DE102006056799A1 - Method for producing a workpiece and workpiece - Google Patents

Abstract

For fast and cost-effective production of workpieces with magnets permanent magnets are placed in a mold. Then reinforcing material is introduced for reinforcing one or more selected areas. Thereafter, a liquid casting material is introduced into the mold, wherein the temperature of the liquid casting material is below the Curie temperature of the permanent magnets. After cooling the casting material, the workpiece with the permanent magnets and the hardened casting material is removed from the mold. In particular, through the use of plastic and plastic injection molding technology and by the use of reinforcing fibers, which are also placed in the mold before spraying, a low-cost production of a workpiece is achieved, which includes a radial wheel, a shaft, a motor / generator section and a Includes bearings and an abutment.

Description

The The present invention relates to manufacturing methods and in particular to manufacturing processes for the manufacture of workpieces, the permanent magnets include, and on such workpieces.

Especially in connection with motors and generators become permanent magnets used. For example, a permanent magnet rotates in one electric field and induces a voltage there, so that the Rotation of the magnet in the field is converted into electrical energy becomes. The opposite principle in which a particular field is created and due to the field one attached to a shaft Magnet begins to rotate, is known as the electric motor principle. In both cases a magnet is attached to a shaft. Both generators as well as motors, the shaft on which the magnets are located, associated with some kind of wheel, such as a gear in an engine or a radial wheel in a generator or in a turbine, wherein in this turbine, a flowing medium, such as a vaporous Medium due to its movement the radial wheel and the associated Wave drives.

One rotating member in such a motor / generator, and in particular then when the motor / generator in conjunction with a compressor of Is used as a relatively complicated object, which is expensive in its production. In particular, at the Making such an article initially the shaft typically made of metal, to then attach to the shaft, the magnets. Further, on the shaft then a specially made wheel, such as Radial wheel attached. After all of course, the wave has to be stored, so that on the shaft also still bearing elements must be attached. Especially for contactless Bearings, which are also referred to as magnetic bearings, are permanent magnets for this purpose necessary.

conventional Heat pumps have the disadvantage that if they are based on a piston principle work, inherent Losses due to the fact that the piston reciprocates must become. Furthermore, the piston must be lubricated, not being or difficult to prevent the lubricant in Contact with the working fluid is coming.

It It was found that the replacement of a piston pump by a Radial compressor, e.g. works on the turbo principle, some Benefits. A decisive advantage of such Principle is that used as a working fluid water can be, with this water even come from an open circuit can. Independently whether or not a complete one closed or a complete one open circuit is used in such a steam atmosphere no Contamination of water vapor or water with lubricants occur. On the other hand, if a radial compressor in a heat engine is used, the efficiency should be as high as possible, so that for the Storage of a radial wheel, which also have high speeds can, if possible little energy should be spent.

The Internet publication "Permanent Magnetic Bearings" by Johan K. Fremerey dated November 2000 (which can be found via the link ww3w.fz-juelich.de/zat/magnet/0b30.pdf can be accessed, provides an overview of permanent magnetic bearings that can be used for non-contact storage. In particular, such bearings are wear and maintenance-free and such bearings are also free of friction energy losses. The complete elimination of the bearing-related frictional losses in fast-moving systems only with the greatest possible exclusion of air friction, ie under vacuum conditions to bear. However, even if the bearing is not operated in vacuum, the friction loss is much lower than with corresponding contact bearings, such as ball bearings, roller bearings or other plain bearings.

In particular, permanent magnetic bearings are used with repulsive force on the bearing gap, as in British Patent 642,353 are described. Permanent magnetic bearings have both on the rotor side and on the stator side adjacent to each other arranged magnetic rings which are axially magnetized, so that above the ring, for example, the north pole and below the ring is the south pole. Such rings are made of crystalline powder. The magnetic powder is pressed into a mold in the presence of a strong magnetic field. The crystals align with their preferred magnetization axis in the direction of the magnetic field. The pellets are then sintered. Suitable material is neodymium-iron-boron, (NdFeB), which has a high coercive force. Such permanent magnet rings made of this material can be produced at comparatively low prices.

A repulsive bearing is constructed of a plurality of stacked, axially magnetized rings on the rotor and the stator with the magnetization direction of adjacent rings within each stack opposite. The rotor and stator magnets facing each other at the same height at the same position are magneti in the same direction Siert. Thus, opposing surface currents with radial repulsive effect against the bearing gap, so that the bearing is radially stable.

So long the magnet rings of the rotor and the stator are at the same height, are the repulsive forces balanced in the axial direction. When leaving this equilibrium weight position However, the repulsive force comes increasingly in the direction of displacement to the effect. The camp has a tendency to get out of the unstable axial equilibrium position and the amount of height of one to move individual magnet ring in the axial direction. The um a ring height deflected position are oppositely magnetized Rings opposite the bearing gap at the same height. The repulsive camp is changing to a radial attractive bearing with radial flow in the bearing gap and corresponding bearing instability. The axially directed "breaking force" is here for recording used the rotor weight. Such a breaking force results in a displacement of the rotor relative to the stator. To the axial Shifting electric stabilizing coils directly used on the circumference of the stator magnet, the coil current so it is regulated that it is the surface current of the coil surrounded stator magnets and thus attenuates its traction when the wave magnet moves in the direction of this stator magnet. At the opposite Magnetic stator ensures the attached coil at the same time for a reinforcement of the there surface current, so that its tensile force increases. With the help of the coils can be thus a stable axial positioning of a shaft between the Reach stator magnet. The current regulation is controlled by a sensor controls the axial position of the wave magnets continuously measures. Often you can the stabilizing coils themselves are used as a sensor. she are charged for this purpose with a high-frequency current. Induced by Short-circuit currents at the ends of the waves is the high frequency current in the coils affected. When approaching the wave increases the current in the coil in question. The currents of both Coils are compared in a differential circuit. The difference signal is rectified and serves as a sensor signal, its polarity and amplitude clearly the direction and the amount of axial Play shaft deflection. Such permanent magnetic bearings are used for rotary anode storage in an X-ray tube, for a spinning centrifuge, for a gas-filled vacuum gauge, for one Disc chopper for Neutron beams, for a turbomolecular pump, for an x-ray pulse selector, for one Drum chopper for neutron beams, for one Flywheel energy storage or within a crystal puller used.

If So for example, a permanently magnetically mounted synchronous motor considered, the motor shaft is first manufactured during its production. Then the motor shaft is screwed with appropriate bearings or connected via press fit. In addition, permanent magnets attached to the engine axle and maybe even with one Carbon fiber composite material comprising carbon fiber and resin encased. The manufacture of such a motor shaft including storage includes So many individual steps that are difficult to automate and make mass production much more expensive.

It The object of the present invention is an improved concept for producing a workpiece as well as a workpiece to accomplish.

These The object is achieved by a method for producing a workpiece according to claim 1 or a workpiece according to claim 9 solved.

Of the The present invention is based on the finding that the individual Components that are needed on a motor shaft, in one step be fixed and manufactured, reducing time and manufacturing costs be saved. In particular, according to the invention with workpieces Permanent magnets produced, wherein the permanent magnets in one Mold are placed. This is followed by liquid casting material in the Form, taking care, however, that the temperature of the liquid Casting material smaller than the Curie temperature of the permanent magnet is. This criterion determines the choice of material for the liquid casting material, in particular liquid Plastic material is preferred, and wherein in particular the introduction of the liquid Plastic material by means of plastic injection molding technology. To reinforce areas be by introducing reinforcing material into the mold strengthened before then the material is poured.

hereupon becomes the liquid Cooled casting material and the workpiece, having the permanent magnet and the hardened casting material, is taken from the mold and processed if necessary.

In a preferred embodiment, a motor shaft including bearing and radial wheel is thus made of a highly rigid plastic in plastic injection molding technology. Here, all the required permanent magnets are placed inside the injection mold and reinforced according to their load with carbon fibers. It is crucial that the actual casting process takes place below the Curie temperature of the permanent magnetic material used, resulting in a certain selection of materials, preferably Plastics leads. The plastic in conjunction with the carbon fibers creates a highly tensile and resilient layer in one operation.

preferred embodiments The present invention will be described below with reference to FIG the accompanying drawings explained in detail. Show it:

1 a schematic diagram of a method according to the invention for producing a workpiece;

2A a schematic representation of a compressor for a heat pump with a plurality of sequentially arranged turbomachines;

2 B a schematic representation of an adjustment of rotational speeds of cascaded Strömungsmaschi NEN as a function of a target temperature of a heat pump system;

2C a schematic plan view of a radial impeller of a turbomachine, as it is made in one preferred embodiment of the present invention integral with shaft and magnet;

2D a schematic cross-sectional view with a merely schematic representation of the Radialrad-blades to illustrate the different extent of the blades with respect to the radius of the Radialrads;

3 a schematic representation of an actively controlled repulsive magnetic bearing;

4 a schematic diagram of the operation of a repulsive magnetic bearing;

5 a preferred embodiment of the workpiece according to the invention with radial wheel, motor / generator section and abutment section;

6A a schematic diagram of a heat pump in which the workpiece according to the invention can be advantageously used;

6B a table illustrating various pressures and evaporation temperatures associated with these pressures for water;

7 a block diagram of a heat pump, which is operated with groundwater, seawater, river water, seawater or brine, in which the workpiece according to the invention can be advantageously used.

1 shows a schematic representation of the method according to the invention for producing a workpiece. In one step 10 First, at least one permanent magnet is placed in a mold and fixed. As needed, further non-magnetic z. B. metallic parts also placed in such a mold. The permanent magnet placed in the mold has a Curie temperature that determines the temperature range to which the permanent magnet is permanently magnetic. If the permanent magnet is heated above this Curie temperature, it loses its magnetic properties.

In one step 12 Then, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, specific areas are reinforced by introducing and fixing fibers into the mold. The preferably used step 12 is particularly advantageous when a plastic injection mold is used as a mold, and if as a cast material, in one step 14 is introduced into the mold, plastic material is used. Typical plastic materials already have "stuffing" fibers, but these fibers are limited to a certain relatively short length so that the liquid plastic material retains its flow properties 12 to reinforce specific areas the same fibers, but with a greater length are used, as they already occur in the plastic injection molding material anyway. This results in the fibers being introduced into the mold then due to the step 14 from the plastic injection molding material containing the short fibers is flown around. This creates, if in one step 16 a cooling of the cast form takes place, an optimal bond between plastic injection molding material and in the step 12 additionally introduced fibers.

In one step 14 Such a plastic is used which is already liquid at a temperature which is lower than the Curie temperature of the magnet. This ensures that the magnet does not lose its effect during manufacture and causes damage during manufacture of the shaft or, more generally, of the workpiece. Therefore, it is preferable to perform the permanent magnet selection and the material selection of the liquid casting material so that a "safety margin" of at least 10 Kelvin exists between the flow temperature or the processing temperature of the liquid casting material and the Curie temperature.

Preferably FeNdB is used as the magnetic material, the Curie temperature about 310 ° C has. Further, preferably as a casting material is a plastic material used, which has polyarylamide, and injected at 260 ° C to 280 ° C. can be.

Then, in one step 16 becomes the work piece is removed from the mold after the casting material has cooled. The workpiece must not be completely cured before removal, but it is sufficient if the workpiece is partially cured, and in addition to hardened material also uncured or not fully cured material.

The workpiece consists now of cooled Casting material comprising at least one permanent magnet, the surrounded by the casting material at least partially materially is. If the casting process has worked correctly, the permanent magnet is of the casting material so without gaps material fit of surrounded and thus is all sides that defined the mold well embedded in the material. Made of plastic injection molding technology known techniques of anchoring can be used, wherein however, in the applications according to the invention, in which rotating workpieces be made, which rotate at high temperature, paid attention is that such Anankerun gene, which then surrounded by the plastic will lead to no imbalance of the wave.

Thus, according to the invention through the use of plastic a plastic radial wheel of a compressor a heat pump immediately injected with the wave, and it creates a complete finished motor shaft with bearing and radial wheel, which in only one Step material-locking has been produced, which immediately leads to low production costs and a high quality product.

The following is based on the 2A to 2D on a special scenario, in which the motor shaft including radial wheel and bearing can be preferably used. In particular, in the 2C and 2D on specific embodiments of the radial wheel.

In the preferred embodiment, the turbomachine is configured as a rotary compressor with a rotatable wheel, wherein the wheel may be a low-speed radial, medium-radial, semi-axial, or propeller, as known in the art. Radial compressors are in "Turbomachines", C. Pfleiderer, H. Petermann, Springer-Verlag, 2005, pages 82 and 83 described. Such radial compressors thus include as a rotatable wheel the so-called. Center runner whose form depends on the individual requirements. In general, any flow machines can be used, as they are known as turbo compressors, fans, blowers or turbocompressors.

In the preferred embodiment of the present invention is the radial compressor 16 as a plurality of independent turbomachines running, which can be controlled independently of each other at least in terms of their speed, so that two turbomachines can have different speeds. Such an implementation is in 2a shown, in which the compressor is formed as Kas kade of n turbomachines. At any point after the first turbomachine is preferably one or more heat exchangers, for example for domestic water heating, with 170 are designated provided. These heat exchangers are designed to be that of a previous turbomachine 172 to cool heated (and compressed) gas. Here, the superheat enthalpy is meaningfully used to increase the efficiency of the entire compression process. The cooled gas is then further compressed with one or more downstream compressors or fed directly to the condenser. It is removed heat from the compressed water vapor, so that z. B. service water to higher temperatures than z. B. 40 ° C to heat. However, this does not reduce the overall efficiency of the heat pump, but even increases it, since two consecutively connected gas cooling turbines with a longer service life achieve the required gas pressure in the condenser due to the reduced thermal stress and less energy than if a single turbomachine without gas cooling would be available.

The cascaded independently operated turbomachines are preferably by a controller 250 controlled, the input side receives a target temperature in the heating circuit and possibly also an actual temperature in the heating circuit. Depending on the desired setpoint temperature, the rotational speed of a turbomachine arranged earlier in the cascade, which is denoted by n ₁ by way of example, and the rotational speed n _{2 of} a turbomachine, which is arranged later in the cascade, are changed as indicated by 2 B is shown. Will a higher setpoint temperature in the controller 250 entered, both speeds are increased. However, the speed of the previously arranged turbomachine, with n ₁ in 2 B is increased with a smaller gradient than the rotational speed n _{2 of} a later arranged in the cascade turbo machine. As a result, when the ratio n ₂ / n _{1 of} the two speeds is plotted, the graph of 2 B gives a straight line with a positive slope.

The intersection between the individually applied rotational speeds n ₁ and n ₂ can take place at any desired point, that is to say at any desired temperature and, if appropriate, can not take place. Gene However, it is preferred to raise a turbomachine arranged closer to the condenser in the cascade in terms of its speed than a turbomachine formerly arranged in the cascade, if a higher setpoint temperature is desired.

The reason for this is that the turbomachine, which is later arranged in the cascade, must process already compressed gas that has been compressed by a turbomachine that was previously arranged in the cascade. Further, this ensures that the blade angle of blades of a radial wheel, as also referring to 2c and 6d is always as good as possible with respect to the speed of the gas to be compressed. Thus, the adjustment of the blade angle is only in the optimization of possible low-turbulence compression of the incoming gas. The other parameters of the angle adjustment such as gas flow rate and compression ratio, which would otherwise have made a technical compromise in the choice of blade angle and thus only at a desired temperature optimum efficiency are brought according to the invention by the independent speed control to its optimum operating point and therefore have no influence more on the choice of blade angle. This results in spite of a fixed blade angle always optimal efficiency.

in the In view of this, it is further preferred that one in the cascade more towards the condenser arranged turbomachine has a direction of rotation of the radial wheel, which is to the direction of rotation one sooner in the cascade arranged radial wheel is opposite. In order to can a nearly optimal angle of entry of the blades of both radial wheels in the Gas flow can be achieved, such that a favorable efficiency of the turbomachine cascade not only occurs in a small target temperature range, but in a much larger target temperature range between 20 and 50 degrees, what for typical heating applications is an optimal range. The speed control according to the invention and optionally the use of counter-rotating radial wheels thus provides an optimal match between the variable gas flow in itself changing Target temperature on the one hand and the fixed blade angles of the radial wheels on the other.

at preferred embodiments The present invention is at least one or preferably all radial impellers all turbomachines made of plastic with a tensile strength above 80 MPa. A preferred plastic for this is polyamide 6.6 with inserted carbon fibers. This plastic has the advantage of tensile strength, allowing radial wheels of the fault machines can be made from this plastic and yet with high Speeds can be operated.

Radial wheels are preferably used according to the invention, as for example in 2c at reference numerals 260 are shown. 2c shows a schematic plan view of such a radial wheel, wherein 2d a schematic cross-sectional view of such a radial wheel shows. A radial wheel, as is known in the art, includes a plurality of vanes extending inwardly outwardly 262 , The blades extend from a distance of a central axis 264 , which is designated by r _W , completely outward with respect to the axis 264 of the radial wheel. In particular, the radial wheel comprises a base 266 as well as a lid 268 directed to the intake manifold or to an earlier stage compressor. The radial wheel comprises a suction port, which is designated by r ₁ to suck gas, this gas is then discharged from the radial wheel laterally, as in 270 in 2d is specified.

If 2c is considered, the gas is in the direction of rotation in front of the blade 262 at a relatively higher speed while behind the blade 262 is at a reduced speed. However, it is preferred for high efficiency and high efficiency that the gas everywhere with a uniform speed as possible from the radial wheel laterally, ie at 270 in 2d is ejected. For this purpose there is a desire to use the blades 262 as close as possible.

However, for technical reasons, an arbitrarily tight attachment of from the inside, ie from the radius r _W outwardly extending blades is not possible because then the suction port with the radius r _{1 is} more and more blocked.

According to the invention, it is therefore preferred to use blades 272 respectively. 274 respectively. 276 provide that is less long than the blade 262 extend. In particular, the blades extend 272 not from r _W to the outside, but from outside R ₁ with respect to the radial wheel, where R _{1 is} greater than r _W. Analogously extend, as in 2c is shown as an example, the blades 274 only from R ₂ to the outside, while the blades 276 only extend from R ₃ to the outside, wherein R _{2 is} greater than R ₁ and wherein R _{3 is} greater than R ₂ .

These relationships are in 2d shown schematically, with a double hatching, for example in the area 278 in 2d indicates that there are two blades in this area that overlap and are therefore marked by the double-hatched area. So called from the bottom left to the top right in the area 278 hatching shown a shovel 262 that extends from r _W to the very outside, while the left from top to bottom right in the area 278 extending hatching a bucket 272 indicates, which extends only from R ₁ to the outside with respect to the radial wheel.

Preferably, at least one blade, which does not extend so far inwardly, is thus arranged between two blades extending deeper inwardly. This means that the intake is not clogged or areas with a smaller radius are not too heavily occupied with blades, while areas with a larger radius are more densely occupied with blades, so that at the exit of the radial wheel, ie where the compressed gas Radial wheel leaves, as homogeneous a velocity distribution of the exiting gas exists. The velocity distribution of the exiting gas is in the preferred radial wheel according to the invention in 2c particularly homogeneous on the outer circumference, because the distance of blades accelerating the gas and due to the "stacked" arrangement of the blades is substantially smaller than in one case, eg only the blades 262 are present, which extend from the very inside to the outside and thus inevitably have at the outer end of the radial wheel a very large distance, which is substantially larger than the radial wheel according to the invention, as in 2c is shown.

At this point it should be noted that the relatively complex and complicated shape of the radial wheel in 2c can be made particularly favorable with plastic injection molding, in particular, can be easily achieved that all blades, including the blades that do not extend from the very inside to the very outside, so the blades 272 . 274 . 276 are firmly anchored, as they are both with the lid 268 so on the base 266 from 2d are connected. The use of plastic in particular with the plastic injection molding technology makes it possible to produce any shapes accurately and inexpensively, which is not readily possible with radial wheels made of metal or only very expensive or possibly even impossible.

It should be noted at this point that very high rotational speeds of the radial wheel are preferred, so that the accelerations acting on the blades assume very considerable values. For this reason, it is preferred that in particular the shorter blades 272 . 274 . 276 not only with the base, but also with the lid are firmly connected, such that the radial wheel can withstand the accelerations occurring readily.

In In this context it should also be noted that the use of plastic also due to the superior impact resistance of Plastic cheap is. So is not always excluded that ice crystals or water droplets hit the radial wheel at least the first compressor stage. Due to the high accelerations arise here very high impact forces, the of plastics with sufficient impact resistance readily be withstood. Furthermore, the liquefaction takes place in the liquefier preferably due to the cavitation principle instead. This is where steam bubbles fall due to this principle in a volume of water together. There arise as well Seen microscopically, quite considerable speeds and forces that viewed in the long term can lead to material fatigue, which, however, if a plastic used with a sufficient impact resistance is, are easily manageable.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is preferable to permanently magnetically support the radial wheel or the shaft attached to the radial wheel. The following is based on the 3 and 4 on operation and structure and in particular on an active control of such a radial wheel.

Hereinafter, referring to 3 a preferred embodiment of the present invention described in which a permanent magnet bearing is used with magnetized aufein other stacked rings. At the stator 502 is a number of magnetic rings 560a . 560b . 560c . 560d . 560e and 560F attached. Also on the rotor are also magnetic rings 562a . 562b , ..., 562e appropriate. Further, the controller 516 on the input side with a control device 517 coupled, which also in 1a is shown and a detection of the gap 504 in any known manner. In particular, a gap length of the gap is capacitively, inductively, optically and in any other way either directly or indirectly via a position determination of the rotor and / or the stator 504 detected and as an actual value in the gap detection device 517 or the controller 517 used.

There, the actual value is compared with a desired value to provide, depending on the target-actual comparison, a control signal which is filtered by any known loop filter having a desired frequency characteristic. This control signal is in the control device 516 fed, then the input signal or control signal 514 for the mechanical actuator 512 supplies. The actuator 512 causes in response to the control signal 514 Thus, a displacement of the stator or the attached to the stator Magnetic rings or generally the bearing portion which is coupled to the stator, so that the relative position between the bearing portion of the stator and the bearing portion of the rotor is changed.

This active control of the magnetic bearing takes place in the working position or in the operating mode of the rotor and is taking reference 4 explained in more detail. 4 shows a cross section through three successive stacked magnetic rings whose magnetization by directional arrows 564 are displayed, the arrow direction of the arrow 564 indicates whether up or down is the north pole or south pole of the magnetised ring. After opposing polarized rings attract, there exists an upper force F _o and a lower attraction F _u , as shown in FIG 4 is characterized is. Then, when an axial force is applied to the rotor when the rotor thus moves upward, for example, the force F _o becomes larger and the force F _u becomes smaller, so that the deflection is further enhanced by the inherent magnetic force inherent in the magnetic bearing why the bearing is axially metastable. To compensate for this situation, the stator is controlled so that it is also deflected upward, so that the force F _{o is} again smaller and the force F _{u is} greater, so that again a balance of power is set. Corresponding variables and tendencies are in the in 4 drawn table. It follows that the stator in the control range, which is schematically in 2d at 544 is drawn, is constantly moved slightly upwards or downwards to compensate for axial forces acting on the rotor or to keep the bearing stable.

5 shows a preferred embodiment of a workpiece according to the present invention in the form of a radial wheel for the turbo compressor including an integrally manufactured shaft, including an active bearing portion, an abutment portion and a motor / generator section, in which permanent magnets are used.

5 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention for supporting a radial wheel for a turbocompressor, such as in the compressor 16 from 7 or in a turbomachine 172 respectively. 174 from 11A is used, and how he is in 11C and 11D is described in more detail.

In particular, on the rotor 500 a rotor shaft 570 arranged, extending through a hole 572 extends in the stator. The bearing again comprises a stator bearing section 560 and a rotor bearing section 562 , wherein the same polarized magnet rings in the two La gerabschnitten face each other when the bearing is in the optimally balanced storage position or if no axial force on the rotor 500 acts. In 5 is further shown that the actuator 512 is arranged so that it is the stator section 560 mechanically coupled with the rest of the stator. This has the advantage that the mass which the accelerator - apart from the rotor mass - has to accelerate and, in particular, also decelerate again, is as small as possible.

Furthermore, in 5 the pressure distribution is plotted when the radial wheel in the heat pump of 6A is working. On the upper side is then a small vapor pressure, while on the lower side there is a large vapor pressure. This means that the radial wheel experiences an axial force acting upwards to the small pressure, so that due to the operation of the radial wheel, a rotor deflection takes place up here, which is compensated by a Statorregelung up.

The axial thrust is thus directed upwards. However, this axial thrust occurs relatively slowly, which is why a typical piezo ring 512 or a piezo actuator in the form of several radially distributed rods can hold without further step. The change in force thus has a lower slope than the Aktuaktor can endure by working on train or pressure. As the actuator or a piezoelectric actuator is actuated, which has a disk-like or layered structure, and is typically supplied with a controlled DC voltage and can withstand a maximum voltage of, for example, 2kV / mm.

As already stated, a return from the working position to the rest position takes place in that, in order to bring about a "downward movement" of the rotor, the stator is deflected to bring the bearing into imbalance, then the rotor moves in a sense from right to left on the movement curve in 2d down, whereby by the magnetic bearing forces and in particular by the ever-increasing F _u and the ever-decreasing F _o of 4 the movement is accelerated. Then, just before a "collapsing" impact of the rotor on the support surface, the actuator is deflected in an acceleration phase to then be decelerated Preferably, after a lapse of a small period of time after the beginning of the braking phase, the rotor is then engaged with the stator at the support surface Touch are thus collected, this "hitting" is mechanically unproblematic, since at the time of impact, the rotor and the stator due to the drive by the actuator move almost equally fast or the stator moves only slightly slower than the rotor. The movement conditions and in particular the deceleration in the braking phase are adjusted so that the rotor then to a certain extent safe "Landed", without destructive mechanical stresses.

The wave 570 As a one-piece arrangement further comprises a motor / generator section, in which at least one rotor magnet 580 is arranged. When the shaft is installed, it cooperates with at least one or more stator coils 582 , wherein the stator coils on a stator 583 are attached, with respect to the shaft 570 is fixed. The wave 570 further includes a schematically drawn abutment portion 584 The same as the upper radial wheel bearing, the bearing sections 560 . 562 is formed, is constructed with permanent magnet rings, wherein the shaft 570 a rotating bearing section 592 having a fixed bearing section 590 opposite, wherein the bearing section 590 a fixed bearing stator 591 assigned. Although in 5 for the abutment section four superimposed permanent magnet rings are drawn in cross section, the four such rings of the stator are opposite, as a permanent magnet bearing and more or fewer rings can be used. It should also be noted that it is preferred that the shaft 570 including radial wheel and magnets to build so that it is made in one piece, which immediately means that the stator section 583 for the motor / generator section and the stator section 591 are designed so constructive for the abutment that the complete shaft can be inserted and that then the stator can be built around the shaft, for example by a snap closure or something similar. Since the shaft rotates very fast while the stator does not rotate, the shaft material requirements, shaft form and other characteristics are much higher than the precision and orientation requirements of the fixed parts.

As it has already been stated, the shaft turns 570 including radial wheel and permanent magnets very fast. It is therefore preferable to arrange the permanent magnets of the shaft so as to press on a material when the shaft rotates due to the outward force. The permanent magnets are thus preferably as shown in FIG 5 not directly mounted on the shaft, but on boom sections 595 . 596 by ensuring that the outward force acting on the permanent magnets is absorbed by the material and not by the magnetic ring itself or by attachment of the magnetic ring to the shaft. It is therefore preferred, the boom sections 595 . 596 and in particular to reinforce their connection to the shaft and the outer portions of the rotor by attaching carbon fibers in the plastic injection mold at corresponding locations or, generally speaking, fibers which may also comprise glass fibers.

at a preferred embodiment of present invention, the motor / generator section is constructed so that dependent from the phase angle and the corresponding drive either an energy production or an energy consumption takes place. at certain applications is the direction of rotation of the motor shaft for both Cases opposite. In the case of power generation, the rotor is flowing steam driven while in the case of energy consumption the rotor is driven to one To compress gas. In the first case, a heat pump would, as below is still described as cooling act while in the second case, the heat pump as a heating heat pump would work.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, as in particular 597 is shown, it is preferred that the permanent magnet rings or the permanent magnets generally surrounded from as many sides material fit with plastic material so that they are stored safely and in the long term high quality. However, this resulting angular shapes are no problem for plastic injection molding applications, since the injection mold can be almost arbitrarily complicated, since it only needs to be made once and also a certain effort for the art-injection mold then when many workpieces are produced, readily amortized.

Hereinafter, referring to the 6A . 6B and 7 a heat pump described, in which the workpiece according to the invention can be preferably used in the form of a shaft including radial wheel, motor / generator section and permanent magnetic bearing.

6a shows a heat pump according to the invention, the first a water evaporator 10 for evaporating water as a working fluid to the output side, a steam in a working steam line 12 to create. The evaporator comprises an evaporation space (in 6a not shown) and is designed to generate an evaporation pressure of less than 20 hPa in the evaporation space, so that the water evaporates at temperatures below 15 ° C in the evaporation space. The water is preferably groundwater, in the ground free or in collector pipes circulating brine, so water with a certain salinity, river water, seawater or seawater. According to the invention, all types of water, ie, calcareous water, lime-free water, saline water, or salt-free water, are usefully used. This is because all kinds of water, so all these "hydrogens", the cheap What water property, namely that water, also known as "R 718", has a usable enthalpy difference ratio of 6 for the heat pump process, which is more than 2 times the typical usable enthalpy difference ratio from Z. B. R134a corresponds.

The water vapor gets through the suction line 12 a compressor / condenser system 14 supplied, which is a turbomachine such. B. has a centrifugal compressor, for example in the form of a turbocompressor, in 6a With 16 is designated. The turbomachine is designed to compress the working steam to a vapor pressure at least greater than 25 hPa. 25 hPa corresponds to a liquefaction temperature of about 22 ° C, which can already be a sufficient heating flow temperature of a floor heating, at least on relatively warm days. In order to generate higher flow temperatures, pressures greater than 30 hPa can be achieved with the turbomachine 16 wherein a pressure of 30 hPa has a liquefaction temperature of 24 ° C, a pressure of 60 hPa has a liquefaction temperature of 36 ° C, and a pressure of 100 hPa corresponds to a liquefaction temperature of 45 ° C. Underfloor heating systems are designed to heat sufficiently with a flow temperature of 45 ° C, even on very cold days.

The turbomachine is with a condenser 18 coupled, which is adapted to liquefy the compressed working steam. By liquefying the energy contained in the working steam is the condenser 18 then fed over the flow 20a to be supplied to a heating system. About the return 20b the working fluid flows back into the condenser.

It becomes according to the invention preferably, the high-energy steam directly through the colder heating water the heat (-energie) to withdraw, which is absorbed by the heating water, so that it heats up. The steam is so much energy withdrawn that this is liquefied and also participates in the heating cycle.

Thus, a material entry takes place in the condenser or the heating system, which by a sequence 22 is regulated, such that the condenser has a water level in its condenser, which remains despite the constant supply of water vapor and thus condensate always below a maximum level.

As it already executed it is preferred to take an open circuit, So the water, the heat source represents, directly without heat exchanger to evaporate. Alternatively could However, the water to be evaporated first via a heat exchanger from an external heat source be heated. It should be noted, however, that this heat exchanger again losses and equipment expenditure means.

Furthermore it is preferred to include losses for the second heat exchanger, the on condenser side previously necessarily exists, to avoid, even there Medium to use directly, so if to a house with underfloor heating is thought, the water that comes from the evaporator, directly in the floor heating to circulate.

Alternatively, however, a heat exchanger can be arranged on the condenser side, with the flow 20a is fed and the return 20b wherein this heat exchanger cools the water in the condenser and thus heats a separate underfloor heating liquid, which will typically be water.

Due to the fact that water is used as the working medium, and due to the fact that only the evaporated portion of the groundwater is fed into the turbomachine, the purity of the water does not matter. The turbomachine, as well as the condenser and possibly directly coupled underfloor heating always supplied with distilled water, so that the system has a reduced maintenance compared to today's systems. In other words, the system is self-cleaning because the system is always fed only distilled water and the water in the drain 22 thus not polluted.

Furthermore it should be noted that turbomachinery have the properties that - like an aircraft turbine - the condensed Medium not with problematic substances, such as oil, in connection bring. Instead, the water vapor is only through the turbine or compressed the turbo compressor, but not with oil or a other purity impairing Medium associated and thus contaminated.

The discharged through the process distilled water can thus - if no other rules stand in the way - easily the groundwater fed again become. Alternatively, however, it may also be z. B. in the garden or seeped into an open space be, or it can over If required by regulations, channel the sewer into a sewage treatment plant.

The inventive combination of water as a working medium with that by 2 times better usable enthalpy difference ratio compared to R134a and because of the reduced requirements for the closure of the system (rather, an open system is preferred), and due to the use of the turbomachine, achieved by the efficient and without purity impairments neces sary compression factors A more efficient and environmentally friendly heat pumping process is created, which, if liquefied directly in the condenser, becomes even more efficient, as no heat exchanger is needed in the entire heat pump process.

In addition, all associated with the piston compression losses fall away. In addition, the very low water losses which would otherwise be incurred in the throttling can be used to improve the evaporation process, since the effluent water at the effluent temperature, which will typically be higher than the groundwater temperature, will be used to advantage Evaporator by means of a structuring 206 a drainpipe 204 as it is in 4a is still to trigger a bubble evaporation, so that the evaporation efficiency is increased.

Hereinafter, referring to 7 a preferred embodiment of the present invention explained in detail. The water evaporator comprises an evaporation chamber 100 and a riser 102 in which groundwater from a groundwater reservoir 104 in the direction of an arrow 106 up into the evaporation room 100 emotional. The riser 102 flows into an expander 108 , which is designed to widen the relatively narrow tube cross-section in order to create the largest possible evaporation surface. The expander 108 will be funnel-shaped, so be in the form of a paraboloid of revolution of any expression. It can have round or angular transitions. The only thing that matters is that the in the evaporation chamber 100 directed diameter or the evaporation chamber 100 facing surface is greater than the cross-sectional area of the riser to improve the evaporation process. If it is assumed that about 1 l per second flows through the riser up into the evaporation chamber, about 4 ml per second are evaporated in the evaporator at a heating power of about 10 kW. The remainder is cooled by about 2.5 ° C over the expander 108 out and lands in a catch basin 110 in the evaporation chamber. The collecting basin 110 has a process 112 in which the amount of 1 liter per second less the evaporated 4 ml per second is removed again, preferably back into the groundwater reservoir 104 , For this purpose, preferably a pump 114 or a valve provided for overflow control. It should be noted that here nothing has to be actively pumped because due to gravity then when the pump or the valve 114 open, water from the evaporator catch basin 110 via a return pipe 113 flows down into the groundwater reservoir. The pump or the valve 114 thus ensure that the water level in the catch basin does not rise too high or that in the drain pipe 112 no water vapor penetrates or that the evaporation chamber also from the situation at the "lower" end of the return pipe 113 safely decoupled.

The riser is in a riser tank 116 arranged, that of a preferably provided pump 118 filled with water. The levels in 116 and 108 are connected to each other according to the principle of communicating tubes, with gravity and the different pressures in 116 and 108 for a transport of water from 116 to 108 to care. The water level in the riser tank 116 is preferably arranged so that even at different air pressures the level never under the inlet of the riser 102 falls to prevent the ingress of air.

Preferably, the evaporator comprises 10 a gas separator, which is adapted to at least a part, for. To remove at least 50% of a gas dissolved in the water to be evaporated, from the water to be evaporated, so that the removed part of the gas is not sucked through the evaporation space of the compressor. Preferably, the gas separator is arranged to supply the removed part of the gas to a non-evaporated water, so that the gas is transported from the non-evaporated water. Dissolved gases may include oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc. These gases usually evaporate at a higher pressure than water so that the gas separator below the expander 108 may be arranged, so that in the gas separator evaporated oxygen, etc. exits the just not yet evaporating water and preferably in the return line 113 is fed. The feed is preferably at the point of return 113 , where the pressure is so low that the gas from the returning water is taken back into the groundwater. Alternatively, however, the separated gas can also be collected and disposed of at certain intervals or continuously vented, that is delivered to the atmosphere.

Typically, the groundwater, seawater, river water, seawater, brine or any other naturally occurring aqueous solution will have a temperature between 8 ° C and 12 ° C. By lowering the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1 ° C, a power of 4.2 kW can be generated. If the water is cooled by 2.5 ° C, then generates a power of 10.5 kW. Preferably, the riser is flowed through by a stream of water with a current in dependence on the heating power, in the example one liter per second.

If the heat pump operating at a relatively high load, the evaporator is about 6 ml per Second evaporate, giving a vapor volume of about 1.2 cubic meters equals per second. Depending on the required heating water temperature becomes the turbomachine controlled in terms of their compaction performance. Will a heating flow temperature from 45 ° C desired what for yourself extremely cold days is far enough, so has the turbomachine the steam produced at perhaps 10 hPa to a pressure of 100 Increase hPa. In contrast, a flow temperature of z. B. 25 ° for underfloor heating, so only has to be compressed by a factor of 3 by the turbomachine.

The power generated is therefore determined by the compressor power, so on the one hand by the compression factor, ie how much compressed the compressor, and on the other by the volume flow generated by the compressor. If the volume flow increases, the evaporator must vaporize more, with the pump 118 more groundwater in the riser tank 116 transported, so that the evaporation chamber is fed more groundwater. If, on the other hand, the turbomachine delivers a lower compression factor, less groundwater flows from the bottom to the top.

It should be noted, however, that it is preferred that the flow of groundwater through the pump 118 to control. According to the principle of communicating tubes, the filling level is in the tank 116 or the flow rate of the pump 118 the flow through the riser firmly. Thus, an increase in efficiency of the system can be achieved because the control of the flow is decoupled from the suction power of the turbomachine.

No pump is needed to get the groundwater from below into the vaporization chamber 100 to pump. Instead, this is done by "self." This automatic upgrade to the evacuated vaporization chamber also helps to easily reach the 20 hPa negative pressure, without the need for evacuation pumps or anything else, and instead just a riser with a height greater than 9 In this case, a purely passive negative pressure generation is achieved, but the necessary negative pressure can also be generated with a much shorter riser pipe, eg if the implementation of 5a is used. In 5a is shown a much shortened "riser". The implementation of the high pressure on the negative pressure is via a turbine 150 causes, whereby the turbine extracts energy from the working medium. At the same time, the negative pressure on the return side is brought back into high pressure, with the necessary energy through a pump 152 is delivered. The pump 152 and the turbine 150 are via a power coupling 154 coupled so that the turbine drives the pump, with the energy that the turbine has withdrawn from the medium. An engine 156 is only needed to compensate for the losses that the system has of course, and to achieve the circulation, so a system from its rest position in the in 5a to bring shown dynamic mode.

In the preferred embodiment, the turbomachine is configured as a rotary compressor with a rotatable wheel, wherein the wheel may be a low-speed radial, medium-radial, semi-axial, or propeller, as known in the art. Radial compressors are in "Turbomachines", C. Pfleiderer, H. Petermann, Springer-Verlag, 2005, pages 82 and 83 described. Such radial compressors thus include as a rotatable wheel the so-called. Center runner whose form depends on the individual requirements. In general, any flow machines can be used, as they are known as turbo compressors, fans, blowers or turbocompressors.

The heat pump, equipped with the workpiece according to the invention is, thus, for the efficient heat supply of buildings and needed no more work equipment that has a global climate-damaging influence. According to the invention, water vaporized under very low pressure, by one or more in a row arranged turbomachines compacted and liquefied again to water. The transporting energy is used for heating. According to the invention is a heat pump used, which is preferably an open system. Open system here means groundwater or another available thermal energy-carrying aqueous Medium is evaporated under low pressure, compressed and liquefied. The water is used directly as a working medium. The included Energy is not transferred to a closed system. The liquefied Water is preferably used directly in the heating system and subsequently fed back to the groundwater. To decouple the heating system capacitively, it can also have a heat exchangers be completed.

The efficiency and usefulness of the present invention will be illustrated by way of a numerical example. If it is assumed that an annual heat demand of 30,000 kWh, according to the invention for this purpose about a maximum of 3750 kWh elektri scher current for the operation of the turbomachine expended, since the turbomachine has to deliver only about one-eighth of the total heat demand.

The One-eighth, therefore, that only in the most extreme cold Sixth must be spent, and z. B. at transition temperatures such as in March or At the end of October, the efficiency will rise to a value greater than 12 can, so on average over the year a maximum of one eighth must be spent.

With electricity costs of about 10 cents per kWh, which can be achieved for electricity when electricity is purchased, for which the power plant does not have to guarantee freedom of interruption, this corresponds to an annual cost of about 375 euros. If you want to produce 30,000 kWh of oil, you would need about 4,000 1, which would correspond to a current price of oil, which is unlikely to fall in the future, a price of 2800 euros. According to the invention, one can therefore save 2425 euros per year! It should also be noted that compared to the combustion of oil or gas for heating purposes by the inventive concept, up to 70% of the amount of released CO _{2 is} saved.

to Reduction of manufacturing costs and reduction of maintenance costs and mounting costs, it is preferred, the housing of the evaporator, the compressor and / or the liquefier and especially the radial wheel of the plastic flow machine and in particular made of injection-molded plastic. plastic works well because plastic is corrosion resistant with respect to water is and advantageously according to the invention the maximum temperatures compared to conventional heaters significantly below the deformation temperatures of usable plastics lie. Furthermore, the assembly is particularly simple, since in the system of evaporator, Compressor and condenser Negative pressure prevails. This will be much less to the seals Required because the entire atmospheric pressure helps the housing tight to keep. Plastic is also particularly well, because at no Place high in the system according to the invention Temperatures occur, the use of expensive special plastics, Metal or ceramic would be required. By plastic injection can also be the shape of the radial wheel arbitrarily optimized and yet despite their complicated shape, they are simple and inexpensive to produce.

Claims (14)

Method for producing a workpiece, having the following features: placing ( 10 ) and fixing a permanent magnet ( 562a . 562b . 580 . 592 ) in a mold, wherein the permanent magnet has a Curie temperature; Introduction ( 12 ) reinforcing material at a selected location in the mold; after the step ( 12 ) of introduction ( 12 ) of reinforcing material, introduction ( 14 ) of liquid casting material into the mold, wherein a temperature of the liquid casting material is less than the Curie temperature of the permanent magnet; and removing ( 16 ) of the workpiece after cooling the liquid casting material from the mold, wherein the workpiece comprises the permanent magnet and hardened casting material. The method of claim 1, wherein the mold is an injection mold, wherein the introduction ( 14 ) has an injection molding, and wherein the casting material is a plastic. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, in which the casting mold is designed to be a radial wheel ( 500 ), a wave ( 570 ) and a storage section ( 562 . 592 ) or a motor-generator section ( 594 ), in which in step ( 10 ) of placing and fixing permanent magnets are placed in the bearing section or the motor-generator section, and in which the workpiece is a rotatable object, the radial wheel ( 500 ), the wave ( 570 ) and the at least one storage section ( 562 . 597 ) or a motor / generator section ( 594 ) having. The method of claim 3, wherein the workpiece is rotatable Subject of a turbomachine with coupled motor / generator is, and where the workpiece is the radial wheel, the motor generator section and at least two permanent magnet bearing sections, in which at least one permanent magnet in the permanent magnet bearing section and in the motor / generator section is arranged. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the step ( 12 ), wherein the reinforcing material is different from at least one component of the cast material, when the cast material is a multi-component material, or where the reinforcing material is different from the cast material, when the cast material is a one-component Material is. A method according to claim 5, wherein the reinforcing material comprises carbon fibers or glass fibers, and wherein the casting material is plastic with carbon or glass fibers incorporated which, compared to carbon fibers or glass fibers of the reinforcing material, are carbon fibers or glass fibers kungsmaterials are cut. Method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the casting mold is defined as having sections ( 595 . 596 ), the holding areas for magnets ( 580 . 592 . 562 ), wherein the portions are arranged so that when the workpiece rotates, a magnet presses on a surface of the portion. Method according to one of the preceding claims, at the permanent magnet is FeNdB, and where the casting material is a plastic material made of polyarylamide. Workpiece made of cooled casting material containing one or more permanent magnets ( 562 . 580 . 592 ) surrounded by the casting material at least partially materially, and further comprising a reinforced by a reinforcing material area. A workpiece according to claim 9, comprising the following integrally machined sections: a radial wheel ( 500 ) and a wave ( 570 ) with a bearing section ( 562 . 592 ) or a motor / generator section ( 94 ), which has the permanent magnet. Workpiece according to Claim 10, in which the shaft ( 570 ) comprises the following sections: two bearing sections ( 592 . 562 ) each having a plurality of permanent magnets; and a motor / generator section having a plurality of permanent magnets. Workpiece according to Claim 10 or 11, in which the permanent magnets are attached to magnetic holding sections ( 595 . 596 ) are materially mounted, wherein the magnet holding portions are defined so that when the workpiece rotates, the permanent magnets press due to an outward force due to the rotation on the material holding portions. workpiece according to one of the claims 9 to 12, which is designed to be used as a rotating object in a turbomachine / motor-generator combination a heat pump for building heating or building cooling used to become. workpiece according to one of the claims 9 to 13, in which the reinforced Having area surrounded by plastic carbon fibers or glass fibers, and in which the casting material plastic with introduced carbon or Glass fibers is that compared to carbon fibers or glass fibers in the reinforced area reduced are.