzwärme Heizung, gemessen mit WMZ1 [kWh]

Q_ww

Nutzwärme Warmwasser aus WZ1 berechnet [kWh]

Q_WE

Endenergie Wärme, [kWh], Brennstoff gemessen mit BZ1 und berechnet: Brennstoffmenge·spezifischer Heizwert = Endenergie

With the measured values for final energy and useful energy for heating and the useful energy for hot water determined according to formula F 7-1, the degree of utilization of the heating including hot water can be determined using the following formula.

η _HZ

Utilization of heating system [-]

Q _h

Useful heat heating, measured with WMZ1 [kWh]

Q _ww

Useful heat DHW calculated from WZ1 [kWh]

Q _WE

Final energy Heat, [kWh], fuel measured with BZ1 and calculated: amount of fuel · specific calorific value = final energy

Across from the standard efficiency that manufacturers use for their boilers indicate, this calculation of the degree of utilization has the advantage that here also the losses of the possibly existing memory, distribution losses and the losses for the distribution of hot water and, if necessary to enter the circulation.

The benchmark figures (inverse of the degree of utilization) of 71 buildings of different sizes and equipment can be used as reference values from [ DIN V 4701-10 ] are used. These effort figures represent annual average expenditure figures.

Of the The quotient of useful and final energy could theoretically be permanent be formed, but this does not make sense, because there is no stationary Condition exists. If the readings but over two days be averaged over, for example, a moving average, then a quasi-current degree of utilization can be determined and compare with the annual.

Thermal solar system ( 2 , 2.1)

By means of a thermal solar system, the solar radiation is "captured", that is converted from radiation energy into heat energy and transferred to a heat transfer medium, which transports the energy into the building. Solar systems are used for hot water preparation and for heating support. Among other things, for frost protection reasons, no water, but a water-glycol mixture is used as the heat transfer medium. In order to harness the heat in the process water and heating circuit, it has to open these media are transmitted. Since the solar energy supply does not always coincide with the demand in time, a storage system must be integrated in the system.

The 2 schematically shows the necessary system components and the measuring equipment for determining the efficiency of the system.

The solar radiation available at the location of the building is emitted by the radiation sensor ( 2 , Solar radiation) on the roof. The sensor should have the same orientation with its active sensor surface as the solar collector. In case of possible shading, the sensor should be positioned so that the shading of the sensor is similar to the shading of the collector.

Of course, the collector does not convert all of the incident radiation into 100% heat energy. The absorber surfaces, which heat up when the radiation hits and reach operating temperatures of over 100 ° C, must be protected against cooling down. For this purpose, the collector is covered on the sunny side with a transparent glass, the frame and bottom of the collector is lined with insulating material. In 2 you can see the structure of a flat collector.

The incident solar radiation is partially reflected on the glass. The proportion of passing through the disk is determined by the transmission factor τ of the Described glass. The remaining radiation is only partial absorbed by the absorber sheets. The proportion is due to the absorption rate α of Coating of the collector plate determined. After all Heat losses occur when the collector is warmer as the environment becomes. The descriptive size is the so-called thermal dissipation factor of the collector, the area-specific loss factor is often called k-value of the collector is called.

Of the Thermal loss factor is not only made up of convection and Transmission shares together, but also from losses through Radiation, which disproportionately with increasing temperature difference increase. In the representation of the temperature difference-dependent Collector efficiency, therefore, the radiation losses considered by a quadratic term.

η

Wirkungsgrad des Kollektors [-]

η₀

Konversionsfaktor [-] (= τ·α)

k₁

Kollektorkennzahl 1 [W/m²K]

k₂

Kollektorkennzahl 2 [W/m²K²]

q ._N

spezifische Nutzleistung [W/m²]

G ._d

Gesamteinstrahlung [W/m²]

T_Kol

Kollektortemperatur [°C]

T_U

Umgebungstemperatur [°C]

The efficiency of a collector results from the ratio of dissipated net power q. _N , and the total radiation G. _d on the collector. The collector efficiency can be approximated by the following term:

η

Efficiency of the collector [-]

η ₀

Conversion factor [-] (= τ · α)

k ₁

Collector code 1 [W / m ² K]

k ₂

Collector code 2 [W / m ² K ² ]

q. _N

specific net power [W / m ² ]

G. _d

Total irradiation [W / m ² ]

T _Col

Collector temperature [° C]

T _U

Ambient temperature [° C]

The collector efficiency thus depends on the operating temperature and on the irradiation power. The collector temperature is not distributed in practice over the entire collector and also usually not known. Therefore, the reference temperature of the heat transfer medium is often taken at the collector and the efficiency with a correction factor, F _R ≈ 0.95 applied.

• 1. Überprüfen, ob eine vorhandene Solaranlage den Ertrag erbringt, den sie aufgrund der gemessenen Einstrahlung und der vorhandenen hydraulischen Verschaltung erbringen müsste.
• 2. Ermitteln, welche Deckungsrate die Solaranlage unter optimalen hydraulischen und regelungstechnischen Randbedingungen erbringen könnte.
• 3. (Falls noch keine Solaranlage vorhanden ist) Welche Energieersparnis eine 10 m² große Solaranlage erbringen könnte.

The aim of the efficiency check for solar thermal systems is:

• 1. Check whether an existing solar system provides the yield that it would have to provide based on the measured irradiation and the existing hydraulic interconnection.
• 2. Determine what coverage rate the solar system could provide under optimal hydraulic and control conditions.
• 3. (If there is no solar system yet) What energy savings could a 10 m ² solar system provide.

These checks require a radiation sensor to detect the radiation. Furthermore, the actual yields of the solar system are determined by the heat meter WMZ2 ( 2 ) detected.

The possible solar yields result from the measured irradiation taking into account the efficiency. As described above, the efficiency depends on the temperature difference between the inlet temperature at the collector and the ambient temperature. The outside temperature is assumed as the ambient temperature, the inlet temperature is determined by the flow temperature of the solar system, measured at the WMZ2 ( 2 ), approximated. Assuming that the solar cables are well insulated, the inlet temperature is only slightly lower than the flow temperature.

Estimation of the temperature drop on the solar line:

• 20 m solar line, line loss 0.2 W / mK ( EnEV standard . DIN V 4701-10 )
• Temperature difference heat transfer medium 50 ° C and environment (room) 20 ° C; ΔT = 30K => 20 m · 0.2 W / mK · 30 K = 120 W power loss
• 10 m ² collector, medium flow 40 l / m ² h (high flow), c _pMedium = 1 Wh / l => 10 m ² · 40 l / m ² h * 1 Wh / l K = 400 W / K Heat capacity flow => 120 W / 400 W / K = 0.3 K temperature drop

One Part of the energy loss is due to the lower inlet temperature, the resulting lower collector temperature and thereby better Efficiency of the collector compensated again.

Calculation for Check 1:

Actual yield (benefit):

• Q. N measured with WMZ2

Solar target yield:

• Q. Sol = η · G. d · A Col.

• Q. _Sol

  Solar target yield [KWh]

  η

  Efficiency from diagram, [-] Inlet temperature equal to flow temperature

  G. _d

  Irradiation measured with StrS [W / m ² ]

  A _col

  Collector surface system parameters [m ² ]

The Deviation of the actual yield from the target yield becomes displayed to the user.

Calculation to Check 2:

Around the maximum possible returns will be determined as inlet temperature, the return temperature of the heating circuit Ideally, the collector is available stands. If warm water is also heated in the same buffer, so the inflowing cold water cools the heating return in addition. Thus, the collector inlet temperature even lower and the solar yields higher.

Possible solar yield:

• Q. Sol = η · G. d · A Col.

• Q. _Sol

  Solar target yield

  η

  Efficiency from diagram [-] Inlet temperature equal to the return temperature heating circuit

  G. _d

  Irradiation measured with StrS [W / m ² ]

  A _col

  Collector surface system parameters [m ² ]

The possible returns are displayed to the user.

Storage

When entering the parameter "buffer", the user has the option of the number of temperature sensors select. In practice, three sensors have proven themselves. These should be installed at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the height of the buffer. On the one hand, the interested user sees the current "state of charge" and can observe charging and discharging processes. So he gets a sense of how fast and by what processes the state of charge changes. The user can thus household with the stored thermal energy. For intelligent control systems, too, the temperatures in different zones are of interest for loading the buffer. Simple regulations usually do not offer the possibility to connect several sensors.

• 1. Wieviel Energie verliert der Puffer, ohne Entnahme von Nutzenergie?
• 2. Kann der Puffer in der umgebenden Anlagen- und Steuerungstechnik seine Aufgabe als Energiespeicher für Solaranlage und andere Wärmeerzeuger erfüllen?
• 3. Funktioniert in Kombi- und Schichtspeicher die Temperaturschichtung und befindet sich die kälteste Stelle des Puffers beim Solarwärmeübertrager.

The following efficiency checks are carried out with the information on the temperature profiles in the memory / buffer:

• 1. How much energy does the buffer lose without removing useful energy?
• 2. Can the buffer in the surrounding plant and control technology fulfill its role as energy storage for solar system and other heat generators?
• 3. Works in combination and layer memory, the temperature stratification and is the coldest point of the buffer at the solar heat exchanger.

Evaluations for Check 1, Temperature loss:

Of the Heat loss of a store, without any useful heat is taken, has several causes. On the one hand, so-called Standby losses caused by good thermal insulation of the memory can be minimized.

Of the Value for the standby losses depends on the Storage and ambient temperature. In the data sheets the memory is the value mostly for a temperature difference from 40K to 45K and per day in kWh / d. typical Values for 300 l-1000 l storage are 1.5 kWh / d-5 kWh / d. This means a temperature loss of 4 K-6 K per day, due to standby losses.

For the buffer tank VPS S 1000 of the company Vaillant with 1000 l ready volume is at a buffer temperature of 65 ° C and an ambient temperature of 20 ° C, a standby loss of 4.6 kWh / d indicated. This corresponds to a cooling of 4 K within 24 Hours.

often cool buffers overnight, in less than 12 hours 10K off. This can have the following causes.

Of the Buffer including the hydraulic connections, should be with good insulating material completely insulated be to minimize standby losses. Otherwise you can by cooling the hydraulic connections small local circulation circuits in the pipelines form, whereby warm water flows from the buffer into the line, there cools and flows back into the buffer.

One further reason for heat losses of the buffer over Night, a cycle is due to the collector of the principle of gravity can train. The solar fluid cools in the collector and can be switched off by the Solar pump sink into the buffer. At the same time rises over the solar heat exchanger heated solar fluid in the collector. This cycle must be controlled by a gravity brake be prevented. This is often not at all or wrong Place mounted.

If Temperature drops in the buffer on useful heat withdrawals or due to the heat losses described above are, can be determined by the heat quantity measurement at the heating system and the hot water demand. Whether the buffer while the temperature measurement was reheated is over the heat quantity measurement of the solar circuit and the fuel supply seen.

Out this measured data could be the heat loss of the memory to be calculated in. This assumes, however, that all mentioned sensors are installed. Relatively simple is the Heat loss of the store overnight and outside the heating season (outside temperature> 20 ° C).

T_V

Temperatur im Vorlauf [°C]

T_P

Puffertemperatur [°C]

T_U

Umgebungstemperatur [°C]

a

Abklingfaktor [l/h]

t

Zeitverlauf [h]

But also from the temperature curves, which are measured by the three temperature sensors in different heights of the buffer, the average temperature loss can be determined. The course of the temperature due to heat loss can be approximated by the following exponential function: T V = (T P - T U ) · E -at + T U F 7-4

T _V

Temperature in the flow [° C]

T _P

Buffer temperature [° C]

T _U

Ambient temperature [° C]

a

Decay factor [l / h]

t

Time course [h]

Of the Temperature history in the buffer would have to be without reheating and heat extraction should be strictly monotonically decreasing, with decreasing Temperature differences at the same time intervals. Used in ¼-hour measurements, for example between 24:00 Clock and 6:00 clock, so then when the least consumption and reheating are expected, this temperature behavior is detected, this is most likely due to standby heat losses to lead back. Because of the possible different loading conditions and those discussed above Heat loss reasons, must be the cooling processes do not run identically in the different heights. The heat loss can, however, from the three sensor values be averaged. The upper sensor tends to become the Find the lowest losses, as this zone most undisturbed loading and unloading operations and on the buffer walls cooled water sinks down. The biggest Changes will be in the lower part of the buffer Adjust, as the cooled water on the walls flows down.

the Users are provided the information by how many degrees the buffer cools at 65 ° C operating temperature in 24 hours and what amount of energy this corresponds to. Maximum values will be indicated for comparison.

Evaluations for Check 2:

The Solar system can only deliver in sunshine, if the provided buffer can accommodate them. In the summer months, in which no heating energy is needed, the radiation supply but the biggest, it is due to a full loaded buffer (i.e., maximum buffer operating temperature reached) occur that no income can be stored. In heating and solar systems, it also happens that solar yields, because of previously heated by the boiler buffer (it is said: charged Buffer), can not be fed, although to the same Time heat is needed for the heating. Cause are not optimally set regulations that charging allow the buffer, although solar energy available or charge the buffer shortly before sunrise.

Of the EnergieMonitor sums up the times in which the solar system passes through the preheated buffer is blocked, although heat energy is needed, and gives this to the user with a hint known.

Evaluations for Check 3:

As described above, the efficiency of the collector is greater, the lower the inlet temperature of the heat transfer medium is in the collector. For this reason, the solar heat exchanger should located at the coldest point in the buffer, as a rule in the lower part of the store. However, the loading works and removal of the heat is not always optimal so that always in the lower part of the buffer is the coldest point. For buffers with cold water supply from below, the buffer is in the bottom The coldest area, but also warms up there fastest when the solar heat exchange is down. It would be better if the energy of the collector in the upper layers would be fed.

With The proposed three temperature sensors can be the EnergyMonitor Check the actual temperature stratification in the buffer and displays the current values to the user. When mixing is a hint appears.

Ventilation systems ( 2 , 2.5)

In the following, ventilation systems are checked for their efficiency. The task of a ventilation system is to ensure a minimum air change. The air exchange rate results from the air pollution by humidity, CO ₂ , smell, etc. in the context of the use of space. By default, it is assumed that an air exchange rate of 0.5 l / h, ie the total air volume exchanged every 2 hours, is sufficient. Depending on the use of space, this exchange of air may be sufficient or insufficient. Energy-saving and comfortable is the need-based ventilation, the air pollution is detected by sensors and is released when exceeding a limit value. Essential for a well-functioning ventilation are good planning, to ensure a demand-based flow through the rooms, as well an airtight construction to avoid uncontrollable air currents. A blower-door test checks the execution of airtight construction for new construction and renovation.

• • Dezentrale Anlagen
• • Zentrale Anlagen Abluftanlagen Abluft- und Zuluftanlagen Anlagen mit Wärmerückgewinnung Anlagen mit Abwärmenutzung durch Wärmepumpe

For the controlled home ventilation different concepts and systems are offered, which must be differentiated in terms of their function and must be checked differently. There are the following system concepts:

• • Distributed facilities
• • Central systems Exhaust air systems Exhaust air and supply air systems Systems with heat recovery Systems with waste heat utilization by heat pump

decentralized Plants that provide room-by-room exchange of air with the environment, can hardly be checked for efficiency in metrological practice. The monitoring is limited to the facilities turn on if necessary and with sufficiently good air quality off.

headquarters Plants on the other hand allow the measurement of the supplied energy at one point. Central exhaust air systems provide for the necessary air changes in the rooms, in which they at a Place air in the building by means of a fan Vacuum building and blow outside. The air supply takes place through inflow openings in windows or walls in the individual rooms, with the inflowing Air outside temperature has. Instead of the Nachströmöffnungen With a little more effort can also be a piping system for the supply air will be installed. This can also be internal Supply rooms with fresh air. With both systems can the necessary minimum air changes are ensured.

For these systems can be determined ^three air by measuring the energy consumption per m exchanged. Reference values for comparison are as shown in [ DIN V 4701-10 ] contain.

Tabelle 7.1 Leistungsaufnahme Lüftungsanlagen mit WRG

Table 7.1 Power consumption Ventilation systems with heat recovery

The power required depends on the efficiency of the electric motors, the design of the piping network and the maintenance condition of the filters. As Table 7.1 shows, DC motors (DC motors) are particularly efficient. A meaningful design of the pipe network is the task of a planner, whereas the maintenance of the system and the regular cleaning of the filters are the responsibility of the user / operator. For the maintenance status of the ventilation system, the EnergieMonitor can provide information about the comparison with reference values and the temporal evolution of power consumption at a defined volume flow. For ventilation systems without heat recovery, the reference values given in Table 7.1 must be reduced to approx. 0.25 W / m ³ / h.

A metrological challenge is the determination of supply and Exhaust air volume flows. A cost-effective and Robust option is currently not offered. Some Manufacturers of fans provide the output for regulatory purposes the data on the current power consumption and speed the fan on. About the device characteristic Thus, the pressure generated and the volume flow can be determined. To develop is an interface (eg M-Bus) with this Data can be transmitted to the EnergyMonitor.

Our show house is equipped with a central ventilation system with heat recovery. In 2 the ventilation system as well as the sensors necessary for the efficiency check are shown.

Requirements check

The EnergieMonitor determines via the CO ₂ sensor ( 2 , 2.6) and the relative humidity sensor ( 2 , 2.7), the current air quality and indicates whether it must be aired at all now. The sensor (s) should therefore be placed where the greatest indoor air load is expected.

efficiency check

It is determined what power is required to exchange one m ^{3 of} air in one hour. Electricity efficiency should be better than the average values of [ DIN V 4701-10 ] be. A value of 0.25 W / m ³ / h should be aimed for. The EnergyMonitor displays the actual and setpoint values to the user.

Ventilation Description Checklist

Next the many reasons with the ventilation system It is also sometimes useful to ensure air exchange to use the classic window ventilation. This makes out energetic point of view then sense if the effect of heat recovery less than the energy consumption for the fan motors.

In order to be able to balance the energy flows of a ventilation system physically correctly, one would have to consider the enthalpy flows. However, these are dependent on the composition of the air, its temperature, air pressure, etc., and for the purpose of the observation neither with reasonable effort to measure nor necessary for the energy estimation. Therefore, to evaluate the efficiency of heat recovery, the so-called heat recovery coefficient Φ is introduced. Due to the fact that they supply the highest possible supply air temperatures, counterflow heat exchangers are frequently used in ventilation systems. The temperature profile in the heat exchanger looks like in 3 shown off.

Φ

Rückwärmezahl [-]

T₁₁

Abluft [°C]

T₂₁

Frischluft [°C]

T₂₂

Zuluft [°C]

The heat recovery rate is the ratio of the actual increase in temperature of the supply air to the theoretically maximum achievable increase in temperature in the ideal heat exchanger. For domestic ventilation it can be assumed that the volume flows of supply and exhaust air are the same. Furthermore, it is assumed that the supply and exhaust air have on average the same heat capacity.

Φ

Heat recovery coefficient [-]

T ₁₁

Exhaust air [° C]

T ₂₁

Fresh air [° C]

T ₂₂

Supply air [° C]

The reference value for the heat recovery number is 0.9. Good ventilation systems have a heat recovery coefficient of approx. 0.92, for example the ventilation unit thermos 200/300 DC from Paul-Ventilation [ www.paul-lueftung.net ]. The user is given the measured heat recovery coefficient and the reference value if the value is less than 0.8.

Q ._WRG

zurück gewonnene Wärme [W]

ρ_L

Dichte der Luft (= 1,2 kg/m³, bei 20°C)

V .

Volumenstrom [m³/h]

c_pL

Durchschnittliche Wärmekapazität der Luft (= 0,279 Wh/kgK)

Φ

Rückwärmezahl [-]

T₁₁

Abluft [°C]

T₂₁

Frischluft [°C]

T₂₂

Zuluft [°C]

The recovered energy flow can be calculated according to the formula: Q. WRG = ρ L · V · · c pL · Φ (T 11 - T 21 ) = ρ L · V · · c pL * (T 22 - T 21 ) F 7-6

Q. _WRG

recovered heat [W]

ρ _L

Density of air (= 1.2 kg / m ³ , at 20 ° C)

V.

Flow rate [m ³ / h]

c _pL

Average heat capacity of air (= 0.279 Wh / kgK)

Φ

Heat recovery coefficient [-]

T ₁₁

Exhaust air [° C]

T ₂₁

Fresh air [° C]

T ₂₂

Supply air [° C]

The formula shows that the lower the temperature difference between outdoor and room temperature, the lower the energy recovered. Energetically, ventilation by manual window ventilation makes sense as soon as the outside temperature is above the desired room temperature. But since the fans require electrical energy, regardless of the temperature of the air they transport, it makes sense to ventilate even at lower outside temperatures than the room temperature by means of windows. Then, if the energy recovery is less than the energy required to operate the ventilation, the EnergyMonitor recommends switching off the ventilation and ventilating it by means of window ventilation. From a primary energy perspective, window ventilation should be switched even earlier because the primary energy factor f _p = 3.0 (as of 1 October 2007, f _p = 2.7) is applied to the electricity mix and the primary energy expenditure for the conventional afterheating is approx _p = 1.3.

Of the annual recovery rate of a ventilation system should be at 8-10, that is, annually through the ventilation system recovered energy in kWh, that should be 8-10 times that for ventilation be spent electrical energy. This number will also be determined and displayed by the EnergyMonitor.

maintenance check

Even the best system technology reduces the efficiency, when a certain degree of pollution and wear is achieved. This is often a creeping process and sometimes becomes so noticed in a total failure of the plant. The years unnecessary More energy consumption therefore often goes undetected. For good Reason, the newly revised EnEV 2007 calls for review of the ventilation systems every 10 years.

η_efz

Elektroeffizienz [W/m³/h]

P_anl

Anlagenleistung [W]

V ._anl

Volumenstrom ausgetauschte Luft [m³/h]

The EnergyMonitor provides the monitoring of the ventilation system free of charge daily with, if necessary, the indication that the electrical efficiency has deteriorated. The value results from the absorbed power and the volume flow generated with it. With the value η _efz already determined in the efficiency _check , a pending maintenance can be displayed via its change over time, with comparable performance. η efz = P anl / V. anl F7-7

η _efz

Electrical efficiency [W / m ³ / h]

P _anl

Plant power [W]

V. _anl

Volume flow exchanged air [m ³ / h]

7.2 Target / actual consumption

Of the EnergieMonitor offers the option of calculated heating demand values with the actual consumption values for heating heat continuously compare and see results in a chart display. The demand values are for each new building EnEV § 13, energy requirement identification. With the energy requirement pass, become the special energetic characteristics of a energy-saving house (passive house, KfW 40/60 House). It is recommended before any extensive Remediation also carry out an energy requirement calculation, from the predicted heating demand walk. Every builder will be interested in seeing him at the Planning assured energetic properties of his building be maintained during the use phase.

The heating demand is calculated taking into account the geometrical factors of the building and the physical properties of the building components. However, usage, user behavior and climatic conditions also have a major impact on energy consumption. To ensure that buildings of the same size and design, which are located in different climatic zones and inhabited by different users, are comparable, the energy requirements according to EnEV are the same for all buildings. For example, domestic hot water requirements are set at 12.5 kWh / m ² a, and the air exchange rate is 0.6 or 0.7 l / h depending on the air-tightness of the building. The room temperature must be set at 19 ° C. For the climate average values of a fictitious location "Germany" according to [ DIN 4801-6 ] apply. When entering the target demand values, make sure that the demand values for the heating heat have been calculated according to the rules of the EnEV! With software programs to support energy consulting, demand values can also be determined under other usage and climatic conditions. This is useful for recreating a specific year of use, but for use as a target, these values are inappropriate.

• 1. Das Heizperiodenverfahren
• 2. Das Monatsbilanzverfahren

In principle there are two permissible methods according to EnEV to calculate the energy demand values.

• 1. The heating period method
• 2. The monthly balance sheet procedure

The Heating period method provides a heating demand value for a year. The monthly balance sheet provides for every month a heating demand. In the parameter input of the EnergyMonitor you have to select the appropriate procedure and enter the one or the 12 values. If only the annual heating demand is known and entered, the EnergyMonitor will inform accordingly the degree day figures at the location Germany this value on the twelve Months up. This ensures that the consumption is monthly can be compared with the target.

The measured energy consumption, which is compared with the (target) demand values, is, of course, influenced by the current climate values and user behavior. So that a direct comparison with the demand values calculated under standard boundary conditions is possible, the measured consumption values are also converted to the standard climate at the location Germany. This is called climate cleaning of consumption values. For this purpose, the data of the climate at the location Germany are stored in the EnergieMonitor. The actual weather values are to be determined by means of outside temperature sensor and radiation sensor ( 2 ) detected.

The example 4 shows that the current heating consumption is lower than the calculated demand, but only because in the last six months the climate was above average. Climate-adjusted consumption would be higher. Since fluctuations in the climate were calculated out, the remaining target / actual deviations are to be attributed to the user behavior or to the building or the system technology. It is assumed that the planner / energy consultant conscientiously recorded the energetic properties of the building and correctly calculated the demand. To monitor and increase the efficiency of plant technology and control, the EnergieMonitor provides numerous assistance, as described here. The comparison of the EnEV standard user behavior with the actual, perhaps opens up further potential energy savings in the behavior of the user. Finally, an in-depth analysis of energy demand calculation and construction can reveal further reasons for target / actual deviations.

7.3 Target values (user specifications)

With The EnergyMonitor gives the user the opportunity to enter self-imposed energy saving targets and these continuously to check for compliance. The user gets either the confirmation that reached his goal or even undercut or he will be timely for deviations pointed out to take action as the goal can still be achieved.

The user can set fuel consumption targets ( 5 ), the power consumption ( 6 ) and to the water consumption. The respective consumption recording must be installed and configured in the parameter settings in the EnergyMonitor. The targets are for one year, the consumption analysis is done daily. The user is shown the compliance with the target value specification as follows.

The user has to enter the desired fuel requirement for an average climate year of his region. The assignment to one of the 15 climatic regions according to [ DIN 4108-6 ] in Germany is done by entering the postal code in the building parameters. According to the reference climate data of the selected region, the fuel consumption is distributed over the months. The division within one month takes place evenly over the number of days. This results in the black, solid curve in 5 Target fuel consumption. The measured consumption values are summed for the past period and plotted to "today", dashed curve in 5 , With the data collected on the actual climate, a climate cleanup is carried out on the reference climate of the region. For comparison these data are also entered in the diagram dotted curve in 5 , For the forecast, it is assumed that the average climate will be "from today" to the end of the target period and that the previous deviation from target and climate-adjusted consumption will be maintained.

Something the calculation of the target value output is easier for the consumption types electricity and water. By way of example, this is on Target value of electricity declared.

The target value for electricity is also entered for one year. The distribution of electricity consumption is linear over the entire year. Climatic adjustments are not made. The power consumption is summed up to "today" for the past period, dashed curve in 6 , The forecasted Ver consumption until the end of the target period results from the still daily expected power consumption, taking into account the previous average deviation. Same procedure also with the water consumption.

The current deviations are as in 7 displayed to the user via the display. Furthermore, he gets the opportunity to get more detailed information to get to the causes of the deviation to get to the bottom, or to change its consumption behavior accordingly.

7.4 Energy Indicators

On the basis of the EnEV 2007, which enters into force on 01.10.2007, has a potential tenant or potential buyer a property the right to submit an energy certificate to let. With a transitional period until July 1, 2009 this to residential and non-residential buildings too. In public Buildings should be a notice board with key figures above inform the energy efficiency of the building. In this Framework, the energy indicators and their representation become one familiarized with the general public.

• 1. Der bedarfsorientierte Energieausweis
• 2. Der verbrauchsorientierte Energieausweis

The energy key figures are intended to give the owner or user, or buyer and tenant interested in a building, information comparable to reference values about its energetic state. There are two options for determining these key figures:

• 1. The demand-oriented energy certificate
• 2. The consumption-oriented energy certificate

In the demand-oriented energy pass, the key figures are calculated based on the building data under standardized conditions. The key figures obtained are the "total energy efficiency", which is represented by the primary energy requirement per m ² and year. Likewise, the final energy demand, ie the energy delivered to the building, is shown.

For the consumption-based energy certificate, the key figures are calculated from the consumption of the last three years. This data is automatically determined by the EnergyMonitor. In order to obtain comparable values again, the consumption figures have to be climate-adjusted. The EnergyMonitor provides these figures for fuel consumption, auxiliary energy, if this is recorded separately, and CO ₂ emissions.

additionally to the energy parameters according to EnEV, the energy monitor also provides the consumption figures for electricity and water and shows additionally the reference values.

7.5 Consumption instructions

In addition to the above-mentioned energy figures for fuel consumption, electricity and water, the consumption patterns with regard to potential savings or secret energy wasters are investigated. From the permanent record of the current reference, z. B. in 8th shown performance profile.

at In this example it can be seen that in the pictured Period the performance never dropped below 153W. For a year Extrapolated, this results in a consumption of 1,340 kWh Base load. In the case of a detached house this means permanent Consumption about 25% to 30% of the total consumption of electrical energy.

These Base load is, mostly unnoticed by the user, by electrical devices caused in stand-by mode. Unnoticed because of these devices once connected to the mains and then forgotten will be that it is a power consumer. Other "silent" base load sources are constantly plugged in power supplies, even if just no cell phone, battery, ect. is charged, bell transformers, Transformers for low-voltage lights when these are on the low-voltage side are switched, clocks of the electric stove, Telephone systems, Answering machines, Fax machines, Antenna amplifiers, Sat receivers, heating pumps that run unnecessarily, etc .. This list could easily fill an A4 page.

The user gets the base load of the last 2 weeks displayed. The consumption profile is displayed on the page of the efficiency checks. Based on this, the user can also determine devices with peak load. With the EnergieMonitor, the user also has the option to record the power consumption of individual devices at any time and without any additional effort. It is only the device on or off and the Än the power output at the EnergieMonitor. This is particularly advantageous for devices that are permanently connected to the mains and have no connector such. As electric stove, fume hood, heating, lighting, etc.

With The collection of water consumption can also be useful Precautionary measures apply to water damage limit and avoid wasting water. By checking, whether water is withdrawn continuously over a long period, effective leaks can be identified. Likewise the amount of water per withdrawal may be an indication of leaks. This way, a message or signal can be displayed via the EnergyMonitor be discontinued if, for example, over the duration of 30 minutes of uninterrupted water was taken. Likewise, a Note given if z. B. 300 l of water taken without interruption become. Of course, it's worth thinking in advance which and how many users have this water meter be supplied. Also via the menu Energy Indicators, the user can change his consumption profile for water show the last two weeks. The taps are issued in liters per tap. This allows recurring tap volumes recognize and analyze for potential savings (eg toilet flushing).

8 design user interface

• 1. Mit Bezug auf die Bedürfnisse des Nutzers.
• 2. Unter ergonomischen Gesichtspunkten.

The design of the user interface as an input and output interface between the user and the building technology is of major importance under two aspects.

• 1. With respect to the needs of the user.
• 2. From an ergonomic point of view.

8.1 Consideration of needs of the user

aim it is that the EnergieMonitor needs as possible many potential users satisfied and so numerous and effective can be used. Let human needs are in urgent need of existence (eg. Breathing, heat, drinking food, sleep), basic needs (eg health, environment, order) and luxury needs organize. At first glance, the EnergyMonitor could a device for the satisfaction of luxury needs be. So he has to look chic and be a device which one likes to look at and show proudly. Because luxury needs individually very different, the EnergyMonitor would only for a possibly small layer of people in question come. Existence and basic needs, however, are for many people alike: food, drink, warmth, health, Protection. In that sense, the energy savings and the comfort So also an existential and basic need of man. Many become more and more aware of this connection. To fulfillment this need, the EnergieMonitor the user for his object the possible and achieved savings show. The savings potential may be a lot of effort balanced and this even more energy efficient Behavior animates as possible through the target value setting is.

8.2 Ergonomic design guidelines

Ergonomics provides hints for the user-friendly and user-friendly design of the user interface. A benchmark for the (software) ergonomic design are the Standards of the series ISO 9241 "Ergonomics of the human-system interaction", which in the years 1996 to 1999 and subsequently adopted as both European and DIN standards. Part 110 "Principles of Dialog Design" defines the following quality criteria, which result in the following specific design guidelines for the EnergieMonitor:

• Task appropriateness

The Functionality must be for task fulfillment suitable and possible with few interactions. Concrete That means the user wants a specific room climate reach its target values or energy saving notes You can view them without having to enter numerous entries each time and to carry out lengthy actions. It is not appropriate, if before every action first a computer start up, load the current data and the evaluation program to start would be. In addition, about the User interface the often complex relationships and data summarized on the plant page and simplified, the cognitive Capabilities of the user.

• self-descriptiveness

The User interface should present itself understandable to the user, this can be done by means of help and feedback on inputs. By the use of pictograms can sometimes also not common technical terms are replaced in ads.

• controllability

The Control of the dialogue should be possible by the user be, he should always have a way to the starting position feature. For necessary sequences of inputs and outputs, the user should be guided through a menu become.

• expectation conformity

output formats and input options should meet the expectations of the user in particular, consistency is between like Pay attention to objects and adapt to the user model.

• Fault tolerance

detected Errors do not prevent the user target, but become the user displayed as directly as possible. The user should be at Finding and correcting mistakes whenever possible get supported.

• Customizability

Of the Users should customize the design of the user interface to his To adapt to needs and goals.

• learning support

The Interface should be the user in navigation as in the exchange of information guide and minimize the learning time.

The 7 principles of dialogue design were supplemented by the multimedia standard of 2003 DIN EN ISO 14915 Software Ergonomics for Multimedia User Interfaces Part 1: "Design Principles and Framework Conditions" with four additional basic principles that are also applicable to the EnergieMonitor:

• Suitability for communicative aim

The The types of information provided by the EnergieMonitor correspond to the expected by the user. It is clear whether it is z. For example, target values, measured values or calculated values.

• aptitude for perception and understanding

The Information is communicated easily and correctly. The actual measured values are for better assessability provided by the user, reference values in the same unit.

• Suitability for finding information

information despite being ignorant about subject areas easily interpreted and arranged. With the help of color design is displayed to value values and notes as good or critical are. If possible, tendencies of change displayed.

• Suitability for user participation

The Program should motivate to use and attract the attention of Excite user. This is achieved by giving the user his set and enter your own goals. In addition, him the savings success and further saving potentials displayed.

The A measure of usability or usability of a product are efficiency (is the goal achieved), effectiveness (at what cost the goal is achieved) and satisfaction (are satisfies the needs of the user). For these requirements Further design guidelines can be derived. Some are mentioned here by way of example.

• readability

Of the Contrast between text or symbols and background should be so big that the information is read in all lighting conditions or can be detected. Backgrounds should do not distract, be monochromatic or have only subtle patterns. The Display must be easy to read in bright surroundings and the surface may not reflect. In dark surroundings, a bright display is allowed do not dazzle and may need to be darkened. Text should be static, emphasis should be used sparingly.

• Layout

By a clear structure and easy operation, the site should be so accessible be made as possible and the user as possible quickly convey the information you want. hierarchies are to represent clearly, to group information meaningfully. Contents and references are often language-independent through pictograms and show graphically.

• attention

The Attention of the user can be through intense colors and gain strong contrast. Sharp contours make it easier Recognition of symbols and words.

• Conventions

It There are certain design conventions that keep recurring and therefore assumed or assumed by the user. In western Cultures, a text flow is expected from left to right. objects have meaning according to their size. Above on the side is the most important thing.

8.3 User interface of the EnergyMonitor

The User interface was designed according to the guidelines just described. The user is intuitively guided through the menu items, without him in the order of the menu items to be edited limit. Another important feature is that the user when navigating through the menu items at any time the overview keep the menu structure and return to the start page can.

When the EnergieMonitor is first put into operation, ie when the user connects to the power supply for the first time, the user gets the opportunity to watch a learning video or switch directly to the configuration of the EnergieMonitor, as in 9 shown.

No later than after the learning video, the user is under the Help menu too at a later time he can see again into the configuration menu with the option Enter the parameters of his object or the desired ones To select energy checks. To the options short message texts can be displayed.

In the 11 the menu tree including the submenus is shown.

entered Parameters are described in detail in Chapter 5 Input Values. The description of the energy checks can be found in Chapter 7 Energy Checks.

Edited parameter inputs and selected energy checks are marked as processed for the user with a check mark, as in the 12 shown.

The Editing the parameters and selecting the energy checks can at any time via the standard page called and completed or changed. Likewise, up to this No sensors yet installed and sent to the EnergyMonitor be connected. But at the latest when choosing energy checks, the user gets a hint if sensors or information about the user or the building used for the evaluation of the selected Checks are necessary, still missing.

This procedure gives the user an overview of the possibilities of the EnergyMonitor and learns which sensors need to be retrofitted in order to be available for the desired functions. The required information about the user, the building, the system technology and the target values as well as the sensor addresses are to be entered in the parameter entries. After this initial commissioning, the user will in the future receive the standard page with the building type designed according to his input. It also shows the selected plant components and sensors as shown in 13 shown.

Of the EnergieMonitor can thus be tailored to the conditions of a person special building, a variety of plant combinations and user preferences are tuned.

about the configuration of the EnergyMonitor by selecting the plants and sensors, this is also capable of availability to check the required sensors. On the basis of device and sensor addresses, the EnergieMonitor assign the received data to the measuring points or indicates that Sensors are not yet installed or ready to send. options for standardized data communication and data protocols already in chapter 4 measuring technology, data communication / logging, display technology presented.

Since not all configuration options can be described within the scope of the master thesis, the master house configuration has been selected for the following detailed presentation. (EFH, pellets, ventilation, solar, CO ₂ , rel.F, heating, water, electricity) "

about four main menu items, the user can enter the already entered Check and complete parameters, as well as the evaluations of the energy checks. On each Page can be accessed via the Help button "?" In to change the help mode. In this mode is the navigation as usual but the user gets to each menu selection and parameter input a help text and explanations are displayed. The return to the standard mode is at any time by closing of the help mode possible.

To The EnergyMonitor starts to enter the necessary parameters with the recording of the data and their evaluation. All important Notes and warnings already appear on the default page.

• 1. Energiesparhinweise zum Nutzerverhalten, Energieeinsparmöglichkeiten,
• 2. Warnhinweise zur Konsultation eines Fachmanns, Eingriff in die Anlage nötig.
• 3. Hinweise zu den Soll-Ist-Verbräuchen siehe 13 EnergieMonitor, Standardseite, Zielwerte

The notes can be divided into three categories:

• 1. Energy-saving hints on user behavior, energy saving options,
• 2. Warnings for the consultation of a specialist, intervention in the plant necessary.
• 3. For information on the target / actual consumption see 13 EnergieMonitor, standard page, target values

With The energy-saving instructions of category 1 become clear to the user and succinct ways to save energy Behavior shown. For example, window ventilation instead of plant ventilation proposed; the verification of power consumption recommended by stand-by devices; on excessive Water consumption pointed out; to excessive room temperature made attentive; an increase in nighttime lowering proposed; from overheating due to solar energy inputs warned.

at Category 2 warnings, the user should be a specialist consult because the system or regulation is not optimally adjusted is. Examples are; the buffer cools strongly; the buffer is preheated by the heater before the solar system supply energy would; Plant efficiency of heating or ventilation is below the reference value.

Hints deliver to the evaluations of the target / actual consumption the user updated daily information about its consumption level. So that the current consumption can be better classified, the Deviations from the target in% indicated and the tendency in the form of a Directional arrows are displayed. By clicking in the building marked systems and sensors, the user gets more Detailed information on the energy flows is displayed.

In general, values are not displayed exclusively as pure numerical values, but are always set in relation to ecologically and economically sensible reference values. The deviation from the reference value is additionally assessed by color coding. Green represents a deviation in the direction of "favorable", red a deviation to "unfavorable" in terms of energy and resource consumption (thus also in financial terms). The amount of the deviation from the reference value is additionally determined by the distance of the mark representations on the scales.

• • Vergleich der Soll-Ist-Verbräuche
• • Durchführung von Effizienzchecks
• • Ermittlung von Energiekennzahlen

erreicht man über die gleichnamigen Menüpunkte. Sofern weitere Untermenüs zur Verfügung stehen, kann der Nutzer diese durch Anklicken aufrufen. Eine interaktive Hilfe, bzw. eine kurze Erklärung, wird stets bei Bedarf über den Hilfemodus „?” angeboten. Als weiteres Beispiel ist hier die Auswertung der Zielwertvorgabe und des bisherigen Verbrauchs, mit der Prognose für den Betrachtungszeitraum abgebildet. Bei klimaabhängigen Verbrauchswerten werden die tatsächlichen Werte sowie für Vergleiche mit Referenzwerten die klimabereinigten Verbrauchswerte dargestellt. Zum Vergleich des Verbrauchs mit Zielwerten wird auf das Standardklima der Referenzregion bereinigt, bei der Ermittlung von Energiekennzahlen muss auf das Referenzklima am Standort Deutschland bereinigt werden.The three main functions of the EnergyMonitor

• • Comparison of the target-actual consumption
• • Performance of efficiency checks
• • Determination of energy figures

can be reached via the same menu items. If further submenus are available, the user can call them up by clicking on them. An interactive help, or a brief explanation, is always offered when needed via the help mode "?". As another example, here is the evaluation of the target value specification and the previous consumption, with the forecast for the period under consideration. For climate-dependent consumption values, the actual values and for comparisons with reference values the climate-adjusted consumption values are displayed. In order to compare the consumption with target values, the standard climate of the reference region is adjusted, and in the determination of energy key figures, the reference climate in Germany must be adjusted.

Should the user the EnEV demand values from an energy demand calculation have entered, so these are the actual Consumption and climate-adjusted consumption data. The Results can be found in detail under the item Demand Consumption in the set-actual consumption menu.

On the basis of further graphics under the menus efficiency check and energy figures, analyzes of the consumption and energy profiles can be carried out and potential for savings can be developed. The EnergieMonitor also determines energy performance indicators. These figures are used as part of the energy performance certificates and serve to compare the energy properties of buildings. Under the menu item energy key figures, these are to be found in today's usual representation of the color tacho. The EnergyMonitor not only determines the energy index for fuel consumption and CO ₂ emissions, but also for electricity and water consumption.

9 Subsequent evaluation, optimization

• • Optimierung der Anlagen- und Regelungstechnik
• • Veränderungsvorschläge zum Nutzerverhalten
• • Realisierung selbstlernender Regelungen
• • Thermodynamisches Verhalten des Gebäudes
• • Energetische Eigenschaften des Gebäudes als Planungsgrundlage für Sanierungsmaßnahmen

The regular and simultaneous recording of the energy, consumption and climate data by the EnergieMonitor offers an outstanding possibility for the subsequent data analysis. On the basis of these evaluations, further analyzes and optimizations can be carried out in the following areas:

• • Optimization of plant and control technology
• • Change suggestions for user behavior
• • Implementation of self-learning regulations
• • Thermodynamic behavior of the building
• • Energetic properties of the building as a planning basis for renovation measures

• • Absenkung der Vorlauftemperatur
• • Hydraulischer Abgleich
• • Ermittlung des spezifischen Wärmeverlusts

The evaluation options are as numerous as the recorded values and must be object-specific. Therefore, a comprehensive description of the evaluation options in this master's thesis is not possible. To clarify the possibilities, three concrete examples of concrete evaluations are presented here.

• • Lowering the flow temperature
• • Hydraulic balancing
• • Determination of specific heat loss

Lowering the flow temperature

One essential determinant of the heat loss of heating systems Factor, is the flow temperature of the heating circuit, d. H. the temperature, with the heat transfer medium in the building over the heating pipes will be distributed and the heating surfaces warmed up in the rooms. The higher this Flow temperature is, the greater are the heat losses over the piping and the radiating losses of the boiler, because this the heat transfer medium to high temperatures need to heat. But with lower flow temperature also decreases the potential for wastage due to unregulated or incorrectly controlled radiators or by wrong user behavior, if to reduce the room temperature not the radiator throttled but the window opened becomes. For these reasons was by the heating system regulation required by 1977, the flow temperature dependent on the outside temperature to regulate. The relationship between outside temperature and flow temperature is described by the so-called heating curve.

The Heating curve is customized to suit the building. There are usually two parameters that are changed can. The steepness of the curve and the parallel shift. But the heat demand is not just from the building but also of its environment (eg because of Shading) and user needs, is one purely arithmetic determination of the optimum flow temperature not at all possible. If anything, the heating curve of Installer according to building typology, with appropriate Heating reserves, set. Actually, the optimization would have the heating curve must be made as follows. To different Outside temperatures (eg 0 ° C and -10 ° C) the slope of the heating curve is changed so that lowers the flow temperature until fully opened Radiator valves, the heating power is just no longer sufficient. Then the curve is raised again to the last set value. This procedure takes a few days and may need be corrected. For this reason it is understandable that this way of optimizing the heating curve of hardly a user or Installer is performed. A correct attitude however, the heating curve is for the energy efficiency of the heating system crucial, especially after the implementation of Remedial measures when the building is new energetic Has got properties.

With corresponding equipment at sensors is the EnergyMonitor in able to lower the flow temperature to the optimum value. There are different possibilities for this. Allen together however, that the complete heating system, ie the piping, Heating surfaces and fittings are hydraulically balanced. That means that in the design case, ie at the lowest to expected outside temperature, the heating surfaces with fully open valves with their nominal volume flow be flowed through. Due to unequal length of pipeline routes, different pipe dimensions and internals, it may happen that heating surfaces unequally supplied with heat energy become. In this unfavorable case, because of the underserved Heating surfaces, the flow temperature can be kept high so that the desired room temperature is achieved.

Hydraulic balancing

In Hydraulically unbalanced heating circuits may cause overheating Zones come. If the radiators with self-regulating Thermostatic valves are equipped, they will close and thus delayed for hydraulic balancing to care. However, this assumes that the flow temperature so high is it in the well-supplied zone to overheat comes and not the excess supply of heat is "off-ventilated".

Out the dynamic behavior of the heating system (heat flow in Heating system and supply / return temperature) and room / radiator temperatures The EnergyMonitor can detect if the heating system is the rooms heated evenly, so hydraulically balanced is. If not, this must be done by a specialist be the conditions for the lowest possible To provide flow temperatures.

To After adjustment, the EnergyMonitor itself can learn the optimum (lowest possible) supply temperature depending on set the outside temperature. Optimal heating curves hang but not only from the outside temperature, but you can also be time and radiation dependent. As a Irradiation and outside temperature-dependent heating curve can look like is shown below.

Determination of the optimum flow temperature

The required flow temperature can be calculated Determine ways and on the "Probierweg". The methods make different demands on the technical equipment of the rooms. As calculated by the EnergyMonitor Flow temperatures are continuously adjusted, this has the function of a self-learning and -optimizing controller. The changeable values must be via an interface be transmitted to the heating system.

Calculated way:

Of the User gives the EnergyMonitor the desired temperature, possibly time-dependent, for the individual Spaces or zones of use known.

Either the EnergieMonitor can then use separate room temperature sensors to check the actual value with the desired value and to correct the flow temperature. This method has the advantage that external energy sources or solar yields can be considered on a room by room basis. Ideally, that is EnergyMonitor also informed about the position of the room controller to prevent against each other working control devices (eg, flow temperature increase and volume limitation). If several rooms / zones are used, the EnergieMontor must ensure that all room units reach the desired setpoint temperature.

Q .

aktuell benötigter Heizwärmestrom [W]

H_ges

bezogener Wärmeverlust [W/K]

T_soll

Solltemperatur durch Nutzer vorgegeben [°C]

T_a

Außentemperatur [°C]

Or the outside temperature is measured and the current heat flow calculated using the specific heat loss, the determination of which is explained in the next section. The procedure is as follows: Q. = Hges · (T. should - T a ) F 9-1

Q.

currently required heating heat flow [W]

H _ges

related heat loss [W / K]

T _shall

Target temperature specified by user [° C]

T _a

Outside temperature [° C]

Q ._N

Heizwärmebedarf im Auslegungsfall.

With the ratio of the required heat flow to the nominal heat flow, ie the highest expected heat demand, I can determine the required flow temperature from the radiator design diagram as follows.

Q. _N

Heating demand in the design case.

From associated radiator diagrams can for our example Q ./Q. _N = 0.6 an excess temperature for the flow (flow temperature - room temperature) of 47 K and from this a flow temperature of 67 ° C are read off. With safety reserve one would set 70 ° C. The prerequisite is that the EnergyMonitor knows the design data of the heating system and the design diagram.

Try Method

Also This method must have an interface to the heater the influence of the flow temperature by the EnergyMonitor to be possible. The EnergyMonitor lowers in the state Z1 Flow temperature in small steps, z. B. by 0.5 K. If the ambient conditions (outside temperature and radiation) have not changed, is also the heating demand constant. Because the radiators with less hot Be supplied with water, the thermostatic valves must open, the volume flow increases and the return temperature increases as well. The delivered power of the radiator remains equal. The EnergieMonitor was able to successfully adjust the flow temperature and without sacrificing comfort to the user.

The Flow temperature can not be lowered when the first Radiator valve is fully open. In this Case also decreases with the same volume flow average radiator temperature and thus the delivered Performance (black arrow). That means it sinks too Return temperature and the fed into the heating network Performance, this can be determined by the energy monitor and the flow temperature lift something again. Through these procedures, new heating curves learned and continuously for different times of the day, Outdoor temperatures and irradiation optimized. For individual radiators and defined zones, these can be Check the procedure well using simulations. For larger complex systems of several heterogeneous heating circuits, the simulations become much more complex and the procedures must be tested in practice.

Determination of energetic characteristics

Gt

Gradtagszahl [Kh]

T_i

Innenraumtemperatur [°C]

T_a,m

mittlere Außentemperatur im Betrachtungszeitraum t_HP [°C]

t_HP

Zeit der Heizperiode [h]

The heat losses of a building are composed of heat losses through transmission Q _{h, T} and from heat losses through ventilation. The values of both variables are determined by the length of the period of observation, the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature and, of course, the quality of the building envelope, which is decisive for the thermal insulation effect and impermeability. There is therefore the following reference: Q h, T + Q H, L ~ Gt F 9-2 Gt = (T i - T at the ) · T HP F 9-3

Gt

Degree day number [Kh]

T _i

Interior temperature [° C]

T _{a, m}

average outdoor temperature during the observation period t _HP [° C]

t _HP

Time of heating season [h]

In order to obtain comparable values for different buildings in different locations, one normalizes the sizes to the time and receives: Q. h, T + Q. H, L ~ Gt / h F 9-4

So that the characteristic values of the building envelope are comparable even at different outside temperatures, normalization is made to the temperature difference between inside and outside temperature. Thus one obtains the related heat losses H _T and H _L for transmission and ventilation.

Qh,T = HT·(Ti – Ta,m)·tHP und Qh,L = HL·(Ti – Ta,m)·tHP F 9-7

u_i

U-Wert des Bauteils i [W/m²K]

A_i

Fläche des Bauteil i [m²]

Fx_i

evtl. Abminderungsfaktor von Bauteil i [-]

n

Luftwechselrate [l/h]

V

beheiztes Volumen [m³]

0,34

Wärmekapazität der Luft [Wh/m³K]

The reference to the EnEV, which is used to calculate the heating demand on the DIN V 4108-6 can be made as follows:

Q h, T = H T * (T i - T at the ) · T HP and Q H, L = H L * (T i - T at the ) · T HP F 9-7

u _i

U-value of the component i [W / m ² K]

A _i

Surface of the component i [m ² ]

Fx _i

possible reduction factor of component i [-]

n

Air change rate [l / h]

V

heated volume [m ³ ]

0.34

Heat capacity of the air [Wh / m ³ K]

H_T

bezogener Transmissionswärmeverlust [W/K]

H_t

flächenspezifischer Transmissionswärmeverlust [W/m²K]

A_Hüll

Fläche der die beheizte Zone umgebenden Hülle [m²]

For the sake of completeness, it should be mentioned that the area-specific transmission heat loss H _t , based on the envelope area, can be calculated from H _T. This value is subject to certain limits according to the EnEV. H t = H T / A Hüll F 9-8

H _T

Relative transmission heat loss [W / K]

H _t

Area-specific transmission heat loss [W / m ² K]

A _envelope

Area of the envelope surrounding the heated zone [m ² ]

Q ._s

solare Energiegewinne [W]

Q ._i

interne Energiegewinne (Nutzer, Strom) [W]

From a technical point of view, H _T can not be readily determined, since Q _{h, T} can not be measured separately. But can be measured but the useful heat Q. _h , which flows into the heating system, as well as the temperature difference T _i - T _{a, m} with the average outside temperature in a given period. In doing so, Q sits down. _h composed of the following energy streams: Q. H = Q. h, T + Q. H, L - Q. s - Q. i F 9-9

Q. _s

solar energy gains [W]

Q. _i

internal energy gains (users, electricity) [W]

The measured heat output is of the outside temperature dependent. You can see the power above the outside temperature apply as suggested by [EAV]. It is from a building in steady state, the at -16 ° C a thermal power of 9 kW needed and no internal and has solar energy gains, ie up to exactly 20 ° C Room temperature must be heated

Mathematically one obtains the slope of the line, by changing the power with the related change in the outside temperature in proportion. This value has the unit W / K, as well as the related heat losses H _T and H _L. In fact, the (measured) heat output corresponds to the outside temperature of the after DIN V 4108-6 (calculated) heat loss power H _T + H _L and is independent of constant external heat input. The only requirement is that the power is measured at different outside temperatures.

In In practice, the measured values are due to the thermodynamically unsteady Systems "building" not on a straight line lie.

It shows that the determined performance in the nuclear heating well approximated by a regression line. Therefore It is important to choose only months with full heating time. With the EnergyMonitor, power and temperature can be measured be measured for much lower time units. To compensate for transient effects in buildings, too the EnergyMonitor the length of the averaging period depending on from the changes in environmental conditions before and during of the measurement period.

• • In der Übergangszeit (April, Mai, September und Oktober) werden die gemittelten Leistungen mehr von der Regressionsgeraden abweichen, da nicht jeder Tag des Monats Heiztag ist. Der Heizenergieverbrauch wird maßgeblich vom Lüftungsverhalten des Nutzers beeinflusst. Wenig Lüftung führt zu einem geringeren Verbrauch (siehe Fig. a), viel Lüftung zu einem überproportionalen Verbrauch (siehe Fig. b).
• • Die Heizlast im Auslegungsfall ergibt sich aus (H_T + H_L)·(T_i – T_min). Damit kann überprüft werden, ob die Kesselleistung richtig dimensioniert ist.
• • Der Wert auf der Außentemperatur-Achse bei dem die x-Achse sich mit der Regressionsgeraden schneidet bedeutet, die Heizgrenztemperatur, d. h. bei Außentemperaturen die höher als die Heizgrenztemperatur sind, kann die Heizung ausgeschaltet werden. (Dies gilt leider nicht, wenn die Heizung für die Warmwasserbereitung eingeschaltet bleiben muss) Die ver bleibende Temperaturdifferenz zwischen T_i und T_grenz wird durch die internen und solaren Wärmegewinne ausgeglichen.
• • Mit dem EnergieMonitor ist es möglich, Leistungsmittelwerte für kürzere Zeiträumen zu messen, zum Beispiel über Nacht oder an Tagen mit geringer solarer Einstrahlung. Damit kann die Fremdwärme weiter in interne Wärme und solare Wärme aufgeteilt werden. Eine übermäßig hohe interne Wärme kann auf hohen Stromverbrauch hinweisen. Schnelle Leistungsreduzierung bei solarer Einstrahlung und Leistungsanforderung bei Wegfall der solaren Einstrahlung deutet daraufhin, dass solare Einträge nicht gespeichert und daher deren Ausnutzung gering ist. Möglicherweise liegt falsches Lüftungsverhalten oder undichte Bauweise vor.
• • Liegen zusätzlich über die lokalen Windverhältnisse Daten vor, können Regressionsgeraden bei jeweils gleichen Windverhältnissen gebildet und verglichen werden. Damit erhält man Aussagen über die Luftdichtigkeit des Gebäudes bzw. die Lüftungsgewohnheiten der Nutzer.

The following statements can be derived from the determination of the regression line and its slope:

• • In the transitional period (April, May, September and October), the averaged benefits will deviate more from the regression line, as not every day of the month is heating day. The heating energy consumption is significantly influenced by the ventilation behavior of the user. Little ventilation leads to a lower consumption (see Fig. A), a lot of ventilation to a disproportionate consumption (see Fig. B).
• • The heating load in the design case results from (H _T + H _L ) · (T _i - T _min ). This can be used to check whether the boiler output is correctly dimensioned.
• • The value on the outside temperature axis at which the x-axis intersects with the regression line means the heating limit temperature, ie at outside temperatures which are higher than the heating limit temperature, the heating can be switched off. (Unfortunately, this does not apply if the heating for domestic hot water must remain switched on). The remaining temperature difference between T _i and T _grenz is compensated by the internal and solar heat gains.
• • With the EnergyMonitor, it is possible to measure average power values for shorter periods of time, for example overnight or on days with low solar irradiation. Thus, the external heat can be further divided into internal heat and solar heat. Excessive internal heat can indicate high power consumption. Fast power reduction in the case of solar radiation and power requirement in the absence of solar radiation indicates that solar entries are not stored and therefore their utilization is low. There may be incorrect ventilation or leaky design.
• • If data are additionally available on the local wind conditions, regression lines can be formed and compared at the same wind conditions. This gives information about the airtightness of the building or the ventilation habits of the users.

These powerful analysis options should be in the "energetic" renovation used in the building stock as well as the obligatory holistic energy consultation and planning in advance of the execution of the measures.

10 next steps

When next step towards realization and preparation the launch of the EnergyMonitor, is the creation a prototype and its testing in real use in buildings required. The measured values of temperature sensors, radiation sensor, Heat meter, water meter, electricity meter, gas meter, oil meter can be generated and, if not a uniform Interface, digitize and save. The capture of Power supply is also via a separate electricity meter possible.

• • Wiegen des Brennstoffes, Änderung des Gewichts
• • Bestimmung des Brennstoffvolumens, Änderung des Volumens
• • Erfassung von Zuführungseinheiten mit vorangegangener Kalibrierung, Anzahl von Drehungen der Zuführungsschnecke, Menge pro Umdrehung

More difficult is the 5% accurate recording of the enthalpy flows or volume flows of ventilation systems. Partially, data is present in the controls of the plants. However, these are not provided via an interface for further processing. Likewise, there is still no uniform solution for the detection of the amount of fuel supplied for solid fuels such. B. pellets. Different methods are conceivable for detecting these energy flows:

• • Weighing of fuel, change of weight
• • Determination of fuel volume, change of volume
• • Acquisition of feed units with previous calibration, number of turns of feed auger, amount per revolution

Around these difficulties in capturing and transmitting the removal of data is, in addition to the work on the prototype and the Standardization to advance.

One Another important topic is the further design of the user interface in terms of selection and presentation of information, such as also the intuitive navigation. Furthermore, findings from practical use to win and implement the prototype.

There the EnergieMonitor has lots of information about the energetic Behavior of the building and the user owns it should be considered as the function of the EnergyMonitor as an adaptive self-learning and self-optimizing display device but also as an output device can be further developed for plant controllers. To the Increase coverage by solar energy It is important, the energy needs of the user with the energy supply bring the sun into coincidence. Because the energy in the form of heat and even more so in the form of electricity not Can be stored in large quantities, the need must be the offer be adjusted in time. Through the developments in meteorology It has become possible for 5 days in advance reliable and regionally differentiated statements about to make the weather. This could be for a corresponding requirement control new tasks for the EnergieMonitor arise.

12 literature

• AGEB - working group Energy balances: www.ag-energiebilanzen.de
• BINE - BINE Information Service: www.bine.info
• BRO - Bronstein-Semendjajew, Paperback Mathematics, Harry Deutsch, 22nd ed. Page 100
• dena, Arbeitsshilfe - dena publication: Arbeitsshilfe for exhibitors of energy certificates, April 2005: www.dena.de
• dena, MOD - dena publication: Modernization Advisor December 2006: www.dena.de
• DGS - German Society for Solar Energy e. V. www.dgs.de
• DIN EN ISO 9241-11 - Ergonomic requirements for office work with Bildschirmar workstations - Part 11: Serviceability requirements
• DIN EN ISO 9241-110 - Ergonomics of human-system interaction - part 10: Principles of Dialogue Design
• DIN EN ISO 14915 - Software Ergonomics for Multimedia User Interfaces Parts 1-3, Part 1: Design principles and framework conditions
• DIN V 18599 - Parts 1-10: Energetic Evaluation of buildings - calculation of useful, Final and primary energy requirements for heating, cooling, Ventilation, drinking water and lighting 2007-02
• DIN V 4108-6 - Thermal protection and energy saving in buildings - Part 6: Calculation of annual heating and Annual Heating Energy Requirements, 2003-06
• DIN V 4701-10 - Energetic evaluation heating and ventilation systems - Part 10 Heating DHW heating, Ventilation, 2003-08
• DIN V 4701-12 - Energetic evaluation heating and ventilation systems in inventory part 12 Heat generation and drinking water drinking water heating, 2004-02
• EAV - E-A-V: energy analysis from consumption, Dr. Kati Jagnow, Prof. Dieter Wolff: www.delta-q.de
• EN 13757 - Parts 1-6: Communication systems for meters and their remote reading, 2003 to 2007
• EN 1434 - Heat meter part 3: Data Exchange and Interfaces, 1997-04
• Envidatec - ENVIDATEC GmbH energy services, References: www.envidatec.com
• HTWK - University of Applied Sciences and Culture Leipzig: www.solaratlas.htwk-leipzig.de
• IEA - International Energy Agency: www.iea.org
• OPTIMUS - OPTIMUS Optimal energy use, investigation project sponsored by the German Federal Environmental Foundation: www.optimus-online.de Prof. Wolff Prof. Dieter Wolff: www.delta-q.de
• SHK - Central Association of Sanitary Heating Klima, Fachinformation Hydraulic balancing of heating and cooling systems: www.wasserwaermeluft.de
• TGA9 / 07 - TGA Fachplaner, The Magazine for the technical building equipment, issue September 2007: www.tga-fachplaner.de
• Vaillant - Vaillant, FachplanerNET, planning information auroTHERM: www.vaillant.de
• VDI 2067 - Sheet 1, 10-12, 20-22; Economy of building services, 1998 bis 2005
• VDI 3807 - Sheet 1-4: Energy and energy Water consumption parameters for buildings and land, 1998 to 2007
• Wikipedia Energy - Online Encyclopedia, www.wikipedia.org (search heating curve)
• Wikipedia Heating Curve - Online Encyclopedia, www.wikipedia.org (search heating curve)
• ZDS - Central Association of German Chimney Sweeps e. V. (National Association of North Rhine-Westphalia): www.zds-nrw.de

13 Appendix

13.1 List of companies mentioned

Listed below are the companies and their Internet address whose products or services were presented in this master thesis. Company Internet addresses Featured product Other Bosche GmbH & Co. KG load cell www.bosche-wiegetechnik.de pressure measurement Braun Messtechnik GmbH oil knife www.braunmesstechnik.de liquid meter Brunata Wärmemesser GmbH & Co. KG Heat meters www.brunata-metrona.de billing service Elster Messtechnik GmbH Flow meter www.elstermesstechnik.com measuring technology ELV Elektronik AG Heating control www.elv.de electronics demand Grundfos GmbH pump www.grundfos.de Honeywell Germany Holding GmbH TGA controller www.honeywell.com Heating components Hottgenroth Software GmbH Energy consulting Software www.hottgenroth.de Construction planning software Hydrometer, heating Lachmann GmbH & Co. KG water meter www.lackmann.de Heat meters Minol Messtechnik GmbH Co. & Co. KG Heat cost allocators www.minol.de Building metrology Eco-domestic technology in VENTer GmbH ventilation systems www.inventer.de OptikerTeam.de Andreß Augenoptik GmbH Weather station www.pptikerteam.de Opticians equipment Paul Heat Recovery GmbH ventilation systems www.paul-lueftung.de PCQT International GmbH Mini-PC www.pcqt.at Panel PC R & T Gebäudetechnik Gmbh Service, planning www.rtanlagentechnik.de Configuration RTS-Automation GmbH Enthalpiesensor / KNX www.rtanlagentechnik.de building automation Sensortechnics GmbH differential pressure www.sensortechnics.com measuring technology Sensus Metering Systems GmbH Heat meters www.sensusesaap.com consumption measurement Techem AG Heat cost allocators www.techem.de Energy services Vaillant Germany GmbH & Co. KG heating Technology www.vaillant.de solar systems Max Weishaupt GmbH burner www.weishaupt.de buffer memory Wilmers Messtechnik GmbH radiation sensor www.wilmers.biz measuring technology Wilo AG pump www.wilo.de building automation Zila Electronics GmbH CO2 sensor www.zila.de measuring technology

QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION

This list The documents listed by the applicant have been automated generated and is solely for better information recorded by the reader. The list is not part of the German Patent or utility model application. The DPMA takes over no liability for any errors or omissions.

Cited non-patent literature

• - Directive 2002/91 / EC [0042]
• - www.co2-check.de [0070]
• - EU Directive 2002/91 / EC [0083]
• - www.dena.de [0087]
• - TGA9 / 07, page 24ff [0092]
• - TGA9 / 07, page 32ff [0092]
• - TGA9 / 07, page 38 [0093]
• - DIN EN ISO 6946: 1996 [0104]
• - DIN 4108-6 [0105]
• - DIN V 4108 Part 6 [0125]
• - DIN 18599 part 2 [0125]
• - VDI Guidelines of the Series 2067 "Cost Efficiency of Building Services" and Series 3807 "Energy and Water Consumption Characteristics for Buildings and Land" [0156]
• - DIN 4108 - Part 6 [0157]
• - DIN V 4701-10 [0192]
• - DIN V 4701-12 [0192]
• - DIN V 4701-10 [0195]
• - EnEV standard [0207]
• - DIN V 4701-10 [0207]
• - DIN V 4701-10 [0233]
• - DIN V 4701-10 [0238]
• - www.paul-lueftung.net [0242]
• - DIN 4801-6 [0249]
• - DIN 4108-6 [0256]
• - ISO 9241 series "Ergonomics of human-system interaction", published in the years 1996 to 1999 [0272]
• - 2003 DIN EN ISO 14915 [0280]
• - DIN V 4108-6 [0330]
• - DIN V 4108-6 [0334]
• - www.bosche-wiegetechnik.de [0344]
• - www.braunmesstechnik.de [0344]
• - www.brunata-metrona.de [0344]
• - www.elstermesstechnik.com [0344]
• - www.elv.de [0344]
• - www.grundfos.de [0344]
• - www.honeywell.com [0344]
• - www.hottgenroth.de [0344]
• - www.lackmann.de [0344]
• - www.minol.de [0344]
• - www.inventer.de [0344]
• - www.pptikerteam.de [0344]
• - www.paul-lueftung.de [0344]
• - www.pcqt.at [0344]
• - www.rtanlagentechnik.de [0344]
• - www.rtanlagentechnik.de [0344]
• - www.sensortechnics.com [0344]
• - www.sensusesaap.com [0344]
• - www.techem.de [0344]
• - www.vaillant.de [0344]
• - www.weishaupt.de [0344]
• - www.wilmers.biz [0344]
• - www.wilo.de [0344]
• - www.zila.de [0344]

Claims (27)

Modular real-time energy indicator ( 1 ), comprising more than one module: each module is suitable for real-time detection of the energy content of at least one similar energy carrier; suitable for the real-time calculation of data based on this detected energy content of at least one energy source; suitable for the simultaneous real-time output of these real-time calculated data from more than one module. Modular real-time energy indicator according to claim 1, characterized in that the real-time output directly in kWh (energy), and / or kW or W (power) ( 4 . 5 . 6 . 8th ) and / or the costs corresponding to this edition are displayed. Modular real-time energy indicator according to a the aforementioned claims, characterized the real time output is on demand. Modular real-time energy indicator according to a the aforementioned claims, characterized that each module is suitable for the energy content of a suitable to capture another, different type of energy carrier is. Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the aforementioned claims, characterized in that the energy carriers are thermal energy carriers and / or electrical energy carriers and / or chemical energy carriers and / or mechanical energy carriers and / or radiation energy. ( 2 ) => Note in description continue to describe and describe Modular real-time energy meter according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that incorporated into the real-time calculation of data building data. ( 1 , 1.8) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the real-time calculation of data includes climate data. ( 1 , 1.2, 1.10) Modular real-time energy meter according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that user data is included in the real-time calculation of data. ( 1 , 1.9) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that all data can be stored in a memory. ( 1 , 1.13) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the aforementioned claims, characterized in that target data and / or reference values can be entered into the memory. ( 1 1.1) Modular real-time energy indicator according to Claim 10, characterized in that reference values represent the energy consumption of the last year and / or correspond to the average consumption of comparable units and / or to a value predetermined by the user himself. ( 1 , 1.5) Modular real-time energy meter according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the real-time calculation of data takes place in such a way that the data calculated in real time by more than one energy source can be displayed in real time in the same energy pointer. ( 1 , 1.11) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the calculation includes data representing the final energy and / or useful energy and / or energy losses. ( 1 , 1.2) Modular real-time energy meter according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the real-time calculation of data takes place in such a way that the total efficiency of a detection range of at least one single energy carrier can be displayed in real time in the same energy pointer on the basis of the data calculated in real time. ( 1 , 11) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the data can be transmitted to an external detection point. ( 1 , 1.6) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the aforementioned claims, characterized in that a heat cost interruption is provided by means of this data transmitted to an external detection point tion and / or consumption-based billing. ( 1 , 1.6) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the aforementioned claims, characterized in that an energy efficiency determination and / or energy optimization can be carried out with the aid of this data transmitted to an external detection point. ( 1 , 1.6) Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the energy supply can be influenced with the aid of this data transmitted to an external detection point. ( 1 , 1.3) Modular real-time energy indicator according to a the aforementioned claims, characterized that with the help of these transmitted to an external collection point Data a real-time energy certificate can be created. Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the data calculated in real time correspond to the actual absolute values and / or are climate-adjusted. ( 4 . 5 . 6 ) Modular real-time energy indicator according to a the aforementioned claims, characterized that the data calculated in real time for a comparison to serve with the data of an energy business plan. Modular real-time energy meter according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a consumption forecast is determined on the basis of the data calculated in real time. ( 5 . 6 ) Modular real-time energy indicator according to claim 22, characterized in that incorporated into the consumption forecast specifically entered target values. ( 1 , 1.5) Modular real-time energy indicator according to a the aforementioned claims, characterized that on the basis of the data calculated in real time a Overall system efficiency is determined. Modular real-time energy indicator according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the data calculated in real time are used to regulate the energy consumption. ( 1 , 1.3) House installation comprising a modular real-time energy indicator according to any one of the preceding claims. Building and / or housing unit, comprising a modular real-time energy indicator according to one of aforementioned claims.