DE102007044147A1 - Thermal engine comprises low pressure steam jet, turbine and rotor, which is connected to component in uniform manner rotating around axis - Google Patents

Abstract

The thermal engine (1) comprises a low pressure steam jet, a turbine and a rotor. The rotor is connected to a component in uniform manner rotating around an axis. The component consists of a mixing nozzle (3), a diffuser (4) and a turbine (5). The rotor transmits a rotational energy of an output shaft (6) for an external use.

Description

The The invention relates to a thermodynamic machine in the preamble of the patent claim 1 specified genus.

was standing the technology of heat engines, which consist of a combination of steam jet and turbines, is the arrangement of the turbines in front of the steam jet (see application from 19. 7. 2007, Az 10 2007 033 555.7).

in the Contrary to the prior art, the present invention describes a heat engine, which a) instead of two turbines has only one turbine and which b) requires the arrangement of this turbine behind the steam jet, instead of this.

• a) Die Abmessungen der Wärmekraftmaschine werden etwa halbiert, weil nicht mehr zwei Turbinen erforderlich sind, sondern nur noch eine Turbine erforderlich ist.
• b) Die Strömungsführung in der Wärmekraftmaschine wird vereinfacht, weil sich die Wege von kaltem und warmem Arbeitsfluid in der Wärmekraftmaschine nicht mehr kreuzen vor der Mischdüse.
• c) Als Turbine kann eine einfach geformte Heron-Turbine eingesetzt werden, statt einer kompliziert geformten Axial – oder Radialturbine, was vorteilhaft ist bei Verwendung von Flüssigkeiten als Arbeitsfluid und damit einhergehenden hohen Drücken.
• d) Die Treibdüse des Dampfstrahlers kann feststehend sein, statt Teil des Rotors zu sein, was direkte Anbindung der Wärmekraftmaschine an eine feststehende Wärmequelle erlaubt, z. B. Anbindung an ein PKW-Auspuffrohr, welches als Treibdüse dienen kann.

In a heat engine of this type, the present invention solves the following problems by means of the features specified in claim 1:

• a) The dimensions of the heat engine are about halved because no longer two turbines are required, but only a turbine is required.
• b) The flow guidance in the heat engine is simplified because the paths of cold and warm working fluid in the heat engine no longer cross in front of the mixing nozzle.
• c) As a turbine, a simple-shaped Heron turbine can be used instead of a complicated-shaped axial or radial turbine, which is advantageous when using liquids as working fluid and high pressures associated therewith.
• d) The motive nozzle of the steam jet can be fixed, instead of being part of the rotor, which allows direct connection of the heat engine to a fixed heat source, eg. B. Connection to a car exhaust pipe, which can serve as a motive nozzle.

Further significant advantageous features of the invention will become apparent the dependent claims.

• a) kompakt und einfach sind: – kompakt, weil nur eine Turbine erforderlich ist statt zwei Turbinen, – einfach, weil die Treibdüse feststehend sein kann, statt Teil des Rotors zu sein.
• b) Flüssigkeiten statt Luft als Arbeitsfluid verwenden können wegen der geringen Empfindlichkeit einer Heron-Turbine gegenüber hohen Drücken, was nochmalige beträchtliche Verringerung des Bauvolumens auf ca. ein Tausendstel ermöglicht durch Verringerung der Abmessungen von Länge, Breite und Höhe auf jeweils ca. 10% unter Nutzung der ca. tausendfachen Wärmekapazität von Flüssigkeiten pro Volumeneinheit im Vergleich zu Luft und der damit einhergehenden hohen Leistungsdichte.

What is new and useful about this invention is that heat engines according to the invention are superior to conventional heat engines

• a) compact and simple are: - compact, because only one turbine is required instead of two turbines, - simply because the motive nozzle can be fixed instead of being part of the rotor.
• b) can use liquids instead of air as working fluid because of the low sensitivity of a Heron turbine to high pressures, which allows another considerable reduction in volume to about one-thousandth by reducing the dimensions of length, width and height to about 10% below Use of the approximately thousand times the heat capacity of liquids per unit volume compared to air and the associated high power density.

• – im Fahrzeugbau zur Nutzung der Abgaswärme und Kühlwasserwärme,
• – in der oberflächennahen Geothermie und in Gewässern zur Nutzung auch geringer Temperaturunterschiede zwischen Wasser in der Tiefe und an der Oberfläche,
• – in allen industriellen Prozessen, in welchen Kühltürme verwendet werden,
• – in der Lüftungs- und Klimatechnik zur Nutzung warmer Abluft und Fortluft.

The compact design makes heat engines according to the invention particularly suitable for mass decentralized use, especially for power generation, for example

• In vehicle construction for the use of exhaust heat and cooling water heat,
• - in near-surface geothermal energy and in waters for the use of even low temperature differences between water at depth and at the surface,
• - in all industrial processes where cooling towers are used,
• - In the ventilation and air conditioning technology for the use of warm exhaust air and exhaust air.

An inventive embodiment of a heat engine, which cold and warm working fluid, eg. As air or water, uses of low temperature difference is explained below using an exemplary embodiment of which the drawings 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 and 5 Principle representations are.

• – aus der feststehenden Treibdüse 2
• – aus einem Rotor, welcher aus Mischdüse 3, Diffusor 4 und Turbine 5 besteht und welcher ein einheitliches, zusammenhängendes Bauteil bildet,
• – aus der nicht zum Rotor gehörenden Abtriebswelle 6.

In 1 is roughly schematically in vertical section the heat engine according to the invention 1 represented, consisting

• - from the fixed motive nozzle 2
• - From a rotor, which from mixing nozzle 3 , Diffuser 4 and turbine 5 exists and which forms a unitary, coherent component,
• - From the non-rotor output shaft 6 ,

• – mit axialer Zufuhr des warmen Arbeitsfluids durch die feststehende Treibdüse 2,
• – mit radialer Zufuhr des kalten Arbeitsfluids durch den Ringspalt zwischen der feststehenden Treibdüse 2 und der rotierenden Mischdüse 3,
• – mit Abfuhr des axial aus der Mischdüse 3 austretenden Gemischs aus warmer und kaltem Arbeitsfluid durch den Diffusor 4 und durch die Turbine 5, welche als Axialturbine, als von außen nach innen durchströmte Radialturbine oder als von innen nach außen durchströmte Heron-Turbine gestaltet sein kann.

The heat engine is open at both ends

• - With axial supply of the warm working fluid through the fixed motive nozzle 2 .
• - With radial supply of cold working fluid through the annular gap between the fixed motive nozzle 2 and the rotating mixing nozzle 3 .
• - With discharge of the axially from the mixing nozzle 3 exiting mixture of hot and cold working fluid through the diffuser 4 and through the turbine 5 which can be designed as an axial turbine, as a radially inwardly flowed through radial turbine or as from inside to outside flowed Heron turbine.

That in the motive nozzle 2 located warm working fluid is exposed to a pressure gradient, which is between the inlet of the motive nozzle 2 and the one leave the mixing nozzle 3 which is caused by the coincidence of cold and warm working fluid in the mixing nozzle 3 under volume decrease of the warm working fluid.

Due to the pressure gradient between the motive nozzle 2 and mixing nozzle 3 the warm working fluid flows out of the motive nozzle 2 into the mixing nozzle 3 whose cross section is larger than the outlet cross section of the motive nozzle 2 ,

The cross section at the outlet of the motive nozzle 2 is about 1% of the inlet cross section of the motive nozzle 2 ,

As a result of this cross-sectional reduction, the flow of the warm working fluid from the inlet to the motive nozzle 2 until it leaves the drive nozzle 2 accelerated to a multiple, about one hundredfold, their initial velocity, despite wall friction and internal friction, increasing the kinetic energy of the warm working fluid.

The acceleration of the warm working fluid in the motive nozzle 2 takes place with a decrease in pressure, density and temperature.

That after its acceleration from the motive nozzle 2 escaping working fluid flows with great kinetic energy, but under low pressure, axially into the mixing nozzle 3 and drives the working fluid located there in front of him.

Derived from this process is the term "propulsion jet" used below for the propellant nozzle 2 flowing working fluid.

Radial, the cold working fluid through the annular gap between the motive nozzle 2 and mixing nozzle 3 into the mixing nozzle 3 sucked due to the low pressure of the high speed out of the motive nozzle 2 flowing working fluid.

The radially inflowing cold working fluid is introduced into the mixing nozzle 3 dragged by the working fluid, which is from the motive nozzle 2 flows.

Therefore will be the initial one Term "cold Working fluid "below replaced by the term "tow jet".

Analogous to the motive nozzle 2 can the annular gap between the motive nozzle 2 and mixing nozzle 3 are referred to as a tug nozzle, although the tug is not a component, but only a gap between two components.

In the course of the mixture of propulsion jet and drag jet in the mixing nozzle 3 takes place a pulse exchange instead of propulsion and trailing jet, which combines to form a mixture and in the direction of the diffuser 4 to be moved.

Because the cross section of the mixing nozzle 3 is greater than the cross section of the motive nozzle 2 , motive and trailing jet slow down during mixture formation in the mixing nozzle 3 under considerable pressure increase.

This Pressure increase causes the temperature of motive and drag jet increases while the mixture formation and consequently the temperature of the mixture over the Temperature of propulsion and drag jet is.

The mixture of propulsion jet and trailing jet takes in the mixing nozzle 3 an average temperature and a mean density, which in each case between the original output values of the propulsion jet and the tow jet as they enter the heat engine 1 lie.

In addition, this mixture takes in the mixing nozzle 3 a medium speed, as well as an average pressure and a medium volume.

The mixture takes in the diffuser 4 a higher pressure than in the mixing nozzle 3 , with decrease in speed, due to cross-section extension of the diffuser 4 ,

The diffuser 4 transfers the mixture to the turbine at high pressure 5 , In the turbine 5 the pressure of the mixture is converted into rotational energy. The turbine 5 can be designed as axial, centripetal flowed through radial or centrifugal Heron turbine.

The flow of the mixture of motive jet and trailing jet in the turbine 5 creates a circumferential direction on the turbine 5 acting force in which the heat engine 1 set in rotation and enabled to release mechanical energy in the form of rotational energy through the output shaft 6 for external use.

2 shows vertical sections transverse to the axis of rotation a) through the top of the fixed motive nozzle 2 and the intake port of the mixing nozzle rotating therearound 3 with the annular gap between the motive nozzle 2 and mixing nozzle 3 , b) through the diffuser 4 and c) through the turbine 5 , which is shown here as a Heron turbine.

The heat engine 1 is self-starting, if the pressure at the inlet of the motive nozzle 2 is higher than the ambient pressure outside the heat engine 1 , Otherwise, the heat engine is 1 not self-starting, but must by external drive at a low minimum start speed, which one through the turbine 5 caused suction in the mixing nozzle 3 caused before the heat engine 1 Delivers performance.

When using a gaseous working fluid, the motive nozzle becomes 2 cold as a result of the acceleration of the propulsion jet in the motive nozzle 2 accompanying decrease in pressure, density and temperature.

On the outside of the motive nozzle 2 Condensation occurs in the trailing jet if the trailing jet consists of ambient air. In this way, water can be recovered from the ambient air.

Another advantage of condensate formation on the outside of the motive nozzle 2 is that the propulsion jet is heated by the latent heat of the towing jet and in this way increases its enthalpy, while at the same time the trailing jet is cooled and the power of the heat engine 1 for these two reasons is increasing.

To make the condensate on the outside of the motive nozzle 2 their wall can be adapted in terms of thickness, material and shape to this purpose.

It is also useful, alternatively or in addition to the condensate recovery on the outside of the motive nozzle 2 To make the wall hollow and to fill it with a liquid, which has one on the outside of the heat engine 1 mounted heat exchanger either by naturally occurring ambient heat or artificially heated, z. B. by waste heat.

This measure increases the enthalpy of the propulsion jet and the power of the heat engine 1 ,

Waste heat in the form of warm room air, z. As of office buildings or factories, can be used as a propulsion jet and thus offers the opportunity to use the thermal energy of this waste heat not only thermally through heat recovery as before, but convert it into mechanical energy, while obtaining air conditioning on the outside of the motive nozzle 2 and increase in performance of the heat engine 1 ,

• a) Durch das nahezu vollständige Verschwinden eines großen Teils seines Volumens in der Mischdüse 2 erhöht er das Druckgefälle zwischen dem atmosphärischen Druck am Einlass der Treibdüse 2 einerseits und dem Druck in der Mischdüse 3 andererseits.
• b) Durch seine Kondensationswärme erhöht er die Temperatur des Gemischs über die mittlere Temperatur von Treib- und Schleppstrahl hinaus und bewirkt damit zusätzliche Volumenausdehnung des Gemischs.

The motive jet is also the warm moist exhaust air from wet cooling towers. Because this air is saturated or nearly saturated with water vapor, the water vapor contained in it condenses partially in the mixing nozzle 3 when encountering cold air and increases the performance of the heat engine 1 for two reasons:

• a) By the almost complete disappearance of a large part of its volume in the mixing nozzle 2 it increases the pressure gradient between the atmospheric pressure at the inlet of the motive nozzle 2 on the one hand and the pressure in the mixing nozzle 3 on the other hand.
• b) By its heat of condensation it raises the temperature of the mixture beyond the mean temperature of propellant and drag jet and thus causes additional volume expansion of the mixture.

If at the outlet of the turbine 5 the temperature of the turbine 5 high enough, this can in a second stage of the heat engine 1 be used again to generate rotational energy. For this purpose, the mixture is after leaving the turbine 5 into the second stage motive nozzle. Although the second stage design is identical to the first stage design, the second stage has twice the throughput of the first stage and therefore larger dimensions than this. In addition, the second stage motive nozzle is not fixed but rotates.

As 3 shows, the annular gap between the motive nozzle 2 and mixing nozzle 3 be designed very small, under further narrowing, and act as a ring nozzle.

Through this annular nozzle, the propulsion jet can radially into the heat engine 1 occur instead of through the centrally located motive nozzle 2 to be led. The ring nozzle takes over in this way the function of the motive nozzle 2 while this takes over the function of the tow nozzle and in this case as a central tug nozzle 7 is designated by the drag jet axially into the heat engine 1 entry.

In such construction, the heat engine can 1 be used in a simple way to generate mechanical energy from the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold water from deeper layers of a body of water:
By a fixed vertical tube, z. B. plastic cold water from the depth to the water surface is passed and through the central tug nozzle 7 into the mixing nozzle 3 dismiss.

The annular motive nozzle surrounds the tug nozzle and passes warm surface water into the mixing nozzle under high speed acceleration 3 , taking the low speed out of the central tug nozzle 7 leaking cold water.

In the mixing nozzle 3 fuel and fuel mix Towing jet to a common flow, which assumes a medium velocity and to the diffuser 4 moved, where increases by the cross-sectional enlargement of the pressure of the flow and behind the diffuser 4 arranged turbine 5 drives.

When operating with ambient air can in the heat engine 1 to improve their performance, the temperature of the tow jet is lowered by evaporation of water in the tow jet. It is expedient in this case, in the flow channel of the tug nozzle - regardless of whether this as an outer ring nozzle or as a central tug nozzle 7 is designed - a water nozzle 8th or more such water jets 8th to install for the atomization of water to facilitate its evaporation, such as 4 shows.

• a) Es wird keine Temperaturerhöhung in der Wärmekraftmaschine 1 erzeugt, sondern es wird durch Mischung zweier Fluide eine Mischtemperatur erzeugt durch Nutzung eines bereits außerhalb der Wärmekraftmaschine 1 vorhandenen Temperaturgefälles.
• b) Es wird auch keine Volumenausdehnung erzeugt, wie z. B. in einer Gasturbine, sondern es wird das Volumen warmen Arbeitsfluids verringert durch Kühlung infolge Mischung mit kaltem Arbeitsfluid. Die Reduzierung des Volumens des warmen Arbeitsfluids bewirkt, dass das warme Arbeitsfluid strömt und kinetische Energie erzeugt, welche in Druck umgesetzt wird. Anschließend wird dieser Druck mittels Turbine in Rotationsenergie umgesetzt. Das kalte Arbeitsfluid dehnt sich während der Mischung aus, so dass die Volumina der beiden Arbeitsfluide, welche in die Wärmekraftmaschine 1 eintreten, gleich sind oder nahezu gleich sind dem Volumen des Gemischs der beiden Arbeitsfluide, welches die Wärmekraftmaschine 1 verlässt. Die Volumina von Treibstrahl und Schleppstrahl verhalten sich etwa wie 1:1, ebenso deren Massen.
• c) Die von der Wärmekraftmaschine 1 nutzbaren Temperaturgefälle kommen häufig in der Natur oder als kostenlose Abwärme industrieller Prozesse vor, ohne dass sie künstlich erzeugt werden müssen. In solchen Fällen sind Wirkungsgrad-Berechnungen für die erfindungsgemäße Wärmekraftmaschine 1 irrelevant. Wird das Temperaturgefälle außerhalb der Wärmekraftmaschine 1 in einem künstlichen Prozess erzeugt, ist dessen Wirkungsgrad zwar für die Bestimmung der Kosten des Prozesses wichtig, zur Beurteilung der Effizienz der Wärmekraftmaschine 1 eignet sich dieser Wirkungsgrad allerdings nicht.
• d) Als technisches Maß für die Leistung der Wärmekraftmaschine 1 dient ausschließlich das Verhältnis von erzeugter Rotationsenergie zum thermischem Potenzial in Gestalt unterschiedlicher Wärmekapazitäten infolge unterschiedlicher Temperaturen der beteiligten Fluide. Weil bei Durchsatz großer Massen von Fluiden mit geringem Temperaturunterschied große thermische Potenziale darstellbar sind, kann die Leistung einer erfindungsgemäßen Wärmekraftmaschine groß sein bei kleinem Temperaturgefälle.
• e) Der entscheidende Maßstab für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Wärmekraftmaschine 1 besteht im Verhältnis von erzeugter Energie zu den Anschaffungs- und Betriebskosten. Dieses Verhältnis liegt weit unter 1.000,- Euro pro kW installierter Leistung.

Compared with conventional heat engines, the heat engine according to the invention 1 following thermodynamic features:

• a) There is no increase in temperature in the heat engine 1 but it is created by mixing two fluids, a mixing temperature by using an already outside of the heat engine 1 existing temperature gradient.
• b) It is also generated no volume expansion, such. As in a gas turbine, but it is the volume of warm working fluid reduced by cooling due to mixing with cold working fluid. Reducing the volume of the warm working fluid causes the warm working fluid to flow and generate kinetic energy which is translated into pressure. Subsequently, this pressure is converted by means of turbine into rotational energy. The cold working fluid expands during the mixing so that the volumes of the two working fluids entering the heat engine 1 occur, are equal or nearly equal to the volume of the mixture of the two working fluids, which is the heat engine 1 leaves. The volumes of propulsion jet and trailing jet behave approximately like 1: 1, as do their masses.
• c) The heat engine 1 Usable temperature gradients are often found in nature or as free waste heat from industrial processes without having to be artificially produced. In such cases, efficiency calculations for the heat engine according to the invention 1 irrelevant. If the temperature gradient outside the heat engine 1 produced in an artificial process, its efficiency is indeed important for determining the cost of the process, to assess the efficiency of the heat engine 1 However, this efficiency is not suitable.
• d) As a technical measure of the performance of the heat engine 1 is used exclusively the ratio of generated rotational energy to the thermal potential in the form of different heat capacities due to different temperatures of the fluids involved. Because large thermal masses can be produced in the case of throughputs of large masses of fluids with a low temperature difference, the output of a heat engine according to the invention can be great with a small temperature gradient.
• e) The decisive benchmark for the competitiveness of the heat engine 1 consists in the ratio of generated energy to the acquisition and operating costs. This ratio is well below € 1,000 per kW of installed capacity.

1

1

Heat engine

2

propelling nozzle

3

mixing nozzle

4

diffuser

5

turbine

6

output shaft

2

A

Cross section through motive nozzle 2 and mixing nozzle 3

B

Cross section through the diffuser 4

C

Cross section through the turbine 5

3

7

central trailer-type

4

8th

 water nozzle

Claims (5)

Heat engine with low pressure steam jet and turbine, characterized in that 1 this heat engine ( 1 ) has a rotor, 1.1 which is a coherent unitary component, 1.1.1 which rotates about its axis, 1.1.2 which consists of mixing nozzle ( 3 ), Diffuser ( 4 ) and turbine ( 5 ), 1.1.3 its mixing nozzle ( 3 ) and diffuser ( 4 ) one Low-pressure steam ejectors together with the fixed or rotating with the rotor nozzle ( 2 ), 1.2 which its rotational energy on an output shaft ( 6 ) transmits for external use, 1.3 which is powered by the turbine ( 5 ) by means of the in the mixing nozzle ( 3 ) resulting mixture of propulsion jet and trailing jet, 1.3.1 which on the turbine ( 5 ) and causes their rotation, 1.3.2 whose flow is generated in mixing nozzle ( 3 ) and diffuser ( 4 ) by the kinetic energy of the motive nozzle ( 2 ) leaving propulsion jet, 1.3.2.1 which sucks the drag jet with its low pressure through the gap between the motive nozzle ( 2 ) and mixing nozzle ( 3 ), 1.3.2.2 which in turn is sucked into the mixing nozzle by the pressure drop arising in the propulsion jet, which is caused by the mixture of the warm propulsion jet with the cold jet stream in the mixing nozzle ( 3 ), 1.3.3 whose flow is slowed down under pressure increase in the diffuser ( 4 ), from this to the turbine ( 5 ) and drives them. Heat engine according to claim 1, characterized in that 1 the turbine ( 5 ) may be designed as an axial turbine, as a radially inwardly flowed through radial turbine or as from inside to outside flowed Heron turbine. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that 1 the motive nozzle ( 2 ) is designed as a heat exchanger to promote condensation on its outside and / or to absorb heat on its outside. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that 1 can be used as working fluids liquids, in particular water can be used, the natural temperature stratification can be used to heat the engine ( 1 ) when the central tug nozzle ( 7 ) cold water as a tow jet from the depth into the heat engine ( 1 ) introduces and the propulsion jet laterally through the designed in this case as a motive nozzle, narrowing gap between the central tug nozzle ( 7 ) and mixing nozzle ( 3 ) in the heat engine ( 1 ) penetrates. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that 1 for lowering the temperature of the tow jet in the flow channel of the tug nozzle, a water nozzle ( 8th ) or several water nozzles ( 8th ) are installed to atomize water to facilitate its evaporation.