DE102007051688A1 - Method for process monitoring when applying laser to two joining partners - Google Patents
Method for process monitoring when applying laser to two joining partners Download PDFInfo
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- DE102007051688A1 DE102007051688A1 DE102007051688A DE102007051688A DE102007051688A1 DE 102007051688 A1 DE102007051688 A1 DE 102007051688A1 DE 102007051688 A DE102007051688 A DE 102007051688A DE 102007051688 A DE102007051688 A DE 102007051688A DE 102007051688 A1 DE102007051688 A1 DE 102007051688A1
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- weld
- heat radiation
- radiation
- laser
- thermal sensor
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- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000004023 plastic welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 11
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/03—Observing, e.g. monitoring, the workpiece
- B23K26/034—Observing the temperature of the workpiece
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/16—Laser beams
- B29C65/1629—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1635—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/16—Laser beams
- B29C65/1629—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1635—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding
- B29C65/1638—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding focusing the laser beam on the interface
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
- B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9121—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
- B29C66/91211—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods
- B29C66/91216—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods enabling contactless temperature measurements, e.g. using a pyrometer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9121—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
- B29C66/91221—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature of the parts to be joined
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
- B29C66/91411—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
- B29C66/91441—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time
- B29C66/91443—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time following a temperature-time profile
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/96—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process
- B29C66/961—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process involving a feedback loop mechanism, e.g. comparison with a desired value
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/0014—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry for sensing the radiation from gases, flames
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/0014—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry for sensing the radiation from gases, flames
- G01J5/0018—Flames, plasma or welding
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/48—Thermography; Techniques using wholly visual means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/16—Laser beams
- B29C65/1603—Laser beams characterised by the type of electromagnetic radiation
- B29C65/1612—Infrared [IR] radiation, e.g. by infrared lasers
- B29C65/1616—Near infrared radiation [NIR], e.g. by YAG lasers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/16—Laser beams
- B29C65/1603—Laser beams characterised by the type of electromagnetic radiation
- B29C65/1612—Infrared [IR] radiation, e.g. by infrared lasers
- B29C65/1619—Mid infrared radiation [MIR], e.g. by CO or CO2 lasers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/16—Laser beams
- B29C65/1629—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1674—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface making use of laser diodes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/16—Laser beams
- B29C65/1687—Laser beams making use of light guides
- B29C65/169—Laser beams making use of light guides being a part of the joined article
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/95—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94
- B29C66/959—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables
- B29C66/9592—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. X-Y diagrams
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J2005/0077—Imaging
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Abstract
Ein Verfahren zur Überwachung von Werkstücken insbesondere beim Laser-Kunststoffschweißen zweier Fügepartner (1, 7) umfasst folgende Merkmale: - Bestrahlen einer in einem Werkstück (1) liegenden Prüfzone, insbesondere Schweißstelle (3), mit einer Laserstrahlung (2), zur Erzeugung einer Wärmequelle, - Detektion der direkten Wärmestrahlung der Wärmequelle in der Prüfzone (3) mittels eines Thermosensors (4) durch das Werkstück (1) hindurch zu einem ersten Zeitpunkt (t0), - Detektion der von der Wärmequelle über Wärmeleitung an die Oberfläche (6, 9) des Werkstücks (1) transportierten und dort zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt (t1) abgestrahlten indirekten Wärmestrahlung mittels des Thermosensors (4), und - Auswertung des zeitlichen Versatzes (t1 - t0) zwischen den beiden Zeitpunkten zur Bestimmung eines zu überwachenden Parameters.A method for monitoring workpieces, in particular during laser plastic welding of two joining partners (1, 7), comprises the following features: irradiating a test zone lying in a workpiece (1), in particular welding point (3), with a laser radiation (2) to produce a Heat source, - detection of the direct thermal radiation of the heat source in the test zone (3) by means of a thermal sensor (4) through the workpiece (1) at a first time (t0), - detection of the heat source via heat conduction to the surface (6, 9) of the workpiece (1) transported there and at a later time (t1) emitted indirect heat radiation by means of the thermal sensor (4), and - Evaluation of the time offset (t1 - t0) between the two times to determine a parameter to be monitored.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Prozessüberwachung beim Laser-Beaufschlagen zweier Fügepartner und insbesondere beim Laser-Durchstrahlschweißen.The The invention relates to a method for process monitoring in the laser-applying two joining partners and in particular in laser transmission welding.
Zum Hintergrund der Erfindung ist festzuhalten, dass diese grundsätzlich nicht nur zur Laser-Bearbeitung von Werkstücken, wie beispielsweise Laserschweißen, sondern auch zur Werkstückkontrolle eingesetzt werden kann. Beispielsweise können die Homogenität, Verschmutzungen, Einschlüsse oder Qualität etwa einer Schweißnaht zwischen zwei Fügepartnern überprüft werden. Zum besseren Verständnis wird bei der folgenden Beschreibung durchgehend jedoch auf das Beispiel des Laserdurchstrahlschweißens abgestellt, was jedoch nicht schutzbeschränkend sein soll. Beim Laserstrahlschweißen von Kunststoffen in Durchstrahltechnik werden ein für die Laserwellenlänge transparenter oberer Fügepartner und ein für die Laserwellenlänge absorbierender unterer Fügepartner im Überlapp geschweißt. Die absorbierte Laserstrahlung führt zu einem Aufschmelzen des unteren Fügepartners an der Oberfläche und mittels Wärmeleitung wird auch der transparente Fügepartner an der Grenzschicht plastifiziert. Durch eine Relativbewegung zwischen Laserstrahlquelle und den Fügepartnern entsteht die Schweißnaht.To the Background of the invention is to be noted that these basically not only for laser machining of workpieces, such as laser welding, but also used for workpiece inspection can be. For example, you can the homogeneity, Soiling, inclusions or quality about a weld be checked between two joining partners. For better understanding however, in the following description, it will be by way of example of laser transmission welding turned off, but this should not be protective. In laser welding of Transmitted-beam plastics become a transparent upper laser wavelength joining partner and one for absorbing the laser wavelength lower joint partner in the overlap welded. The absorbed laser radiation leads to a melting of the lower joining partner on the surface and by means of heat conduction also becomes the transparent joining partner plasticized at the boundary layer. Through a relative movement between Laser beam source and the joining partners the weld arises.
Bei dem nach dem Stand der Technik häufigsten Aufbau zur Temperaturüberwachung mittels Pyrometrie wird üblicherweise der Beobachtungspunkt des Pyrometers in die Optik des Laserstrahls über einen semitransparenten Spiegel eingekoppelt. Eine sinnvolle Prozessüberwachung mit diesem Aufbau ist ausschließlich für einen hochtransparenten oberen Füge partner sowie einen im sensitiven Bereich des Pyrometers hochemissiven unteren Fügepartner möglich, also beispielsweise für eine Paarung PC (Natur) mit PC (rußschwarz) bei Bestrahlung mit Dioden- oder Nd:YAG-Laser. Im Fall eines stark streuenden oder partiell absorbierenden oberen Fügepartners wird die Wärmestrahlung aus der Prozesszone durch dieses Bauteil so stark geschwächt, dass das Signal nahe an der Rauschgrenze liegt und somit kaum für eine Temperaturbestimmung oder weiterführende Messungen herangezogen werden kann.at the most common in the art Structure for temperature monitoring By means of pyrometry is usually the observation point of the pyrometer in the optics of the laser beam over a Semitransparent mirror coupled. A meaningful process monitoring with this construction is exclusive for one Highly transparent top joining partner and a high-sensitive lower part in the sensitive area of the pyrometer joining partner possible, so for example a pairing PC (nature) with PC (black) when irradiated with Diode or Nd: YAG laser. In the case of a strongly scattering or partially absorbing upper joining Partners becomes the heat radiation from the process zone weakened so much by this component, that the signal is close to the noise limit and thus hardly for a temperature determination or continuing Measurements can be used.
Ein grundsätzliches Problem bei Schweißtechniken im Allgemeinen und beim Laser-Durchstrahlschweißen im Speziellen liegt in einer wirksamen Prozessüberwachung, also insbesondere der Erfassung der Temperatur der Schweißstelle und ihrer Tiefenposition (z-Position) bezüglich der beiden Fügepartner. Bei einer zu hohen Temperatur der Schweißstelle können die für die Fügepartner verwendeten Kunststoffmaterialien in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden. Bei einer von der Soll-Position abweichenden z-Position des durch den Laserfokus insbesondere in dem absorbierenden Fügepartner erzeugten Schmelzekerns besteht die Gefahr, dass der Wärmeübertrag zum anderen Fügepartner behindert und damit keine einwandfreie Schweißnaht zwischen beiden Fügepartnern gebildet wird.One fundamental Problem with welding techniques in general, and in laser transmission welding in particular, in an effective process monitoring, ie in particular the detection of the temperature of the weld and their depth position (z-position) with respect to the two joining partners. At too high a temperature of the weld, the plastic materials used for the joining partners be affected. At one of the nominal position deviating z-position of the laser focus in particular in produced the absorbent joining partner Melting core there is a risk that the heat transfer to the other joining partner impeded and thus no perfect weld between the two joining partners is formed.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Werkstück- oder Prozessüberwachung insbesondere beim Laser-Schweißen zweier Fügepartner anzugeben, mit dem auf messtechnisch einfache Weise ein zuverlässiges Überwachungsergebnis, wie z. B. eine Bestimmung der z-Position einer Schweißstelle ermöglicht wird. Dies bildet beispielsweise wiederum die Basis dafür, dass aufgrund der Tiefenbestimmung auch eine exaktere Temperaturbestimmung der Schweißstelle mit Hilfe der gleichen messtechnischen Komponenten vonstatten gehen kann.Of the Invention is based on the object, a method for workpiece or process monitoring especially in laser welding two joining partners provide a reliable monitoring result in a metrologically simple manner, such as B. a determination of the z-position a weld allows becomes. For example, this again forms the basis for the fact that due to the depth determination also a more exact temperature determination the weld with the help of the same metrological components can.
Die vorstehend umrissene Aufgabe wird durch die in Patentanspruch 1 angegebenen Verfahrensmerkmale wie folgt gelöst:
- – Bestrahlen einer in einem Werkstück liegenden Prüfzone, insbesondere Schweißstelle, mit einer Laserstrahlung, zur Erzeugung einer Wärmequelle,
- – Detektion der direkten Wärmestrahlung der Wärmequelle in der Prüfzone mittels eines Thermosensors durch das Werkstück hindurch zu einem ersten Zeitpunkt (t0),
- – Detektion der von der Wärmequelle über Wärmeleitung an die Oberfläche des Werkstücks transportierten und dort zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt (t1) abgestrahlten indirekten Wärmestrahlung mittels des Thermosensors, und
- – Auswertung des zeitlichen Versatzes (dt = t1 – t0) zwischen den beiden Zeitpunkten zur Bestimmung eines zu überwachenden Parameters.
- Irradiating a test zone located in a workpiece, in particular a weld, with a laser radiation, for producing a heat source,
- Detecting the direct heat radiation of the heat source in the test zone by means of a thermal sensor through the workpiece at a first time (t 0 ),
- - Detection of the heat source via heat conduction to the surface of the workpiece transported and there at a later time (t 1 ) emitted indirect heat radiation by means of the thermal sensor, and
- - Evaluation of the time offset (dt = t 1 - t 0 ) between the two times for determining a parameter to be monitored.
Unter Vorwissen der Materialkonstanten Wärmeleitungsgeschwindigkeit ist so beispielsweise die z-Lage der Wechselwirkungszone mit dem Zeitversatz dt berechenbar.Under Previous knowledge of the material constants heat conduction velocity is for example the z-position of the interaction zone with the Time offset dt calculable.
Mit dem Wissen der z-Lage und weiteren Materialkonstanten wie der wellenlängenabhängigen Absorption ist dann aus der detektierten Wärmestrahlung die Temperatur berechenbar. Dies kann genutzt werden, um
- – Störungen bei Schweißungen zu detektieren,
- – Verschmutzung/Materialeinschlüsse zu ermitteln – diese führen zu erhöhter Absorbtion bei falscher (z. B. zu hoher) z-Lage und verursachen eine Nahtunterbrechung,
- – Werkstück-Materialkombinationen „klar auf klar" kann eine falsche z- Lage – auch eine zu tiefe – detektiert werden,
- – Temperatur und Lageüberwachung beim Schweißen (z. B. Leistungsregelung des Lasers) sind wichtigzur Dokumentation einer Schweißnaht,
- – bei Nutzung eines vorlaufenden Prüfstrahls niedriger Leistung, Nutzung des Messprinzips zur Früherkennung von Unregelmässigkeiten im Material und
- – Einleiten einer vorher festgelegten Reaktion (Laser kurz aus, Leistung zurück, Fokusshift,..)
- - detecting faults in welding,
- - Determine contamination / material inclusions - these lead to increased absorption in case of incorrect (eg too high) z-position and cause a seam interruption.
- - Workpiece material combinations "clear on clear" can be detected a wrong z-position - even too deep -
- - Temperature and position monitoring at Welding (eg power control of the laser) is important for documenting a weld,
- - when using a leading test beam low power, use of the measuring principle for the early detection of irregularities in the material and
- - initiation of a predetermined reaction (laser off briefly, power back, focus shift, ..)
Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 2 erfolgt die Auswertung des zeitlichen Versatzes (t1 – t0) mittelbar über die Auswertung eines örtlichen Versatzes der auf einer zweidimensionalen Thermosensor-Aufnahme durch die direkte und indirekte Wärmestrahlung erscheinenden Wärmestrahlungsmaxima unter Einbeziehung einer Vorschubgeschwindigkeit der Laserstrahlung.In a preferred embodiment of the method according to claim 2, the evaluation of the time offset (t 1 - t 0 ) takes place indirectly via the evaluation of a local offset of the appearing on a two-dimensional thermal sensor recording by the direct and indirect heat radiation heat radiation maxima involving a feed rate of the laser radiation ,
Beim Laserschweißen sind vorzugsweise folgende Verfahrensmerkmale relevant (Anspruch 3):
- – Detektion eines die Schweißstelle umfassenden, vorzugsweise flächigen Beobachtungsfensters durch einen der Fügepartner hindurch mit einem wärmestrahlungsempfindlichen Thermosensor, vorzugsweise Thermokamera, der ein entsprechendes Intensitätssignal (A, B) generiert,
- – Erfassen des Zeitpunktes (t0) des durch die unmittelbare Wärmestrahlung der Schweißstelle generierten Haupt-Intensitätssignal-Maximums (A) der Wärmestrahlung und,
- – Erfassen des Zeitpunktes (t1) des zeitlich danach auftretenden, niedrigeren Neben-Intensitätssignal-Maximums (B), das auf der erhöhten Wärmestrahlung der durch Wärmeleitung von der Schweißstelle her erwärmten Oberfläche des beobachteten Fügepartners beruht, und
- – Ermittlung der Tiefenlage (z-Position) der Schweißstelle durch Bestimmung des Abstandes der Schweißstelle von der Oberfläche des beobachteten Fügepartners aus der Zeitdifferenz (t1 – t0) zwischen Haupt- und Neben-Intensitätsmaximum (A, B).
- Detection of a welding area, preferably area observation window through one of the joining partners through with a heat radiation sensitive thermosensor, preferably a thermal camera, which generates a corresponding intensity signal (A, B),
- Detecting the point in time (t 0 ) of the main intensity signal maximum (A) of the heat radiation generated by the direct heat radiation of the weld, and
- Detecting the time (t 1 ) of the temporally thereafter occurring, lower secondary intensity signal maximum (B), which is based on the increased thermal radiation of the heated by heat conduction from the weld ago surface of the observed joining partner, and
- Determination of the depth position (z position) of the weld by determining the distance of the weld from the surface of the observed joining partner from the time difference (t 1 -t 0 ) between the main and secondary intensity maximum (A, B).
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung kann aus dem Wert des Haupt-Intensitätssignal-Maximums der von der Schweißstelle emittierten Wärmestrahlung die Temperatur der Schweißstelle bestimmt werden.According to one preferred embodiment of The invention can be calculated from the value of the main intensity signal maximum of the Welding point emitted thermal radiation the temperature of the weld be determined.
Um dabei auf tatsächliche Temperaturen zurückschließen zu können, ist es nötig, einen effektiven Absorptionskoeffizienten für den durchstrahlten Fügepartner zu bestimmen. Dieser hängt von der durchstrahlten Materialdicke und der Abstrahlcharakteristik des Emitters ebenso ab wie von der Temperatur der Wärmequelle. Die erwähnte durchstrahlte Materialdicke kann entsprechend dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wie im Anspruch 1 angegeben ermittelt werden. Insgesamt kann also eine genaue Temperaturbestimmung unter Berücksichtigung der Filterwirkung des durchstrahlten Fügepartners für die Wärmestrahlung erfolgen, wie dies die Ansprüche 2 bis 4 vorsehen. Insbesondere kommt dabei neben der Tiefenlage der Schweißstelle das Transmissionsspektrum des Kunststoffmaterials des durchstrahlten Fügepartners als Basis in der Berechnung zum Tragen.Around doing so on actual To be able to conclude temperatures is it necessary an effective absorption coefficient for the irradiated joining partner to determine. This one hangs from the irradiated material thickness and the radiation characteristic of the emitter as well as the temperature of the heat source. The mentioned irradiated material thickness can according to the method of the invention as specified in claim 1 are determined. Overall, so can a precise temperature determination taking into account the filter effect of the irradiated joining partner for the heat radiation done as the claims 2 to 4 provide. In particular, it comes next to the depth the weld the transmission spectrum of the plastic material of the irradiated joining partner as a basis in the calculation to bear.
Weitere bevorzugte Ausführungsformen des Verfahrens betreffen unterschiedliche Ausrichtungen der Detektionsrichtung des Thermosensors bzw. der Thermokamera und der Einstrahlrichtung des Laserstrahls. Diese beiden Richtungen können koaxial liegen oder einen spitzen Beobachtungs winkel miteinander einschließen. In beiden Fällen führen die Detektions- und Einstrahlrichtungen von derselben Seite an das Werkstück heran. Als weitere Alternative können die Detektionsrichtung des Thermosensors und die Einstrahlrichtung des Laserstrahls von einander abgewandten Richtungen auf die Fügepartner gerichtet sein.Further preferred embodiments of the method relate to different orientations of the detection direction of the thermal sensor or the thermal camera and the direction of irradiation of the laser beam. These two directions can be coaxial or one Include acute observation angle with each other. In both cases, the lead Detection and Direction of irradiation from the same side of the workpiece zoom. As another alternative can the detection direction of the thermal sensor and the direction of irradiation the laser beam directed away from each other directions to the joining partners be.
Gemäß einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung kann schließlich eine Thermokamera als Thermosensor mit einem bewegten Laserstrahl mitgeführt werden, wobei ein flächiges Beobachtungsfenster um die Schweißstelle detektiert, das Neben-Intensitätssignal-Maximum ortsaufgelöst aus den Thermokamerabildern ermittelt und über die Vorschubgeschwindigkeit die Zeitdifferenz zwischen Neben- und Hauptintensitätssignal-Maxima berechnet werden. Hier findet also im Wesentlichen eine Pixel-aufgelöste Auswertung der Thermokamera-Bilder statt.According to one Further development of the invention can finally a thermal camera as Thermosensor be carried with a moving laser beam, being a plane Observation window around the weld detected, the secondary intensity signal maximum spatially resolved determined from the thermal camera images and the feed rate the time difference between minor and major intensity signal maxima be calculated. So here is essentially a pixel-resolved evaluation the thermal camera pictures instead.
Weitere Merkmale, Einzelheiten und Vorteile des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden aus der folgenden Beschreibung deutlich, in der die messtechnischen Grundlagen und das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren anhand der beigefügten Zeichnungen näher erläutert werden. Es zeigen:Further Features, details and advantages of the method according to the invention become clear from the following description, in which the metrological Basics and the method of the invention with the attached Drawings closer explained become. Show it:
Im
Folgenden sollen die messtechnischen Grundlagen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens
vorab erläutert
werden. Dabei wird ein einen Fügepartner
Mittels
einer Thermokamera
In
den
Die
in
Durch
die Anordnung der Achse des Laserstrahls
Um
einen Einblick in die Wärmeleitungsvorgänge zu erhalten,
wird ein Bauteil entsprechend
Um
die Dämpfung
der Prozessstrahlung durch das zwischen Wärmequelle
Üblicherweise detektieren Infrarotkameras Strahlung über einen größeren Bereich (im dargestellten Fall 2,5 μm–5 μm). Dies hat zur Folge, dass das entstehende Spektrum integral über den sensitiven Bereich erfasst wird. Somit stellt die aufgezeichnete Strahlung einen Summenwert über den gemessenen Wellenlängenbereich dar. Die Information aus dem Spektrum geht dabei verloren.Typically, infrared cameras detect radiation over a larger area (2.5 μm-5 μm in the illustrated case). This has the consequence that the resulting spectrum is detected integrally over the sensitive area. Thus, the recorded radiation represents a sum over the gemes wavelength range. The information from the spectrum is lost.
Da
sich jedoch das Maximum der Planck'schen Strahlungsverteilung mit steigender Temperatur
zu kürzeren
Wellenlängen
verschiebt (siehe
Um
auf tatsächliche
Temperaturen zurückschließen zu können, ist
es nötig,
einen effektiven Absorptionskoeffizienten zu bestimmen. Dieser hängt von
der durchstrahlten Materialdicke d und der Abstrahlcharakteristik
des Emitters ebenso ab wie von der Temperatur der Wärmequelle.
Die Kamera
Die erfindungsgemäße Prozessdiagnostik kann zusammenfassend ein breitbandiges Anwendungsspektrum beim Kunststoffschweißen eröffnen:
- – Nutzung der wellenlängenselektiven Dämpfung einer thermischen Strahlung aus der Prozesszone durch eine Decklage
- – Bestimmung der z-Position der Fügezone während des Kunststoffschweiß-Prozesses anhand der Zeitdifferenz der detektierten Wärmestrahlungsmaxima
- – Bestimmung der Temperatur in der Fügezone anhand der Intensität des ersten Wärmestrahlungsmaximums A durch Berücksichtigung der Filterwirkung des oberen Fügepartners bei bekannter z-Position der Fügezone oder zusätzliche Bestimmung der z-Position der Fügezone
- – Nutzung der detektierten Wärmestrahlung/Fügetemperatur für eine Prozessüberwachung/-regelung
- – Nutzung eines vorauslaufenden Prüfstrahles zur Detektion der z-Position von unerwünschten Inhomogenitäten im Material anhand der Zeitdifferenz der detektierten Strahlungsmaxima
- – Nutzung eines nachlaufenden Prüfstrahles zur Charakterisierung der z-Position der Fügenaht anhand der Zeitdifferenz der detektierten Strahlungsmaxima
- - Using the wavelength selective attenuation of thermal radiation from the process zone through a cover layer
- - Determination of the z-position of the joining zone during the plastic welding process based on the time difference of the detected heat radiation maxima
- Determining the temperature in the joining zone on the basis of the intensity of the first heat radiation maximum A by taking into account the filtering action of the upper joining partner in the case of a known z position of the joining zone or additional determination of the z position of the joining zone
- - Use of the detected heat radiation / joining temperature for a process monitoring / control
- - Using a leading test beam for detecting the z-position of unwanted inhomogeneities in the material based on the time difference of the detected radiation maxima
- - Using a trailing test beam to characterize the z-position of the joint seam on the basis of the time difference of the detected radiation maxima
Claims (10)
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DE102007051688A DE102007051688A1 (en) | 2007-10-26 | 2007-10-26 | Method for process monitoring when applying laser to two joining partners |
PCT/EP2008/005538 WO2009052876A1 (en) | 2007-10-26 | 2008-07-08 | Method for monitoring the process when applying a laser to two parts to be joined |
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DE102007051688A DE102007051688A1 (en) | 2007-10-26 | 2007-10-26 | Method for process monitoring when applying laser to two joining partners |
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Cited By (6)
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WO2011045012A1 (en) * | 2009-10-12 | 2011-04-21 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Device for detecting the joining temperature during the laser beam welding of thermoplastics |
WO2013014068A3 (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-04-04 | Lpkf Laser & Electronics Ag | Device and method for carrying out and monitoring a plastic laser transmission welding process |
DE102015001466A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 | 2015-08-06 | Daimler Ag | Method and device for determining a three-dimensional geometric energy distribution of a laser beam |
EP3591359A1 (en) * | 2018-06-08 | 2020-01-08 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Contactless temperature measuring method and non-contact temperature monitoring method for determining a temperature during heat treatment of a workpiece, heat treatment of a workpiece and device for contactless temperature measurement |
CN112338392A (en) * | 2020-09-24 | 2021-02-09 | 唐山英莱科技有限公司 | Laser vision locating correction method for welding seam gap of industrial robot |
DE102009052529B4 (en) | 2008-11-13 | 2023-10-05 | Mercedes-Benz Group AG | Method for monitoring the quality of a connecting seam and device for laser welding or laser soldering |
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CN112729106A (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2021-04-30 | 鹏城实验室 | Intelligent weld joint real-time detection method and system based on pulse welding |
DE102021103881A1 (en) * | 2021-02-18 | 2022-08-18 | Precitec Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method and laser processing system for analyzing a weld seam formed by a laser welding process |
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AT398177B (en) * | 1992-07-03 | 1994-10-25 | Als Applikationen Fuer Lasersy | SOLDERING METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THIS METHOD |
ES2101422T3 (en) * | 1993-11-30 | 1997-07-01 | Elpatronic Ag | SIMULTANEOUS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN LASER WELDING SEAMS WITH AT LEAST TWO PYROMETERS AND COORDINATION WITH PARAMETERS OF THE PROCESS AND QUALITY OF THE SEAM. |
US5854751A (en) * | 1996-10-15 | 1998-12-29 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Simulator and optimizer of laser cutting process |
DE19841969C1 (en) * | 1998-09-14 | 2000-05-11 | Karlsruhe Forschzent | Method for determining the quality of the adhesion in a layer composite |
DE102005046129A1 (en) * | 2005-09-27 | 2007-03-29 | Bausch & Lomb Inc. | Device for measuring energy of laser pulse striking coating material useful for refractive laser systems includes noise detection device adapted to measuring acoustic shock waves |
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2007
- 2007-10-26 DE DE102007051688A patent/DE102007051688A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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DE102009052529B4 (en) | 2008-11-13 | 2023-10-05 | Mercedes-Benz Group AG | Method for monitoring the quality of a connecting seam and device for laser welding or laser soldering |
WO2011045012A1 (en) * | 2009-10-12 | 2011-04-21 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Device for detecting the joining temperature during the laser beam welding of thermoplastics |
WO2013014068A3 (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2013-04-04 | Lpkf Laser & Electronics Ag | Device and method for carrying out and monitoring a plastic laser transmission welding process |
CN103781618A (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2014-05-07 | Lpkf激光电子股份公司 | Device and method for carrying out and monitoring a plastic laser transmission welding process |
CN103781618B (en) * | 2011-07-25 | 2016-08-17 | Lpkf激光电子股份公司 | Apparatus and method for implementation and monitoring plastics laser transmission welding technique |
US9610729B2 (en) | 2011-07-25 | 2017-04-04 | Lpkf Laser & Electronics Ag | Device and method for performing and monitoring a plastic laser transmission welding process |
DE102015001466A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 | 2015-08-06 | Daimler Ag | Method and device for determining a three-dimensional geometric energy distribution of a laser beam |
EP3591359A1 (en) * | 2018-06-08 | 2020-01-08 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Contactless temperature measuring method and non-contact temperature monitoring method for determining a temperature during heat treatment of a workpiece, heat treatment of a workpiece and device for contactless temperature measurement |
CN112338392A (en) * | 2020-09-24 | 2021-02-09 | 唐山英莱科技有限公司 | Laser vision locating correction method for welding seam gap of industrial robot |
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